City of Fremantle Urban Forest Plan Trees for Public Health
Trees reduce exposure to UV Trees provide shade, radiation, thus moisture and windbreaks, reducing the risk decreasing the amount of of skin cancer. energy needed to cool and heat our homes and offices.
Table of Contents
PART A City of Fremantle Urban Forest Plan ...... 3 What is an urban forest? ...... 3 Why do we need an Urban Forest Plan? ...... 3 Trees produce fruit Strategic Context...... 4 and nuts to contribute Property values and What’s our Vision?...... 9 Trees promote health to healthy diets. sales prices can and well-being and increase for Objectives ...... 9 reduce the symptoms residences with Key Issues ...... 9 of asthma and stress. Trees create a ‘ample’ trees, desirable especially mature environment for specimens. PART B outdoor physical Trees mitigate activity and What does the City want to achieve? ...... 9 urban heat island encourage active lifestyles. The Current City Forest ...... 15 effects by Trees create a setting providing shading. for neighbours to interact, strengthen PART C social ties and create more peaceful Communication...... 24 communities. Focus and Consultation Objectives...... 24 Target Audience...... 25 Marketing and Communication Channels...... 25 Action Plan...... 27 Trees contribute to the overall physical, mental, and PART D social well-being of individuals and communities. Urban Forest Action Plan ...... 27 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT FOR: Urban Forest Plan Priority Implementation ...... 30 Our reference: 11056-3687-16R_4 Copyright © 1987-2017 Species List...... 36 Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd Implementation Costs ...... 39 REVISION AUTHOR QA REVIEWER APPROVED DATE Adaptive Management ...... 40 0 N.Croudace SDP SDP 24/11/2016
1 P.Duke NRC NRC 31/03/2017
2 P.Duke NRC NRC 07/04/2017 Glossary of Terms ...... 43 3 J.Sweeting NRC NRC 20/06/2017 4 J.Sweeting NRC NRC 21/06/2017 Selected Bibliography & References ...... 45 PO Box 50 / 9 Stirling Hwy ABN 70 070 128 675 North Fremantle WA 6159 Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), the whole or any part of this document may not ph: (08) 9430 8955 be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the of the [email protected] intellectual property owners City of Fremantle or Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd. This includes microcopying, www.ecoscape.com.au photocopying or recording of any parts of the report. City of Fremantle Direct all inquiries to:City of Fremantle 1 Urban Forest Plan PART A: The City of Fremantle Urban Forest Plan Biological Functions of a Tree
PART A COCO22 TreesTrees remove remove carbon carbon dioxide City of Fremantle fromdioxide the air byfrom sequestration the air. O3 Trees filter air pollutants, Urban Forest Plan including ozone and particulates. O2 What is an urban forest? Why do we need an Urban Trees produce An urban forest has many community, economic Forest Plan? life-supporting oxygen. & environmental benefits; it comprises all trees and other vegetation within the city and the Although the City of Fremantle (City) soil and water that supports it. It incorporates maintains and plants trees every year, vegetation in: there is no overall comprehensive »» streets plan for the long term management »» parks and gardens and establishment for city trees. »» plazas According to the 2014 Urban Forest of Perth and »» campuses Peel mapping prepared by the Department of »» river embankments Planning WA, Fremantle was rated as having one of the lowest rated Urban Forests - between 5 - »» railway corridors 10%. This result is very low, in comparison to other »» community and residential gardens Perth City centres such as Booragoon 10-15%, Subiaco 10-15% or Claremont which has a rating »» green walls of 15-20%. The mapping clearly demonstrated Trees »» balconies and roofs. the most urban (the Perth CBD and surrounding intercept LGA’s) and the outlying suburbs of the Perth rainfall, which Metropolitan Area as having the lowest ranking protects against Urban Forests. Trees need flash flooding and less water than lawns. recharges The innovative and interactive Fremantle 2029 groundwater Community Visioning process identified a clear supplies. long–term vision to be a sustainable, liveable and vibrant place over the coming decades. A key value identified is the City of Fremantle (City)’s Trees help keep Urban forestry, as distinct green spaces and places, with a fundamental our waterways clean from arboriculture and responsibility to protect and enhance the natural by reducing environment, green spaces and heritage features stormwater run-off of the City. and soil erosion. The horticulture, considers the moisture they cumulative benefits of an An Urban Forest Plan (UFP) will provide an release into the air opportunity to contribute to achieving this can significantly entire tree population, as Trees filter reduce the water core community wellbeing and environmental chemicals and requirements of well as other urban greenery value. An urban forest provides residents and other pollutants other landscape across a town or city. the City’s community with critical ecosystem from water services such as air and water filtration, shade, plants. 202020 Vision – How to Grow an Urban Forest and soil. cooling, habitat, oxygen, carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling. Holistically an urban forest and its associated ecosystem services allows for consideration of the broader issues of climate change, the urban heat island effect and population growth within the Perth Metropolitan Area; a number of the benefits are described in the graphic on page 2.
City of Fremantle 3 Urban Forest Plan Stirling Hwy Leighton Beach
North Fremantle
North Canning Hwy Stock Rd Stock Rous East Strategic Context Head Key projects include: Fremantle Harbour Greening Fremantle: Strategy High Street 2020 »» Investigation and identification for accessing Fremantle public open space in the priority areas of Green spaces and places are important to our Hilton, O’Connor and White Gum Valley. community and have been identified as valued Bathers Beach White Gum »» Investigation and identification of options to O’Connor assets through the Fremantle 2029 Community Valley Visioning process as: improve and/or expand public open space and its proximity to future high density areas.
H South St
a “… a City that values its »» Undertaking an Urban Forest Strategy (title m p changed to Urban Forest Plan to reflect t Beaconsfield Hilton o Samson environment and heritage and relationship with the retitled GFS) to manage West n South R the protection and enhancing and guide tree and vegetation population Fremantle d across the public and private realm, to increase South Beach Winterfold Rd the natural environment, canopy and biodiversity and to mitigate the green spaces and heritage Urban Heat Island Effect. City Areas South features”. »» Undertaking water demand modelling to inform future fit for purpose water supply To achieve this vision, the Greening Fremantle: options. Strategy 2020 (GFS) has six focus areas to maintain and enhance green spaces, increase quality and »» Prepare landscaping/planting plans for green What is the City of Fremantle City Area Definition distribution of green spaces, increasing and links and develop a biodiversity plan. Place-based analysis, planning and design is a improving biodiversity, water efficiency and doing to contribute to the UFP? way to shape the future of our towns and Cities by encouraging the greening of private property. Existing City Relevant Plans »» Allocated funding to commence initial tree concentrating on the look and feel of places, their survey to establish detailed data and health. The GFS provides the background, rationale and and Policies form and their character, instead of focusing only framework to deliver projects and programs over »» SG28 Tree Planting And Preservation Policy »» Invite people to participate in a number of on conventional standards across all places. The five years. Key initiatives and targets include: community planting days. UFP recognises that the City is made up of many »» 2.10 Landscaping Or Development And precincts, communities or places and proposes to »» Every resident and worker to be within Existing Vegetation On Development Sites »» Integrating new trees where possible in road and assess, engage and make recommendations based walkable distance to public open space. path upgrades. »» 2.12 Planning Applications Impacting On Verge on three key urban environment components: »» Progressively increase tree planting across the Infrastructure And Verge Trees »» Funded establishment of baseline data of the various urban forest features within Fremantle »» street hierarchy City to achieve at least 20% canopy coverage. »» 2.9 Residential Streetscape (UFP). »» places / nodes »» Design adaptable open space that allows for »» LP.P 2.2 Split Density Codes And Energy »» The City shall also invite people to participate in a future flexibility as the community and open Efficiency And Sustainability Schedule »» precincts (Distinct Areas). space function and needs change over time. number of community planting days to achieve a »» LP.P 2.13 Sustainable Buildings Design minimum of 1,000 trees planted every year. The first step in the preparation of the UFP was »» Planning for future water security to identify Requirements the identification of four distinct Areas as defined opportunities for best available water sources »» Verge beautification program – Encourages on above. The Areas were initially defined through for existing and new open space. »» Foreshore Reserves And Management Plans residents to develop native verge gardens, anaylsis of the baseline biophysical mapping. Key supplemented with access to free mulch and characteristics used to define the Areas were »» Develop links that increase the amount of »» Local Planning Scheme No. 4 subsidised plants. topography and geology as these two aspects flora/vegetation and increase habitats for »» Local Area Design Policies & Urban Design greatly influence tree species form and diversity. native fauna and encourage their movement »» Revegetation Programs - Revegetation of Arthur Landuse typologies were also considered as well as between green spaces and to increase and »» Verge Beautification Program. Head, railway link, and coastal reserves, ongoing ensuring each Area contained a community group. improve biodiversity areas. tree planting program, ongoing street tree program, ongoing natural area protection and The City has a number of well-defined existing and restoration. proposed Green Links connecting Green Areas as well places / nodes. »» Planning Scheme and Policy provisions - Range of Scheme and Policy requirements to retain and The Areas are networked by a well defined street encourage retention of vegetation and mature hierarchy and the proposed Green Links provide trees on developable land. an overarching structure to further refine the needs of each Area and consequently guide the implementation and prioritisation of works to implement the UFP vision.
City of Fremantle 5 Urban Forest Plan PART A: The City of Fremantle Urban Forest Plan Fremantle Thermal Patterns
LEGEND City of Fremantle Precincts Thermal Blocks (January 2015) Classs 27 - 28 (Celcius) 28 - 29 (Celcius) 29 - 30 (Celcius) 30 - 31 (Celcius) Thermal Blocks (Jan 2015) 31 - 32 (Celcius) 32 - 33 (Celcius) Degrees in Celcius 1 33 - 34 (Celcius) 34 - 35 (Celcius) 35 - 36 (Celcius) 36 - 37 (Celcius) North 27º- 28º its proximity to natural coastal processes, land use B Fremantle 37 - 38 (Celcius) Urban Heat Island Effect and the geological and topographical nature of the 28º- 29º Reducing Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE) stress is City’s landscape have resulted in a number of urban the main objective behind the federal government’s 29º- 30º cooling intricacies dependent on the sea breeze plan to set tree canopy targets for Australian cities. and where you are in the City.
