On Anthropological Collections from the Holy Land. No. II Author(S): R

On Anthropological Collections from the Holy Land. No. II Author(s): R. F. Burton Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 1 (1872), pp. 321-345 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2841264 . Accessed: 15/06/2014 18:55

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This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Capt. R. F. BuRToN.-AnthropologicalCollections. 321 Fromthe AUTHOR.-Mysteries of the VitalElement. By Dr. Robert H. Collyer. From the EDITOR.-TheJournal of PsychologicalMedicine, vol. v, No. 4. By Dr. W. A. Hammond. Fromthe EDITOR.-Correspondenz-Blattder DeutschenGesellschaft furAnthropologie, etc., June to October1871. From M. ALGLAVE.-La Revue Scientifique,No. 22, 1871. From the SocIETY.-Proceedingsof the Geologicaland Polytechnic Societyof the WestRiding of Yorkshire, 1870. From the SocIETY.-Reportof the Leeds Philosophicaland Literary Societyfor 1870-1. Fromthe EDITOR.-Nature, to date. Fromthe Rev. W. HARPLEY.-Reportand Transactionsof the Devon- shireAssociation, July 1871. The followingpaper was read: On ANTHROPOLOGICALCOLLECTIONS from the HOLY LAND. No. II. By Captain R. F. BURTON,F.R.G.S., late H.M.'s Consul at Damascus. MR. PRESIDENTAND GENTLEMEN,-Ipropose this evening,with your permission,to resume the descriptionwhich was begun during our last meeting; and I may open with remarkingupon the favourablereception given to it by the press and the public. This is at once proofand earnest that our study,Anthropology, is growing,and will grow,in general esteem; and we are en- couragedto hope that withina reasonabletime it will take rank as the most interestingof all studies. The great problemsre- servedfor Geographyto resolve are now few: the Polar Seas; partsof China and Japan; the islands of the Indian Ocean; and a white patch in Africa,which I would willinglydarken. But these done,only detailswill remain,and detailscan hardlybe ex- pected to arouse enthusiasm. With us it is verydifferent; and the fieldof discoveryis practicallyunlimited. Every fewyears open up aniotherchapter of prehistoriclore: with the clue ini our hands we can safelythread the labyrinthsof antiquity,and we must invertPalgrave's eloquent words, " That speechlesspast has begun to speak, the lost is no longer the utterlylost, the gone is not gone forever." No. 2 LOT. Listof Mr. Rattray's Collection presented to the Anthropological Institute. 28 fragmentsof skull bones,remarkably thick, and therefore presumedto be ofold date. 1 jaw boneand partof a skull; this appearsto be compara- tivelymodern, and may comefrom the neighbouringMoslem cemnetery.

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91 old copperbracelets (aswAr). 1 copperpin. 1 fragmentof brass bracelet. 2 bits of arm fibulae. Part of a buckle. 3 small coins. 15 bits of lachrymatories,the glass being highly iridescent. and of almostthe consistencyof talc. 4 pieces of old Syrian majolica,the usual type of what was made at Damascus by the Tartars fromKashan, who accom- panied the several invading hordes. Hence the fine" Persian tiles"are stillcalled " Hajar Kishani"(for " Kashani"),stone-ware. They may generallybe dividedinto threequalities, according to their age, which in no case can date beforeA.D. 1400: 1, the best are easily recognisedby the brightcolours and the glazing, which looks like a plate of glass; 2, the middle class, is inferior, but still good; and 3, the worst,is the modern,showing poor coloursand a weak attemptat vitrification.The specimenfrom the Harem of Jerusalem,which I now exhibit,seems to be of the second class. 1 bead of cornelian(aklk). 1 roundishbead of gum,probably Sandarus of the Sinaubar (P. Halipensis ?). 1 black bead. 1 greenbugle. 1 double bead. 3 blue bugles. These beads should be submittedto sonle West African merchantof long experience,who can compare themwith the " Popo", so highlyprized in WesternAfrica. This spindle-shapedor double cone specimenis ground. 4 beads of sorts. Mr. JohnS. Rattraybuilt a house at a place wherethe eastern slope of the Libanus fallsinto the Caele-SyrianVale, called Sa6hib el Zamin (Lord of the Age); in Januaryand February1870, he happenedto open a hollow to the south,which proved to be an artificialcavern, with a shaftor air-hole above, and containing five loculi; two only are shown in the accompanyingsketch by Mrs. Rattray. Subjoined is a groundplan of the cave,which faces towardsthe Buk&'a,or Cale-Syria; the corpsefurthest to the west enjoyed a loculus to itself; three compartmentshad theirgreater length disposed nearly due northand south,whilst the two othersran fromeast to west. The heads or feetof those occupying,the latter would, therefore, have frontedMeccah, showing that theycould not have beenlMoslems; on the otherhand, theymay have been Jews,who make the feetfront Jerusalem, so that,on arising,the dead may face the Holy City. Each

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GRQUN D PLAN OF MORTUARY CAVERN.

Opened bYyMr JoiAwSC,o01t &rCfy

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This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Collectionsfrom the Holy Land. 323 body was depositedwithin six slabs of cut stone. The bones crumblingwhen exposed to the light,were reburied; but I per- suaded Mr. Rattrayto dig them up, and to continuehis inter- estingresearches. In one of tlle skulls a toothwas found,but that disappeared. The Sahib el Zaman represents,according to some,Hezekiah, who is commonlysupposed to sleep with his forefathersat Jerusalem. The tombis in a ruinousstate; but it is still visited by votaries,who, wishing to be cured of ague and fever,the plague ofCale-Syria, bringwith them a littlefrankincense and an abundance of faith,pass one night here, and returnto their homes whole. The cemeteryaround is, doubtless,of high antiquity,and manyskeletons have been thrownup when digging the adjacent fields. A fewyards in frontof Mr. Rattray'shouse, and nearer the valley,lies the littlevillage of Karak-Nuh,*the ruin of Noah, and a " splendidruin" Noah's is. It is inhabitedby one family of Roman Catholics,with sundryMaronites and a majorityof Mutawalis (Shiah Moslems),who are kept in prettystrict order by ChristianZahlah. This sleepylittle Rip van Winkle place, with stone houses,and withouttrees-they cannot survive the ants and worms-contains the tomb of Noah, which does not, however,bring in as much revenue as its size entitles it to claim. The dimensionsare one hundredand fourfeet ten inches long by eightfeet eight incheswide and threefeet three inches high. The venerablevotary of the vine was, therefore,of nine- pin shape,and hardlyso well proportionedas SittnAHawwk, Our Lady Eve, at Jeddah. The sharp-ridgedgrave is of masonry, coveredhonoris cauisa' with the usual raggedgreen cloth, and the dimensionsof the long room,whose length is filled up by the tomb,are ten feet two inches in breadthby eight feet three incheshigh. Evidentlythe sectionof an old aqueduct has been pressedinto doingduty as a patriachalgrave. Outside thereis a small paved court,with a " mihrab" (prayer niche) and a domelet. The place commandsa fine view of the luxuriant valley,and is a favouritewith those who wish to " smell the air". In the dark store-roomof an adjacenthouse lyingsouth- west of the tomb,Mr. Rattrayfound the followingLatin mor- tuaryinscription, which speakswell forthe longevityof the man with manynames :t * There are many Keraks in the country: the most celebrated, perhaps, is that which occupies the site of Kir, an ancient capital of the Moabites, near the lower extremityof the Dead Sea. t Mr. Rattray also copied,at the tomb of Nabi Shays (Seth, son of Adam), the fragmentaryVETTIVS BAGATAE VIXIT ANN., which shows that that part of the Anti-Libanus was also occupied by the Romans. The stone, I believe, has lately been destroyed.

