魚 類 学 雑 誌 Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 36 巻 3 号 19 8 9 年 Vol. 36, No. 3 1 9 8 9

New Distribution Records of the mayottae Smith, 1955: 415, fig. 8. , Carapus mourlani, Carapus mourlani: Schultz, 1960: 393, pl. 120E; Smith, 1964: 35; Trott, 1970: 15, pls. 6, 13, 16A; Jones and with Notes on Its Morphometry Kumaran, 1970: 192, fig. 1 f; Trott and Trott, 1972: 840; Meyer-Rochow, 1977: 582, fig. 1; Cohen and Yoshihiko Machida Nielsen, 1978: 8; Jones and Kumaran, 1980: 543, (Received November 16, 1988) fig. 463; Gordon et al., 1984: 314; Olney and Markle, 1986: 352, fig. 97.3.

Material examined. BSKU 45042, 97.6mm total

In the course of a study on , I had an length (TL), male, host-Culcita novaeguineae, opportunity to examine 18 specimens of Carapus reefs at Aka-saki, Yoron Island (27•‹95'N, 128•‹25'E), mourlani collected from the cushion , the Amami Islands, southern Japan, 3-4m in depth, Culcita novaeguineae, and from the holothurian, free-diving, June 2, 1988; IORD 84-142, 4 specimens, Bohadschia argus, on coral reefs in sourthern Japan, 61.9-83.9mm TL, sexes not determined, host-Acan- Taiwan and the Marshall and Caroline Islands. I thaster planci, coral reefs at Sakiyama Bay, Iriomote also examined four additional C. mourlani collected Island (24•‹20'N, 123•‹40'E), the Sakishima Islands, Japan, 3-4m in depth, free-diving, June 12, 1984; from the gut of a single specimen of the crown-of- NSMT-P 22930, 77.2mm TL, male, host-C. novae- thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, on coral reefs guineae, Bwokwtoonal Island, Majuro Atoll, the in Iriomote Island. Marshall Islands, Aug. 6, 1982; NSMT-P 22931,

In this paper, I report these 22 specimens and 88.3mm TL, male, host-C. novaeguineae, Ponape

compare them with other reports. Though C. Island, the Caroline Islands, dredging, 30m in depth, mourlani is found in the Indo-Pacific area (Trott, Jul. 29, 1982. Fifteen BSKU specimens from west 1981), the Japanese and the Caroline Islands coast of Liuchiu Island (22•‹20'N, 120•‹21'E), south- specimens represent new records of this pearifish. western Taiwan, depth ranging from 15 to 20m, diving: Shen and Yeh (1987) reviewed the pearlfishes of 45152-45155, 114.8-170.0mm TL, 4 males, host-C. Taiwan, but they did not mention the occur- novaeguineae, Sep. 29, 1988; 45164-45167, 105.4- rence of C. mourlani. Thus, C. mourlani is added 163.2mm TL, 3 females and 1 male, host-Bohad- schia argus, Sep. 30, 1988; 45168-45174, 96.1-177.4 here to the ichthyofauna of Taiwan. The mm TL, 4 females and 3 males, host-C. novaeguineae, habitation within the crown-of-thorns starfish Sep. 30, 1988. represents the second finding. I also found 11 Description. Counts and measurements are proportional measurements that exhibit positive given in Table 1. Body slender (Fig. 1); head allometric growth. The result of logarithm and body compressed. Maxillary free from sub- regression is discussed in some detail. orbital posteriorly, extending backward half an Methods of counting and measuring follow eye diameter beyond posterior margin of eye. those of Trott (1970). Soft X-ray was used for Eye circular to slightly elliptical, nearly equal to counting vertebrae and for observing the otolith. or slightly longer than snout length. Interorbital The specimens examined are deposited in the space weakly convex. Upper jaw with 2 sharp, following museums: BSKU-Department of Biol- conical tooth rows, becoming short posteriorly; ogy, Faculty of Science, Kochi University; IORD anteriormost one enlarged, curved inwardly. An- -Institute of Oceanic Research and Development, terior part of dentary with 5 to 6 sharp, conical, Tokai University; NS MT-National Science slightly recurved teeth and 3 tooth rows behind Museum, Tokyo. them. The teeth in the outermost row much enlarged than those in the anterior ones, others Carapus mourlani (Petit, 1934) very small and with a blunt tip. Palatine with 2 (New Japanese name: Kazari-kakureuo) rows of short, conical teeth. Prevomer with 1 to (Figs. 1, 2) 4 fangs. Three developed gill rakers on first arch. Two short pseudobranchiae. Tongue long, Fierasfer Mourlani Petit, 1934: 393, fig. the tip pointed. Otolith large, scallop-shaped Carapus pindae Smith, 1955: 412, fig. 7; Arnold, 1956: 277. (Fig. 2). Pyloric caecum absent. Carapus homei: Smith, 1955: 414 (in part); Arnold, Dorsal fin very low, its origin one postorbital 1956: 273 (in part). length of head behind posterior margin of head.