PRECINCT OVERVIEW 30º- 31º (https://theconversation.com/why-green-cities- The continued densification of the City has led to the need-to-become-a-deeply-lived-experience-65566) 31º- 32º increase in heat absorbing hard surfaces to network 1 Green areas and tree planting in urban areas reduce the commercial and residential components that Fremantle the social and economic impacts associated with 2 32º- 33º 3 make up the City. According to “Where are all the 2 heatwaves and also, reduce heat-related deaths. 3 Trees? An analysis of tree canopy cover in urban A White 33º-4 34º Gum O'Connor Valley As average temperatures continue to rise, and the Australia” the City was classified as predominantly 34º- 35º number of extreme heat days increase annually, a ‘Hard surface heavy” local government authority. methods to cool our cities are becoming increasingly Hard surfaces were defined as built elements 35º- 36º Hilton important. With over three-quarters of Australians including asphalt, buildings, car parks, footpaths,
Beaconsfield THERMAL HEAT 4 Samson now living in urban areas, combating the UHIE train lines and groynes as well as natural elements (JANUARY36º- 37º 2015) South CITY OF FREMANTLE within our cities is becoming a major public health including sandy beaches, rocky coastlines and Fremantle URBAN FOREST STRATEGY 37º- 38º issue. (Cooling Cities – Urban Heat Island Effect, water. COORDINATE SYSTEM: GDA 1994 MGA ZONE 50 PROJECTION: TRANSVERSE MERCATOR DATUM: GDA 1994 UNITS: METRE AILA 2016) SCALE: 1:25,000 @ A3
km The UHIE occurs because of the capacity (thermal 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 MAP o The “Fremantle Doctor” plays a critical role in the PROJECT NO: 3687-16 mass) of these darker surfaces to absorb the sun’s
REV AUTHOR APPRO VED DATE 1 SB XX 07/11/2016 UHIE in our city. The sea breeze occurs because of energy, converting up to 80 per cent of sunlight into SOURCE DATA: CITY OF FREMANTLE. SERVICE LAYERS: NATIONAL MAP COLOUR TOPOGRAPHIC BASE WORLD 15 the major temperature difference between the heat that is stored and then released, raising local Source: City of Fremantle/Arbor Carbon 2015 land and sea; which is the strongest predominantly temperatures. As development occurs, these darker, in December and January based on the greatest absorbent surfaces and materials will increase, temperature difference in the water and the while the overall extent of vegetation, shade and Average Maximum Surface Temperature & Topography January 2015 land. It is known to consistently blow from the open spaces will decrease. (Cooling Cities – Urban southeast starting between noon and 3pm daily Heat Island Effect, AILA 2016) and depending on the landform, penetrates inland Strategic as far as 100km. This phenomenon cools Fremantle by several degrees and days when the wind fails Maximum Surface Temperature placement of trees to transpire; the afternoon temperatures are Variations January 2015 in urban areas considerably higher and often exceed 40°C which is MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE
Stock Road Stock commonly attributable to the influence of a strong OF FREMANTLE JANUARY
Carrington Street Carrington can cool the air by easterly wind from the east over the desert. Booyeembarra Park Booyeembarra
The Roundhouse The Fremantle Oval 33.3° between 2°C & 4°C. Green areas are increasingly recognised as useful Benefits of Urban Trees, Food and for moderating the UHIE of urban areas. This helps 26° 28° 30° 32° 34° 36° 38° Recorded Maximum Section A Agriculture Organization of the cities adapt to and reduce the consequences of Temperature Range United Nations climate change associated with the pressures on essential infrastructure services because many 1,024 Trees of these systems are reliant on each other. For 7% 30.75 ° 35.72 ° Canopy North
example, electricity is essential to multiple systems, North “The liveability of Coverage and a failure in the electrical grid can affect water Australia’s cities treatment, transportation services, and public health. will be affected 3,637 Trees
Stock Road Stock % Carrington Street Carrington The City has mapped the Green areas which include 10 27.24 ° 35.52 ° West High Street by how their Canopy Coverage Port Beach Ferry Terminal canopy cover of trees over 3 meters in height, native sustainability is bushland and the City’s parks and recreational areas. managed.” The City has a total Green Area of 413Ha or 23% of Section B the total land area. The remaining balance consists 4,313 Trees Department of Infrastructure & %
of a high % of hardstand (roofs, roads, paving etc) 15 East 30.89 ° 37.59 ° Canopy Regional Development, State of Coverage Australian Cities 2013 and bare ground. The City has a high diversity in land use including dense urban development, residential, green areas, natural bushland areas 27°- 28° 28°- 29° 29°- 30° 30°- 31° 31°- 32° 32°- 33° 33°- 34° 34°- 35° 35°- 36° 36°- 37° 37°- 38° and a high proportion of light industrial land use 4,641 Trees 15% to the south and east of the City. The City has a 30.31 ° 37.06 ° Canopy South Degrees Celcius unique summer urban heat island effect in that Coverage 7 PART B: What does the City want to achieve?
PART B What does the City want to achieve?
What’s our Vision? Objectives Extreme temperatures associated with global A core objective of the UFP is to work towards warming are significantly impacting on our cities increasing the amount of tree cover up to 20% and our health and wellbeing. The most effective and encourage landowners to retain vegetation, way of combating this trend is to promote the including protecting trees on private property greening of our cities, particularly through tree by implementing a range of policy review and cover. The vision of the UFP is: update and potential incentives. The UFP will: »» assist in maintaining and enhancing green To protect the existing areas / trees green spaces and trees and »» increase quality and distribution of green progressively grow and areas / trees diversify the City’s tree »» increase and improve biodiversity population for adaptive »» encourage the greening of private property »» encourage the greening of urban hard surfaces climate management and such as car parks amenity; to collaborate »» apply a coordinated approach through the effectively to plant, plan, City’s strategies, policy, plans and development applications and operations to target a design and sustainably fund reduction in UHIE programs to create a resilient »» manage and guide tree and vegetation urban forest. populations across the public and private realm »» increase canopy cover and biodiversity to A green city is an inviting city. The UFS vision mitigate the UHIE. aligns with the Strategic Community Plan vision of Fremantle: a destination city, a compassionate city that cares for the wellbeing of our people Key Issues and the environment we share. The UFS Without this vision, issues such as maintenance, best aligns with these three strategic focus funding and uneven distribution of trees and areas; Environmental responsibility – Develop urban forest expansion will not be effectively environmentally sustainable solutions for the addressed. Community awareness coupled with benefit of current and future generations, a number of City policy and approvals process Places for people – create great spaces for changes will be the primary drivers in ensuring people through innovative urban and suburban the City can meet the objectives of the UFP. The design and Health and happiness – creating an City will need to address a number of critical environment where it is easy for people to lead challenges. safe, happy and healthy lives.
City of Fremantle 9 Urban Forest Plan PART B: What does the City want to achieve?