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CN. IVLIVSL. F. FAB. RYFVS P. P. HIC. SITVSEST. VIX. ANNOSLXXXIV. Half an hour west of Karak-NAhlies Mu'allakah,meaning the " dependency"-thatis to say, suburb(of Zahlah); the word is, in fact,our " hanger",as applied to hangingwoods. It is new, as Karak is old, having been built and colonised by the Amir Bashir Shihhb,wlhen that peremptory personage was offendedby the Sectarianswho reposedunder the shadow of the patriarchal wings,and its mud huts might have sprungup like fungi in a night. The lowerpart suffersseverely from ague and fever,the effectof poplar groves,of superabundantwater, and of the barber: the lattersometimes bleeds his two dozen a day, till the place looks as if,after a heroic defence,it had just been taken by storm. DESCRIPTION of portions of SKULLS fromnSAHIB EL ZAMAN(the so-called Cave Tombof Hezekiah),fr-om MR. RATTRAY'SCOL- LECTION.By C. CARTERBLAKE, Doct. Sci., F.G.S., Hon. Mem. A. I., Lectureron ComparativeAnatomy, Westminster Hos- pital. THE specimenspresented by Mr. Rattray,extracted from the tombof the reputed Hezekiah, are belongingto at least three individuals,all being large and powerful athletic men. The occipitalbones are indicativeof the existenceof threeseparate individuals,one of whom was large and powerfullyathletic, as shownby the enormouslyhypertrophied condition of the bones, the greatthickness of whichindicates the existenceof a man of large stature,and, to judge by the fracturedfrontal bone, of low foreheadand dolichocephalousskull. That these remains are probablyJewish, the method of intermentseems to indicate. That one of the three skulls can be identifiedwith the remains of the Jewishking, or any otherespecial individual,is of course a matterof widestconjecture; but that theyindicate the d6bris of some ancientking, patriarch, or otherperson of consequence, therecan be no doubt. The lowerjaw of a young negro and a fragmentaryoccipital bone are also foundin the Rattraycollection. These indicatean individualof about twelve years of age, but in whichthe negro charactersare markedlyprominent. The large portionof animal matterstill presentin the bones showsthat theyhave niot long been interred,and the individualwas probablyalive twenty years ago. The occipital bone is, by its degree of ossification, probablyreferable to the sanle individual as the lower jaw belongedto.

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No. 3 LOT. Bonesfound at Ma'alAlah. 1 jaw bone,with chin much cloven: this "Red Indian" type nmightbelong to a Patagonian. 1 lowerjaw and part of calvaria (in two pieces); the distance fromthe eye orbitto the upperjaw appears abnormallysmall. 29 fragmentsof calvaria. 2 teeth. I rag of old stuff,apparently everywhere used forsepulture. The siteof this find (Sept. 26, 1870) was at the uplandvillage of Ma'alulah, distantthree hours from the large Greek conveintof Saidnaya'. On theleft side ofthe Wady, just belowthe junction of theFijj orgorge of Santa Tekla,is thesite ofa largeold necropolis, wayside as usual, upon the lowerroad to Yabr-id,distant two hours. The tall cliffsof reddish-greystone, breakinginto a chalkywhite substance, stand perpendicularlyat the sky-line, the d6bris below assuming the natuiralangle; and at the base of the latterare disposedimmense masses, shaken down probably by earthquakes. Several of them are pierced for sarcophagi, disposed at differentangles, one containingas manyas eight; anotherhas rude stepsrunning up to the tomb; whilsta third showstwo carvedniches, each with two busts and the remnants of an inscription,ENAIIAKEIENI, which shouldbe read in a better light. The bones and rag were found covered with a layer of earthin a boulderfronting to the south-east,and with a profile somewhatsuggesting a huge faceless head. On the rightside of the Ma'aldlalh Valley are also fourlarge fallenrocks pierced for" deep loculi" and restiiigupon the conglomerate. The situation of Ma'alulah is peculiar,even in Syria. The tall cavernedcliff-ridge of Marmardnand Dinha, and the nipples of Rankus-a caricatureof the CintraMountain-outline viewed fromithe sea-are hereprolonged west; and the line is split by two Fijj (Cluses),deep transversegorges caused by fractureat rightangles to the strikeor directionof the chain. The Fijj el Sharki (Eastern),which should be called Northern,bears from the juinction150; the Fijj el Gharbli(Western), 2730. The town, with its streetslike mountaintorrents, stands between them, at the south-easternbase of the bluff,which the two gashes insu- late fromthe restof the cliff-ridge;it runs up the lower slopes precipitousas Safetor Baylan, and above it, at the sky-line,is a perpendicularpalisaded reef,much weathered,but showing marksof old carvings. Below the settlementis the greatWady of glaringwhite chalk, with its ribbonof cool deep shadygreen, the result of dense walnuts,tall poplars,and abundantwater, wvhiclhrefresh the eyes like a bath. The pecuiliarityof the

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Ma'alu'lalhValley is, that it produces the Fistuk (pistachio),a tree here unknown: a specimenwas shown to us at Mukhtara in the Libanus,but it was a fancygrowth. The pistachiotree, whose fruitsare the " nuts" of the A. V. (the Hebrew Botnim), flourisheschiefly in the districtabout Aleppo; it is extremely rare in Palestine proper,although a fewtrees, evidently trans- planted,have been foundnear Jerusalemand Bayrut. All the treesscattered in the lowerpart of this valley,several of them showingmore than one trunksupported by the same roots,are old, fromafar much resemblingvenerable figs,but withfleshy ovate leaves attached to a red stalk. I did not see a single young tree. The green pistachio is a luxury,but this year (1870) all are Hil or barren,and theywill not producetill the next. The same is the case in inany parts of Syria with the olive. Does it show that the growthis not quite at home? It is worththe traveller'swhile to thread the two Fijj, in order to understandthe lay of the land. Beginningat the western,and passing up the rouighestof streets,the path strikes the leftbank high up. On the rightis a cavern,with a breast- work of rough stones,and the remains of a ladder with sixty rungs. In this Husn or fortthe Christianshid their women and childrenduring part of July and August of the massacre year of 1860; and theywere aided againstthe Moslems of the adjacentcountry places, who repeatedlyattacked them, of course under order of the local government,by theirMoslem fellow- villagers. This is one case out of many showinghow well the two faithscan live together,were it not for the intriguesand the divisions bred forits own selfishobjects by the authorities. It is as if, in order to hold India, we systematicallyfomented all mannerof disturbancesbetween Hindu and Moslem. Beyond El Husn, the gorge becomes wild; the torrents,which descend fromfour places to the west,must now be shallow,but they show a high old watermark,and a fewtrees are growingin one place by its side. The path then appears to be a stone staircase, with deep holes forthe horses'hoofs. Reaching the summitin 15', and turningnorth, with the Sultani or modernhigh road to Damascus on the left,the travellerfinds the monasteryof Mar Sarkis,St. Sergius,a domeof commonplaster supported by stone walls, with horizontalbeams of wood let in, the custom of Persia as well as of Syria. Aroundit, to south-eastand north- west, is a scatter of mortuarycaves. The largest and best showsa niche with scallop-shellarch; anotherniche suLrmounted by a trianglecontaining a circle; an eagle with spread wings frontingwest; and a similarfigure upon the roof. All the in- scriptionswere defaced, and I could read only the familiar beginningETOYC.

