DOCSLIB.ORG

Lumen Retiree and Inactive Health Care Plan* Standard Consumer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lumen Retiree and Inactive Health Care Plan* Standard Consumer Lumen Retiree and Inactive Health Care Plan * Standard Consumer Driven Health Plan (CDHP) (Administered by UnitedHealthcare) Summary Plan Description (SPD) For Retired and Inactive Former Employees CenturyLink, Embarq, Qwest Post-1990 Management, Qwest Post-1990 Occupational Retirees (including Inactive and COBRA Participants) Effective January 1, 2021 This SPD must be read in conjunction with the Retiree General Information SPD , which explains many details of your coverage and provides a listing of the other Benet options under the Plan. * The Lumen brand was launched on September 14, 2020. As a result, Lumen, Inc. is referred to as Lumen Technologies, or simply Lumen. The legal name Lumen, Inc. is expected to be formally changed to Lumen Technologies, Inc. upon the completion of all applicable requirements. Issued Jan. 1, 2021 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 1 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Known as the “Affordable Care Act” ....................................... 1 The Required Forum for Legal Disputes .......................................................................................................... 2 How to Use This Document ............................................................................................................................... 2 Exempt Retiree Medical Plan Status Notice ...................................................................................................... 2 Lumen’s right to use your Social Security number for administration of benets .............................................. 3 GENERAL PLAN INFORMATION 3 You May Not Assign Your Benets to Your Provider ......................................................................................... 4 Consequences of Falsication or Misrepresentation ......................................................................................... 4 Plan Number ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 CLAIMS ADMINISTRATOR (UHC) AND CONTACT INFORMATION 5 Consumer Solutions and Self-Service Tools ..................................................................................................... 6 UNITEDHEALTHCARE STANDARD CDHP PLAN BENEFIT OPTION (STANDARD CDHP) 7 Eligibility ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 About the Standard CDHP Benet Option and HRA ......................................................................................... 8 What is the HRA? .............................................................................................................................................. 8 STANDARD CDHP PLAN FEATURES AND HOW THE PLAN WORKS 8 Network and Out-of-Network Benets and Providers (for those residing in a Network area). ........................... 9 Out-of-Network Benets Exception (Gap Exception) ...................................................................................... 10 Virtual Network Benets .................................................................................................................................. 10 Network and Out-of-Network Providers/Facilities (for Virtual Network) ........................................................... 10 Premium SM Tier Providers and Freestanding Facilities .................................................................................... 11 How to Find a Premium Provider or a Freestanding Facility: .......................................................................... 11 Eligible Expenses ............................................................................................................................................ 11 Annual Deductible ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Coinsurance .................................................................................................................................................... 12 Out-of-Pocket Maximum .................................................................................................................................. 12 How the Standard CDHP Works with an HRA ................................................................................................. 13 YOUR HEALTH REIMBURSEMENT ACCOUNT (HRA) 14 Annual HRA Allocation ..................................................................................................................................... 14 Annual Member Responsibility ........................................................................................................................ 15 Annual Out-of-Pocket Maximum ...................................................................................................................... 15 HRA Dollars and Deductible for Mid-Year Enrollments/Changes .................................................................... 16 HRA – Qualifying Life Events .......................................................................................................................... 16 Moving to HDHP .............................................................................................................................................. 16 HOW TO ACCESS YOUR HRA DOLLARS 17 Health Care Spending Card (HCSC) ............................................................................................................... 17 Using the Health Care Spending Card ............................................................................................................ 17 Substantiation .................................................................................................................................................. 