Protection and Retention Imbalance of Person to Tree Suburbs with the fewest trees shading roads Adaptive Climate and pavements should be prioritised in the UFP, Currently in the front and back yards of the city’s Ratio because they will get the greatest cooling benefit Management Practices residential areas there are a great number and Currently the City has a ratio of approximately from planting more trees. The UFP will need to variety of trees and vegetation that contribute to one tree to every two people, refer graphic on ensure that everyone has an equal opportunity “Important ecological the overall environmental and social benefits of page 11. An article written in 2015 by Science to be resilient to the mental pressures of urban having green areas. The City will need to engage considerations for species Focus, states that each person requires at least 7 living and the hazards of heat waves. with residents and major land holders of those mature trees to meet the annual oxygen needs of selection are often narrowed areas to achieve acceptance and ultimately a healthy adult. (http://www.sciencefocus.com) ownership of any tree planting efforts. UFP Challenge: down to a debate on Trees not only provide oxygen they provide There are several ways to protect important trees To increase the ratio of trees per person across whether or not native trees a myriad of other vital biological and social on private property. These vary from state to state the City and provide an equal opportunity to functions that all make up a healthy environment. should be systematically but include Tree Preservation Orders, Significant be resilient to the mental pressures of urban The graphic on page 2 describes the biological preferred. Such framing Tree registers, planning controls, incentive living and the hazards of UHIE. functions of a tree. The social benefits are programs and education. The City’s Local diverts attention away enormous; the following are some of the key Planning Scheme No. 4 and associated planning benefits: from a balanced approach policies encourage the retention of trees and/ or significant vegetation. Trees listed under the »» A reduction in power and energy bills: Trees considering both ecological Heritage Register also help identify and preserve near buildings can reduce the demand value and resilience.” important and large trees in the City. for heating and cooling, which results in lower power bills and less carbon emissions Existing Person to Tree Ratio (Trees & Design Action Group, 2012) from Western Australia’s largely coal-based There are benefits for both WA native and non- electricity industry. Deciduous trees planted UFP Challenge: native tree species. WA native species provide on the north side of homes can reduce air- One tree for every opportunities for nature conservation through conditioning running costs by as much as 12-15 3.2 Engagement and ownership by the connectivity with remnant bushland areas as % and will provide shade in summer and allow % community, large land holders and major 7 people. well as the provision of habitat for native fauna. sunlight during winter. developers of the natural environment. 3,312 1,024 3m+ Canopy Coverage WA native species will also require significantly »» Strengthen a sense of place: The unique less water requirements in the long term and will characteristics of different tree species assist have better growth and form due to a preference in visually defining Australia’s urban and bush One tree for every 2.2 for the lack of nutrients in the Fremantle soil A 5% fall in urban tree cover landscapes. People appreciate the beauty of profile. trees – whether in their back yards, the street, 10% can lead to a 1-2°C rise in air people. On a number of projects the City has led with parks and reserves, or in bushland. 7,931 3,637 3m+ Canopy Coverage temperature, leaving these an instinctive preference for planting WA native »» Improve health and wellbeing: Being outdoors trees, this will influence the overall resilience communities more exposed and amongst trees can have a restorative effect of the urban forest and result in a number of to extreme heat. This really on people through helping to create a sense One tree for every 2.1 unmitigated risks. Increasing species diversity matters for community health of wellbeing. Getting in touch with nature has and a layer of complexity of species composition 15% and well-being, especially for been known to assist with people’s ability to people. can allow for adaptive management in addressing recover from stress, illness and injury. 9,263 4,313 3m+ Canopy Coverage the vulnerable among us – the the implications of climate change with respect »» Trees improve property value: Trees can to the UFP. Additionally, the application of WA elderly, young children and soften the harsh lines of buildings and screen native and non-native tree diversity can assist those with existing health issues. unsightly views. Research has shown that One tree for every 1.8 in mitigating disease spread and lessen the There’s also mounting evidence properties in leafy streets have been valued distribution of environmental pests. 15% that exposure to greenery and at 30 % higher than less leafy streets in other people. Research suggests that large-canopied, broadleaf parts of a similar suburb. An attractive and 8,400 4,641 3m+ Canopy Coverage nature improves community trees, with thick or denser foliage can be more appropriate tree planted in the right location effective in urban cooling. A recent study mental health and well-being. can complement the architectural built form comparing the different cooling effects of three and increase the net worth of the property. (https://theconversation.com/fewer-trees-leave- One tree for every 2.1 common street tree species in Australia (London the-outer-suburbs-out-in-the-heat-33299) Plane, European Elm and River Gum) indicates 13% people. that the higher the canopy quality and density, 28,906 13,629 3m+ Canopy Coverage the cooler the midday microclimatic conditions under that canopy in summer. Conditions were Source: ABS 2016 significantly hotter under the River Gum, due
City of Fremantle 11 Urban Forest Plan PART B: What does the City want to achieve? Tree Canopy Health
North West to its thin, open canopy architecture and more Water Availability Healthy 82% Fair 13% Healthy 68% Fair 29% pendulous leaf structure, in comparison to the denser, rounder canopy architecture of the Vegetation plays a critical role in the natural water Declining 2% Declining 1% European Elm and London Plane trees. (Sanusi & cycle, modifying rainfall inflows, soil infiltration Moribund/Dead 3% Moribund/Dead 2% Livesley, 2014) It should be noted that a number and groundwater recharge. Urbanisation has seen of exotic tree species also provide habitat and the natural water cycle replaced by an artificial fauna foraging such as pine trees for the Carnaby’s ‘urban water cycle’, with extensive impervious Cockatoo. surfaces and highly efficient drainage systems, which dramatically increase the quantity, while The City is fortunate to have a diverse mix of WA reducing the quality, of urban storm water runoff. native and non-native species throughout private This negatively impacts on the natural aquatic and public land holdings. The majority of new ecosystems receiving this runoff and also removes planting within the City has been WA native. a valuable water resource for the City. Most of the existing trees are considered to be appropriate in terms of species for the location There a number of best practice water they have been planted. However there are a management philosophies in urban number of instances where scale, form and root environments. Green Infrastructure provides growth have not been considered and resulted efficient and effective contributions, including in maintenance issues, removal due to clashes alternatives, to conventional engineering with other essential services. The most common infrastructure in the process of integrated water issues are: cycle management and Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). (Green Infrastructure Evidence Total »» utility and services clashes Base) »» pavement heave The City takes seriously its duty to manage Healthy 57% »» root control irrigation water responsibly. It is important for the City to consider ways in which water Fair 39% »» clashes of location with new construction for green spaces will be managed in light of works Declining 2% reduced rainfall, finite groundwater resources, Moribund/Dead 2% »» clashes with overhead power utilities. a drying climate, atmospheric moisture deficits This has led to a number of maintenance issues and increasing water demand (GFS). In 2013, the or in the worst case scenario removal of an City adopted the Water Conservation Strategy to otherwise healthy tree. An educational process manage the City’s water resources, this included: for the public on verge and trees within their »» Implementing staged water management own land holdings will aid in the management actions for all City properties and recreation of existing trees. facilities. »» Set clear targets for reduced water usage and UFP Challenge: improved water health in accordance with the State Water Strategy (Water Forever). Establish a process for city work to adapt to climate change by ensuring: The Water Conservation Strategy also specifically detailed options to use water efficiently in the »» tree species diversity City’s green spaces, these included: »» appropriate selection species to suit the location »» Water requirement investigation for future »» structural health and risk assessments urban trees, open space and vegetation. of mature tree specimens in public and »» Opportunities for water re-use and savings. private land holdings East South »» Water Sensitive Urban Design street planting »» pest and disease management infrastructure. Healthy 53% Fair 42% Healthy 47% Fair 50% »» short and long term maintenance »» Overview analysis of water use and water funding and education for City Declining 2% Declining 2% cycles. Moribund/Dead 3% Moribund/Dead 1% maintenance crews »» education of the public regarding the value of trees. UFP Challenge:
To ensure adequate water availability to irrigate new tree plantings and the high proportion of Mature trees regulate water flow young trees recently planted by the City. NorthNorth EastEast and improveSource: City water of Fremantle quality. 2008 WestWest City of Fremantle Benefits of Urban Trees, Food and South 13 Urban Forest Plan Agriculture Organization of the United Nations PART B: What does the City want to achieve?
Green Areas The Current City Forest In the preparation of the UFP, the City performed a baseline analysis and assessment of the City’s biophysical and social structure to inform the North recommendations and priorities within the City. Total Area 234ha Green Area Statistics - City of Fremantle % 54ha 23 »» 13% Canopy Coverage »» 23% Green Area West »» 13,629 trees Total Area »» 14.28 people / Ha 465ha Green Area 18% 84ha The infographics throughout the report, detail the statistical analysis of the most recent baseline data for each Area as well as City averages for comparison. In addition to the physical baseline East data, recent available thermal imaging has been Total Area assessed in comparison with socio-economic 468ha data. This assessment has highlighted a number Green Area of key areas that should be targeted as priority areas for tree planting to reduce UHIE and heat % 147ha 31 related death risk. Refer page 6 for thermal imaging. Each of the Areas has been analysed reviewing: South »» Biophysical including soil type, topography Total Area 624ha and local climatic aspects Green »» Cultural Demographics Area »» Heritage % 128ha 21 »» Population Density »» Planning and Infrastructure »» Landscape Character Profile Total »» Priority Areas. Total Area 1,791ha Green Area 23 % 413ha
Green Areas includes canopy cover of 3m+, native bushland and City of Fremantle parks & recreational areas.
City of Fremantle 15 Urban Forest Plan PART B: What does the City want to achieve? 3m+ Canopy Coverage Private vs Public Land Area 1: North »» High bushfire prone sites on both the eastern North West East South Total and western edges of the Area.