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Collectionsfrom the Holy Land. 827 The people,who were sledging Sumach,pointed out to me, above Mar Tekla,the place whereMir MohammedEl Harfushi, escortedonly by twentyto twenty-fivehorsemen, finding him- self pursuedby a detachmentof five hundredTurkish cavalry, rode up the slope, dismounted,and deliberatelypushed his favouritemare Iackwards over the cliff,dashing her to pieces ratherthan allow his enemiesto boast havingcaptured her. He then attemptedto scale on footthe left flankof the valley; but he was seized and led away to Damascus. At the beginningof the presentcentury, he would have learned the use of the bow- string; but in these tempipi,& leggiadrie meneferoci he was merelyexiled to Broussa. Aftera time,he fled disguised as a priest,obtained pardon at Damascus, and died at Sarghya'-I am acquainted with his son Mir Ta'an. Mir Mohamed is de- scribedas a man withred hair and blue eyes,whose look sug- gestedthe cut-throat;he was,however, a fluentspeaker, and the peasantry,who did not like him,but who have learned to like the Turkishrule less, now speak of him withregret. I descendedthe rightside of the "Eastern Gorge"by a pre- cipitouspath down a rock face lined with caverns. The large naturalarch of stonewhich spanned it fell some fortyyears ago. At the bottomis a littlerill, trickling from the upper gardens of the Convent,and by its shady side grows the Sha'ar Mar Tekla (hair of Sta. Tecla), the maidenhairfern. It will be re- memberedthat when she was flyingfrom her idolatrousfather, this Fijj openedfor her a passage. I followedher steps to the conventwhich bears her name,mounted a multitudeof stairs, passed up and down a varietyof passages, and was shown a dripping of water which affordedher drink, and which still covers the rock with green. People ply the metal cup for Ta- barruk-in orderto receivea blessing. At rightangles to the place of the springis the saintlycell, now a chapel. After so muchof pious reminiscence,it was a changeto meetthe inmates, who kindlygave me lemonadeand coffee;one of themspeaking English and showingan English dog,whilst all talked the latest politics,certainly not six months'old. Ma'alhlah can muster some six hundredmuskets; the Ca- tholicsnumber three-quarters of the whole; the Greek Rayy6hs one-eighth;and the Moslemns,under their civil ShaykhDiy6b Hammuid,ab,out, the same. The " SuliAtiyyah",as theyare termed withoutreason in officialdocuments, are a fine,tall, and stoutrace, more like. mountaineersthan lowlanders; and the brown-red complexionsof the girlsare pleasing to look at afterthe yellow and rouge of Damascus. All are,however, unusually- unclean, partlybeing Christians,and au restedwellers in a cold climate. Theirhouses avoid windowsand ventilationas muchas possible,

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 328 Captain R. F. BURTON.-OnAnthropological and are capped byreal chimney-pots;whilst cow-chips are dried, as in Sind, forfuel upon the roofs. Substantialwalls are easily built with the freestonelying all around them,and the softer material composes their lime and whitewash. Almost every terrace has its plot of a strongsmelling yellow flower,called Ward Asfar or Karanful, and of perfumediRayh6n, or herb basil (Ocymumbasilicum), in whichthey seem to delightas much as Hindus. There is no such thing as a Suk, or bazar,and I had troublein buyinga bottleof vinegar,unjustly entitled wine. Yet the people applied to me for a school: they were re- ferredto my friendsMessrs. Wright and Scott,of the Irish Pres- byterianMission at Damascus, and I only hope that they will succeed. Bilinguals,but ratherBaeotians than Tyrians,all at Ma'aldlah, Moslems as well as Christians,speak Syriac,which they profess to have derivedfrom their ancestry (Jaddan Ajda'd). There are only threehamlets in the countrywhere this lingers,the others being Jubb "Adin* and Bak'h&'a. The old tongueis excessively corrupted,but it is still unintelligibleto foreigners.Dr. Socin, a youngSwiss traveller,whom I met at Damascus, and who has lately nmadea hit by discovering,at the Chaldean monasteryof Mardin,the Kalilag ve Damnag, a complete translationof the original Panchatantra,spent two months with a friendin the SarkisConvent, and learnedall that he required. The following is a specimenof the halfArabic Syriacniow spoken at Ma'alu'lah. Bohr,the sea (A., Bahr). Bohrata,a tank (A., Buhayrah,Birkah). Dayra, a monastery(A., Dayr). Ghauzta,a walnuttree (A., Jauzeh). Hosona, a horse (A., Hosan). Humiira,an ass (A., Himar). Huwwa, white (A., Howareh,chalk). Lahnrah,bread. (This is the Hebrew form,e.g., Bethlehem; in A., Lahmnsignifies flesh.) Paytt, a house (A., Bayt). Shinna,a tall fort-likerock. S'jart&,a tree. (A., Shajar: hence the modern Syrian says "sajar" upon the same principlewhich makes some of us prefer "srimps"to " shrimps". * Jubb,often corrupted to "1Jibb", is a commonprefix to Syrianvillages; it meansa well (JtubbYusuf), pit, or water-hole,with or withoutsurroulnd- ing vegfetation.I have notvisited Jubb'Adin, and can onlyrepeat the in- formationpicked up at Ma'alulah: the threeSyriac-speaking villages are usuallysaid to be Ma'lulah,B'ak'ha', and Ayn-el-Tiriyyah.Since the above lines were written,Mr. Tyrwbitt-Drake writes to me: "' Syriacis spoken onlyat Jubb'Adin,Ma'alhSlah, and Bak'ha: theyunderstand it a little,but do notregtularly sp3ak it at Ayn-Tinieh.

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Tsalja, snow (A., Talj). Tutsha,a mulberrytree (A., Tut). Tora,a mountain(A., Tur). The words are evidentlyharsher than the corresponding Arabic; and we find the elementsof the " Iltika el Sakiinayn", the meetingof two quiescent consonants,which is so contrary to the spiritof the Koranic dialect,and which,especially at the beginningof words-e.g.,'Br6himfor Ibr6il'm-where it is most easily remarked,first strikes the ear of the Arabist landingat Bayrut.

DESCRIPTION of SKULLS and otherREMAINS froM MA'ALULAH, SYRIA, discoveredby CAPTAIN BURTON. By C. CARTER BLAKE, Doct. Sci., F.G.S., Hon. Mem. A. I., Lectureron Comparative Anatomy,Westminster Hospital. THE remainsbefore us are of two descriptions,one white and bleached,and one whiclihas been exposed foryears to the ero- sive influencesof interment. The firsttwo specimensdescribed belongto the firstcategory. 1. Fragmnentaryoccipital bone of young individual,possibly female. The marks for the attachmentof muscles are not stronglymarked. 2. Mandible (with canine toothin place) of a large and aged individual. In the remarkablyoblique ramus of this jaw, the shallow sigmoidnotch, anid the pointed coronoid,it bears some resemblanceto the celebratedMoulin-Quignon jaw. The chin is prominelntand "mesepicentric".* The alveoli for the molar series are small,and that for the third molar has been smaller than that for the second. The canines have been normal in form. The mylohyoidnotch is deep. The two condyles are broadlydivaricated; and the owner has probablybeen brachy- cephalous. 3. Facial bones of a large and tolerablyprognathous person. The palate has been broad and shallow; anidthe molar teeth (two of which,and a premolar,remain in place) are large and worn. The orbitshave been large and squared; the nasal bones large,thick, and curved; the nasal orificeof normaldimensions. 4. Frontalbone, with portionof parietal,probably of a female, with large frontalsinuses and prominentfrontal bosses. The bones are verythin. 5, 6, 7. Portions of parietal bones,the one marked 7 being thickerthan the othertwo. 8. Leftmastoid process and petrous bone of a large and ati- letic male. The mastoidgroove is deep, and the auditoryfora- men large. * "'AnthropologicalReview, vol. v, 18637. VOI. 1. z

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 330 CaptainiR.. F. Buuron\.-On AUt1iropological 9, 10. Portionsof brimof ilium. 11. Molar tooth, not referableto the mandible above described. If we endeavourto obtainany definitiverace-characters fromo the presentremains, we can only conclude that theybelong to not more than three individuals,and that there is not the slightest resemblance with any of those described elsewhere fromPalmyra. They do not appear to have belongedto what is called the Phoeniciantype. Of the probable age of the interment,I can onlysay that the conditiollof the bolnesindicates considerableantiquity. No. 4 LOT. From theDayr AJfarMusa el Ilabashi. Two bangles of twistedglass, blue and wllite banded,called Dumluj, not Aswar (metal bracelets),and wornupon the arm, oftentill rolls of fleshare formedabove and below them. The larger is much oxidised. It was bought from a girl, who had picked it up in a cemeterynear Nabk where the grave- diggerswere at work; all the restwere broken. The material ofboth resemblesHebron work, but is of bettermanufacture than the modern. They are, therefore,locally called Dumluj Akik (carnelian),to distinguishthem from the ordinaryDumluj Kizaz. Five skulls,probably of priests; one has the skulland mouth stuffedwith wool. These relicswere found(September 28th, 1870) in the Wady Mar Musa el Habashi. This rockyFuimara, a bare line of reddish and white limestone,in places cuiriouslystreaked alnd banded,appears, from the greatnumber of mortuarycaves, large and small,which riddle its rightbank, to have been the con- ventualcemetery. Some of the pigeon-holesare at considerable elevations,and the stone has fallenaway so as to renderthem almostinaccessible. The bodieswere placed withinloculi of cut slabs, afterthe ancient custom of the country(as in Mr. Rat- tray'scavern), and theyare mostlysitting, still the ecclesiastical position. One skeleton was wrapped in the Mas'h, a coarse canvas which touches the flesh,with silk outside. Amongst themwomen appear to have been buried. I collectedin this gorgefive skulls, and I might easily have collectedfifty. The childrenof Nabk, Dayr Atiyah, and other neighbouringvil- lages, are,however, in the habit of passinigtheir holidays in sky- larkingamongst the graves,and theyhave alreadydone (anthro- pologicallyspeaking) considerable damage. The Fuimara in questiondraws to the east the upland massif which divides the Kara-Nabk terracefrom the great Jayrud- Palmyravalley.* The rangeis locally known as the Jebel el * These three gradients have been already describedin chapter iii.

