2007 Minerals Yearbook

ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN

U.S. Department of the Interior May 2010 U.S. Geological Survey [Revised November 2011] Th e Mi n e r a l In d u s t r i e s o f t h e Is l a n d s o f t h e Ca r i b b e a n

Ar u b a , Th e Ba h a m a s , Ba r b a d o s , Do m i n i c a n Re p u b l i c , Ja m a i c a , Tr i n i d a d a n d To b a g o , a n d Ot h e r Is l a n d s By Susan Wacaster

ARUBA was based on tourism (including tourism-based construction and manufacturing); however, the country did mine aragonite, Aruba is a 194-square-kilometer Caribbean island located limestone, and salt in reportable quantities (table 1). The 25 kilometers (km) off the north coast of Venezuela. The island percentage of gross value added to the economy from the is composed of basaltic lavas intruded by quartz diorite and mining sector was just 0.4% in 2007 (Central Bank of the gabbroic plutons, as well as metamorphic schists, carbonate reef Bahamas, The, 2008). rocks, and gold-bearing quartz veins, which were mined until gold supplies diminished in the late 1800s. Reference Cited

Minerals in the National Economy Central Bank of the Bahamas, The, 2008, National accounts 2007: The Central Bank of the Bahamas, August 11. (Accessed January 31, 2009, at http://www.centralbankbahamas.com/statistics_dos.php?cmd=view&id=16046.) The Aruban economy grew by 2.1% in 2007 compared with 0.6% in 2006. Tourism accounted for more than 50% of Aruba’s BARBADOS real gross domestic product (GDP). The country’s economy did not rely upon mining in 2007; however, Valero Energy Corp.’s The island of Barbados is located in the eastern Caribbean Sea Aruba Refinery accounted for 13.2% of the real GDP and to the north of Trinidad and Tobago. In 2007, the country was 12.4% of the island’s employment. The refinery produced heavy a crude petroleum and natural gas producer. Crude petroleum crude oil derivatives that were marketed to the countries of the production decreased by 11.8% compared with that of 2006, to Caribbean, Europe, and South America and to the United States 303,000 barrels (bbl), after a reduction of 1.5% between 2005 and had an annual refining capacity of greater than 001 million and 2006. Other mineral commodities produced in the country barrels (Mbbl). In 2007, the volume of refinery production included clay, hydraulic cement, limestone, natural gas, sand, increased by 6.6%. There was at least one quarry on the island and shale (table 1; Central Bank of Barbados, 2008). and, considering the availability of limestone and hard plutonic rocks, quarry production was probably important to the local Reference Cited economy (Pride, 2006; Aruba Department of Economic Affairs, 2007, p. 61; Valero Energy Corp., 2007; Centrale Bank Van Central Bank of Barbados, 2008, 2007 annual report: Bridgetown, Barbados, Aruba, 2008; Archeological Museum of Aruba, undated). Central Bank of Barbados, March 31, 85 p. (Accessed January 31, 2009, at http://www.centralbank.org.bb/WEBCBB.nsf/vwPublications/ References Cited 6E46D180F568F6D804257515006997E8/$FILE/Annual_Report_2007.pdf.)