Stirling Hwy Tree Canopy Health Leighton Beach »» Large portions of land on the foreshore and
North Fremantle Private Lands North Canning Hwy river fringe have been classified as sites for
Stock Rd Stock Priority Conservation Action and some sites Rous East Head
Fremantle Harbour High Street classified as having native vegetation. % % % % % Fremantle 48 55 37 52 48 Bathers Beach White Gum O’Connor Valley »» Proportionally the Area has a lot of City owned
H South St
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p t Beaconsfield Hilton o Samson and managed parks. West n South R Fremantle d South Beach Winterfold Rd South »» This Area has one primary school – North Fremantle PS and many commercial Key Statistics - City of Fremantle businesses, with only a small portion of residential dwellings. »» 7% canopy »» 11.65 people per »» Majority of the overhead power network (28% coverage hectare coverage) is in the residential landzone on the »» 23% green area »» 1,024 trees eastern and southern fringe edge adjacent the river. Biophysical »» This area has the highest ranking in terms of »» Majority of the existing tree planting is on economic capital per Area Ha of the four Areas the eastern portion of the Area and has been »» Majority of the City Green Links have classified as young to semi mature and in a fragmented to nil canopy cover. healthy to fair condition. »» 85% of the 1,024 trees in the northern Area are Landscape Character Profile over 15m in height. »» Industrial port landscape. »» Large proportion of the Area has a sand soil »» Between coast and river. type. »» Mix of residential / commercial and mixture of »» Some Reclaimed / disturbed land closer to private and government owned land. the port environs and limestone to the north »» Generally flat with high point to east adjacent eastern corner. river. »» Limestone ridge to the north eastern corner »» Heavily dissected by infrastructure (train / with a dominant elevation of below 5.3m roads / port). Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL). »» Maximum recorded temperature in January Area 1 Priorities 2015 was approximately 2.4°C warmer than the average. ΔΔ Fragmented to nil canopy cover along identified City Green Links. % % % % % »» High saline content in ground water. 52 45 63 48 52 ΔΔ Western edge and Southern portion of Public Lands Cultural Area in mostly in government owned »» Approximately 75% of the population are land. between 25-60yrs with an increasing trend of ΔΔ Port interface is harsh and has high retirees moving into the area. percentages of hard surfaces. »» Majority of the population identify their ΔΔ Major infrastructure alignments lack heritage as Australian / English. mature vegetation. »» The eastern corner of the Area is the most 7% 10% 15% 15% 13% populated and the western side is the least 3m+ Canopy 3m+ Canopy 3m+ Canopy 3m+ Canopy 3m+ Canopy due to land use and infrastructure. Coverage Coverage Coverage Coverage Coverage Planning and Infrastructure Public Lands includes parks, reserves and open space available to the public including Clontarf Hill, Fremantle Oval, »» Majority of the Area is zoned R25 with small both public and private golf courses, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle Prison, museums and spaces along Fishing Boat Harbour. pockets of R35, R40 and R60. is the remainder after subtracting public areas from the total city area Private lands »» Three main Development sites including and also includes Fremantle Harbour land area. Leighton Marshalling Yards, McCabe Street and Stirling Highway and one small site at the Rose Hotel. NorthNorth EastEast
WestWest City of Fremantle South 17 Urban Forest Plan Source: City of Fremantle 2015 PART B: What does the City want to achieve? Combined Number of Trees and Age
Area 2: West »» Majority of the population identify their heritage as Australian / English and in 1000 2000 Stirling Hwy Fremantle there is a high percentage of Irish, Number Leighton Beach
North Scottish and Italian. of Trees Fremantle North Canning Hwy
Stock Rd Stock »» This Area has many educational facilities, Rous East Head
Fremantle Harbour hospital grounds and a number of friends High Street 67% YOUNG Fremantle North Bathers Beach White Gum groups for specific open space locations. O’Connor Valley
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p t Beaconsfield Hilton Total Tree o Samson »» This Area has the highest density of population West n South R Fremantle d South Beach Winterfold Rd across the four Areas. Count: 32% SEMI MATURE South 1,024 Planning and Infrastructure
1% POST MATURE Key Statistics - City of Fremantle »» This Area has the highest land development »» 10% canopy »» 12.36 people per densities and also encompasses the Fremantle coverage hectare City centre the remainder of the Area is West 63% YOUNG predominantly R25-R35 with small pockets of »» 18% green area »» 3,637 trees R40. Total Tree »» There are a number of large open green spaces Count: 36% SEMI MATURE Biophysical in the north and along the western coast of 3,637 »» Majority of the existing tree planting is in the the area and many small pocket parks in the southern portion of the Area and has been middle and south of the Area. 1% POST MATURE classified as young to semi mature and in a »» There are a number of small areas within City healthy to fair condition. The northern section parks that have been classified for Priority of the Area has a higher percentage of semi Conservation Action and sites classified as 53% YOUNG mature trees and less in number but in a East having native vegetation. similar condition healthy to fair. Total Tree »» Four main Development sites including a »» 78% of the 3,637 trees in the western Area are Count: 45% SEMI MATURE Department of Housing site, City of Fremantle over 15m in height. 4,313 site and two significant private developments. »» Approximately 50% of the Area has a sand soil »» Most land holdings in this precinct are privately 2% POST MATURE type, and the remainder is a mix of disturbed owned. to the northern river boundary, chalky sand to the southwestern fringe and limestone ridge »» This Area has the second highest ranking in South 48% YOUNG to the eastern boundary. terms of economic capital per Area Ha of the four Area. Total Tree »» There is a distinct limestone ridge to the north eastern corner and a small limestone outcrop »» Majority of the overhead power network is 50% SEMI MATURE Count: to the western point. located within the residential land type of the Area in the middle and southern sections 4,641 »» Elevation is predominately below 5.3m AMSL approximately 31% coverage. 2% POST MATURE with the western boundary reaching over 47.8m at a peak high point. »» Majority of the City Green Links have fragmented to nil canopy cover. »» Maximum recorded temperature in January 2015 was approximately 2.2°C warmer than Landscape Character Profile the average and had the lowest minimum of Total »» Urban / City centre. over 6°C cooler. Total Tree »» Harbour and Esplanade parkland, beach front. »» The City has undertaken a number of bulk tree »» Mixture of commercial and residential. Count: 55% 43% 2% planting activities in this Area. 13,629 »» Dense residential with narrow streets and Cultural YOUNG SEMI MATURE POST MATURE laneways. »» South Fremantle has a high percentage of families with young children. Area 2 Priorities Young = Newly planted. »» The residential area of Fremantle in this Semi Mature = Nearly at mature growth. ΔΔ Fragmented to nil canopy cover along precinct also has a high percentage of families Post Mature = Aging / or potentially in decline. identified City Green Links with young children as well as a higher ΔΔ The northern section of the Area percentage of retirees. adjacent the river where there are large expanses of hard surfaces. ΔΔ Southern fringe in new development NorthNorth EastEast sites.
WestWest City of Fremantle South 19 Urban Forest Plan Source: City of Fremantle 2008 PART B: What does the City want to achieve?
Overhead Power Coverage Area 3: East »» This Area has two educational facilities and one friends group for Booyeembara Park. Trees properly placed around buildings can reduce air
Stirling Hwy Leighton Beach »» The majority of the population is clustered on
conditioning needs by 30% and save energy used for heating by North the western side of the Area and the least on Fremantle North Canning Hwy
the east due to the industrial land use. Stock Rd Stock 20-50%. Rous East Head
Fremantle Harbour High Street Benefits of Urban Trees, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fremantle Planning and Infrastructure
Bathers Beach White Gum O’Connor Valley »» The Area has a diverse mix of zoning densities H South St
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p t Beaconsfield Hilton o Samson West n South R primarily consisting of R25-R30. There is also Fremantle d South Beach Winterfold Rd North West East South South a large portion which is industrial in the east. »» Three main Development Areas include Key Statistics - City of Fremantle Knutsford Street East, Swanbourne Street and % % % % the LandCorp White Gum Valley Site. »» 15% canopy »» 21.30 people per 28 31 32 65 »» The majority of the landownership is private OVERHEAD OVERHEAD OVERHEAD OVERHEAD coverage hectare POWER POWER POWER POWER with a number of small pockets of government, »» 31% green area »» 4,313 trees WAPC and City ownership. »» This Area has the largest Green Area, comprised Biophysical of Booyeembara Park; the Fremantle Public Golf Course and Royal Fremantle Golf Course. »» Majority of the existing tree planting is located in residential zoning with only a small »» The largest Green Area has been classified percentage in the industrial. The majority of as areas for Priority Conservation Action and the trees have been classified as young to semi one small area classified as having native mature and in a healthy to fair condition. The vegetation and high bushfire prone on the southern section of the precinct has a higher western boundary in Development Area 4 – percentage of semi mature and post mature Swanbourne Street. trees. »» There are a number of small areas within City »» 64% of the 4,313 trees in the Eastern Area are parks that have been classified for Priority over 15m in height. Conservation Action and sites classified as having native vegetation. »» Approximately 50% of the western side of the Area has a limestone soil and the eastern side »» Majority of the overhead power network is has a sand soil type. located within the residential areas of the Area in the middle and southern sections. »» A dominant limestone ridge extends towards the east into O’Connor; connecting a number »» This Area is ranked fourth in terms of economic of high points in the landscape. capital per Area Ha of the four Areas. »» The Area contains a number of small areas »» Majority of the City Green Links other than the ones adjacent to Green Areas such as Precinct Precinct Precinct Precinct classified as contaminated sites, with the Total Area Total Area Total Area Total Area majority associated with the Swanbourne Booyeembara Park and the Golf Course have Street Development site. fragmented to nil canopy cover. 234ha 465ha 468ha 624ha »» Elevation ranges from 11.5-31m AMSL except for Landscape Character Profile limestone ridges which elevate to over 47.8m. »» Residential with wide verges and well treed »» Maximum recorded temperature in January landscape. 2015 was approximately 4.3°C warmer than the »» Dominated by parklands and open spaces. average. »» Industrial landscape with minimal to no tree »» The City has undertaken a number of bulk tree cover to the eastern boundary. planting activates in this Area associated with »» Major infrastructure corridors. Total Area Of the city’s total land area – 39% Green Areas. has overhead power – a significant % Cultural factor in programming where Area 3 Priorities 39 »» The area of Fremantle in this Area and White OVERHEAD 1791ha trees are planted and future ΔΔ Fragmented to nil canopy cover along underground power projects. Gum valley has a high percentage of families POWER with young children. identified City Green Links. ΔΔ Industrial zoned areas. »» Majority of the population identify their heritage as Australian / English and in White ΔΔ New development sites. City Average Totals Gum Valley there is a high percentage of Italian. City of Fremantle 21 Urban Forest Plan Source: City of Fremantle 2015 PART B: What does the City want to achieve?
Canopy Heights (3m+) & Canopy Coverage
Area 4: South »» The eastern and south western corners are the least populated areas and the western side has similar population densities to Area Two.
Stirling Hwy Total Leighton Beach North »» This Area has a number of educational facilities Fremantle North Canning Hwy
and two friends groups for Samson Park and Stock Rd Stock Rous East 9% Head Clontarf Hill.
Fremantle Harbour High Street 19% Fremantle Bathers Beach White Gum O’Connor Valley Planning and Infrastructure
H South St
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% p t Beaconsfield Hilton o Samson West n »» This Area has a diverse mix of zoning with South R Fremantle d 13 South Beach Winterfold Rd higher densities R25-R30 to the west and R15 > 3M South in the east. CANOPY COVERAGE 3-10m 10-15m 15m+ 72% Key Statistics - City of Fremantle »» Two main Development areas including Lefroy Road Quarry and Clontarf Hill. »» 13.04 »» 15% canopy people per »» The majority of the landownership is private coverage hectare with a many small blocks of government, »» 21% green area »» 4,641 trees WAPC and City ownership. »» High bushfire prone areas on both the south Biophysical eastern and south western fringes of the Area North West associated with Stock Road and Green Areas. »» Majority of the existing tree planting is 3% »» This Area has two large Green Areas, comprised 7% located in the residential areas. The majority 12% 15% of the trees have been classified as young to of Samson Park and Hilton Park. In addition semi mature and have been classified as fair to this space there are also a number of other % % condition. Beaconsfield and Hilton both have small Green Areas creating 21% total Green 7 10 a higher percentage of semi mature and post Area. > 3M > 3M mature trees and a much higher percentage of »» Samson Park, Stock Road and Clontarf Hill have CANOPY COVERAGE CANOPY COVERAGE fair condition than healthy. been classified as having native vegetation and 78% »» 71% of the 4,641 trees in the southern Area are both Samson Park and Clontarf Hill have been 85% over 15m in height. classified as areas for Priority Conservation Action. »» Approximately 80% of the western side of the Area has a sand soil type and the western »» This Area is ranked third in terms of economic fringe has a limestone outcrop. capital per precinct Ha of the four precincts. »» Elevation is predominantly above 30m AMSL »» Majority of the City Green Links other than the East South with a number of areas over 47.8m with some ones adjacent to Green Areas have fragmented minor valleys to the western edge down to to nil canopy cover. 5.4m AMSL. »» Majority of the overhead power network is 9% 13% »» The Area contains two areas classified as located within the residential areas of the 20% 23% contaminated sites, both adjacent to the Area in the middle and southern sections; % % Lefroy Road Quarry Development Area. approximately 65% coverage which is the 15 15 highest ratio of all the precincts. > 3M > 3M »» Maximum recorded temperature in January CANOPY COVERAGE CANOPY COVERAGE 64% 2015 was approximately 3.8°C warmer than Landscape Character Profile 71% the average. »» Residential with wide verges and a mixture of »» The City has undertaken a number of bulk tree densities of tree cover. planting activities in this precinct associated »» Industrial landscape with minimal to no tree with Green Areas. cover to the southwestern boundary. Cultural »» Major infrastructure corridors. »» Beaconsfield, Hilton, Samson have a high Area 3 Priorities Large urban trees are excellent filters for urban percentage of families and young people up to 34. pollutants and fine particulates. ΔΔ Fragmented to nil canopy cover along »» Majority of the population identify their identified City Green Links. Benefits of Urban Trees, Food and heritage as Australian / English however Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ΔΔ Residential Areas in Hilton, Samson and Beaconsfield has the highest percentage of Beaconsfield. Italian ancestry. ΔΔ New development areas. NorthNorth EastEast ΔΔ Industrial zoned areas.
