LA JOYERÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA COMO ARTE. Un Estudio Filosófico

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LA JOYERÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA COMO ARTE. Un Estudio Filosófico UAB UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA DEPARTAMENTO DE FILÓSOFÍA TESIS DOCTORAL LA JOYERÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA COMO ARTE. Un estudio filosófico DOCTORANDA Ana Maria Cabral Almeida Campos DIRECTOR DE TESIS Dr. Gerard Vilar Roca 2014 FIG. 1 – Anell d’Aigua, Ramón Puig Cuyàs, 1999. Acuarela sobre papel: 15x10 cm. LA JOYERÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA COMO ARTE. Un estudio filosófico 2 Para Madalena Cabral y Harry Holtzman 3 LA JOYERÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA COMO ARTE. Un estudio filosófico Revisión: Castellano: Laura Benítez Valero Inglés: Isabelle Machado Aires 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS Gerard Vilar ha sido un director de tesis que me ha inquietado el pensamiento, empujándome hacia un proceso de búsqueda y de investigación, de leer y releer. persiguiendo el objeto elegido. Agradezco a la Fundación Roy Lichtenstein el envío de documentación sobre sus joyas ya catalogadas. A propósito del estudio de caso sobre Onno Boekhoudt (1944-2002), debo agradecer al Museo CODA de Apeldoorn, Holanda, donde está depositado un inmenso archivo sobre su obra, entre notas, documentos escritos y piezas. Han funcionado como identificaciones- interpretaciones de las intenciones de Boekhoudt. Los contactos para investigar en este museo se los debo a Liesbeth den Besten, historiadora de joyería contemporánea. También cabe destacar una colaboración realmente importante, la de Joke Brakman, joyera y colega de Boekhoudt en la academia Gerrit Rietveld. Boekhoudt escribía en holandés, alemán e inglés. A veces en las mismas notas constaba en las tres lenguas. Mi colega Dirk Loyens, a veces dejando de lado la escritura de su tesis, ha hecho traducciones del holandés y alemán al portugués. Manuel Vilhena también colaboró, enviando textos sobre Boekhoudt. Joke Brakman se ha convertido en una gran amiga. Siempre disponible, ha colaborado en otros aspectos más, enviando catálogos, imágenes, documentos originales y fidedignos sobre la década de los ochenta. Sin su ayuda, no podría haber accedido tan fácilmente a esos dados. Ésta es una época sobresaliente en la joyería contemporánea, un momento de cuestionamiento y de internacionalización. Se empieza a configurar una red que comparte la misma percepción de la joyería. A esta documentación se han añadido otras aportaciones, amablemente enviadas por Ramón Puig Cuyàs, referentes a la participación de joyeros catalanes en esa internacionalización. A Otto Künzli, Ramón Puig, Christoph Zellweger y Ted Noten agradezco la disponibilidad para las entrevistas que me han concedido. Ellos me han permitido acceder e ir identificando tanto sus interpretaciones como sus intenciones artísticas. Agradezco también el apoyo de Inês Laranjeira, de mis hijos, nietos y de muchos amigos que han sabido comprender mi larga ausencia del mundo de la vida. 5 LA JOYERÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA COMO ARTE. Un estudio filosófico 6 ÍNDICE RESUMEN Y PALABRAS CLAVE 9 ABSTRACT AND KEY WORDS 10 INTRODUCCIÓN: TESIS, OBJECTO Y CONTEXTO TEÓRICO 11 I. PROCESO DE ABERTURA DE LA JOYERÍA A LO LARGO DEL SIGLO XX 31 PRESENTACIÓN 33 1. EL ARTE Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL MUNDO 41 1. Arthur C. Danto: distinguir arte de otras cosas 43 2. Jacques Rancière: el reparto de lo sensible 53 2. MÁS ALLÁ DEL TERROIR DEL ARTE: DOS VÍAS, ARTESANÍA Y DISEÑO 61 1. ¿La artesanía en un limbo? 63 2. La lógica del diseño 84 3. JOYERÍA, UNA TIPOLOGÍA 119 1. Poder, estatuto y papeles sociales 122 2. Accesorios de moda y bisutería 125 3. Diseño de joyería 126 3.1. Naum Slutzky: los talleres de metales de la Bauhaus de Weimar 128 3.2. La fabrica de joyas Bengel 130 3.3. ¿Chi ha Paura? 132 3.4. Liliana Guerreiro: diseño social 134 4. Joyería en la frontera arte y artesanía 136 4.1. René Lalique 138 4.2. Josef Hoffmann 139 4.3. Janna Syvänoja 141 5. Joyas de Artista 143 5.1. Alexander Calder 146 5.2. Roy Lichtenstein 148 5.3. Meret Oppenheim 150 6. Joyería contemporánea 153 6.1 Nuevas morfologías 154 6.2 Apertura a lenguajes simbólicos 162 6.3 La joyería que se está dando a la luz 176 6.4 Wearability: portabilidad versus adorno 177 4. JOYERÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA: un giro hacia el arte 185 4.1. Hacia un concepto de arte 186 4.2. Transfiguraciones de un lugar común 190 7 LA JOYERÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA COMO ARTE. Un estudio filosófico II. JOYERÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA: UN MESTIZAJE ESTÉTICO 197 PRESENTACIÓN 199 1. EXPERIENCIA ESTÉTICA 207 1. Comprensión, interpretación y identificación, en Danto 209 2. Razones del arte, en Vilar 218 3. Experiencia participativa, en Rancière 231 2. INTERSECCIONES Y CONQUISTA DE AUTONOMÍA 241 1. Intercesiones sociales 242 2. Intercesión: concepto y variantes en el arte contemporáneo 251 3. Joyería contemporánea: proceso de construcción de una lógica mestiza 262 3.1. Poiética mestiza: intenciones artísticas, procesos artesanales 264 3.2. Reconfiguración de la comunicación simbólica: un mestizaje 268 estético 3.3. Razones funcionales: procesos