Archeological Museum of Aruba, [undated]: Geological origins of Aruba: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Oranjestad, Aruba, Archeological Museum of Aruba, 3 p. (Accessed February 9, 2009, at http://brochures.aruba.com/georigin/georigin.pdf.) The Caribbean island of Espanola is occupied by the Aruba Department of Economic Affairs, 2007, Economic outlook Aruba 2008: Oranjestad, Aruba, Department of Economic Affairs, 80 p. Dominican Republic on the east and Haiti on the west. Mineral Centrale Bank Van Aruba, 2008, Annual report and financial statements for the deposits of primary economic interest in the Dominican year 2007: Oranjestad, Aruba, Centrale Bank Van Aruba, 67 p. Republic were associated with massive sulfide ores and Pride, Douglas., 2006, Aruba: Geology and the forensic spotlight [abs]: hydrothermal replacement in laterites. In 2007, the island nation Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 38, no. 4, p. 55. Valero Energy Corp., 2007, Visit our refineries—Aruba Refinery: San was the ninth ranked producer of nickel in the world. Canada’s Antonio, Texas, Valero Energy Corp. (Accessed February 9, 2009, at Barrick International announced that it planned to develop the http://www.valero.com/AboutUs/Refineries/Aruba.htm.) Pueblo Viejo gold project, which was reported to be one of the largest gold deposits in the Western Hemisphere. Barrick’s THE BAHAMAS pre-production capital was expected to be about $1.6 billion. The company’s proven and probable reserves at Pueblo Viejo The Bahaman archipelago is composed of hundreds of increased to about 350,000 kilograms (kg). Artisanal and carbonate islands located in the Atlantic Ocean southeast of small-scale mining continued to be important to local economies. Florida and northeast of Cuba. The economy of the Bahamas The General Directorate of Mining (DGM) planned to modernize

Islands of the Caribbean—2007 13.1 those sectors for the benefit of mining cooperatives, which Mineral Trade were composed of some 15,000 individuals. The country was known for its distinctive blue pectolite, commonly known as Total exports were valued at $7.2 billion in 2007 compared larimar, and amber, both of which were produced on a small with $6.6 billion in 2006, which was an increase of nearly 9%. scale. Approximately one-half of the national territory was The major mineral exports included about 80,400 metric tons (t) geologically mapped at a 1:50,000 scale. The geological service of ferronickel valued at more than $1.1 billion and about expected to complete the mapping within 4 years, and, by 2010, 3.3 Mbbl of fuel products valued at $394 million. The combined to have an Internet-based geographic information system (GIS) value of these commodities accounted for about 21% of the interface for the entire territory. In 2007, 48 new applications for total value for exports. Haiti was the primary recipient of most mining concessions were submitted to the DGM for base and industrial products, followed by Puerto Rico; however, the precious metallic minerals, including copper, gold, lead, silver, Netherlands was the leading recipient of ferronickel (23,922 t), and zinc, as well as rocks and nonmetallic minerals, including followed by the United States (20,072 t). The United States was bauxite, clays, conglomerates, evaporites, gypsum, larimar, the leading recipient of Dominican bauxite (109,703 t); marble limestone, marble, silica sand, and volcanic rock (Dirección (rocks, tiles, and otherwise processed) (500 t); limestone slabs General de la Minería, Sub-Dirección de Fiscalizacion y (7,880 t); and some quantity of scrap zinc and scrap aluminum. Fomento Minero, 2007; Barrick Gold Corp., 2008, p. 2). Taiwan imported 365 t of Dominican scrap copper, China received 283 t, and the United States received 267 t (Banco Minerals in the National Economy Central de la Republica Dominicana, 2008a). The country imported 13.5 Mbbl of crude oil valued at The Dominican Republic’s national economy grew by 8% $920 million. Other raw material imports included iron and in 2007. The contribution of mining to the GDP in 2007 was steel ($493.5 million) and coal ($61.5 million). Mineral fuel about $281 million compared with $180 million in 2006, imports, which were valued at $2.3 billion, included 7.5 Mbbl of which was a nearly 56% increase. The production of coke and diesel oil ($647 million); a quantity of liquefied petroleum gas refined petroleum products increased to $115 million from ($478.7 million); 5 Mbbl of gasoline, ($423 million); 6.4 Mbbl $129 million, or by about 10.9% compared with production of fuel oil ($353.5 million); natural gas ($162.5 million); and in 2006. The combined value of those industries amounted to 11,585 bbl of aviation fuel, and other fuel products (about a net increase of 28% compared with that of 2006, which was $2.6 million) (International Herald Tribune, 2007; Banco not quite 1% of the total GDP for the year (Banco Central de la Central de la Republica Dominicana, 2008a). Republica Dominicana, 2008b). Commodity Review Government Policies and Programs Metals In 2007, the Dominican Republic entered into the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). The CAFTA would Gold.—Barrick Gold Corp. submitted a feasibility study allow for duty-free exports of consumer and industrial goods for its Pueblo Viejo project and supplied notice to proceed from the Unites States to Central American countries, including in the first quarter of 2008. The company increased its gold Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, reserve estimates by about 40,000 kg (1.4 million troy ounces) as well as the Dominican Republic. The geological survey of for proven reserves of more than 21,000 kg (757,000 troy the Dominican Republic was organizing around heightened ounces) and probable reserves of about 326,000 kg (11,501,000 interest in the country’s mineral resources. Their objectives contained troy ounces). The project was expected to produce were effective monitoring and control of mining throughout the 17,000 kilograms per year (kg/yr) (600,000 troy ounces per territory. Under consideration were policies that leaned toward year) for the first full 5 years. Measured, indicated, and inferred a sustainable mining sector as a major source of socioeconomic resources were about 5,000 kg, 53,000 kg, and 50,000 kg, development in the country. The Central Government aimed respectively (reported as 191,000 troy ounces, 1,885,000 troy to support small-scale mining cooperatives while promoting ounces, and 1,776,000 troy ounces, respectively). Obstacles exploration by foreign investors (Public Broadcasting Service, to development included an insufficient supply of electricity 2005; Dirección General de Minería, Sub-Dirección de and environmental contamination. The company requested Fiscalizacion y Fomento Minero, 2007). that the Government contribute to a cleanup project, the cost of which the company estimated would be $100 million. A Production state-run mining company that deserted the property had left acid mine waste that contaminated surrounding ground water. Data on mineral production are in table 1. The Government disputed the cleanup price, but both the company and the Government expected the project to proceed Structure of the Mineral Industry (Lockwood, 2007; Louis, 2007; Barrick Gold Corp., 2008). Nickel.—The most important laterite deposits in the country Table 2 is a list of major mineral industry facilities. were found in ultramafic rocks in Bonao and La Vega. The Falcondo Nickel Mine had its own crude oil refinery and a thermal powerplant that provided excess power to the state