WestWest City of Fremantle South 23 Urban Forest Plan Source: Arbor Carbon 2015 PART C: Communication
Target Audience Communication Channels By identifying the key stakeholders with an The following is a list of the different channels and interest or impact in the Urban Forest Plan the approaches used to communicate the project to appropriate methods are employed to meet the key stakeholder and the broader community. PART C communication needs of different individuals and groups. Councilor updates Communication Key members of the City’s staff to provide There are two distinct target audience types that information at key milestones in project are identified for this project: programs. Focus and Consultation Key Decision makers Frequently Asked Questions »» Elected members Objectives Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) be developed To ensure community and key stakeholders are »» Executive Leadership Team specifically for this project, to address anticipated informed about collaboration opportunities and »» City staff questions related to the preparation of the Urban implemetnation of the UFP, the Project Team Forest Plan. prepared a Communication Plan to complement »» Potential implementation partners the UFP. It identifies key stakeholders and »» Approval & servicing authorities Media/advertising communication tools to be used and to develop »» Adjacent LGA’s Preparation of a project announcement to communications deliverables. community and stakeholders on website, social »» To pro-actively and effectively deliver Community Groups media and direct communication (identified informative communications around the »» Precinct groups community interested). Media release on completion and approval of the UFP. UFP at key preparation milestones to ensure »» Friends of’ groups community and key stakeholders are fully informed. »» Community garden groups Communication Materials Direct communication via correspondence »» To ensure through project communications »» Traditional Owners with key stakeholders will ensure key agencies; there is awareness established around the »» Property owners/residents community groups and known interested people broader plans, procedure and initiatives are informed about the preparation of the Urban related the Greening Fremantle Strategy. Forest Plan. Dissemination of this information »» To ensure there is opportunity built into the be at key milestones in the project based on approach to enhance the level of information the relevance of the information. The use of info required by community should the level of graphics to assist with project understanding is interest demand it. recommended. Whilst the communication approach is centred Online Project Information on Informing, should the community express a high level of interest in the project, then Online information about UFP programs will be the City of Fremantle may consider running provided (via My Say Freo), to ensure a broad cross more specialised and targeted community section of the community are well informed. engagement. Direct Enquiries To ensure general questions can be asked a project email is established to coordinate queries and ensure there is a consistent approach to responses.
City of Fremantle 25 Urban Forest Plan Part D: Urban Forest Action Plan
PART D Urban Forest Action Plan
Action Plan Goals The baseline assessment and analysis led to the #1 – Engage development of the following five key goals and subsequent actions required to achieve the UFP Engage residents, businesses, community groups and government agencies in educating and Vision. facilitating ownership of the urban forest. Vision #2 – Protect Protect the existing and future urban forest from To protect the existing economic and environmental threats. green spaces and trees and #3 – Grow progressively grow and Grow the urban forest towards the target of 10,000 new trees in 10 years and increase the ratio diversify the City’s tree of trees per person across the City to ensure equal population for adaptive opportunities to maximise the social, economic and environmental benefits of trees and urban climate management and greening. amenity; to collaborate #4 – Diversify effectively to plant, plan, Diversify and promote resilience in urban design and sustainably fund greening and the urban forest. programs to create a resilient #5 – Manage Manage urban greening through the development urban forest. of a coordinated and comprehensive adaptive climate management and funding strategy to ensure the long term health and sustainability of the City urban forest. Targets
CURRENT STATISTICS TARGET AREAS Area Green Area People / Tree Canopy # Trees by People / Canopy Population # Trees (Ha) (Ha) Ratio Cover 2027 Tree Ratio Cover
Area 1: North 3,312 234 1,024 54 3.2 / tree 7% 3,024 1.1 / tree 14%
Area 2: West 7,931 465 3,637 84 2.2 / tree 10% 6,387 1.2 / tree 18%
Area 3: East 9,263 468 4,313 147 2.1 / tree 15% 6,063 1.5 / tree 21%
Area 4: South 8,400 624 4,641 128 1.8 / tree 15% 8,141 1.0 / tree 26%
TOTALS 28,906 1,791 13,615 413 2.1 / tree 13% 23,615 1.2 / tree 20%
City of Fremantle 27 Urban Forest Plan Part D: Urban Forest Action Plan
Goal #1 – Engage Goal #4 – Diversify Engage residents, businesses, community groups Diversify and promote resilience in urban and government agencies in educating and greening and the urban forest. facilitating ownership of the urban forest. »» Encourage and regulate tree species diversity »» Promotion, support and facilitation of to meet environmental and social resilience in education on the benefits of urban greening. an urban environment. »» Encourage participation in local, Area and City »» Encourage creative urban greening solutions wide activities. to contribute to the urban forest target in »» Encourage innovation and versatility in complex urban environments including greening the City. green roofs and green walls in new urban developments and maximise opportunities to Goal #2 – Protect retrofit into existing sites. Protect the existing and future urban forest from »» Regulate appropriate selection of species to economic and environmental threats. suit the location and context. »» Protect existing trees within public realm Goal #5 – Manage through increased awareness and conduct Manage urban greening through the development a value assessment of their worth to deter of a coordinated and comprehensive adaptive removal and encourage creative design climate management and funding to ensure the solutions for retention. long term health and sustainability of the City »» Policy and motivation for tree retention on urban forest. privately owned lots. »» Prepare a dynamic urban forest register »» Policy of development areas to consider solar connected to the City’s Intramaps and access, prevailing winds, over shadowing and encourage community input to update tree utilisation of other natural systems to reduce information within private land holdings to the long term requirements for mechanical collate and assess data of the urban forest. heating and cooling systems. »» Undertake structural health and risk »» Application of Green Star ratings for all private assessments of mature tree specimens in and government Development Areas to the public realm. Encourage assessments improve built form environmental efficiencies within private landholdings as a planning improving the health and well-being of the development requirement. City. »» Develop and educate the community on Goal #3 – Grow strategies to manage pest and disease impacts Grow the urban forest towards the target of on trees within their Areas. 10,000 new trees in 10 years and increase the ratio »» Ensure adequate water availability to irrigate of trees per person across the City to ensure equal new tree plantings and the high proportion of opportunities to maximise the social, economic young trees. and environmental benefits of trees and urban »» Secure funding each financial budget to greening. facilitate tree planting, establishment, »» Undertake equitable distribution of new maintenance and monitoring in public and streetscape greening to priority residential, City landholdings. industrial and commercial Areas. »» Seek private funding/partnerships from major »» Undertake infill planting to strengthen City stakeholders and other sources to facilitate the Green Links and provide links to green spaces growth and management of the urban forest. enhancing connectivity between Green Areas and Areas.
City of Fremantle 29 Urban Forest Plan Urban Forest Part D: Urban Forest Action Plan Priority Action Plan
LEGEND
UFP AREAS
PRIORITY AREAS
STREETSCAPE
STIRLING HIGHWAY Green Link
MRWA Infrastructure (Requires MRWA Approval) City Targets Industrial Streetscape
Residential Streetscape YEAR TOTAL TREES GREEN SPACE CITY TARGETS OVER 10 Native Vegetation Areas 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 YEARS City of Fremantle Public Open Spaces
LAND HOLDINGS TREE POPULATION 13,615 14,515 15,265 15,765 16,515 17,265 18,765 19,915 21,315 22,465 School sites (Private + Public)
Development Areas NEW TREES (POS + Streetscape required by Developer) 900 750 500 750 750 1,500 1,150 1,400 1,150 1,150 10,000 REQUIRED Carparks LEACH HIGHWAY (Encourage partnerships with NRM Coastal Planting / Private Owners) REPLACEMENT 272 290 305 315 330 345 375 398 426 449 3,508 TREES REQUIRED*
TOTAL TREES REQUIRED PER 1,172 1,040 805 1,065 1,080 1,845 1,525 1798 1,576 1,599 13,508 YEAR CARRINGTON STREET CARRINGTON
TOTAL TREES IN THE URBAN 14,515 15,265 15,765 16,515 17,265 18,765 19,915 21,315 22,465 23,615 FOREST
* Assumes an annual 2% mortality / removed tree rate.