y protocolos de legitimación 283 3.4. La joyería contemporánea como experiencia estética 288 3. JOYERÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA: UN ARTE REFLEXIVO 296 1. Des-órdenes de un mundo mestizo 298 2. Joyería contemporánea: significados encarnados, producción de sentido 299 III. ANEXOS – JOYERÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA: PARA UNA CRÍTICA HORIZONTAL 305 PRESENTACIÓN 307 1. Onno Boekhoudt: en proceso 313 2. Otto Künzli: crítica y humor 351 3. Ramón Puig Cuyàs: un viaje hermenéutico 377 4. Christoph Zellweger: el homo protheticus 407 5. Ted Noten: humor como estrategia relacional 441 IV. ANEXOS – ENTREVISTAS 469 1. Otto Künzli 471 2. Ramón Puig Cuyàs 489 3. Christoph Zellweger 505 4. Ted Noten 517 CONCLUSIÓN 527 ÍNDICE DE IMÁGENES 533 BIBLIOGRAFIA 541 8 RESUMEN El proceso de apertura nacido con la ilustración abre amplios caminos para la libertad y la democracia. En la estela de Descartes, Kant introduce un sujeto que piensa por sí mismo y juzga según su gusto. Empero, el gusto como forma de razón y la libertad de elección van a crear caminos imprevistos que, en este caso, nada tienen que ver con arte o estética y sí con tipos de joyería. Kant no tenía aprecio alguno por los engalanamientos. Sin embargo, si lo asociamos al desarrollo de las artes mecánicas modernas, veremos cómo se ha hecho posible reconfigurar gradualmente la joyería. Ya en tiempos de Kant, y progresivamente a lo largo de los siglos XIX y XX, la joyería se democratiza, entrelazada entre modas y otros campos con significados culturales. Desde el inicio del siglo XX, muchos artistas crean joyas, desconfigurando algunos territorios tradicionales del arte. A mediados del siglo XX, inscribiéndose en situaciones históricamente posibilitadas, surge un tipo diferente de joyería que se autonomiza de esos dos otros campos. Este nuevo tipo de joyería corresponde a la joyería contemporánea, a sujetos auto-conscientes, que crean una matriz de escritura simbólica y lenguajes críticos que siguen otros caminos. Favorecida por modelos educativos que han evolucionado, nos propone considerar filosóficamente un giro que ha elaborado dirigido hacia el arte. Este último tipo de joyería da continuidad a una nueva joyería, una vanguardia nacida en los años sesenta, momento en que el discurso de apertura del arte también se extiende a muchos ámbitos de la vida social y cultural. Un núcleo de joyeros piensa la joya como posible portadora de significados simbólicos, libres de cualquier regla o orden, tal y como lo hace el arte. Reconfiguran y sobre-dimensionan las formas. No trabajan para adornar el cuerpo, o sea para engalanar o estetizar, sino que refieren simbólicamente el cuerpo o argumentan al propósito del cuerpo, tal y como sobre otros temas de la vida y del mundo, según cada tema despierta la sensibilidad de los joyeros. Nos proponen experiencias estéticas de naturaleza reflexiva. La joyería contemporánea es un arte reflexivo, ésta es la propuesta de mi tesis. Interpreto la lógica de la joyería contemporánea como un discurso estético que genera un mestizaje entre arte y artesanía. Sobresalen intenciones de comunicar a través de discursos creativos que reconcilian razonar y hacer, como un juego desinteresado de formas de poder. A través de actitudes emancipadas, entre políticas en tensión, entre consensos y disensos, se configuran modos de reparto de lo sensible en una plataforma perceptiva, constituida como una arena discursiva y de aprendizaje. Esta arena es un mundo de razones. En ésta también se verifica esa condición mestiza y anti-totalitaria. Estos joyeros quieren, y simultáneamente no quieren, ser incluidos en procesos comunes al terroir tradicional del arte. La joyería contemporánea no imita a otras artes. Posee intenciones propias y persigue perspectivas actuales. Se distingue de otras formas de arte en la creación de metáforas tangibles y, a veces, portátiles. Esta tesis doctoral se propone como una filosofía de la joyería contemporánea. La analizo como mundo de razones posibilitadas históricamente. Se constituye como un régimen específico de identificación que articula modos de pensar y hacer, que se distingue de otras formas de arte y de otras cosas. Permite sobresalir modos de comunicar simbólicamente que apuntan a experiencias a través de razonamientos tangibles. Un análisis hermenéutico, apunta para una crítica horizontal de la joyería contemporánea. PALABRAS CLAVE: educación en proceso, democracia, autonomía, arte, artesanía, mestizaje, heterogeneidad, mundo de razones, intenciones, interpretación, creación y comunicación simbólicas, des-orden, plataforma perceptiva, interpretación, experiencia estética. 9 LA JOYERÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA COMO ARTE. Un estudio filosófico ABSTRACT The opening process that started with the Enlightenment opened many roads for freedom and democracy to develop. In the stele of Descartes, Kant introduced the idea of an individual able to think with his own mind and to judge by his own taste. Taste as a form of reasoning and freedom of choice will, however, open other unforeseen paths that do not have anything to do with art or aesthetics but rather with types of jewellery like I will focus. Kant didn’t appreciate ornaments of any sort. Yet I must add the development add the modern mechanical arts to his landscape.
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