13.2 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2007 grid. Each year, turbines at the powerplant were shut down for International Herald Tribune, 2007, Dominican Republic enters long-delayed maintenance; however, in 2007, ferronickel demand was high, trade deal with United States: International Herald Tribune [New York, New York], March 1. (Accessed January 31, 2009, at http://www.iht.com/ and Tropical Storm Noel interrupted operations for 1 week. articles/ap/2007/03/02/business/CB-FIN-Dominican-US-Free-Trade.php.) Rather than undergo a production rollback, the company rented Jamaica Gleaner, The, 2007, Dominican Republic goes after Shell’s a temporary prime power system that provided 64 megawatts share of refinery - to stabilize fuel prices: Kingston, Jamaica, The of electricity. The operation maintained full capacity in 2007 Gleaner Company Ltd., November 19. (Accessed January 31, 2009, at http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20071119/business/business2.html.) and produced 29,100 t of nickel, which was a 2% decrease from Lockwood, Beata, 2007, Dominican Republic gold mine needs power supply: the previous year when the facility operated above capacity Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, Caribbean Net News, July 24. (Accessed (Cummings Power Generation, 2008; Xstrata plc, 2008). January 31, 2008, at http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/archivelist. php?news_id=2696&pageaction=showdetail&news_id=2696&arcyear=2007 &arcmonth=7&arcday=24=&ty=.) Industrial Minerals Louis, Jane, 2007, Barrick wants Dominican Republic to help with cleaning costs: Chicago, Illinois, Resource Investor, August 27. (Accessed January 31, 2009, at Cement.—In 2007, cement production in the Dominican http://www.resourceinvestor.com/pebble.asp?relid=35172.) Republic increased significantly to 4.1 million metric tons (Mt). Mining Journal, 2009, Dominican Republic packs a punch: Mining Journal, January 23, p. 4. The leading producer was CEMEX S.A.B. de C.V. of Mexico, Public Broadcasting Service, 2005, Debating the Central American Free through its subsidiary CEMEX Dominicana S.A. (Mining Trade Act, in Amias, Jennie, Breslauer, Brenda, Eng, Na, and Murthy, Journal, 2009). Karla, producers, 2005, NOW [weekly television broadcast]: Washington, DC, JumpStart Productions, March 4. (Accessed March 16, 2009, at http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/caftadebate.html.) Mineral Fuels Xstrata plc, 2008, 2007 Annual report: Zug, Switzerland, Xstrata plc, 140 p.