HAMPTON ROAD SOUTH STREET Approach to new and replacement tree Approach to New and Replacement tree
MARINE TERRACE planting distribution in City owned tenure planting distribution in non-City owned The distribution of new tree planting has been tenure
STOCK ROAD undertaken in application of the following key There are a number of landholdings which are criteria and mapped on page 30. not City owned that have the potential to have a substantial influence on meeting the targets »» Residential areas that are mapped as above and Goals of the UFP. The following should be the baseline temperature average (based considered for all development areas which are on thermal imaging) to ensure equitable still subject to review / approval by the City or distribution of green infrastructure. where possible if past this point in the approvals »» Linking green spaces through infill planting process open discussions with land holders to of City nominated Green Links to provide encourage urban greening: improve the green infrastructure network across the four Areas. »» Ensure protection of existing trees within new development. »» Identification of expansive hard stand areas Priority Implementation with the capacity to provide canopy cover and »» Maximise opportunities to increase tree urban greening. densities and area of green space where The UFP provides a guide for the City for the To implement Goal #2- Protect and Goal #5 appropriate. implementation of Goals #1 - Engage, #3 - Grow - Manage; the City will need to make policy »» Identification of additional major streetscapes/ and #4 - Diversify. changes to embrace the required strategies to infrastructure areas with the capacity to »» Encourage and support applications for roof ensure the long term health and sustainability of provide canopy cover and urban greening. gardens and vertical gardens. Goal #1 - Engage will be required to occur across the City urban forest. »» Maximise WSUD principles to maximise runoff all of the phases of planning, implementation »» Green spaces that require infill planting or catchment in high density areas. and management. The implementation of the UFP is replacement planting to maintain healthy intended to be dynamic and will take active communities. The implementation of Goal #3 - Grow is into account other City projects such as described and detailed for each Precinct over »» Native vegetation areas identified as Priority road and path upgrades, natural resource the next couple of pages. Following the outline Conservation Action Areas that require infill management and public space development. of how the City will go about growing the urban planting. forest, a detailed schedule of how to achieve Goal »» Linking road, path and underground power #4 - Diversify is outlined on page 37. This table works programs. details proposed species, appropriate locations »» Annual tree planting program. and other relevant information for each Area.
City of Fremantle 31 Urban Forest Plan Part D: Urban Forest Action Plan
Area 1: North Area 2: West Priorities »» Fragmented to nil canopy cover along identified City Green Links. Priorities »» Fragmented to nil canopy cover along identified CoF Green Links »» Western edge and Southern portion of precinct in mostly in government owned land. »» The northern section of the precinct adjacent the river where there are large areas of hard surfaces. »» Port interface is harsh and has high percentage of pavement areas. »» Southern fringe in new development areas. »» Major infrastructure alignments lack mature vegetation. Targets Targets
YEAR TOTAL YEAR TOTAL TREES TREES AREA 2 AREA 1 OVER 10 OVER 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 YEARS YEARS
TREE POPULATION 3,637 3,637 3,637 3,637 3,637 3,637 4,237 4,837 5,387 5,887 TREE POPULATION 1,024 1,024 1,024 1,024 1,274 1,524 1,774 2,024 2,524 2,774
NEW TREES NEW TREES 0 0 0 0 0 600 600 550 500 500 2,750 0 0 0 250 250 250 250 500 250 250 2,000 REQUIRED REQUIRED REPLACEMENT REPLACEMENT 73 73 73 73 73 73 85 97 108 118 843 20 20 20 20 25 30 35 40 50 55 1,206 TREES REQUIRED* TREES REQUIRED* TOTAL TREES PER TOTAL TREES PER 73 73 73 73 73 673 685 647 608 618 3,593 20 20 20 270 275 280 285 540 300 305 3,206 YEAR YEAR
TOTAL TREES IN TOTAL TREES IN 3,637 3,637 3,637 3,637 3,637 4,237 4,837 5,387 5,887 6,387 1,024 1,024 1,024 1,274 1,524 1,774 2,024 2,524 2,774 3,024 URBAN FOREST URBAN FOREST * Assumes an annual 2% mortality / removed tree rate. * Assumes an annual 2% mortality / removed tree rate.
Implementation Approach Implementation Approach
YR YR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
N 0 0 0 0 0 600 600 550 500 500 N 0 0 0 250 250 250 250 500 250 250 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A (from East Green links Fremantle Fremantle to City Centre) Residential streetscapes (South Fremantle) City (Fremantle links Green Lefory to Road) Centre Harbour edge carparks and industrial areas (South Green Spaces Fremantle) Green link (Lefory Road to southern boundary) Residential streetscapes (Fremantle) Foreshore edge, carparks and industrial areas to South Fremantle Residential streetscapes Gum Valley) (White N/A N/A N/A Priority • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Industrial streetscapes Industrial streetscapes areas Vegetation Native Green link (Curtin Ave) Street) Green link (McCabe / verge Stirling Highway median planting Residential streetscapes Road) (Tydeman link Green Road) (Tydeman link Green / verge Stirling Highway median planting Green Spaces Green Spaces Foreshore carparks Green Spaces Foreshore carparks Priority • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
R 73 73 73 73 73 73 85 97 108 118 R 20 20 20 20 25 30 35 40 50 55 Green links Green links Green links Green links Residential streetscapes Green Spaces Foreshore carparks Foreshore carparks As required across Area As required across Area As required across Area Priority • • • • • • • • • • • Urban Urban in streetscapes Fremantle City Centre Urban in streetscapes Fremantle City Centre Residential Streetscapes (South Fremantle) Green Spaces Native areas Vegetation (Clontarf Hill) School Site (Fremantle PS) Native areas Vegetation School Site (JCCOTA) Native areas Vegetation School Site (JCCOTA) As required across Area As required across Area Priority • • • • • • • • • • • • N - New tree plantings. N - New tree plantings. R - Replacement tree installations. R - Replacement tree installations. Note: • MRWA approval required to Stirling Highway verge/median proposed works. • Future road planning requirements to proposed Green Link “Curtin Ave” and Green Link “Tydeman Road”
City of Fremantle 33 Urban Forest Plan Part D: Urban Forest Action Plan
Area 3: East Area 4: South Priorities Priorities »» Fragmented to nil canopy cover along identified City Green Links. »» Fragmented to nil canopy cover along identified City Green Links »» Industrial areas. »» Residential Areas in Hilton, Samson and Beaconsfield. »» New development areas. »» New development areas. Targets Targets
YEAR TOTAL YEAR TOTAL TREES TREES AREA 3 AREA 3 OVER 10 OVER 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 YEARS YEARS
TREE POPULATION 4,313 4,313 4,313 4,313 4,313 4,313 4,613 4,913 5,263 5,663 TREE POPULATION 4,641 5,541 6,291 6,791 7,291 7,791 8,141 8,141 8,141 8,141
NEW TREES NEW TREES 0 0 0 0 0 300 300 350 400 400 1,750 900 750 500 500 500 350 0 0 0 0 3,500 REQUIRED REQUIRED
REPLACEMENT REPLACEMENT 86 86 86 86 86 86 92 98 105 113 927 93 111 126 136 146 156 163 163 163 163 1,418 TREES REQUIRED* TREES REQUIRED*
TOTAL TREES PER TOTAL TREES PER 86 86 86 86 86 386 392 448 505 513 2,677 993 861 626 636 646 506 163 163 163 163 4,918 YEAR YEAR
TOTAL TREES IN TOTAL TREES IN 4,313 4,313 4,313 4,313 4,313 4,613 4,913 5,263 5,663 6,063 5,541 6,291 6,791 7,291 7,791 8,141 8,141 8,141 8,141 8,141 URBAN FOREST URBAN FOREST * Assumes an annual 2% mortality / removed tree rate. * Assumes an annual 2% mortality / removed tree rate.
Implementation Approach Implementation Approach
YR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 YR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
N 0 0 0 0 0 300 300 350 400 400 N 900 750 500 500 500 350 0 0 0 0 Residential streetscapes Residential streetscapes (Samson) (Carrington Green links and Lefroy) Residential streetscapes (Hilton) Green Spaces (east of Green links Carrington) Residential streetscapes - west) (Beaconsfield Residential streetscapes - east) (Beaconsfield Green Spaces - east) (Beaconsfield Industrial streetscapes (O’Connor) South Street Road Hampton N/A N/A N/A N/A Priority • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Residential streetscapes (O’Connor) (White Residential streetscapes Gum Valley) (White Residential streetscapes Gum Valley) Green link (east/west alignments) Industrial streetscapes (O’Connor) Green Spaces Residential streetscapes High (Fremantle - south of St) Stevens Street & north of Green Spaces Residential streetscapes High St) (Fremantle - north of Green link (north/south alignments)
Priority • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • R 93 111 126 136 146 156 163 163 163 163
R 86 86 86 86 86 86 92 98 105 113 Residential Residential streetscapes (Samson) School Site PS) (Hilton Residential streetscapes (Hilton) School Site (Beaconsfield PS) Residential streetscapes (Beaconsfield) School (South Site Fremantle HS and Tafe) Native vegetation areas Native vegetation areas As required across Area As required across Area Priority • • • • • • • • • • O’Connor O’Connor industrial and residential streetscapes Residential streetscapes Gum (White Valley) Residential streetscapes Gum (White Valley) Green Spaces Green Spaces Residential streetscapes (Fremantle) As required across Area As required across Area As required across Area As required across Area Priority • • • • • • • • • • N - New tree plantings. N - New tree plantings. R - Replacement tree installations. R - Replacement tree installations.
