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Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science December 2013

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Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science December 2013 Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science December 2013 Supervisors: Prof. dr. Dries Lesage & Prof. dr. Jan Orbie © 2013 Peter Debaere 2013 Uitgeverij University Press Leegstraat 15 B-9060 Zelzate Tel +32 9 342 72 25 E-mail: [email protected] Cover image: © Council of the European Union All rights reserved. No parts of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. ii This study examines if, how and why the EU coordinates for the G7, G8 and G20 (Gx). It focuses on internal EU coordination in Brussels involving all EU member states as opposed to ‘external’ coordination among European Gx participants in the margins of Gx meetings. This dissertation conceptualises coordination as a process and develops an elaborate definition of coordination. Subsequently, a coordination scale is constructed to distinguish between three coordination processes: information sharing, consultation and group decision-making. This scale is used to map out internal EU coordination processes for each Gx forum. In this way, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the (informal) procedures, the actors and committees involved and the evolution over time, from 2008 to 2012. It appears that internal EU coordination not only differs across the three Gx forums, but also within a single forum such as the G20. In order to understand these patterns of coordination, six potential causal factors are assessed: existing policies, interests, competences, relevance, EU influence and Gx organization. These variables are applied to eight cases, covering most of the Gx agenda. Empirically, this study relies on 88 expert interviews, official documentation and an online survey completed by 160 government officials in the EU member states and institutions. The thesis concludes with a careful attempt to construct causal paths that lead to certain levels of internal EU coordination for the Gx. This dissertation illustrates, among other things, that Gx-related factors significantly influence the level of internal coordination for the G7, G8 and G20. However, coordination seems to be less affected by the informal character of the Gx than it is generally assumed. Furthermore, it is argued that the role of the non-Gx EU member states cannot be ignored if one seeks to understand the level of internal EU coordination for the Gx. Finally, it appears that the European Commission is more concerned about its own performance and that of the Union in the Gx, rather than about involving the non-Gx EU member states in the Gx process. iii Het schrijven van een doctoraat mag dan wel een eenzaam proces zijn, het is geenszins het werk van één persoon. Meerdere personen zijn de voorbije vier jaar inhoudelijk en/of emotioneel betrokken geweest bij dit onderzoeksproject. Zij verdienen dan ook terecht een woord van dank. Eerst en vooral wens ik mijn promotoren prof. dr. Dries Lesage en prof. dr. Jan Orbie te bedanken voor de steun en het vertrouwen. Bedankt om me de kans te geven vier jaar ongestoord wetenschappelijk onderzoek te voeren en om me letterlijk te promoten in jullie projecten en netwerken. Jullie volste vertrouwen in een goede afloop heeft me steeds aangemoedigd om het beste van mezelf te geven. De waardevolle en uitdagende feedback op mijn papers, de survey, talloze inhoudstafels en het fameuze, maar gesneuvelde vraag/aanbod kader heeft dit proefschrift zeker tot een hoger niveau getild. Daarnaast bedank ik ook prof. dr. Arne Niemann, prof. dr. Edith Drieskens en dr. Thijs Van de Graaf om te willen zetelen in mijn examencommissie. Jullie wetenschappelijk werk in het algemeen, maar ook jullie opmerkingen en suggesties hebben deze thesis meer beïnvloed dan op het eerste zicht zou lijken. Ook dank ik alle interviewees om hun inzichten met mij te delen en om me in te wijden in de complexe wereld van de G7, G8 en G20 en de EU-machinerie daaromheen. Ik wens het FWO te bedanken voor de financiële ondersteuning van dit onderzoeksproject. Daarnaast ben ik ook een woord van dank verschuldigd aan de Europese Commissie voor het financieren van een studieverblijf aan de University of Pittsburgh. Verder wil ik alle collega’s van harte bedanken voor de leuke babbels, de interessante discussies en de interesse in mijn onderzoek. Ik denk in