The Refeinería Dominicana de Petróleo S.A (Refidomsa) JAMAICA produced about 30,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) of fuel, which was one-fifth of the country’s 150,000 bbl/d total fuel The island of Jamaica is located south of Cuba and west consumption. In 2007, the country sought to acquire full control of Haiti in the Caribbean Sea, and within the Caribbean of the refinery that it jointly owned with Royal Dutch Shell plc lithospheric plate at its northern boundary with the North of the Netherlands. Under PetroCaribe, a Venezuelan program American Plate. Jamaica was structurally divided into three to provide Caribbean nations with low-interest financing to blocks with associated rift basins. About 70% of the island purchase crude oil, the Dominican Republic could increase its is covered by limestone. In areas where the limestone unit is import quotas; however, the Dominican Republic reported that discontinuous, older rocks were exposed, including marine the joint-ownership arrangement prevented expansion of the shales and igneous (volcanic and plutonic) basement rocks. refinery. The country sought to maximize its refinery output and High-grade bauxite reserves developed in volcanic soils formed stabilize fuel prices (Jamaica Gleaner, The, 2007). in karst terrain where water drainage leached silicon from soil, leaving concentrated aluminum in the form of bauxite. In 2007, Outlook Jamaica was tied with Guinea as the world’s fourth ranked producer of bauxite behind Australia, Brazil, and China, with a Metals mining is expected to become increasingly important 7% share of the world total (Comer, 1974; Mines and Geology in the national economy of the Dominican Republic. Although Division [Jamaica], 2006). the industry has been competitive in terms of nickel production, significant exploration for gold and copper could result in those Production commodities surpassing nickel in terms of value to the national economy. In terms of economic value, the two most important nonfuel mineral commodities produced in Jamaica were alumina and References Cited bauxite. Other commodities included cement (hydraulic), clay (bentonite), gypsum, lime, limestone, marble, marl and fill, Banco Central de la República Dominicana, 2008a, Estadisticas Económicas— Sector Externo: Banco Central de la República Dominicana. (Accessed pozzolan, sand, gravel, and shale. The country was a net fuel January 31, 2009, at http://www.bancentral.gov.do/estadisticas.asp?a=Sector_ importer in 2007, but it had one refinery, the Petrojam Ltd. Externo.) Kingston Refinery, which produced asphalt, diesel oil, heavy Banco Central de la República Dominicana, 2008b, Estadisticas Económicas— fuel oil, jet fuel, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, and motor Sector Real—Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) por sectores de origen, a precios corrientes y año de referencia 1991, anual: Banco Central de la República gasoline. Production of nearly all commodities decreased in Dominicana. (Accessed January 31, 2009, at http://www.bancentral.gov.do/ 2007 compared with production in 2006, with the exception estadisticas.asp?a=Sector_Real.) of clay, which increased dramatically, including fuel oil, sand Barrick Gold Corp, 2008, Fourth quarter and year-end report 2007: Toronto, and gravel, and limestone. The production decreases may have Ontario, Canada, Barrick Gold Corp., 106 p. Cummings Power Generation, 2008, Case histories—Falcondo Mine— been directly related to the effects of Hurricane Dean in August Dominican Republic: Miramare, Florida, Cummings Power Generation, 2 p. and heavy rains in October. Furthermore, the number of quarry Dirección General de Minería, Sub-Dirección de Fiscalizacion y Fomento licenses issued for sand, stone, and limestone in 2007 increased Minero, 2007, Información: Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, Dirección relative to 2006, which accounted for increased production of General de Minería. (Accessed January 31, 2009, at http://www.dgm.gov.do/ fiscalizacion/index.html.) those products. Data on mineral production are in table 1 (Mines and Geology Division [Jamaica], 2007; Petrojam Ltd., 2009).