18 Member Health Statements and HRA Yearly Statements ............................................................................... 19 HRA CLAIM PROCEDURES 19 Auto HRA Claims Submission ......................................................................................................................... 19 Network Benets ............................................................................................................................................. 19 Manual HRA Claim Submission ....................................................................................................................... 19 Out-of-Network Benets .................................................................................................................................. 19 Out-of-Network Prescription Drug Benet HRA Claims ................................................................................... 20 2021 Retiree SPD|Lumen, CenturyLink, Embarq, Qwest Post-1990 Management and Qwest Post-1990 Occupational ii Retirees (including Inactive and COBRA Participants) | Issued Jan. 1, 2021 FILING A MANUAL HRA CLAIM 20 Request for Withdrawal Form .......................................................................................................................... 20 Health Statements ........................................................................................................................................... 21 Explanation of Benets (EOB) ......................................................................................................................... 21 WELL CONNECTED (CASE MANAGEMENT) 21 Personal Health Support Nurse Services ........................................................................................................ 22 COVERED STANDARD CDHP BENEFITS (WITH HRA) BENEFITS 24 Plan Highlights (Standard CDHP Network and Virtual Networks) ................................................................... 24 Covered Benets Summary Table ................................................................................................................... 25 Multiple Surgical Procedure Reduction Policy ................................................................................................. 30 ABA Therapy .................................................................................................................................................. 31 Abortion ........................................................................................................................................................... 31 Acupuncture Services ...................................................................................................................................... 31 Ambulance Services - Emergency Only .......................................................................................................... 31 Cancer Resource Services (CRS) ................................................................................................................... 32 Cellular and Gene Therapy ............................................................................................................................. 32 Clinical Trials ................................................................................................................................................... 33 Prior Authorization is required for Clinical Trials. ............................................................................................. 34 Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) Surgeries .................................................................................................... 34 Dental Services - Accident Only .....................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Apollo Funds to Acquire U.S.-Based Telecom Platform from Lumen Technologies
    Apollo Funds to Acquire U.S.-Based Telecom Platform from Lumen Technologies Transaction to accelerate fiber build to millions of American homes and businesses NewCo platform to be led by former Verizon Fios Executive Team NEW YORK– August 3, 2021 – Apollo Global Management, Inc. (NYSE: APO) (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “Apollo”) and Lumen Technologies, Inc. (NYSE: LUMN) (“Lumen”), today announced that funds managed by affiliates of Apollo (the “Apollo Funds”) have entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Lumen’s ILEC assets and all associated operations across 20 states (“NewCo”) for $7.5 billion. The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, and is expected to close in 2022. Today, the NewCo platform serves more than 6 million homes and businesses across the Midwest and Southeast regions of the United States. As a standalone company, NewCo will be led by Bob Mudge, Chris Creager, and Tom Maguire – industry veterans who together were responsible for the buildout and growth of Verizon’s fiber-based Fios service. The investment from the Apollo Funds will help accelerate the upgrade to fiber optic technologies, bringing faster and more reliable internet service to many rural markets traditionally underserved by broadband providers, while delivering best-in-class customer service. “The team at Lumen has built a great business and we see an incredible opportunity to provide leading edge, fiber-to-the-home broadband technology to millions of its business and residential customers,” said Aaron Sobel, Private Equity Partner at Apollo. Sobel continued, “As more of our economy, educational systems and entertainment choices move online, it reinforces the urgency and importance of providing faster, more reliable internet connectivity to bridge the digital divide, particularly in rural and suburban America.