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Sharki,or EasterniMountain, which must not be confounded withthe true Anti-Libanus,fromwhiclh it is separatedby twogreat steps. The name of the highest point,however, Jebel Khazim, fromwhich the Halimat el Kabu bears 317? mag. and Jayrud 205 iinag.,might be applied to the whole block. It is a long, lunmpyand uninterestingline, averaging5500 feet in height. When viewed fromthe west,a shallow bulge in the centre,de- noting the Wady Sha'ab, which opens opposite the Dayr el Atiyahvillage, divides it intotwo sections,northern and southern. Seen fromthe easternand lowergradient,the Palmyran valley de- pressedabout a thousandfeet, it becomesa farmore picturesque feature,walling in the long narrow plain which runs from Jayrudto Karyatayn. The monasteryis perchedon theleft side of its gorge,and here the riding-path,a narrowledge and ladder of slippery stone, ends suddenly; the good monks preferred keepinga precipice of somiefive hundredfeet in frontof them to ward offthe Bedawin who ride the lowlands. We exchanged a shot or two with some fifteenof these gentry,mounted on maresand dromedaries,but morefor bravado on bothsides than with the intentionof doing work. It is strangethat of all those who have passed almost under the walls of this com- mandingbuilding when en routefor the Zenobiancity, not one appears to have noticedit: theywere probablytoo much occuv pied with the material hardships and the discomfortsof the journeyto look out for themselves,and theycertainly had no guides who would look out forthem. Mar Musa' el Habashi (St. Moses the Abyssinian)was a her- mit fromthe countryof Prester John,who lived upon this mountain,and who died here in the odour of sanctity. The firstmonastery, distant about an hourand a half,or six miles, fromNabk town,was built over his remains by the Emperor Heraclius,A.D. 610 to 641, and it has, theysay, been fourtimes destroyedby sectarianhatred. Its annual pilgrimagewas well attendeduntil the last fiveor six years; but since that timethe incursionsof the Nomades have been an effectualbar to pious visitation. The holy man's thumb is kept in a silver box, and is kissed by wives who would become the joyful mothersof children. I managedhere to securean interesting" Mabkharah", a brass thuriblefor burning incense, whose art shows the ex, tremeof quaintness. It is now passed roundfor inspection. The westernface of the building is in, two compartments; and,as is stillthe custom,wooden beams are disposedhorizontally about the masonry; the wall is battlemented,so as to sweep the only approach; at the south, however,an active scaling party,with some mechanical aid, mightcommand an entrance. Over the sinoglelow door of iron, which is not easily moved, z2

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 332 CaptaiinR. F. BURTON.-On Anthropological even with a key, there is a Syriac inscription. A passage, with a well or cisternon the right hand,leads to the church. The latteris in the rudestGraeco-Syrian style with the vilest of daubs upon theiconastasis and the walls. Fromthe courta flight of steps runs up to a rickettyterrace, which cominandsa fine view of the Palmyran valley; and an inscription,half Arabic half Syriac,acknowledges the pietyof a certainMatran (Bishop) Matta, who restoredthe building in A.D. 1799. Here we can distinctlysee the White Mountain and the dark nmoundthat formthe Bab, or gate of Palmyra; the Sabkhah,or MalIahah, a successionof salt-pans,north-east of Jayrud,which every one mistakesfor ruins; and the rangesto the south-east,the Jebel Wustani,Jebel Zubaydah,and Jebelel Afa'1,which culminate in the tall horizon-wallsupporting the Abd wa Abdah (slave and slavess), and ending the Anti-Libanusin the directionof the Desert. Retracingour steps to the head of the Wady, and bending firstto the northand then to the north-east,we pass the highest ledge of the range,Jebel el Khazim, beforementioned. From this point,striking the Wady el Mudakhkhan(Smoky valley), and descendingsome fourhundred or five hundredfeet to the south-east,we presentlyreach El Mudakhkhanah(the Smoker). Here the stoneis rough,and cracked into cubes,which further weathering,converts into plates,and these flakesbreak easily as mica. Scatteredamongst the rocksare a dozen cracksand cre- vices, with lips blackened, amidthe vegetationaround them parched and charred. Apparently,however, there is thorough combustion,as no trace of brimstoneremains. That some of theseapertures are deep,the sound of droppedstones told us; at this season they are rathercold than hot, but all the people assured me that a dense vapour issues fromthem afterraimis. The guides spoke of a large pit, but could not findit. I made thembuild a cairnfor the benefitof futuretravellers, who will, it is hoped,be morefortunate.* No. 5 LOT. Collectedat Hums. Brokenskull. Fragmentsof face-bones. Mortuarylamp. The skull and bones were picked up (February25th, 1871) at the ancientRoman baths,lying to the north-westand outsideof Hums, Emesa of old. Excavations were going on forthe sole purposeof removingthe stones; the fine mosaic spoken of by travellershad alreadydisappeared, and in a few years the place will be a mound of earth. This Hammam was probablyout- * Dr. Carter Blake's notes on these remains are deferred.

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Collectionsfrom the Holy Landl. 333 side the old city,which, however, extended far to the north, and was fed by the Saikiyatel Balad, or town-conduit,which sets offfrom the Orontes a little below the bridge at Babi Amru. Justbefore my arrival,a votivealtar, with illegiblein- scription,had been dug up a couple of hundredyards beyond the gate. Hums is still liberally supplied with well water; but whilstthat to the east is sweet,all to the west and north, especially about the suburb containingthe tomb of Sayyidna IIhalid, is brackish. Beyondthe Sakiyat standsthe noble ruin knownas Burj el Saanma'ah,Tower of the Oratory,and supposed to have been a prison,or castle. The square pyramidaltop has wholly disappeared,and the westernpart is now strewnupon the ground. The same will soon be the case with the Kamnn'a or Pillar of Hurmul, which Mr. Porter's illustration(" Five Years in Damascus", p. 308) shows to have been completein 1853. There are no traces of the Greek inscriptionseen by Belon, whichproved the Hums ruin to have been a cenotaphof Caius Julius (Caesar),buried in the Mausoleum of Augustus. Pococke (chap. xiii) describesit when still comparativelywell preserved,being fortyfeet square and thirtywithin, double- storied,aind with fivepilasters on each side, Doric below and Ionic above. Now nothingremains but a fragmentof the lnorthernwall, and smaller sectionsof the eastern and western flanks. The material,like that of the Baluea, is of flat Roman brick,set in concrete hard as stone; it is faced with basaltic squares,each about four inches,forming, with alterni- ations of wllite limestone,diaper-work of rough mosaic. To the north,there are traces of five pilasters,but only the two central appear,and it is lined with five shallow cornicebands of the sailmeblack material. Viewed fromthe south side, the building seems to have had two vaulted stories,if not miore. The inside of the westernfront shows a rude arclh,with imper- fectkeystone,* like the massivevaulting in thelower part of the Sidon Castle. To the northand southof this cenotaphis a large modernburial ground: indeed, the cemeteriesof Hums are more extensivethan the city,and probablythis has been so used from the mostancient times. The mortuarylamp was taken fromone of the cemeteriesto the south of the greatmound which bore the Temple of the Sun. To the south-westis the graveyardJabba'nat el Asi: here I was showna solid basaltic door,like those of the iHauran,the Jebel * I am at pains to imagine how the popular opinion about the Romans ignoring the true keystonewas formed. The utmost that can be said of classical arches in Syria is, that the keystone is not an invariable feature; generallythere is but one, more rarely we find two. The massive reXmains of the semi-circusat Baysan (of old, Scythopolis),in the Ghor or Jordanic valley, may be quoted as one of the best instances.