Islands of the Caribbean—2007 13.3 References Cited Commodity Review

Comer, John, 1974, Genesis of Jamaican bauxite: Economic Geology, v. 69, Metals no. 8, p. 1251-1264. Mines and Geology Division [Jamaica], 2006, Geology of Jamaica—Regional settings: Government of Jamaica. (Accessed January 31, 2009, at Iron and Steel.—Iron and steel production remained http://www.mgd.gov.jm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id= nearly constant compared with that of 2006. Production of 36&Itemid=47.) direct-reduced iron (DRI) totaled about 2 Mt, which was a 0.4% Mines and Geology Division [Jamaica], 2007, Main repository decrease compared with production in 2006, and exports of page: Government of Jamaica. (Accessed January 31, 2009, at http://www.mgd.gov.jm/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=64&func= DRI increased by 7% to 1.3 Mt. Wire rod production increased fileinfo&filecatid=6&parent=category.) to 5 Mt, or by 5% and wire rod exports decreased by 2% to Petrojam Ltd., 2009, About us: Petrojam Ltd. (Accessed February 12, 2009, at 442,000 t. Production of billets totaled 695,000 t, which was an http://www.petrojam.com/index.php?q=about-us.) increase of 3% compared with production in 2006 (Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, 2008, p. 19). TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Mineral Fuels The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is a nation composed of two islands that lie between the southern Caribbean Sea and Natural Gas.—In 2007, 41,766 million cubic meters of the North Atlantic Ocean in the Venezuela Basin. The boundary natural gas was produced compared with 40,082 million cubic between the Caribbean and South American lithospheric plates meters in 2006 for a 0.3% share of the world’s total natural lies offshore, north of Trinidad. The island of Trinidad is part gas production. LNG production totaled 32 million cubic of the South American plate, and the island of Tobago is part meters, which was a 7.4% increase compared with that of 2006. of the Caribbean plate. Regional tectonics resulted in structural Production of natural gas liquids, primarily propane and natural faults and folds in Miocene turbidite sandstones (formed by gasoline, totaled 13 Mbbl in 2007, which was an 11% increase underwater sediment avalanches) that are directly associated compared with that of 2006 (Central Bank of Trinidad and with crude oil and natural gas accumulations (Hosein, 1991). Tobago, 2008, p. 19). In 2007, the country recorded 480 billion cubic meters in Petroleum.—Crude oil output decreased by 16% to 44 Mbbl proven reserves of natural gas (0.3% of the world total) and for the year (an average of 120,000 bbl/d) from 52 Mbbl in 800 Mbbl of petroleum (0.1% of the world total). The nation 2006 (an average of 143,000 bbl/d) owing to aging oilfields has moved towards a natural-gas-based economy instead of and because BHP Billiton plc and BP Trinidad and Tobago a petroleum-based economy in response to the maturation of decreased production during operational difficulties and (or) oilfields (BP p.l.c., 2008; U.S. Department of State, 2009). facility upgrades (Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, 2008, p. 18). Minerals in the National Economy References Cited In 2007, exploration and production in the energy sector accounted for 25% of the real GDP in Trinidad and Tobago. BP p.l.c., 2008, BP Statistical review of world energy 2008: London, United Refining, including liquefied natural gas (LNG), accounted Kingdom, BP p.l.c. (Accessed December 28, 2008, via http://www.bp.com/ for 6% of the real GDP. The GDP increased by 6% in 2007 sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9023753&contentId=7044109.) Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, 2008, 2007 Annual economic survey: compared with 12% in 2006 when production from two Port of Spain, Trinidad, Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, 144 p. energy plants, the Atlantic LNG Train IV Liquefaction facility Hosein, Fazal, 1991, Exploitation of middle Miocene oil bearing intermediate and Methanol Holdings (Trinidad) Ltd.’s M5000 methanol Herrera sandstone reservoirs in Trinidad, West Indies: La Romain, Trinidad production plant, significantly increased energy sector output. and Tobago, The Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago newsletter, no. 15, July. (Accessed January 31, 2009, at http://www.gstt.org/publications/ Overall, the energy sector grew by 4.4% compared with 21% in news/newsletter15/Herrera.htm.) 2006 (Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, 2008, p. 4). U.S. Department of State, 2009, Trinidad and Tobago: U.S. Department of State background note. (Accessed January 31, 2009, at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ Production ei/bgn/35638.htm.)