    [Show full text]
  • Are You Ready for ICD-10-PCS? Expert Tips, Tools, and Guidance to Make the Transition Simple
    Are You Ready for ICD-10-PCS? Expert Tips, Tools, and Guidance to Make the Transition Simple By Amy Crenshaw Pritchett February 19, 2014 1 Agenda In this webinar: Expand your understanding of ICD-10-PCS with can’t miss ICD-10-PCS coding conventions & guidelines. Understand the basic differences between ICD-9-CM Volume 3 and ICD-10-PCS. Learn code structure, organization, & characters: Step 1 to coding section “0” ICD-10-PCS? Pinpoint the body system. To build your ICD-10-PCS code, you must identify the root operation. Study 7 options when assigning your PCS code’s 5th character. Master how to determine the device value for your PCS code’s character. Raise your awareness of unique ICD-10-PCS challenges pertaining to documentation and specificity: Prepare physicians now for more detailed transfusion notes under ICD- 10-PCS. Discover why writing “Right Carotid Endarterectomy” won’t be enough. Know where to find ICD-10-PCS tools, techniques, and best practices. 2 Understanding ICD-10-PCS ICD-10-PCS is a major departure from ICD-9-CM procedure coding, requiring you to know which root word applies. Effective October 1, 2014, this procedure coding system will be used to collect data, determine payment, and support the electronic health record for all inpatient procedures performed in the US. 3 Gear Up for ICD-10-PCS This procedure coding system is starkly different from ICD-9-CM procedure coding: Every ICD-10-PCS code has seven characters, each character defining one aspect of the procedure performed. For instance, not correctly identifying your physician’s approach – the fifth character – and not being able to distinguish between similar root operations can throw off your claims accuracy! 4 Converting to ICD-10-PCS Have your inpatient coders and clinical documentation specialists begun preparing for ICD-10-PCS yet? That’s why we’re here today … to ease your transition from ICD-9-CM procedure coding to ICD-10-PCS.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Proxy Statement 3
    Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 SCHEDULE 14A Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Amendment No. ) ☑ Filed by the Registrant ☐ Filed by a Party other than the Registrant CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX: ☐ Preliminary Proxy Statement ☐ Confidential, For Use of the Commission Only (as permitted by Rule 14a-6(e)(2)) ☑ Definitive Proxy Statement ☐ Definitive Additional Materials ☐ Soliciting Material Under Rule 14a-12 Comcast Corporation (Name of Registrant as Specified In Its Charter) (Name of Person(s) Filing Proxy Statement, if Other Than the Registrant) PAYMENT OF FILING FEE (CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX): ☑ No fee required. ☐ Fee computed on table below per Exchange Act Rules 14a-6(i)(1) and 0-11. 1) Title of each class of securities to which transaction applies: 2) Aggregate number of securities to which transaction applies: 3) Per unit price or other underlying value of transaction computed pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 0-11 (set forth the amount on which the filing fee is calculated and state how it was determined): 4) Proposed maximum aggregate value of transaction: 5) Total fee paid: ☐ Fee paid previously with preliminary materials: ☐ Check box if any part of the fee is offset as provided by Exchange Act Rule 0-11(a)(2) and identify the filing for which the offsetting fee was paid previously. Identify the previous filing by registration statement number, or the form or schedule and the date of its filing. 1) Amount previously paid: 2) Form, Schedule or Registration Statement No.: 3) Filing Party: 4) Date Filed: Table of Contents Notice of 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and Proxy Statement Table of Contents 2020 Company Highlights Strong Execution on Key Strategic Priorities Broadband Aggregation Streaming $15 billion Further deployed X1, Flex & Sky Q Launched Peacock with 33 million sign-ups investment in Comcast Cable’s broadband network since with 47 million devices deployed, provide more of in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • LUMEN MASTER SERVICE AGREEMENT Page 1 of 4
    LUMEN MASTER SERVICE AGREEMENT This Master Service Agreement ("Agreement") is between CENTURYLINK COMMUNICATIONS, LLC D/B/A LUMEN TECHNOLOGIES GROUP (“Lumen”) and «CUSTOMERNAME» (“Customer”). This Agreement provides the terms and conditions applicable to Customer’s purchase of products and services (“Service”) from Lumen. 1. Term. The term of the Agreement will continue until the expiration of the last Service term, unless earlier terminated in accordance with the Agreement (“Term”). 2. Service. Lumen will provide Service in accordance with the Agreement, including all applicable Service Schedules, Service Exhibits, Statements of Work, Order(s), pricing attachments, and any other documents that are attached or expressly incorporated into the Agreement (“Service Attachments”). Additional Service Attachments may be added by Amendment or by Customer placing an Order. 3. Order(s). Customer may submit requests for Service in a form designated by Lumen (“Order”). The term for a Service is defined in the applicable Service Attachment (“Service Term”). Unless otherwise set forth in a Service Attachment, Service will continue month- to-month at the expiration of the Service Term at the existing rates, subject to adjustment by Lumen on 30 days’ written notice. Lumen will notify Customer of acceptance of requested Service in the Order by delivering (in writing or electronically) the date by which Lumen will install Service (the “Customer Commit Date”), by delivering the Service, or by the manner described in a Service Attachment. Renewal Orders will be accepted by Lumen’s continuation of Service. For moves, adds or changes agreed to by Lumen, Customer will pay Lumen’s then current charges unless otherwise specifically stated in a Service Attachment.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Gastrointestinal Function