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Duruz, and the 'Ulah, with an iron ring soldered into the outside. On the soutlh-eastis the tomb ignorantlysupposed to lodge Ja'afarel Tayyair;it may have been tenantedby his de- scendants: around it lie the graves of the Jen'adilahShayklls, descendedfrom the celebratedSufi Ahmad el Rufai of Baghdad. Near the sou-th-westangle of the moat is supposed to lie the poet Ka'ab el Ahbbr; and in this part manyof the graves,lined and roofedwith slabs of basalt, have yawned open,exposing theirinmates. All, however,appearing to be modernand Mos- lem,the bones were leftin peace. Hums is one of the mostinteresting, towns in Syria,not only on account of its past history,but forits presentremains; and being somewhatout of the reach of tourists,it is still a fairfield for the collector. A certain Konstantin KbhLribin Daud, in February1871, sold me his copies,in ten sheets,of the four famous stones inscribed with Arab (?) hieroglyphics,(?) and scattered about the cityof Hamah: theywill in due timebe exhibitedto you. This local Dryasdustpossesses a book in whichhe has en- tered for hiisown use, more or less correctly,398 inscriptions of sorts-at least that was the number he gave me-exist- ing in and about Huins, chiefly Greek, a few Latin, and some floweryCufic. He led me, however,a long wild-goose chase in search of a Hebrew epigraph,which proved to be the usual disappointment.According to him, the eastern regionsbetween Hums and Palmyra abound in ruins,basaltic all, like thoseof the 'Ulah; and forthe small sum of fivehundred piastresper monthhe volunteered,provided I would stupplyhim with a guard,to bring back a rich storeof " writtenstones" and 'anticdt. Of late, hlowever,the Sublime Porte has adopted the highlyinvidious measure of forbiddingall antiquitiesto be ex- ported,under the pretextthat theyare wanitedfor a home collection. Were this the case, no complaintcould be made; the stephas beentaken by civilisedpowers. But hereit meanssimply a bakhshishad valorem,to the local governor,and the place for housingsuch valuables is yet in nubibus. It will be time to eni- forcethe orderwhen the museum,for which a Greek Rayyalhhas obtaineda firman,comes into existence. Meanwhileinteresting remainsare left in the streetsto be brokenby boys; and foreigners are subjectto all mannerof ainoyance. The CustomHouse at Constantinopleseized a collectioniinade by Messrs.Drake and Palmer when en routefromi Athens; it was notwithout difficulty and loss of a monththat the plunder was recoveredby their agent Mr. Lawson; nor were theirexpenses paid. The mostinteresting question concerning Hums is the site of the gorgeousSun Temple,from whose priestlyservant proceeded fourCesars and fourAuguste. Modernand perfinctoryvisitors, " our blind travellers",as theyare characteriseclby Gibbon when

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Collectionsfrom tle HIolyLand. 335 lauding Volney,have, of course,taken scanty interest in the natter; it is, however,curious to see that even Pococke and Maundrell,*writers of a verydifferent stamp, have equally neg- lected it. Yet the local legends speak clearlyenough. The Right Rev. the (Greek) Bishop Dionysius of Trebizond,who now occupies the throneof Silvanus the Martyr,in answer to my inquiries, at once pointedto the Kala'at, or greatmound. All declarethat it was formierlyin the centre of the city,which has now clus- teredto the north,leaving on the south only ruins and ceme- teries. The old enceintewas piercedwith six gates,bearing the names of the planets,the sun being in the centre; and we find this numberperpetuated in the moderntown.t It is added that the Christians,after establishing their faith upon the ruins of paganism,converted the Sun Temple into a cathedral. Hums was captured,some fourteenyears afterthe Hijrah, by the fiery and fightingKh6lid bin Walid, whose mortalremains were cer- tainlyinterred in the northernfaubourg, and the destructionof life and propertywas, accordingto local legend, terrible. In A.D. 1098, the Crusadersbecame inastersof it; and finallythey were driven out, aftereighty-nine years' tenure (1187), by the Kurdish Sultan Salah el Dl'n-the latter,according to Pococke, probablyfortified 'the Temple of the Sun. It was, therefore,with more than usual curiositythat I proceeded to inspectthe mound,which is still crownedwith a tiara of tornand renttowers, some of themimposing even in the sad- ness of decay. The materialis a hard yellowclay which,when tunnelledinto, stands without supports: this may be seen at the southerntalus, where a passage about a hundredpaces long is used by the thread-spinners.Ascending by the easy zigzag from the TurkomanGate, the perpendicularheight is found by an- eroidto be one hundredand twentyfeet. The summitis an un- even broken oval, apparentlycovering a mass of ruins; the greateraxis, fromnorth-west to south-east,is 435 feet,and the conjugate,from north-east to south-west,is 375. I counted threewells sunk in the wavingground.

* Maundrell does not appear to have visited it, or, perhaps, to have published anythingabout it. t The modern gates are: 1, Bab el Sak, to the north,showing on each side traces of ancient walls; 2, on the north-east,Bab Tudmur (Palmyra), with large blocks of limestone to the south, like those in the enceinte of Damascus; 3, south-east, Bab el Durayb, leading to Karyatayn; 4, south, Bab el Suba'a, showing on the jamb ancient carvings of grapes and leaves; 5, south-west,Bab el Turkoman, because the tent-dwellersused to camp opposite it; and 6, Bab Huid,corrupted from Bab el Yahud (of the Jews), whose quarter was here till they were expelled the city. Now the " tribe of the Emesani" do not allow, as is said of the New Englander, a Jew to live and thriveamongst themn.

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 336 CaptainiR. F. BURTON.-On Anthropological When " Saladin" took the place, he seems to have throwna revetmentof masonryfrom the top of the hill to the bottom; manytraces of it remain,especially on the northern,the eastern, and the south-easternsides. The angleof thisglacis was 45 deg., so as to preventscaling, and the scarp now descendsto the bottom of the fosse,which is sixty-twofeet broad,and provided with a perpendicularcounterscarp of masonry,some twentyfeet high; moreoverit is not connectedwith the townmoat. The materialof scarp and counterscarpis basalt,set in a concreteof mortarand limestone,and the blocks becomenotably larger as theydescend. In places wherethe hard clay has been washed fromunder, it stands up like piecrust,outside black and white inside,allowing freepassage like a coveredway; in parts,also, it is bound togetherby older pillars of basalt disposedhorizontally,as ties or thorough-bonds.Labour is unspared,and the ma- sonryevidenitly dates fromthe same time as that of CsesareaPa- lestina(Strato's Tower), and the outerwestern works of thetower of David, near the Khalil gate of Jerusalem. Tracesof thissame kind of revetmentmay be foundon the Tells of the'Ulah; at Ta- huAnatel Hawa, the northernpoint of Mount Girizim; at Santa Hannm,near Bayt Jibrin; at Bays6n (Scythopolis); and at the celebratedTell el Kadi (Dan)-to mentionno others. The walls of Hums, althoug,hmade of the same materialas that wlhich protectedthe rnound,are apparentlyof much later date. This immenserevetment formed round the rim of the mound a regular crest,varying from two to seven feet broad,whilst below it is ten or twelve; the rimis brokenby towersand bul- warks within easy bowshotof one another. Of these" Burj"* thereare now seven importantremains. The long meurtrizres intendedfor archers, not formatchlock men, the archesand the domedcasemates, prove its date; whilstthe old basaltic pillars horizontallycouched in the solid masonry,the large blocks of whitestone, the imposts of snowymarble, and the columns of fineSyeniite and greyEgyptian granite,show what has become of the Sun Temple's splendid remains. After several days chieflyspent in searchingabout this mound,I was fortunate enoughto findnear the sixthBurj, beginning at theround white towerabove the TurkomianGate, a place wherethe stonerevet- mentand the modernd6bris had fallenaway. He!e, facingthe north-eastcountry, stood, apparentlyin situ,a Doric pilaster, whichseemed to have supportedan arch: it was about six feet below the actual level of the plateau,and the descent,which is still used by the silk-spinners,looked as if it had anciently served as a ramp or approach. Beforemy friendand fellow- * The Arabic equivalent-I will not attempt to argue the priorityques- tion-of the Greek ir6pyos.