•\3 6 3 •\ 魚類学 雑誌 Japan.J. Ichthyol. 36(3), 1989

Fig. 1. Carum's mourlatti. Top: BSK U 45042. 97.6 mm total length, found in the cushion starfish , C'ulciit, novaeguineae, from Yoron Island: bottom: 10121) 84+142, 83.9mm total length . found in the crown- of-thorns starlish, Ahynaha.sier planci, from Iriomote Island.

Fig. 2. X-ray photograph of Carapus BSKU 1 45042, clearly showing a scallop-shaped otolith.

Fig. 3. Distribution of CaraptiN mourlani. •š, type locality,: •œ, other previous records: •› , present records

Vent anterior to the base of pectoral tin. Anal single row. Color in alcohol: Head and body tin origin just behind vent. Pectoral lin round, whitish, light-brown melanophores present on top well developed. and underside of head, and sides of head and body; Color in life: Head and body translucent with all.fins pale; mouth and gill cavities whitish; per- relatively large black melanophores; large silvery itoneum silvery with small, dark-brown spots; patches on body behind pectoral tin arranged in a intestine whitish.

4 •\ Machida: Records of Pearlfish

•\3 6 5 •\ 魚類学雑誌 Japan. J. Ichthyol. 36(3), 1989

ments. These are shown and compared with the present materials in Table 1. Proportional di- mensions of the present specimens agree well with their studies except for the head width in four specimens, IORD 84-142, which were collect- ed from the crown-of-thorns starfish. It should be noted that the proportional measure- ments given in Table 1 show rather wide intraspe- cific variation. Eleven proportional measurements in the present material were analysed in relation to the total length. These characters were studied by calculating the exponential function log y=b logx+a, where x is the total length in mm, y the character in question in mm, b the slope, and a the y-axis intercept. The results are shown in Table 2. Each slope of the linear regres ion is greater than 1, suggesting that all of these characters exhibit positive allometric growth. In the present speci- mens, the head length expressed in percent of the total length ranges from 13.4 to 17.6 (Table 1). This character apparently exhibits positive al-

Fig. 4. Relationship of head length (9) and head lometric growth: slope =1.152+0.027 (SE) (Table width (•›) to total length in Carapus mourlani. 2, Fig. 4). The largest value for the slope was Broken line: log y=logx. obtained in the relationship between the head width and the total length. This clearly shows Distribution. This species is widely distributed that the head width in percent of the head length in the temperate and tropical seas of the Indo- exhibits the widest variation in the proportional Pacific area from of Mozambique to the Hawai- measurements examined. This also means that ian Islands (Fig. 3). the narrowest head width in the smallest speci- Remarks. Detailed proportional measurements mens found in the crown-of-thorns starfish is and meristic counts of Carapus mourlani from related to the allometric growth of this character Guam were given by Trott (1970). For nine ad- (Fig. 4), and not to the different host species. ditional specimens from the Philippines, Trott Morphometric characters in C. mourlani exhibit- and Trott (1972) reported proportional measure- ing positive allometric growth may suggest that

Table 2. Summary of logarithmic regression analysis of 11 proportional measurements on total length (TL) in Carapus mourlani. SE: standard error; R: correlation coefficient; CL: confidence limit.