    Overview of Gastrointestinal Function George N. DeMartino, Ph.D. Department of Physiology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX 75390 The gastrointestinal system Functions of the gastrointestinal system • Digestion • Absorption • Secretion • Motility • Immune surveillance and tolerance GI-OP-13 Histology of the GI tract Blood or Lumenal Serosal Side or Mucosal Side Structure of a villus Villus Lamina propria Movement of substances across the epithelial layer Tight junctions X Lumen Blood Apical membrane Basolateral membrane X X transcellular X X paracellular GI-OP-19 Histology of the GI tract Blood or Lumenal Serosal Side or Mucosal Side Motility in the gastrointestinal system Propulsion net movement by peristalsis Mixing for digestion and absorption Separation sphincters Storage decreased pressure GI-OP-42 Intercellular signaling in the gastrointestinal system • Neural • Hormonal • Paracrine GI-OP-10 Neural control of the GI system • Extrinsic nervous system autonomic central nervous system • Intrinsic (enteric) nervous system entirely with the GI system GI-OP-14 The extrinsic nervous system The intrinsic nervous system forms complete functional circuits Sensory neurons Interneurons Motor neurons (excitatory and inhibitory) Parasympathetic nerves regulate functions of the intrinsic nervous system Y Reflex control of gastrointestinal functions Vago-vagal Afferent reflex Salivary Glands Composition of Saliva O Proteins α−amylase lactoferrin lipase RNase lysozyme et al mucus O Electrolyte solution water Na+ , K + - HCO3
    [Show full text]
  • Sporadic (Nonhereditary) Colorectal Cancer: Introduction
    Sporadic (Nonhereditary) Colorectal Cancer: Introduction Colorectal cancer affects about 5% of the population, with up to 150,000 new cases per year in the United States alone. Cancer of the large intestine accounts for 21% of all cancers in the US, ranking second only to lung cancer in mortality in both males and females. It is, however, one of the most potentially curable of gastrointestinal cancers. Colorectal cancer is detected through screening procedures or when the patient presents with symptoms. Screening is vital to prevention and should be a part of routine care for adults over the age of 50 who are at average risk. High-risk individuals (those with previous colon cancer , family history of colon cancer , inflammatory bowel disease, or history of colorectal polyps) require careful follow-up. There is great variability in the worldwide incidence and mortality rates. Industrialized nations appear to have the greatest risk while most developing nations have lower rates. Unfortunately, this incidence is on the increase. North America, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand have high rates for colorectal neoplasms (Figure 2). Figure 1. Location of the colon in the body. Figure 2. Geographic distribution of sporadic colon cancer . Symptoms Colorectal cancer does not usually produce symptoms early in the disease process. Symptoms are dependent upon the site of the primary tumor. Cancers of the proximal colon tend to grow larger than those of the left colon and rectum before they produce symptoms. Abnormal vasculature and trauma from the fecal stream may result in bleeding as the tumor expands in the intestinal lumen.
    [Show full text]
  • GLOSSARY of MEDICAL and ANATOMICAL TERMS
    GLOSSARY of MEDICAL and ANATOMICAL TERMS Abbreviations: • A. Arabic • abb. = abbreviation • c. circa = about • F. French • adj. adjective • G. Greek • Ge. German • cf. compare • L. Latin • dim. = diminutive • OF. Old French • ( ) plural form in brackets A-band abb. of anisotropic band G. anisos = unequal + tropos = turning; meaning having not equal properties in every direction; transverse bands in living skeletal muscle which rotate the plane of polarised light, cf. I-band. Abbé, Ernst. 1840-1905. German physicist; mathematical analysis of optics as a basis for constructing better microscopes; devised oil immersion lens; Abbé condenser. absorption L. absorbere = to suck up. acervulus L. = sand, gritty; brain sand (cf. psammoma body). acetylcholine an ester of choline found in many tissue, synapses & neuromuscular junctions, where it is a neural transmitter. acetylcholinesterase enzyme at motor end-plate responsible for rapid destruction of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. acidophilic adj. L. acidus = sour + G. philein = to love; affinity for an acidic dye, such as eosin staining cytoplasmic proteins. acinus (-i) L. = a juicy berry, a grape; applied to small, rounded terminal secretory units of compound exocrine glands that have a small lumen (adj. acinar). acrosome G. akron = extremity + soma = body; head of spermatozoon. actin polymer protein filament found in the intracellular cytoskeleton, particularly in the thin (I-) bands of striated muscle. adenohypophysis G. ade = an acorn + hypophyses = an undergrowth; anterior lobe of hypophysis (cf. pituitary). adenoid G. " + -oeides = in form of; in the form of a gland, glandular; the pharyngeal tonsil. adipocyte L. adeps = fat (of an animal) + G. kytos = a container; cells responsible for storage and metabolism of lipids, found in white fat and brown fat.