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Collectionsfromt the Ifoly Lceand. .337 traveller,Mr. C. F. Tyrwhitt-Drake,made his excursioni to Hums and Hamah,I gavehim details about the position of what I canl- not but believeto be a remnantof the greatshrine, and re- questedhim to verifymy observations: he searchedeverywhlere withoutfinding it, and he came to the conclusionthat it had beeincovered by an earthslip,or had beenbroken up forbuilding material. In theseNorth Syrian towns, the destructionof old buildingsis unpleasantlyrapid: scoresof old basalticrafters, tornfrom the 'Ulah ruins,may be seenin thestreets of Hamah. I would willinglyoffer a plan of this most interestingsite; but it is farbetter left to theregular survey of Palestinie, which will doubtlesstake the opportunity ofmaking excavations.* No. 6 LOT. Collectionof Flint Implements from near Bethlehem. 1 Roundflat hammer of porousbasalt, sbaped somewhat like the clayspindle of Inner IntertropicalAfrica, and remarkable becausewanting depressions for the gripof thumband fore- finger;nor is it groovedas in theAztec specimens. 1 brassor copperneedle with the central eye. 1 bonespicula (showing that copperor brass,bone and iron, wereused at thesame time). 2 fragmentsof bone and a humantooth, found with the flints. 6 fragmentsof arrow-pilesor spear-heads. 11 fragmentsof knives,flakes of silex,mostly three-planed aboveand with single plane below. 2 specimensmarked doubtful, probably unfinished chippings. This findtook place in 1866-67,at Bayt Sahur,a village about twentyminutes' ride to the east of Bethlehem,well knownto travellersbecause it is on the way to a favourite placeof visitation.At thedistance of an easywalk below the hill lies the Shepherd'sCave, a tunnelin the ruinedGreek monasteryDayr el Ra'iy'an(dei Pastori),where the angel ap- peared,anid here also is thevalley where David is supposedto havekept his father'sflock. The sceneryof thisBeulah is cer- taiillyremnarkable in the bleakand barrenhighlands of Juidea: thevalley whose background is the mountain wall of Moab shows extremefertility; its broadslopes of wheat-fields are dottedand clumpedwith olives struggling down to the largesquare shrub- beryabout the Shepherds'Cave; the extensivevineyards pro- ducethe sweetest grapes, whilst the many convents to which the stonecauseway led havefallen into picturesque ruins. The site of the findis a ledge of chalkylimestone, with a * Dr. Carter Blake's notes on these remains are deferred.

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 338 Captain R. F. BURTON.-OnAnthropological drop of rock and a bed of garden stuffto the north; whilstbe- hind,or southwards,are steps of higherground, over which runs the ruggedroad to Bethlehem. The chalk,as usual throughout the country,abounds in silex, but the material is not homoge- neous; it occurs in lumps striatedwhite and -brown,or white and black, and it nowhereshows the buffcolours of the flint implementsnow exhibited to you: the latter,therefore, were made froma differentformation, possibly brought from the Moab plateau,and even furthersouth. The only material positively identicalwith theseis thatbrought by the late Major Macdonald fromthe tuirquoisemines of Mount Sinai, and exhibited at the JermynStreet Museum, No. 46, principal floor,labelled " Flint flakesfound near some ancientruLins in Arabia Petraea." Of the ten composingthe total,three are like many of my specimens, three-planiedabove and buffcoloured, on this point differing fromthe reddishsilices of the Wady Magharah,brought home by the same traveller,and shown to me by Mr. JohnEvans, of Nash Mills. These ancient mining tools are well describedin " Notes on a Geological Reconnaissancemade in Arabia Petraea in the Spring of 1858." By H. Bauerman,Esq., F.G.S., Assoc. Roy. School of Mines (" The GeologicalJournal", xxv, 1869). It miaybe added to this study,that Mr. C. F. Tyrwhitt-Drakeis convincedthat the inscriptionsof Wady Mukattab,which are notthe "Voice of Israel fromMount Sinai", were cut with flint implements. The gloss and polish of these Bethlehemimple- ments arise, I presume,from their having been broughtfrom theirbeds of siliciousor chalkysailds, and one of themappears to be partly encrustedwith carbonate of lime. The darker coloursfound in Major Macdonald's collectionarise fromocire- ous sands,which would stain yellow,and fromferruginous sands and soils; the red brickearth would give a browntinge. Sundrysilo-like holes had beenpierced in the softrock, and of these not a few had been broken at the sides. Mr. Tyrwhitt- Drake descended into one, and broughtup fragmentsof human bone,mostly split for marrow (?), suggestingthat here also, within cannon-shotof Bethlehem,lived and died a people of cannibals, and addinganother instance to the long list of anthropophagous tribes who,at differentages, I believe,composed the sum of humanity. We can here replysatisfactorily to the triumphant rejoinder," Why don'tyou findthe bonesof the men as well as theirimplentents ?" (" QuarterlyJournal of Science",July 1871, p. 327.) Scatteredaround the well-mouthswere silex chippings so coarselyshaped that theyhad been thrownaway as useless by the makers. This mine is probablyfar frombeing worked out,and a carefulexamination of the ridge to the west may be rich in results.

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The highwaybegins at Bethlehemnwith a vile descentof slippery limestone,all steps,holes, and ridgelets,the Caldeiroesof the Brazil,but here theyare stone not mud,whilst the sheets of rockseverely try the horses'legs. Presentlywe reached (April 12th,1871) Bayt Sahur,a filthylittle hamlet,containing some fifteenhundred Greek Rayy6hs,three hundred Moslems,and a hundred and sixty Catholics; large bossed stones proved that the place has seen,like almostall in this land, betterdays. We dismountedat the littlemonastery, begun twelveyears ago, still unfinislhed,and alreadynamed the (Latin) Church and Convent of the Shepherds. The principal,M. l'Abbe Moratin,*whom we afterwardsmet at Nablus on returnfrom his wild ride,was en- gaged on missionaryduty at Salt, the second cheflieu of the Belka Mutessariflik,and the honours were done by his locum tenensthe curate,M. Simeon Kajabejow, originally,I believe,a Circassian,and educatedby the Propaganda. Afterthe normalpipes and coffee,the go'odcurate led the way to thlelittle museum,an outhouse to the west of the convent, wherethe collectionfrom the silos was strewedabout table and floor. It representeda score or so of large jars of coarse pot- tery,and classical in shape; mortuarylamps, none of them inscribed so as to be interesting;a few medals; two finebrass (bronze?) hatchets; some bone pointsfor spears or arrows; two roundflat stone hammers for chipping the silex; and about two huindredflint implements. The importanceof this discoverycan hardlybe exaggerated. Flint implementsin Syria and Palestine were,before the days of M. Lartet,almost as rare as Hebrew weapons,far rarer than Hebrew shekels,although traditionally known to have been used amongstthe ancientPersians and the Greeks. The late Duc de Luynes,a man who devoted a noble fortuneto scientific,lin- guistic,alnd artisticpursuits, was, I believe,the firstto finda few,wlhen " cave-hunting"at the mouthof the Nahr el Kalb, or Ly&usRiver. During twentynmontlhs' residence in Syria,I had seen but one specimen,in the possessionof MI.Peretie, of Bay- rut. Since my returnto England,I have been morefortunate, and Mr. Augustus W. Franks,F.S.A., kindly forwardedto me the followingnotes (with illustrations)of the Lebanon Collec- tion given by M. Louis Lartet to the late Mr. Christy. The curate Kajabejow kindlyallowed us to carryoff a few specimens,which were presentlyforwarded for the inspectionof the AnithropologicalInstitute, refusing payment and referringlaS

* He is called Moratain by M. de Saulcy, to whomhe gave, on December 11th, 1863, six small couteaux-scies, found when digging the foundationsfor his church: the French travellerwrites," Je suis ravi de posseder ces reliques des tenmpsante-historiques de la Jude."

