Star Testing Astronomical Telescopes : a Manual for Optical Evaluation and Adjustment / Harold Richard Suiter
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Star Testing Astronomical Telescopes A Manual for Optical Evaluation and Adjustment Star Testing Astronomical Telescopes A Manual for Optical Evaluation and Adjustment Harold Richard Suiter Published by: Willmann-Bell, Inc. P. 0. Box 35025 Richmond, Virginia 23235 United States of America Published by Willmann Bell, Inc. P.O. Box 35025, Richmond, Virginia 23235 Copyright ©1994-2001 by Harold Richard Suiter First English Edition Fifth Printing May 2001 All rights reserved. Except for brief passages quoted in a review, no part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, nor may it be stored in any information retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without the written permission of the publisher. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to Permissions Department, Willmann-Bell, Inc., P.O. Box 35025, Richmond, VA 23235. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Suiter, Harold Richard. Star testing astronomical telescopes : a manual for optical evaluation and adjustment / Harold Richard Suiter. - 1st English ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 943396-44-1 1. Telescopes - Testing - Amateurs' manuals. I. Title. QB88.S85 1994 522'.2'0287 - dc20 94-30450 CIP Foreword In writing this book, Dick Suiter has created an important resource for amateur astronomy. This is a book that will help every telescope maker, every telescope owner, and every serious observer learn what a fine telescope is truly capable of, and how to obtain from their own telescopes the best possible images. If you are an amateur astronomer, whether a raw novice or expert, this book is important because it tells you how to get the most from your telescope. What makes the star test so remarkable is that it's both very easy and very sensitive. The star test is so simple that you're probably already using it—even if you aren't fully aware of doing so. Every time you observe, indeed, every time you look through your telescope you see how starlight comes together to form a star image. This book teaches you how to interpret what you see in an objective and meaningful way. To perform the star test, you simply observe a star with a moderately high- power eyepiece, giving careful consideration to the image on both sides of focus. The patterns you see in the focused and out-of-focus star images tell you whether your telescope is aligned for maximum performance, whether the atmosphere is steady, and when the telescope has cooled and is ready to do its best. The star test takes only a moment, and because it is so helpful, star testing becomes a normal part of your observing routine. I first corresponded with Dick Suiter over a dozen years ago, when I con- tacted him for a short star-testing article that was eventually published in Astronomy. Since then he has continually impressed me with his ability to meld abstruse theory with practical telescope making. The book you now hold is no exception: Dick has combined sophisticated computer modeling with down-to- earth advice that you can use to learn more about your telescope. The hundreds of illustrations he has created allow you to recognize the entire range of factors that can influence telescope performance. That makes this book heavy-duty stuff in a form that anyone can understand. To give you an idea of how star testing can help you, let me describe how I have used star testing to get top-notch performance from my first big iii iv telescope, a 20-inch f/5 with a Dobsonian mounting. At the time I built it, Dobsonians were fairly new, and the total information then published about making these large, alt-az instruments would have barely filled a pamphlet. I made everything bigger, thicker, and stronger than necessary. Although my newly completed telescope's light grasp was marvelous, of course, its star images were often mushy until the too-heavy structure cooled. The first year I used the telescope, I star tested regularly and, from the air currents I saw in the extrafocal images, deduced that both the mirror and tube were cooling too slowly, and that the mirror cooled more slowly than the tube. I installed a fan behind the mirror to pull air down through the tube and over the mirror. It worked wonderfully! With the air currents greatly reduced, star testing now revealed a bit of spherical aberration, although hardly enough to interfere with most deep-sky observing. I debated for some time whether this problem deserved attention and ultimately had the primary refigured. The result was extremely satisfying. With the cooling fan and a nearly perfect mirror, my big Dob now gave excellent lunar and planetary images. It outperformed precision apochromats in giving crisp, brilliant views of Saturn and Jupiter (although—to be fair—the apos were smaller). During the 1988 opposition of Mars, not only did I see Deimos and Phobos for the first time, but also enjoyed the best views I'd ever had of the planet itself. Careful star testing now revealed that at times the optics appeared slightly pinched. I traced the problem to the mirror cell, and found that if I shook the telescope, the mirror would settle in its cell and outstanding images would be restored. You too will benefit when you become sensitive to your telescope's optical performance. If you find that your telescope has a few problems—and what telescope does not?—it is best to deal openly with them. Would-be astronomers who refuse to acknowledge such problems tend to stop using their telescopes, and eventually lose their interest in astronomy. Once you recognize that a problem exists, you can possibly use the star test to correct it. Often, it's nothing that careful collimation will not solve. If your telescope has properly adjusted and excellent optics, the star test will confirm that fact and you can turn your attention to other observing issues. It is not often that a single book has the potential to open the eyes of a whole generation of amateur astronomers. I believe Suiter's Star Testing Astronomical Telescopes is such a book. It will enhance the observing pleasure of every amateur astronomer who reads and takes this book to heart. Richard Berry Lyons, Oregon Table of Contents Foreword iii An Introduction to the Author xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Telescope Evaluation...................................................................... 1 1.2 Testing the Surfaces........................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Sources of Errors................................................................ 4 1.2.2 Measures of Optical Quality .............................................. 6 1.3 The Star Test—A Brief Overview .................................................. 9 1.3.1 Diffraction Rings ............................................................... 10 1.4 The Reason for Star Testing............................................................ 14 2 An Abbreviated Star-Test Manual 17 2.1 Some Necessary Preliminaries........................................................ 17 2.2 Optical Problems in Turn................................................................ 18 2.2.1 Secondary Mirror Obstruction ....................................... 20 2.2.2 Misalignment ..................................................................... 22 2.2.3 Atmospheric Motion and Turbulence ................................ 23 2.2.4 Tube Currents..................................................................... 24 2.2.5 Pinched or Deformed Optics .......................................... 25 2.2.6 Spherical Aberration .......................................................... 26 2.2.7 Rough Surfaces .................................................................. 28 2.2.8 Zonal Aberrations .............................................................. 31 2.2.9 Turned Edges ..................................................................... 31 2.2.10 Astigmatism ................................................................... 32 2.3 Concluding Remarks....................................................................... 33 v vi 3 Telescopes Are Filters 35 3.1 Perceptions of Reality..................................................................... 37 3.2 A Comparison to Audio.................................................................. 38 3.2.1 Aperture Diameter/Size of Speakers.................................. 39 3.2.2 Colored Filters/Equalizer Filters........................................ 41 3.2.3 Image Processing/Signal Processing.................................. 41 3.2.4 Scattered Light/Audio Noise ............................................. 43 3.2.5 Spatial Frequency/Audio Frequency Responses ............. 45 3.3 The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)..................................... 46 3.4 The MTF in Use ............................................................................. 49 3.4.1 MTF Associated with Defocusing ..................................... 51 3.4.2 Stacking of MTFs .......................................................... 52 4 Diffraction 55 4.1 The Coordinates of Light ............................................................. 57 4.2 The Consequence of Filtering......................................................... 61 4.3 Waves Are Reborn.......................................................................... 63 4.3.1 Diffraction and Focusing................................................... 65 4.3.2 Fresnel Zones....................................................................