    [Show full text]
  • Lumensm Data Center Services Omaha, Nebraska High Availability Enterprise Computing
    LumenSM Data Center Services Omaha, Nebraska High availability enterprise computing Designed and equipped to meet the demands of enterprises, wholesale businesses and government agencies, The Lumen Premier Elite Omaha Data Center is an ideal space to house your power-intensive applications and ensure business continuity. Get the incremental footprint you need for enterprise servers and storage systems with minimal capital investments or increased in-house costs for operation, administration and management. Size Campus access The campus and facility are accessible to customers 24 x • Raised floor space: More than 10,000 square feet. 7 Flood Plain: All facilities elevated above 100-year flood • Power densities: Exceeding 200 watts per square foot plain • Certifications • Tier III Uptime Institute Design Certified Nearest Airports Eppley Airfield – Omaha Airport Authority (OMA) – Public • Tier III Uptime Institute Construction Certified • Energy Star Storage Secure caged storage available for customer use Examinations and assessments • SSSAE 16 Examinations and PCI DSS Assessments Completed Floor system and floor load • Raised Floor: 20” Tate Concore 2500 Access Floor System • Floor Load: 2500 lbs/tile • Sub Floor Load: Depressed slab on grade Location Address 6805 Pine Street, Omaha, NE 68106 Campus 20 acres Parking 400-plus stalls Storm Resistance Cast in place concrete shell providing resistance to winds in excess of 200 mph Shipping Loading dock with dock leveler Lumen Premier Elite data center is protected by K12 rated perimeter. All critical infrastructure systems are housed internally. Power to evolve with connectivity to expand Migrating your enterprise applications to our data center means you gain direct access to our vast, advanced communications services and Lumen network with service to 45 countries around the globe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Nature of TV Understanding How Streaming Video Is Changing What Consumers Think of TV
    WHITE PAPER The Changing Nature of TV Understanding how streaming video is changing what consumers think of TV. Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................... 3 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 5 Geographic Distribution of Respondents ......................................................... 6 High-Level Findings ............................................................................................... 7 The Changing Definition of “TV”.......................................................................... 7 The New World of Streaming ............................................................................... 7 Mobility and Video ................................................................................................. 7 The Changing Definition of TV ............................................................................ 8 TV 2.0 Profiles ......................................................................................................... 9 Consumer Awareness Provides Opportunity and Challenges .................... 10 TV is Changing (And Remaining the Same) .................................................... 14 Navigating the Landscape of Interruptions .................................................... 16 Out With the Old, In With the New .................................................................... 18 The New World of Streaming ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Human Anatomy and Physiology
    LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students.
    [Show full text]
  • Lymphatic Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Laura Alderfer1, Alicia Wei1 and Donny Hanjaya-Putra1,2,3,4,5,6*
    Alderfer et al. Journal of Biological Engineering (2018) 12:32 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-018-0122-7 REVIEW Open Access Lymphatic Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Laura Alderfer1, Alicia Wei1 and Donny Hanjaya-Putra1,2,3,4,5,6* Abstract The lymphatic system is a major circulatory system within the body, responsible for the transport of interstitial fluid, waste products, immune cells, and proteins. Compared to other physiological systems, the molecular mechanisms and underlying disease pathology largely remain to be understood which has hindered advancements in therapeutic options for lymphatic disorders. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system is associated with a wide range of disease phenotypes and has also been speculated as a route to rescue healthy phenotypes in areas including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurological conditions. This review will discuss lymphatic system functions and structure, cell sources for regenerating lymphatic vessels, current approaches for engineering lymphatic vessels, and specific therapeutic areas that would benefit from advances in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration. Keywords: Lymphangiogenesis, Tissue Engineering, Disease Modeling, Wound Healing, Lymphedema, Stem Cells, Biomaterials, Interstitial Fluid, Regeneration I. Introduction to the Lymphatic System and its role Interstitial fluid (IF) is a plasma filtrate that is generated Function by transcapillary filtration and is governed by Starling The lymphatic system is nearly ubiquitous in the human forces, the net difference between hydrostatic and body, present in all tissues except the epidermis, cartil- osmotic pressures, at the microcirculatory level [9]. In age, eye lens, cornea, retina, and bone marrow [1, 2]. order to maintain fluid homeostasis, lymph formation in The main functions of the lymphatic system include the initial lymphatic vessels must be balanced by the net fluid homeostasis and interstitial fluid drainage, immune flux of plasma being filtered out [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Esophageal Dilation: an Overview
    JWST654-c100 JWST654-Talley Printer: Yet to Come July 4, 2016 14:6 279mm×216mm CHAPTER 100 Esophageal Dilation: An Overview Parth J. Parekh and David A. Johnson Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA CHAPTER 100 Summary Esophageal strictures may develop from both benign and malig- slowly advancing to a more normal diet as tolerated. She is instructed nant causes. Patients with esophageal strictures typically present to notify the gastroenterologist if persistent or recurrent dysphagia is evident or if she develops heartburn. with progressive dysphagia for solids, which if left untreated may progress to include liquids. Esophageal dilation is frequently required for the symptomatic management of dysphagia. There are a number of available options for successful dilation of most stric- Introduction tures, as well as adjunctive techniques reserved for more “refractory” Esophageal strictures arise from an intrinsic disease (such as inflam- cases. In order to optimize therapy and minimize risk, it is essential mation, fibrosis, or neoplasia) that narrows the esophageal lumen, to fully understand the underlying cause and anatomy of the stric- an extrinsic disease compromising the esophageal lumen by direct ture.Carefulselectionofdilationtechniqueandestablishmentofthe or indirect invasion, or diseases disrupting esophageal peristalsis goals for luminal restoration are important as, in each case, these and/or lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function. Esophageal stric- factors may need to be altered to
    [Show full text]