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 310 Captaili R. F. BURTON.-On Anthropological to the proprietor. He was of opinion,like those around him, that theywere flintknives used by the Jews in circumiicision; and I did not care to contradicthim. Of this morehereafter. We have since then, throughmy excellent friend,Mr. Noel Moore, Her Majesty's Consul for Jerusalem,made an offerto purchase the whole collectionfrom M. l'Abbe Moratin,and we are awaitingsomewhat impatiently the result. Amongstthe companywas a Syrian in a zouave dress of the military,not the fancypattern, who answered to the name of 'BrahimHanna Said. A native of Bayt Sahu'r,he had accon- panied the Anglo-Abyssinianexpedition, and he had been woundedand invalidedduring the earlier stage of the Franco- Prussian war. He declaredthat similarinstruments were to be foundat Bayt Bassah and at the complicatedcaves of Khoraytuin (the old Laura of St. Chariton),so long supposed to be those of Adullam,till M. Ganneau,of whom more presently, pointed out the true site furthereast, at the KhirbatAdalmiyyah, pronounced by the people 'Aid el Miyyeh,and given in M. Gu6rin'smap as Aid el Mia, at a shortdistance from the well knownBayt Natif. Jebel Furaydis (of the Garden),alias the Frank Mountain,alias the Hero(leon,a word now knownto the raggedsons of the Ta'ami- rah Bedawin, and other neighbouringsites, were also, he de- clared,to the full as richas Bayt Sah-ir. Thoughwe vehemently distrustedhis promises of sarcophagi,bone-breccia, human skulls,and manysimilar curios, we advanced him sixteenfrancs. He repaid us by bringinga fewbad lamps and worseflints, with many promisesof better things. These promises not having been realised,we commendhim to the attentionof futuretravellers. This findgave us spiritto searchfor more, and in earlyJune (1871) my fellow traveller,when riding about the ruins of El Maksurah,near Dhumayr,the north-easternmostsettlement of the Damascus plain,picked up an undoubtedarrow-head and two specimensof flakedfiints. Since my returnto England,my attentionhas been drawnto a paper by M. l'Abbe Richard.* The part referringto the dis- coveries of flintinstruments in Egypt and upon Mount Sinai is hardlyto the point; but I will quote textuallyand comment upon wllat regardsPalestine. " Mais les instrumentsqui meritent,je pense,la plus grande attention,sont ceux que j'ai trou-vsa Galgal, sur les bords du Jourdaiin,et au tombeaude Josue.

* " Archeologie: Decouverte d'instrumentsde pierre en Egypte, au Sinai et au tombeau de Josue." Par M. 1'Abbe Richard. P. 540. 1871. Deuxineme semistre. " Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences", par MM. les Secr6tairesPerpetuels. Tome lxxiii. No. 9 (28 Aofit, 1871). Paris: Gauthier-Villars.

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"Il est ecrit dans la Bible, h la fin du livre de Josue,que Dieu ordonnaau chef du peuple d'Jsra,l1de fairedes couteaux de pierre(c?1tros lapideos), afin de circoncireles H6breuxn6s dans le d6sert. La version des Septanteajoute que Josue'conserva les couteaux,et qu'apres sa morteon les mit dans son tombeau. Les traducteursdes Septantesd6clarent qu'alors les couteauxy 6taientencore. " M. V. Gu6rin, envoye en Palestine par le Gouvernement Francais en 1863, retrouvace tombeau longtempsoubli6 ou perdu,et en etablit l'authenticitedans un Rapport address6 h l'Acad6mieen 1865. M. de Saulcy, dans son 'TVoyaqeen Pales- tine' (t. ii, p. 233 et suiv.),*confirme les caracteresd'authenticite du tombeaLde Josue,et dit que les couteaux doiventy exister encore. Etant,l'annee derni6re,en Palestine,je suis alle visiter a Tibneh le tombeau,et j'y ai trouv6un grandnonmbre d'instruments,g6n6ralement des couteaux. Quelques-unsmeme, comme on peut le voir,sont encore tres-tranchants.11 y a aussi des scies,des pi6ces plates,allong4es ou arrondies. " Quant aux conclusionsque l'on peut tirer en la de'couverte de ces instruments,les argumentsou les objectionsqu'ils peuvent fourniraux th6oriesmises en avant par les diverses6coles an- thropoloaiquesmodernes, je laisse ce soin t de plus eloquents que moi. Je me contented'exposer le fait h l'appreciationde MM. les membres de l'Acadeinie et des autres savants qui s'occupentde la grave questiondes instrumentsde pierreet de 1'antiquitede l'homme. Je prie seulementqu'on fasse attention a la resemblanceparfaite qui existe entre les silex du tombeau de Josue, qu'on doit appeler historiques,et les silex que l'on veut etre necessairementprehistoriques. Cette identite est un fait. J'ai trouve,entre le Mont Thaboret la Mer de Tiberiade, surun plateau eleve d'environ250 metresau-dessus du Jourdain, dans des terrainsnon-seulement recents, mais h la surfacedu sol, un hache et d'autres pieces que l'on regard commieessen- tiellementcaracteristiques de terrainstertiares et quaternaires. Permettez-moid'emettre une pens6e: on veut g6n6ralement 6tablirl'age des silex taillesd'apres les terrains;il me sembleque c'est le contrairequ'il faut faire; ces sont les silex tailles qui doiventdonner l'Age des terrains,comme les fossilesdonnent 1'age des roches." The learned abbUwould, I think,unduly limit the use of the flintinstruments brought from the tombof Joshua to one pur- * M. de Sauley (loc. cit.) places the sepulchre of Joshua near Antipatris and Augustan Caesarea,the Tiinnath-Heras (Judges, ii, 9), the Timnath-Sarah (Joshua xxiv,30 ), and the OvagraXaap in which the leader buried ,uaXatpav'ras 7rerpivas.Haras invertedbecomes Sarah, and this, by transposingthe second and thirdconsonants, becomes Sahar. Possibly " Heras" may be connected with Heraseth (e.g., Kir Heraseth of Moab), concerningwhich certain details will be given in a subsequent page.

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 342 Capt. R. F. BURTON.-On1A4thropologicai pose,making them all " cultelli circumcisionis."But how mainy implemeiltsof this naturewould be required,even by a consi- derablebody of people,for a couple of generations? It is also evidentthat morethan one of my specimensis tbe pile of all arrow. The traditionaltomrib of Joshua, accordingto the Moslenms and Druses, is, I may remark,very far from Tibneh. We visited Naby Yusha'a on May 16th,1871. The large mass of building, is picturesquelysituated upon the western highlandswhich border the southernextremity of Cielesyria,where the great valley (Arz el Huilah) is mergedinto the watersof Merom. The countryhere belongsto the Metawali sectaries,and untilthe last fewyears no Christianhas been allowed entrance. The result has been a littleloss ofprestige to theshrine, but a greatadvance in the cause of toleration. Enteringthe strongenceinte of stone and lime by a diminu- tive door,and passing throughthe large hypaethralcourt, we foundtwo whitewasheddomes at the furtherend. The tombis coveredby the westerncupola; it faces south-east,or roughly towardsMeccah; and it measuLresin lengthone fathomand two spans. Under the easterndomiie is the Makam Hammad Bey el Asa'ad, a Metawali chief,buried here in A.D.1280, and evidently quite new. We found the olnlycare-taker to be a fellahab, whose husbaindwas absent,and she did the honourswithout in any way objectingto such unusual guests.