•\3 6 6 •\ Machida: Records of Pearlfish

more careful attention should be given when corn- distribution of this pearlfish is apparently related paring proportional measurements in other species to these holothurians and asteroids. The north- of the Carapus. ernmost locality of C. mourlani previously known Dentition in the present material generally agrees is Oahu Island (Schultz, 1960). Though the with the descriptions by Petit (1934), Schultz (1960), present finding from Yoron Island represents the Jones and Kumaran (1970), and Trott (1970). The northernmost record of this species at present, the scallop-shaped otolith, considered as diagnostic actual range of C. mourlani may extend to much in this species (Trott, 1970), of the present material higher latitudes because its major host, C. novae- closely resembles the figures presented by Trott guineae, is distributed up to the southwestern area (1970), Meyer-Rochow (1977), and Meyer-Rochow of Shikoku Island, and A. planci, a minor host, is and Tiang (1978). Pigmentation on the head and known from the Kii Peninsula southward in Japan body of the present material is almost similar to (Nishimura and Suzuki, 1971). the figures by Smith (1955: fig. 7, reported as C. pindae), Schultz (1960), Smith (1964), Jones and Kumaran (1970, 1980), Trott (1970), Meyer- Acknowledgments Rochow and Tiang (1978), and Olney and Markle I wish to thank Mr. Hung-Chia Yang, Kaoh- (1986). Moreover, the counts of the olfactory siung Branch, Taiwan Fisheries Research In- rosettes of the study material agree well with stitute, for his kind hospitality during my stay in Trott's description. Total vertebral counts in the Taiwan and for his help in collecting pearlfishes. present specimens, however, have a greater range Cordial thanks are extended to the members of than in Trott's report. the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, The cushion starfish, Culcita novaeguineae, is a Kagoshima University, especially Dr. Masanori preferred host of this pearlfish (Trott, 1981): there Sato and Prof. Mitsuru Hotta, for providing the are many findings of C. mourlani from this starfish study material and videotape. My thanks are (Schultz, 1960; Smith, 1964; Trott, 1970; Jones also extended to Prof. Chitaru Oguro, Toyama and Kumaran, 1970, 1980; Trott and Trott, 1972; University, for his information on the pearlfishes Meyer-Rochow, 1977, 1979; Meyer-Rochow and from the cushion starfish, to Messrs. Hiroyoshi Tiang, 1978). Furthermore, the holotype of C. Kohno and Hirokazu Kishimoto, IORD, and Dr. mourlani was found in a Culcita sp. (Petit, 1934). Keiichi Matsuura, NSMT, for the loan of spec- C. mourlani was reported to occur in 90 % of the imens, and to Dr. Tetsuji Nakabo, Department C. novaeguineae sampled by Trott (1970), and in of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto Uni- 16% of those sampled by Trott and Trott (1972). versity, for his help in obtaining literature. I ex- In this study, every cushion starfish collected on press my gratitude to Ms. Christine A. Orosco of coral reefs in Liuchiu Island, Taiwan, contained our University for improving the English text. one pearlfish, totaling to 11 C. mourlani. This pearlfish, however, is rarely found in the holo- thurians, Stichopus variegatus (Trott, 1970) and Literature cited Bohadschia argus (Trott, 1970; Meyer-Rochow, Arnold, D.C. 1956. A systematic revision of the fishes 1977, 1979). Smith (1955) reported that C. pindae of the teleost family Carapidae (Percomorphi, Blen- (=C. mourlani) was found in a large holothurian. nioidea), with descriptions of two new species. Bull. I dissected four samples of B. argus taken from Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 4: 247-307. Linchiu Island, and obtained four individuals of Cheney, D.P. 1973. Pearlfish (Carapidae) in Acanth- C. mourlani from their respiratory tree: a single B. aster planci (L.). Micronesica, 9: 159. argus contained two C. mourlani and one Enche- Cohen, D.M. and J. G. Nielsen. 1978. Guide to the liophis gracilis. Cheney (1973) reported three identification of genera of the fish order Ophidi- iformes with a tentative classification of the order. adult specimens of C. mourlani taken from partly NOAA Tech. Rep., NSMF Circ. 417, 72 pp. and completely dissected (n=450) and aquarium- Gordon, D.J., D.F. Markle and J.E. Olney. 1984. held crown-of-thorns starfish, A. planci. The : Development and relationships. present finding of C. mourlani from A. planci is Pages 308-319 in H.G. Moser, W.J. Richards, D. based on more than 500 dissected by Mr. M. Cohen, M.P. Fahay, A.W. Kendall, Jr. and S. Kohno (Kishimoto, pers. comm.). Geographical L. Richardson, eds. Ontogeny and systematics of

•\3 6 7 •\ 魚類学雑誌 Japan. J. Ichthyol. 36(3), 1989

fishes. Amer. Soc. Ichthyol. Herpetol., Spec. Publ. carapid fishes (Paracanthopterygii: Gadiformes) . 1. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 89: 1-60. Jones, S. and M. Kumaran. 1970. New records of Trott, L.B. 1981. A general review of the pearlfish fishes from the seas around India-Part. VII. J. (Pisces, Carapidae). Bull. Mar. Sci., 31(3): 623-629. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 12(1/2): 167-196. Trott, L.B. and E.E. Trott. 1972. Pearlfishes (Cara- Jones, S. and M. Kumaran. 1980. Fishes of the Lac- pidae: Gadiformes) collected from Puerto Galera, cadive Archipelago. Mathrubhumi Press, Cochin, Mindoro, Philippines. Copeia, 1972(4): 839-843. xii+761pp. Meyer-Rochow, V.B. 1977. Comparison between 15 (Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kochi Carapus mourlani in a single holothurian and 19C. University, 2-5-1 Akebono, Kochi 780, Japan) mourlani from starfish. Copeia, 1977(3): 582-584. Meyer-Rochow, V.B. 1979. Stomach and gut con- tents of Carapus mourlani from starfish and a holo- カ ザ リ カ ク レ ウ オ(新 称)の 新 産 地 と そ の 相 対 成 長

