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Lutte Biologique Par Conversation Dans Les Vergers De Pommiers

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Lutte Biologique Par Conversation Dans Les Vergers De Pommiers Lutte biologique par conversation dans les vergers de pommiers : peut-on manipuler les communautés d’araignées pour augmenter leur efficacité contre certains ravageurs Sadeq Alzubik Belkair To cite this version: Sadeq Alzubik Belkair. Lutte biologique par conversation dans les vergers de pommiers : peut-on manipuler les communautés d’araignées pour augmenter leur efficacité contre certains ravageurs. Autre [q-bio.OT]. Université d’Avignon, 2018. Français. NNT : 2018AVIG0348. tel-02076311 HAL Id: tel-02076311 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02076311 Submitted on 22 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thèse de doctorat Présentée par ALZUBIK BELKAIR Sadeq - Ecole doctorale Sciences et Agrosciences (ED 536) Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse - IMBE- Institut Méditérrannéen de Biodiversité et Ecologie UMR 7263 Equipe : “Biomarqueurs Environnement Santé” - Unité PSH – Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique INRA « Centre d’Avignon » Lutte biologique par conservation dans les verges de pommiers : peut-on manipuler les communautés d’araignées pour augmenter leur efficacité contre certains ravageurs ? Soutenue le 13 décembre 2018 Membres de jury M. Mickaël HEDDE Chargé de recherche, INRA, Montpellier Rapporteur M. Nicolas DESNEUX Directeur de Recherche, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech Rapporteur Mme. Camille DUMAT Professeure, Université de Toulouse Examinatrice Mme. Magali RAULT Maitre de conférences, Université d'Avignon Directrice M. Yvan CAPOWIEZ Chargé de recherche, INRA, Avignon Membre invité M. Christophe MAZZIA Maitre de conférences, Université d'Avignon Membre invité Sommaire Introduction générale ...................................................................................................................... 12 1 La production de pommes ................................................................................................... 13 1.1 La production de pomme dans le monde et en France ................................................. 14 1.2 Les principaux ravageurs du pommier dans le sud-est de la France ............................ 15 1.3 L’usage des insecticides dans les vergers de pommiers .............................................. 23 2 La lutte biologique .............................................................................................................. 24 2.1 Définition et généralités ............................................................................................... 24 2.2 Les avantages de la lutte biologique ............................................................................ 25 2.3 Les grands types de lutte biologique ............................................................................ 26 2.4 Les organismes utilisés en lutte biologique ................................................................. 30 3 Les araignées: des prédateurs redoutables .......................................................................... 33 3.1 L’histoire du nom Arachnida ....................................................................................... 33 3.2 L’alimentation des araignées ....................................................................................... 34 3.3 Les différentes méthodes de chasse des araignées ....................................................... 35 3.4 Les araignées comme agents de lutte biologique dans les agroécosystèmes ............... 39 3.5 Le cas particulier du verger de pommiers .................................................................... 40 3.6 Les manipulations de l’habitat et contrôle biologique par araignées ........................... 43 3.7 L'utilisation de Cheiracanthium mildei et Clubiona sp pour la lutte biologique ......... 45 Les chapitres et les objectifs de la thèse ......................................................................................... 51 Chapitre 1: Effets de la protection phytosanitaire et de l’environnement proche sur les communautés d’araignées présentes en verger de pommiers en Provence .................................... 52 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 53 2 Méthodes et matériels .......................................................................................................... 55 2.1 Les vergers et la caractérisation de leur environnement proche .................................. 55 2.2 Piégeage et identification des araignées ...................................................................... 58 2.3 Analyses statistiques .................................................................................................... 59 3 Résultats .............................................................................................................................. 60 3.1 Communautés d’araignées capturées à l’automne 2015 .............................................. 60 iii 3.2 Communautés d’araignées capturées à l’hiver 2016 ................................................... 69 4 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 74 4.1 La méthode des bandes pièges ..................................................................................... 74 4.2 Des communautés d’araignées dominées par quelques taxons .................................... 75 4.3 Effet des modes de protection sur les communautés d’araignées ................................ 75 4.4 Effet de l’environnement proche des vergers .............................................................. 76 4.5 Différences entre les saisons ........................................................................................ 78 5 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 78 Chapitre 2 : Activité temporelle des araignées en hiver pour les pommiers sous climat méditerranéen ................................................................................................................................. 80 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 83 2 Material and Methods .......................................................................................................... 84 2.1 The study orchard ........................................................................................................ 84 2.2 Sampling strategy ......................................................................................................... 85 2.3 Statistical analysis ........................................................................................................ 86 3 Results ................................................................................................................................. 86 3.1 Total arthropod abundance over time .......................................................................... 86 3.2 Seasonal dynamics of spider communities .................................................................. 89 3.3 Classification of spiders according to their winter activity ......................................... 89 3.4 Characteristics of the spider communities depending on the seasons ......................... 92 4 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 92 4.1 Many spiders are active during the Mediterranean winter ........................................... 92 4.2 Ecological significance of cardboard bands ................................................................ 97 5 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 98 Chapitre 3 : Lâcher et suivi de deux espèces d’araignée (Cheiracanthium mildei et Clubiona leucapsis) dans un verger de pommiers et étude des effets sur l'abondance du carpocapse ........ 100 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 104 2 Material and Methods ........................................................................................................ 106 2.1 The source orchard ..................................................................................................... 107 2.2 The target orchard ...................................................................................................... 107 2.3 Monitorings of arthropods ......................................................................................... 108 iv 2.4 Codling moth abundance ........................................................................................... 109 2.5 Statistical analysis ...................................................................................................... 109 3 Results ..............................................................................................................................
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