City of Fremantle 35 Urban Forest Plan Part D: Urban Forest Action Plan
Species List
BOTANICAL COMMON AREA BOTANICAL COMMON AREA HT LOC. TYPE HT LOC. TYPE NAME NAME 1 2 3 4 NAME NAME 1 2 3 4
WA R1.R2. Eucalyptus spathulata Swamp Mallet 8m R1.R2.P N/E x x Agonis flexuosa 15m En/N/E x x x x Peppermint U1.P Scarlet Pear Eucalyptus stoatei 7m R1.R2.P N/E x Allocasuarina Common Gum 15m R1.U1.P En/N/E x x fraseriana Sheoak Eucalyptus todtiana Prickly Bark 10m R1.R2.P En/N/E x x x x Cook Island Araucaria columnaris 60m U1.U3.P N/E x x Pine Eucalyptus torquata Coral Gum 6m R1.R2.P N/E x x
Araucaria Round Leaf Hoop Pine 60m U1.U3.P Ex/E x x Eucalyptus utilis 8m R1.R2.P En/N/E x x cunninghamii Moort
Norfolk Island Dwarf Ghost Araucaria heterophylla 60m U1.U3.P Ex/E x x Eucalyptus victrix 8m R1.R2.P N/E x x Pine Gum
Brachychiton Illawarra Flame R1.U1. U2 F/Ex/D 15m N/E x x Ficus carica Fig 7m x x x acerifolius Tree U2.U3 Ficus macrocarpa ssp Rottnest Island Hills Fig 15m U1.P Ex/E x x x x Callitris priessii 10m R1.R2.P En/N/E x x x x hillii Pine Ficus macrophylla Morton Bay Fig 20m U1.P N/E x x x x Casuarina equisetifolia Coastal Sheoak 6m R1.R2.P N/E x x Port Jackson Ficus rubiginosa 30m U1.P N/E x x x x Citrus aurantifolia Sweet Lime 2-4m R2.U2 F/Ex/E x x Fig
Citrus x limon Lemon 2-4m R2.U2 F/Ex/E x x Gleditsia triacanthos Honey Locust 20m R1.P F/Ex/D x x x
Citrus x sinensis Sweet Orange 4-6m R2.U2 F/Ex/E x x Hakea francisiana 4m R1.R2.P N/E x x
Corymbia calophylla Marri 40m R1.P En/N/E x x Jacaranda R1.U1. Jacaranda 20m Ex/D x x mimosaefolia U3.P Red Flowering R1.R2. Corymbia ficifolia 6m N/E x x Gum U1.U2.P Liquidamber U1.U2. Liquidamber 15m Ex/D x x styraciflua U3 R1.U1. Erythrina indica Flame Tree 8m Ex/D x x U2.U3 Silver Weeping Melaleuca argentea 4m R1.R2.P N x x Melaleuca Eucalyptus caesia Silver Princess 8m R1.R2.P N/E x x Moonah or Eucalyptus decipiens Red Heart 15m R1.R2.P En/N/E x x Melaleuca lanceolata Rottnest Island 6m R1.R2.P N/E x x x x Tea Tree Eucalyptus Illyarrie 4m P N/E x x erythrocorys Olea europaea Olives 8m R2 En/N/E x x x x
Fremantle Canary Island U1.U2. Eucalyptus foecunda 5m R1.R2.P En/N/E x x Phoenix canariensis 10m Ex/E x x x x Mallee Palm U3.P
Eucalyptus forrestiana Fuchsia Gum 5m R1.R2.P N/E x x U1.U2. Ex/D Platanus acerifolia London Plane 14m U3 x x Eucalyptus Tuart 40m R1.P En/N/E x x x x gomphocephala Plumeria rubra Frangipani 3m R2 Ex/D x x x x
Eucalyptus leucoxylon Purple Leaf White Ironbark 20m R1.R2.P N/E x x R2.U1. rosea F/Ex/D Prunus cerasifera nigra Flowering 5m U2.U3 x x Plum Eucalyptus marginata Jarrah 40m R1.P En/N/E x x
City of Fremantle 37 Urban Forest Plan Part D: Urban Forest Action Plan
BOTANICAL COMMON AREA Implementation Costs HT LOC. TYPE NAME NAME The following chart tables the expected expanses to implement the proposed tree planting program to 1 2 3 4 Grow the Fremantle urban forest over 10 years. Prunus dulcis Almond 3m R2 F/Ex/D x x x x YEAR TOTAL Pyrus calleryana Callery Pear 5m R2 F/Ex/D x x CAPITAL COST TREES PER ANNUM OVER 10 R1.R2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ex/D YEARS Sapium sebiferum Chinese Tallow 15m U1.U2 x x x x
Queensland AREA 1 - NORTH Schefflera actinophylla 4m R2 N/E x x x x Umbrella TOTAL TREES REQ. 20 20 20 270 275 280 285 540 300 305 2,320
R1.R2. N/E COST OF TREES $2K $2K $2K $27K $28K $28K $29K $54K $30K $30K $232K Szygium smithii Lilly Pilly 8m U1.U2 x x
COST OF WATERING $1K $2K $2K $13K $24K $25K $25K $37K $37K $27K $192K Washingtonia robusta Fan Palm 25m U2.U3.P N/E x x x x TOTAL COST AREA 1 $3K $4K $4K $40K $52K $53K $54K $91K $67K $57K $424K Ulmus chinensis Chinese Elm 10m R1.R2 Ex/D x x x x AREA 2 - WEST
TOTAL TREES REQ. 73 73 73 73 73 673 685 647 608 618 3,593 LEGEND LOCATION COST OF TREES $7K $7K $7K $7K $7K $67K $69K $65K $61K $62K $359K »» R1 - Residential Street Verge +3m width COST OF WATERING $5K $6K $6K $6K $6K $33K $60K $59K $55K $54K $293K
»» R2 - Residential Street Verge -3m width TOTAL COST AREA 2 $12K $13K $13K $13K $13K $100K $129K $124K $116K $116K $652K
»» U1 - Urban Street Verge +3m width AREA 3 - EAST
»» U2 - Urban Street Verge -3m width TOTAL TREES REQ. 86 86 86 86 86 386 392 448 505 513 2,677 »» U3 - Urban Street Median COST OF TREES $9K $9K $9K $9K $9K $39K $39K $45K $51K $51K $268K »» P - Park COST OF WATERING $6K $7K $7K $7K $7K $21K $35K $37K $42K $45K $217K TYPE TOTAL COST AREA 3 $15K $16K $16K $16K $16K $60K $75K $82K $93K $96K $484K »» E - Evergreen »» Ex - Exotic AREA 4 - SOUTH »» En - Endemic TOTAL TREES REQ. 993 861 626 636 646 506 163 163 163 163 4,918 »» F - Fruit COST OF TREES $99K $86K $63K $64K $65K $51K $16K $16K $16K $16K $492K
»» D - Deciduous COST OF WATERING $67K $82K $66K $56K $57K $51K $30K $15K $15K $15K $451K
»» N - Native TOTAL COST AREA 4 $166K $168K $129K $120K $122K $102K $46K $31K $31K $31K $943K
TOTAL COST $195K $202K $163K $190K $203K $314K $302K $327K $307K $301K $2.5M
NOTE: • * Assumes an annual 2% mortality / removed tree rate. • # Supply and install 30L tree stock as per the total required per annum / Allow $100/tree ex GST • Costs could be saved through the installation of smaller stock and planting during autumn months. • Costs do not assume for the other works such as road cutting, kerbing, grating etc. • Costs for watering assume watering for 2 years per tree (only over 4 summer months at $133 / tree).
City of Fremantle 39 Urban Forest Plan Part D: Urban Forest Action Plan
Adaptive Management Measurement Monitoring To ensure the long term success and viability of Prepare a dynamic urban forest “database” Critical success of the urban forest will be the the urban forest, the City will need to undertake connected to the City’s Intramaps; which can be continuing professional development and the preparation of a Comprehensive Adaptive updated by City GIS officers and made available education of best practice management for trees Climate Management and Funding Plan (the to the community via the City website. The City and urban green spaces for City decision makers Plan). can also encourage community input to update as well as City contractors. A City management/ tree information within private land holdings to property tree survey is required for critical base The Plan will call for new collate and assess data. This will be a valuable data for future planting and current management resource in measuring the success and targets of to ensure a proactive rather than reactive tree forms of adaptive urban the urban forest. management approach. Base tree data for monitoring and management could include: governance that go beyond Protection of existing trees within public realm the conventional notions using an accredited assessment criteria of their »» structural health and risk assessments of worth to deter removal and encourage creative mature tree specimens in public realm and of urban planning. This design solutions for retention should be explored private landholdings will involve improvement and data attributed to the dynamic mapping on »» pest and disease management the Intramaps. of City planning tools and »» pruning, removal and storm management Another key issue in measurement will be governance processes and ensuring adequate water availability to irrigate »» Tree Protection Zone enforcement during the exploration of how new tree plantings and the long term success of construction the high population proportion of young trees. »» identification of opportunities to recycle / existing structures and new The following will need to be considered: salvage trees for reuse for play opportunities or habitat should always be considered when a development can influence »» review of existing water sources to irrigate tree is removed. the urban green. »» ensure WSUD principles are integrated into new development design in non-City and City Funding The Plan will aim to achieve an improved owned tenure. integration of different types of approaches to Funding can be allocated with each City financial tree measurement, monitoring and review as Implementation budget to facilitate tree planting, establishment, well as formal and informal funding through the maintenance and monitoring in public and City The previous section details the implementation budget process. At a minimum the Plan should landholdings. The UFP provides an outline on areas and priorities. Based on the numbers detail the following key aspects. page 39 of the expected costs for increasing the and recommendations, the City will need to tree population by 10,000 trees. either invest in forward growing contracts with Approvals Processes reputable and accredited nurseries in WA to Collaboration and partnerships with major Changes are required by the City to ensure supply the tree stock in the sizes and species stakeholders and state and federal grants and Development areas, particularly those not in City nominated. programs is also an opportunity to facilitate the ownership are actively contributing to meeting growth and management of the urban forest. To minimise the loss of stock planting should the City wide targets and Goals. The following are occur in Autumn to maximise winter rain fall and some approaches which could assist: Review cooler climatic conditions. »» Regulation and motivation for tree retention An annual review of the processes, policies and on privately owned lots. targets should be undertaken. These results can be reported to the community and used to seek »» Regulation of development areas to consider additional funding if required. solar access, prevailing winds, over shadowing and utilisation of other natural systems to reduce the long term requirements for mechanical heating and cooling systems. »» Application of Green Star ratings for all private and government Development Areas to improve built form environmental efficiencies improving the health and well-being of the City.