The followingnote was read:

NOTE on the IMPLEMENTSfrom BETHLEHEM. DEAR CAPTAINBURTON,--In accordance with your request, I send you a few notes on the antiquitiesfound in the neighbour- hood of Bethlehem,which you were so good as to leave with me forexanmination. The materials of which they consist are bone, bronze,and stone; but it is mainlywith the latter that I have to concern myself. Besides some fragmentsof human teetb,the bones are only two in niuinber,beinig portions of the same bone of the left leg of a young ruminant,and split longitudinally,at what time, or withwhat intention,it seems hard to divine. The onlybronze object is about two inches and t,hree-quarters long,and one-eighthof an inch in diameter,with a perforation apparentlypunched throughit at one inch and three-quarters fromone of its ends,which is blunt and rounded. The other end appearsto 'have been broken, so thatit is impossibleto deter- iminewlhat may have been its originallength or forum-whetlher

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Collectiontsfrom the Holy ?(t9i(l. 343 that of a hairpin,or of a kin(d of needle forsewing purposes. I am not aware of the circumstancesunder which it was dis- covered;but it appearsto mieto belongto another,and probably later date than that of the stoneantiquities next to be described. These are twenty-onein niumber,and, with one exception, formedof flint; the exceptionbeing a hammer-stone,formed, apparently,of a heavy basalt. This instrumentis of discoidal form,about two inchesin diameter,and about five-eighthsof an inchin thickness;the edges appear to have been considerablyworn away by hammering,and at one place a splinterhas been broken off. Of the two faces of the disc,one is ratherflatter than the other;but on neitheris thereany shallow cup-shaped depression such as so commonlyoccurs on the " kilapping-stones"of Scan- dinavia,and morerarely on thoseof Britishorigin. Even on the hammer-stonesof NorthAmerica and SouthernAfrica, the same kind of hollows are oftenworked, and affordan instance of the way in which similar wants and similar experienceslead to similarresults in countriesremote from each other,and at very distant intervalsof time. It was probablyfound that if the stonewere held tightly,the hand was jarred by the blow,while, if held looselyso as to avoid the jar, it was liable to be driven away frombetween the fingerand thumb,if therewere no de- pressionsin the faces of the stonein whichto place them. Many,however, of the hammer-stonesof flintand quartzite, such as have been found in England and France,are, like this Syrianspecimen, left without any depressionson theirfaces, and were probablyheld betweenthe thumband nliddlefilnger when in use, with the forefingerpassing over a portionof the peri- phery. Amongthe worked flints,that on the manufactureof which the greatestamount of labour has been bestowed,is a rather tlhickleaf-sliaped blade, chippedall overboth faces,about three inches and a quarter long,and one ilnchwide in its broadest part. The ouitlineis not quite symmetrical,one edge being flatterthan the other,and neitherelid is broughtto a well-de- fined point. I am inclined,therefore, to regardit as a knife ratherthan a lance-head. I havresome flintknives of miuchthe same shape and size fromthe Yorkshirewolds. In a largerand thinnerblade of the same character,found in Suffolk,and also in my own collection,the more curved edge has been inade bluntby grinding,so as to convertit into the back of the knife. The renaining objectsare flakes and splintersof flint,some of themmere fragnments, though of undoubtedlyartificial origin. Some of the flakes,however, are veryfine specimens of the kind, being skilfullyand artisticallymiiade. One flatflake especially, two inchlesand seven-eighthsin lengthand aboutfive-eighths in

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 314 Discussion. width,is perfectlysymmetrical; and the core fromwhich it was struckwould seem to have been as regularin outline as those foundin the Indus, which I have describedin the " Geological Magazine" (vol. iii, 433). The materialis also of much the same characterand colour. One of its edges is somewhatnotched, and the surfacenear it polished,as if it had been used as a saw. A short flake,one inch and three-eighthslong, has one edge more carefullyserrated and its surfacemore highlypolished. One end of it anldthe otheredge have been chippedsquare, possibly to make it a scrapingtool as well as a saw. It appears adapted for workingin bone. The edges of severalother flakes show signs of having been used for sawing and scraping,and in one or two instances,have been workedto a rightangle, either to producea square scrapingedge, or by wear in use. The flintfrom which the instrumentshave been made varies in its character,and appearsto have been derivedfrom differelnt sources. One broad flake is of black,nearly opaque flint,not unlike that fromsome oolitic beds; other flakes are of brown flint; but the bulk are of a buffcolour, and in charactermuch like the flakesfound in the neighbourhoodof the ancientcopper workingsof Wady Magharah,and broughtto this countryby Major Macdonald,Mr. Bauerman,and others. None of them, however,present the worn and blunted ends and sides so com- mon on the Wady Magharahflakes. One fragmentis whitened in consequenceof having been burnt; but the others,with the exception of the knife,have been little altered in colour or in structure. The knife has become whitened over nearly the whole of its surface,but to a very slight depth. As to the periodto whichthese relics are to be assigned,we seem to have little to guide us, most of the formsbeing such as may have remainedin use afterthe introductionof metal forsome cutting purposes. On the other hand,we finldthe same formsamong the refuse-heapsof the Cave-dwellersof the South of France. Unless the associatedfauna provethat such cannot be the case, they are doubtless of Neolithic age, and probablyof much the sanmedate as the instrumentsof similarcharacter from Sinai. Believe me, dear Captain Burton,yours very truly, JOHN EVANS. Nash Mills, Hemel Hempsted,November 1871.

DISCUSSION. Mr. AVERY venturedto expressa doubt whethersome, at least,of theflints exhibited were the work of man, or werenot, rather, natural and accidental. On thehill behindVentnor, in the Isle of Wight,a visitorwould easily find any number of flintsof similarappearance, whichwere obviously of naturalorigin. The use offlint implemenits

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.82 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:55:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Discussion. 345 wasregarded as markinga certainstage of civilisation;and it was a curiousquestion what race of mankindnow occupiedthat position. He had somedoubts whetber implements of so imperfecta nature had everbeen very long or veryextensively employed. Mr. H. W. JAcKsoN: The last speakerhas been morefortunate thanI havebeen. I haveresided for many years in a graveldistrict, and I mustsay that I havenever yet found any stone whatever which it was possibleto mistakefor any of the manyforms of implement manufactuiredby man. Withregard to thequantity of animal matter in old bones,I shouldlike to tell a shortstory. Manyyears ago, at one of theBritish Association dinners of therenowned " Red Lions", thelate Dr. Bucklandwas appointedcaterer for the occasion. So he decidedto givehis scientificbrethren-a treat. He procureda large quantityof fossil bones-those of the Cave lionwere, I think,among them-and he had some soup preparedfrom them. All the Red Lionspartook of the soup, but all thoughtthat the flavour was peculiar,and while some said thatthe soup was ratherthin, others fancied thatit was somewhatgritty. Whenthe Doctor gave his explanation of thethinness and grittinessand peculiarflavour of thesoup, I be- lievethat some of the diners were not wellpleased. Mr. LEwis,referring to CaptainBurton's statement that his fellow travellerhad beenable to cutinscriptions upon some of therocks on whichancient inscriptions were found, with flint implements fouLnd oInthe spot,showing thereby that the olderinscriptions might have beencut withthose implements, asked what kind of rocks they were, and whatcharacter the ancientinscriptions were cut in. Sir D. GIBBinquired of Dr. CarterBlake his reasonsfor saying that someof the bones were not more than twenty years old.-Dr. CARTER BLAKEreferred to thegreater proportion ofanimal matter present in the jawboneand partof skull from Moslem cemetery, and probablyNegro. CaptainBURTON replied. He declinedto enterinto elementary discussionabout flint-implements. This was not the place forsuch trialsof strength. The inscriptionsalluded to by Mr.Lewis were the celebratedSinaitic epigraphs.

The followingpaper was read: On a COLLECTIONof STONEIMPLEMENTS and POTTERYfrom the CAPE of GOOD HOPE. By the PRev.LANGHAM DALE. Com- municatedby G. BUSK, F.R.S., V.P.A.I. ON the 9th February,1869, Sir JohnLubbock communicatedto the EthnologicalSociety a briefnotice of a collectionof stone implements,made in the neighbourhoodof Cape Town by my brother,Mr. C. J. Busk, and-the Rev. Langbam Dale. In this communicationSir JohnLubbock gave an account of the general characterof the South Africanspecimens, which was illustrated by figuresof the morestriking objects. The collectionexhibited on the presentoccasion, and forwardeda shorttime since by the VOL. I. AA

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