thurian. Ann. Zool. Fenn., 16(4): 287-289. 町 田 吉 彦 Meyer-Rochow, V.B. and M.-K. Tiang. 1978. Visual 与 論 島,西 表 島,台 湾 の 琉 球 島,マ ー シ ャ ル 群 島 お よ behavior, eye and retina of the parasitic fish Carapus び カ ロ リ ン 諸 島 の マ ン ジ ュ ウ ヒ ト デ,ジ ャ ノ メ ナ マ コ, mourlani. Biol. Bull., 155: 576-585. オ ニ ヒ ト デ か ら 得 ら れ た 総 計22個 体 の ソ コ カ ク レ ウ オ Nishimura, S. and K. Suzuki. 1971. Common seashore 属 の 標 本 を 検 討 し た.こ れ ら の 標 本 は,計 測 形 質,体 節 of Japan in color. Hoikusha, Osaka, xii+ 形 質,歯 の 形 状 と配 列,耳 石 の 輪 郭,頭 部 と体 部 の 色 彩 196pp., 64 pls. (In Japanese.) がCarapus mourlaniの 従 来 の 記 載 と よ く一 致 し,全 Olney, J.E. and D.F. Markle. 1986. Family No.97: て 本 種 と 同 定 さ れ た Carapidae (Pearlfishes). Pages 350-345 in M. .本 種 に そ の 色 彩 的 特 徴 に 由 来 す る 新 和 名 カ ザ リ カ ク レ ウ オ を与 え る.本 報 告 で 扱 っ た11の M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra, eds. Smiths' sea 計 測 計 質 に つ い て 全 長 と の 関 係 で 回 帰 式 を 求 め た 結 果, fishes. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, xx+1047pp., 144 全 て の 形 質 が 不 等 成 長 を す る こ と が 判 明 し,頭 幅 の 回 帰 pls. 係 数 が 最 も 高 い 値 と な っ た.総 脊 椎 骨 数 は 従 来 の 報 告 よ Petit, M.G. 1934. Un Fierasfer nouveau de Mada- り明 ら か に 変 異 幅 が 広 か っ た.本 種 は マ ダ ガ ス カ ル を 模 gascar. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Ser. 2, 6: 393- 式 産 地 と し,イ ン ド ・太 平 洋 域 に 広 く分 布 す る が,与 論 397. 島,西 表 島,琉 球 島,カ ロ リ ン諸 島 は 新 産 地 で あ る 。本 種 Schultz, L.P. 1960. Family Carapidae. Pearlfishes. の 発 見 例 は そ の ほ と ん ど が マ ン ジ ュ ウ ヒ トデ か ら で あ る Pages 390-396 in L.P. Schultz, W.M. Chapman, E. が,ジ ャ ノ メ ナ マ コ,タ マ ナ マ コ,オ ニ ヒ ト デ か ら の 若 A. Lachner and L.P. Woods. Fishes of the Marshall 干 の 報 告 が あ り,本 報 告 は オ ニ ヒ トデ に 関 す る 第2番 目 and Marianas Island. Vol.2. U.S. Natn. Mus., の 記 録 で も あ る .従 来 の 報 告 で は ハ ワ イ の オ ア フ 島 が 本 Bull. 202, ix+439pp. 種 の 最 北 端 の 産 地 で あ り,与 論 島 が 確 認 さ れ た 最 も 北 の Shen, S.-C. and H.-S. Yeh. 1987. Study on pearlfishes 産 地 と な る.し か し,本 種 の 発 見 例 が 最 も 多 い マ ン ジ ュ (Ophidiiformes: Carapidae) of Taiwan. J. Taiwan ウ ヒ トデ が 四 国 南 西 部 ま で に,ま た,極 め て 稀 な 宿 主 で Mus., 40(2): 45-56. は あ る が オ ニ ヒ トデ が 紀 伊 半 島 ま で に 分 布 す る こ と か Smith, C.L. 1964. Some pearlfishes from Guam, ら,本 種 が 与 論 島 以 北 に 分 布 し て い る可 能 性 は 十 分 に あ with notes on their ecology. Pacif. Sci., 18: 34-40. る. Smith, J.L.B. 1955. The fishes of the family Carapidae in the western Indian . Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (780高 知 市 曙 町2-5-1高 知 大 学 理 学 部 生 物 学 教 室) Ser. 12,8: 401-416. Trott, L.B. 1970. Contributions to the biology of

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