City of Fremantle 41 Urban Forest Plan Glossary of Terms
Glossary of Terms
Adaptive Management Linked green spaces Adaptive management is a systematic approach In this approach Green Infrastructure emphasizes for improving resource management by learning the importance of retaining and linking green from management outcomes andreducing spaces, nature corridors and drainage networks uncertainty over time via system monitoring. in cities to enhance ecosystem functioning (Benedict and McMahon, 2002). In this sense Biodiversity the network of Green Infrastructure is seen Biodiversity is a term used to describe all living as analogous to the network of conventional things and the variation within and between engineering infrastructure underlying the them. It includes plants, animals, fungi, and functioning of a city. Green Infrastructure micro-organisms, and can be considered at networks can provide a ‘green’ framework for various levels of complexity. (Roetman and more sustainable urban development. Daniels, 2008) Urban forest Canopy cover The urban forest has been defined as ‘the sum The percentage of area covered by the vertical of all publicly and privately owned trees within projection of tree crowns when assessed from an urban area, including street trees, trees on above. private property, and remnant stands of native vegetation’ (Nowak et al., 2001; Miller, 2007) Ecosystem services An ecosystem is a dynamic community Urban Heat Island Effect comprising populations of plants, animals, The rise in temperature of any man-made area, microorganisms and the non-living environment resulting in a well-defined, distinct “warm interacting together as a functional unit. island” among the “cool sea” represented by the Environmental factors, such as soil type, position lower temperature of the area’s nearby natural in the landscape, climate and water availability, landscape. (http://www.urbanheatislands.com/) determine the presence and distribution of ecosystems. The main inputs to ecosystems are Useful Life Expectancy sunlight, soil, nutrients and water, while wastes Useful life expectancy is the estimated lifespan of from one part of the system form fuel for other a tree. parts. A key output is biomass (or carbon-based life) regenerating itself. An ecosystem functions by Urban greening continually cycling energy and materials through Urban greening is the creation and maintenance living organisms that grow, reproduce and then of new and existing green space, such as parks; die. This cycling of energy and materials through planting and care of trees; and the creation of living organisms has evolved in response to a mix green infrastructure such as rain gardens and of disturbances (e.g. fires or floods), stresses (e.g. green roofs. droughts or diseases) and ecological interactions (e.g. competition or predation) over millions of Well-being years. (Commonwealth of Australia, 2010) http:// Well-being comprises not just the benefits gained www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/ from psychological and physical health, but is b53e6002-4ea7-4108-acc8-40fff488bab7/files/ also related to specific aspects of well-being such ecosystem-services.pdf) as favourable thoughts and feelings, satisfaction with life, ability to be self-sufficient and proactive, possessing a sense of happiness, and a positive evaluation of life in a general sense (Diener et al., 1999).
City of Fremantle 43 Urban Forest Plan Selected Bibliography & References
Selected Bibliography & References
202020 Vision. 2012. Where are all the Trees. City of Fremantle. 2015. Green Plan 2020, Draft for Available from: http://202020vision.com.au/media/7145/ Public Consultation. where_are_all_the_trees.pdf Available from: https://s3-ap-southeast-2. amazonaws.com/ehq-production-australia/7c8164d Adaptive urban governance: new challenges for the 2f79eb679540ed8fe680ee342f2b20c1e/documents/ second generation of urban adaptation strategies to attachments/000/027/268/original/Draft_2020_Green_ climate change. 2010. Plan.pdf?1443517186 Available from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ s11625-010-0111-3 City of Fremantle. 2013. Fremantle 2029 Community Visioning Project. Report on Community ideas 2013/14. ASPECT Studios, Tree Logic. 2014. Urban Forest Diversity Available from: http://www.fremantle.wa.gov.au/sites/ Guidelines 2011 Tree Species Selection Strategy for the default/files/Fremantle%202029%20Report%20on%20 City of Melbourne. Community%20Ideas%202013-14_0.pdf Available from: https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ SiteCollectionDocuments/urban-forest-diversity- City of Fremantle. Green Plan 2020. guidelines.pdf Available from: http://www.fremantle.wa.gov.au/sites/ default/files/sharepointdocs/Green%20Plan%202020- Australian Institute of Landscape Architects. 2016. C-000476.pdf Liveable Cities Cooling Cities – Urban Heat Island Effect Available from: http://www.aila.org.au/imis_prod/ City of Melbourne. 2015. How to Grow an Urban Forest documents/AILA/Advocacy/AILA%20Policies/ a Ten-step guide to help councils save money, time and GREEN%20WALLS%20AND%20ROOFS%2014.4.pdf share practical knowledge. Available from: http://202020vision.com.au/ Australian Government. 2016. National Climate media/53149/urban-forest-strategy-fa_lores_spreads.pdf Resilience and Adaptation Strategy 2015. Available from: https://www.environment.gov.au/ City of Melbourne.2014. Urban Forest Strategy Making a system/files/resources/3b44e21e-2a78-4809-87c7- Great City Greener 2012-2032. a1386e350c29/files/national-climate-resilience-and- Available from: https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ adaptation-strategy-summary.pdf SiteCollectionDocuments/urban-forest-strategy.pdf
Australian Greens. 2016. Perth’s Urban Forest A WA2.0 City of Perth. 2016. Urban Forest Plan. Project. Available from: http://www.perth.wa.gov.au/sites/ Available from: http://greens.org.au/sites/greens.org.au/ default/files/City%20of%20Perth%20Urban%20 files/Greens%20WA2.0_Urban%20Forest_Plan_Oct2016. Forest%20Plan_0.pdf pdf City of Port Phillip 2009. Consultation Greening Port Australian Institute of Landscape Architects. 2012. Phillip, An Urban Forest Approach - Draft National Policy Statement: Sustainable Settlement Available from: http://haveyoursayatportphillip.net.au/ Green Infrastructure Health and Urban Spaces. tree-strategy City of Fremantle 2015, Local Planning Scheme No. 4. Scheme Text 8 March 2007. Amended November 2015. City of Port Phillip. 2010. Greening Port Phillip an Urban Forest Approach 2010. B.A. Blackwell & Associates Ltd. 2014. City of London Available from: http://www.portphillip.vic.gov.au/street- Urban Forest Strategy, Enhancing the Forest City. tree-planting-guide-2010-2015.pdf Available from: https://www.london.ca/residents/ Environment/Trees-Forests/Documents/London%20 City of Sydney. 2013. City of Sydney Urban Forest Urban%20Forestry%20Strategy%20Final.pdf Strategy 2013. Available from: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__ City of Belmont. 2014. Urban Forest Strategy. data/assets/pdf_file/0011/201413/Urban-Forest-Strategy- Available from: http://www.belmont.wa.gov.au/ Adopted-Feb-2013.pdf CouncillorPortal/CouncillorMinuteAndMeeting/ Minutes%20and%20Agendas%20Documents/ Attachment%2010%20-%20Item%2012.9%20 refers%20Urban%20Forest%20Strategy.pdf
City of Fremantle 45 Urban Forest Plan Selected Bibliography & References
City of Vincent. 2014. Vincent Greening Plan. Nowak, D. J., M. H. Noble, et al. (2001). “Assessing the Available from: file:///C:/Users/pduke/Downloads/ U.S. urban forest resource.” Journal of Forestry 99 (3): VINC000100_GREENPLAN_A4.pdf 37-42.
City of Vincent. 2015. Greening Vincent. Miller, R. W. (2007). Urban Forestry: Planning and Available from: http://202020vision.com.au/ Managing Urban Greenspaces. Long Grove, ILL., media/64988/8anita_marriott_city-of-vincent.pdf Waveland Press, Inc.
Commission for Architecture and the Built Roetman, P. E. J. and C. B. Daniels (2008). Including Environment. 2010. Urban Green Nation: Building the biodiversity as a component of sustainability as evidence base. Australian cities grow: Why and how? TREENET Available from: http://www.getirelandactive.ie/ Proceedings of the 9th National Street Tree Professionals/Built%20Environment/Research/Green- Symposium 4th and 5th September 2008. Adelaide. Nation-Summary.pdf San Francisco Planning, Stephanie Ng. 2015. San Department of Environment and Conservation Francisco Street Tree Nursery Study. Information Sheet 71 /2013 Climate - resilient Available from: http://default.sfplanning.org/plans- revegetation of multi-use landscapes: adaptation to and-programs/planning-for-the-city/urban-forest-plan/ climate in widespread eucalypt species Street_Tree_Nursery_Report_small.pdf Available from: https://www.wa.gov.au/information- about/environmental-matters/conservation- San Francisco Planning. 2014. San Francisco Urban sustainability Forest Plan. Available from: http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/files/ Department of Planning, Western Australian Planning plans-and-programs/planning-for-the-city/urban- Commission. 2009. The Urban Forest of Perth and Peel forest-plan/UrbanForestPlan-121814_Final_WEB.pdf statistical Report CSIRO 2009 Urban Monitor. Available from: https://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_ URBAN HEAT ISLANDS (UHIs). 2015. pub_pdf/urban_forest_statistical_report.pdf Available from: http://www.urbanheatislands.com/
Diener, E., E. Suh, et al. (1999). “Subjective well-being: three decades of progress.” Psychological Bulletin 125 (2): 276-302.
Green Infrastructure Evidence Base - 2 Green Infrastructure: Concepts and Definitions Available from: http://gievidencebase.botanicgardens. sa.gov.au/contents/green-infrastructure-concepts-and- definitions
Healthy Spaces & Places. 2009. Design Principals – Aesthetics. Available from: http://www.healthyplaces.org.au
National Landcare Programme 20 Million Trees Available from: http://www.nrm.gov.au/national/20- million-trees
National Urban Forest Alliance Available from: http://www.nufa.com.au
City of Fremantle 47 Urban Forest Plan City of Fremantle Urban Forest Plan