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Women's Recollection of Farming and Managing for Drought in Australia During 2006-2010

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Women's Recollection of Farming and Managing for Drought in Australia During 2006-2010 Women’s recollection of farming and managing for drought in Australia during 2006-2010: What role for local government? By Janet Maureen Congues A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University Submitted 29 September 2015 This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any other university, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis. Signed ……….……………………………… Janet Maureen Congues Date: ……………………………………….. 2 Acknowledgements My thanks and gratitude to: My supervisory panel: Dr Helen Keane (Chair), Professor Daniela Stehlik (Supervisor), Professor Anthony Hogan and Professor Darren Halpin. Each of you has contributed significantly to this extraordinary journey and I am most grateful for your contributions. My special thanks to Professor Daniela Stehlik for working closely with me through the field work and writing stages; your generosity in sharing your knowledge and experience has been immensely inspiring. I also want to thank Dr Helen Keane for all you have done for me throughout the entire journey. The women interviewed for this study. I thank you for honouring me with your amazing stories of heartache, courage and inspiration envisioning a hope-filled future knowing there will be more drought and natural disaster events in our lives. Each one of you will always hold a special place in my heart. My academic mentor, Dr Mary Jo Fortuna who has always believed in my ability to study and been my inspiration to achieve success at this level of academia. My fellow PhD students, who, without your collegial support and cups of coffee when I came to Canberra, I would have felt extremely isolated. Thank you also to the staff at the School of Sociology who helped me in these last three months; your reassurance during the tough times has kept me going. My family and friends, for all those conversations when you have let me rave on about my thesis and encouragement to ‘get back to work’; your belief and support in what I was doing helped to see this journey through to the end. The staff of the coffee shops where I drank coffee, worked and chatted. Thank you for the space and opportunity to work while getting away from my desk. My two wonderful sons, David and Daniel Mollison: thank you for sharing and supporting me in my journey to achieve my dreams. I especially want to say how proud I am you both for the way you have looked after yourselves while I have been away in Canberra writing. This has been a precious gift. 3 Abstract Women who farmed and local government may have played key roles in managing for drought in Australia during 2006-2010 but their knowledge and experiences were not always documented or evaluated. Research has demonstrated how agrarian and neoliberal ideologies and Australia’s negation of women who farmed from the national census resulted in knowledge and experiences of women who farmed being marginalised and discounted by agricultural leadership organisations and decision making processes. Smith’s (1990a) feminist standpoint theory was used to establish the everyday lives of women who farmed and locate their experience as significant to enhancing agricultural knowledge. Prioritising their recollection of the drought enabled the women to recognise the importance of their ideas, experiences and expertise. Other theoretical tools such as Bourdieu’s (Swartz 1997; Raedeke, Green, Hodge & Valdivia 2003) notions of ‘habitus’, ‘capital’ and ‘field’ along with Heller’s (2005) theoretical perspective about ideology were used to enhance the theoretical framework. Qualitative methods of in-depth interviews and text analysis of documents were used to gather and analyse the data. The study was located in the latter four years (2006-2010) of Australia’s Millennium Drought and focused on the Goulburn Valley, a mixed farming region of Australia’s south- eastern state of Victoria. A thematic analysis of eleven in-depth interviews from women who farmed in the Goulburn Valley during that time formed the foundation from which findings were analysed and discussed. This was followed by an interpretive text analysis of the role local government played during that drought using, with permission, the Greater Shepparton City Council’s Drought Program reports written at that time. Evidence suggested initially agrarian and neoliberal ideologies provided some support for women and men who farmed during Australia’s Millennium Drought. As the drought continued, norms around notions of preparedness and resilience appeared to fragment and issues arose regarding the impact of hardship, providing appropriate services and preparing for the longer term impact of recurring droughts and climate change. The thesis found that women did have experience and expertise that could enhance the knowledge of people who farm to better prepare and manage for future droughts in Australia and they identified how local government could be better utilised to support rural communities more effectively. 4 Table of Contents Figures ............................................................................................................... 8 Tables ................................................................................................................ 8 Acronyms .......................................................................................................... 9 Remembering .................................................................................................. 10 Chapter One. Women, farming and managing for drought ...................... 12 1.1 Intersectionality and the term ‘women who farm’ ................................. 15 1.2 Historical Perspectives......................................................................... 18 1.3 On the farm .......................................................................................... 23 1.4 What place for local government? ....................................................... 26 1.5 Drought comes to the Goulburn Valley ................................................ 27 Chapter Two. Ideology and invisibility: A framework analysis ................ 32 2.1 Feminist standpoint theory ................................................................... 32 2.1.1 The embodiment of time and place ............................................... 33 2.1.2 Everyday lives ............................................................................... 35 2.1.3 The situated as particular .............................................................. 36 2.2 Understanding the field ........................................................................ 39 2.2.1 The family farming enterprise ........................................................ 41 2.2.2 The field of women who farm ........................................................ 43 2.2.3 The everyday and the field ............................................................ 45 2.3 Ideologies at play ................................................................................. 47 2.4 Women and the Goulburn Valley ......................................................... 60 5 Chapter Three. The Goulburn Valley ............................................................. 63 3.1 Knowledge, landscape and water ........................................................ 64 3.2 The complexity of defining drought ...................................................... 71 3.3 Drought policy: risk, hazard, disaster ................................................... 73 3.4 The drought and Exceptional Circumstance declarations .................... 78 3.5 Political implications ............................................................................. 82 Chapter Four. Creating a space for an absent subject: methodology and methods 92 4.1 Feminist standpoint methodology ........................................................ 93 4.2 The Methods ........................................................................................ 98 4.2.1 Ethics .......................................................................................... 100 4.2.2 The researcher – insider/outsider ................................................ 104 4.2.3 The interviews ............................................................................. 106 4.2.4 Document Analysis ...................................................................... 114 Chapter Five. Women who farm: their recollections ............................... 119 5.1 Their ‘everyday’ ................................................................................. 119 5.1.1 Becoming ‘stewards of the land’ .................................................. 120 5.1.2 Balancing ideologies ................................................................... 126 5.2 Being resourceful, networked decision makers .................................. 136 5.3 Planning for a ‘drier’ future ................................................................. 156 6 Chapter Six. More than information exchange: Local government responses 169 6.1 Greater Shepparton City Council’s Drought Program ........................ 170 6.1.1 Information Exchange (Drought) Meetings .................................. 174 6.1.2 Rural Community Brochure ......................................................... 188 6.1.3 Strong Women Strong Families..................................................
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