het bijzonder aan de ‘Internationalisten’ Thijs, Tim, Melanie, Mattias, Jennifer, Sacha, Goedele en Dries, maar ook aan de ‘Europeanen’ en de collega’s in de andere onderzoeksgroepen. Speciale dank aan prof. dr. Rik Coolsaet om als goede huisvader te waken over de toffe sfeer en goede verstandhouding in het GIIS en in de vakgroep. Ik ben ook Skander dankbaar om me in de eerste maanden van mijn onderzoek op sleeptouw te nemen. Jouw gedrevenheid werkte aanstekelijk en heeft een belangrijke stempel gedrukt op mijn werk. Ook dank aan Tania, Luc en Nicole om me uit de nood te helpen bij allerlei praktische problemen. Ten slotte ben ik mijn ouders, schoonouders, zus, (schoon-)broers, vrienden en buren ontzettend dankbaar voor de steun, het geduld en de afleiding. Jullie doen me er telkens terecht aan herinneren dat er nog een leven is naast een doctoraat. Tim en Melanie dank ik voor het nalezen van dit proefschrift. Maar meer dan wie ook is mijn vrouw Lieneke diegene die alle dank verdient. Bedankt om samen met mij vol te houden. Ik beloof je dat dit het laatste doctoraat in mijn leven is. Peter Debaere 4 december 2013 iv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Literature Review 11 Chapter 3 Conceptual and Analytical Framework 35 Chapter 4 Methods 56 Chapter 5 Findings on Research Question 1 65 Chapter 6 Findings on Research Question 2 89 Chapter 7 Conclusions 166 Appendix A List of Interviews 179 Appendix B Survey Design 182 Appendix C Survey Results 186 References 195 v Abstract iii Dankwoord iv Brief contents v Detailed contents vi List of tables, figures and graphs x Abbreviations xii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Problem definition and research questions 2 1.2. Research approach 4 1.3. Methodology 6 1.3.1. Research Question 1 7 1.3.2. Research Question 2 7 1.4. Contribution of the study 9 Chapter 2 Literature Review 11 2.1. Origins and evolution 12 2.2. Organisation and relevance 17 2.3. The European Union in the G7, G8 and G20 23 2.3.1. The EU in the G8, a real member? 23 2.3.2. Reconsidering EU representation in the G7 25 2.3.3. Becoming an official G20 member 26 2.4. EU coordination and impact 32 Chapter 3 Conceptual and Analytical Framework 35 3.1. Defining EU coordination in IOs 36 3.1.1. A multiplicity of views 36 3.1.2. Towards a definition of EU coordination in IOs 40 3.1.3. Process or outcome? 42 3.1.4. Coordination and cohesion 45 3.2. Explaining EU coordination in IOs 46 3.2.1. Existing policies 47 vi 3.2.2. Interests 48 3.2.3. Competences 49 3.2.4. Relevance 50 3.2.5. EU influence 52 3.2.6. Gx organisation 53 3.2.7. Alternative explanations 54 Chapter 4 Methods 56 4.1. Literature 58 4.2. Interviews 58 4.3. Survey 59 4.3.1. Sampling 59 4.3.2. Representativeness 61 4.3.3. Survey design 62 Chapter 5 Findings on Research Question 1 65 5.1. G20 66 5.1.1. Phase 1: focusing on the summits 66 5.1.2. Phase 2: establishing best practices 68 5.1.3. Phase 3: adapting to an expanded agenda 72 5.2. G8 78 5.3. G7 80 5.4. Diverging expectations about EU coordination 81 5.5. The European Parliament and the Gx 84 5.6. Concluding remarks 85 Chapter 6 Findings on Research Question 2 89 6.1. Introduction to the cases 90 6.1.1. G20 – Finance 90 6.1.2. G20 – Development 93 6.1.3. Other G20 cases 95 6.1.4. G8 – Development 96 6.1.5. G8 – Energy/climate 97 6.1.6. G7 – Finance 98 6.2. Hypothesis 1: Existing policies 99 6.2.1. G20 – Finance 99 6.2.2. G20 – Development 103 6.2.3. Other G20 cases 104 6.2.4. G8 – Development 105 vii 6.2.5. G8 – Energy/climate 106 6.2.6. G7 – Finance 107 6.2.7. Concluding remarks 107 6.3. Hypothesis 2: Interests 109 6.3.1. G20 – Finance 109 6.3.2. G20 – Development 113 6.3.3. Other G20 cases 113 6.3.4. G8 – Development 116 6.3.5. G8 – Energy/climate 116 6.3.6. G7 – Finance 117 6.3.7. Concluding remarks 118 6.4. Hypothesis 3: Competences 118 6.4.1. G20 – Finance 119 6.4.2. G20 – Development 120 6.4.3. Other G20 cases 121 6.4.4. G8 – Development 121 6.4.5. G8 – Energy/climate 122 6.4.6. G7 – Finance 123 6.4.7. Concluding remarks 123 6.5. Hypothesis 4: Relevance 124 6.5.1. G20 – Finance 126 6.5.2. G20 – Development 133 6.5.3. Other G20 cases 135 6.5.4. G8 – Development 139 6.5.5. G8 – Energy/climate 142 6.5.6. G7 – Finance 145 6.5.7. Concluding remarks 150 6.6. Hypothesis 5: EU influence 151 6.6.1. G20 – Finance 153 6.6.2. G20 – Development 154 6.6.3. Other G20 cases 155 6.6.4. G8 – Development 157 6.6.5. G8 – Energy/climate 158 6.6.6. G7 – Finance 159 6.6.7.
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