Data on mineral production are in table 1. OTHER ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN

Mineral Trade In 2007, Antigua and Barbuda’s Prime Minister announced that he would sign the Energy Security Treaty presented at the Exports of crude oil were estimated to be 22 Mbbl, which IV PetroCaribe Summit with the objective of acknowledging was a 21% decrease from those of 2006. Crude oil imports for that Trinidad and Tobago should have a major role to play in refinery feedstock increased by 11% to 33 Mbbl. The United regional energy security. In response to the Prime Minister’s States received 58% of LNG exports, followed by Spain, 15%; statement, the President of Venezuela expressed a desire to have Puerto Rico, 4%; Japan, Mexico, and the Republic of Korea, Trinidad and Tobago become fully involved in PetroCaribe 3% each; the remainder went to the Dominican Republic, India, (Government of Antigua & Barbuda, 2007). Taiwan, and the United Kingdom (Central Bank of Trinidad and The island of Bermuda is a remnant volcanic seamout that is Tobago, 2008, p. 18). overlain by carbonate deposits. The nation produced limestone

13.4 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2007 blocks for construction (Bermuda Zoological Society, 2000; References Cited U.S. Department of State, 2009). Mining sector production in Haiti stagnated in 2007. Mining Banque de la République d’Haïti, 2008, Rapport annuel 2007: Port-au-Prince, was limited mainly to the operation of quarries and sand pits for Haïti, Banque de la République d’Haïti, 177 p. Bermuda Zoological Society, 2000, Geology of Bermuda: Bermuda Zoological the supply of construction materials. In 2007, demand for those Society, 10 p. products remained low as greater amounts of public expenditure Government of Antigua and Barbuda, 2007, PM Spencer calls for a role to be were directed toward public works projects designed to create identified for Trinidad and Tobago in the expanded context of Petrocaribe: jobs for the Haitian population and private construction St. John’s, Antigua, Government of Antigua and Barbuda, December 23. (Accessed January 31, 2009, at http://www.ab.gov.ag/gov_v2/government/ decreased (Banque de la République d’Haïti, 2008, p. 19). pressreleases/pressreleases2007/prelease_2007dec23_3.html.) The islands of Grenada, Guadaloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, U.S. Department of State, 2009, Bermuda: U.S. Department of State background Netherlands Antilles, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, note. (Accessed January 31, 2009, at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/ and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are all located in the bgn/5375.htm.) eastern Carribbean. The mining sectors of these islands were either insignificant to their national economies or no mineral production data were available.

TABLE 1 ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Country and commodity 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007e ARUBAe Petroleum, refinery products thousand 42-gallon barrels 65,000 66,700 67,000 62,000 62,000 Sulfur, byproduct of petroleum 60,000 55,000 55,000 50,000 50,000 BAHAMAS, THE Salt 1,341,755 1,269,209 1,470,176 1,151,547 r 578,389 2 Stone, argonite 9,848 1,992 1,093 1,100 e 1,100 BARBADOS Cement: Hydraulic * 325,106 322,270 340,696 r 337,801 r 294,184 2 Clinker * 300,291 291,445 291,000 e 290,000 e 290,000 Clay and shale 138,000 144,900 145,000 e 145,000 e 145,000 Limestone 1,785,000 1,874,250 1,870,000 e 1,900,000 e 1,900,000 Liquefied petroleum gas 42-gallon barrels 3,690 -- -- e -- e -- Natural gas: Gross million cubic meters 23 21 24 23 21 2 Marketed do. 12 13 13 e 12 e 12 Petroleum, crude thousand 42-gallon barrels 371 378 349 343 303 2 Sande 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Bauxite 6,481 79,498 534,555 NA NA 2 Cement, hydraulic 2,906,699 2,653,639 2,778,708 3,776,798 e 4,100,000 2 Clay 41,894 84,730 85,000 e 85,000 e 85,000 Gypsum 250,286 459,496 370,143 355,641 350,000 Iron and steel: Ferroalloys, ferronickel 69,628 75,763 61,057 76,659 84,005 2 Steel, crudee 61,000 61,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 Limee thousand metric tons 102 2 100 100 100 100 Limestonee do. 1,607 2 1,214 2 1,200 1,200 1,200 Marble cubic meters 8,186 10,384 6,060 6,000 e 6,000 See footnotes at end of table.

Islands of the Caribbean—2007 13.5 TABLE 1—Continued ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Country and commodity 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007e DOMINICAN REPUBLIC—Continued Nickel, Ni content: Mine output, laterite ore 45,253 46,000 53,124 46,526 47,125 2 Metal, Ni contained in ferronickel: Smelter 27,227 29,477 28,668 29,675 29,130 2 Shipments 26,486 28,327 26,183 31,977 r 30,231 2 Petroleum, refinery products:e Liquefied petroleum gas thousand 42-gallon barrels 450 500 500 500 500 Gasoline, motor do. 1,900 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 Kerosene do. 90 100 100 100 100 Jet fuel do. 1,800 1,900 1,900 1,900 1,900 Distillate fuel oil do. 2,700 2,900 2,900 2,900 2,900 Residual fuel oil do. 4,400 4,600 4,600 4,600 4,600 Total do. 11,300 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 Salt:e Marine 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 Rock 106,988 2 ------Total 156,988 2 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 Sand and gravel thousand cubic meters 14,374 13,266 13,300 e 13,300 e 13,300 GUADELOUPEe Cement 229,500 2 230,000 230,000 230,000 230,000 Limestone 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 Pumice 210,000 210,000 210,000 210,000 210,000 Salt 49,000 49,000 49,000 49,000 49,000 HAITIe Cement 290,300 2 290,000 290,000 290,000 290,000 Sand and gravel: Gravel cubic meters 450,000 450,000 450,000 450,000 450,000 Sand do. 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 Stone, marble do. 131 131 131 131 131 JAMAICA Bauxite and alumina Bauxite, dry equivalent, gross weight thousand metric tons 13,445 13,297 14,116 14,865 14,568 2 Alumina do. 3,844 4,021 4,086 4,100 3,941 2 Cement, hydraulic 607,682 808,070 844,840 760,815 591,967 2 Clay 81 525 45 11,687 664,844 2 Gold kilograms 277 20 ------Gypsum 248,558 283,352 302,066 364,432 227,679 2 Lime 275,763 269,139 269,743 303,795 276,800 2 Petroleum refinery products: Fuel oil thousand 42-gallon barrels 135,230 178,249 67,972 165,163 179,868 2 Gasoline do. 34,403 28,824 28,344 47,217 45,007 2 Jet fuel do. 21,636 19,035 13,748 21,599 17,819 2 Diesel oil do. 45,527 38,247 26,444 68,004 62,562 2 Pozzolan ------149,279 114,482 2 Salte 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 Sand and gravel 2,316 2,362 2,392 2,760 3,611 2 Shale, for cement 217,005 184,993 164,235 180,036 168,354 2 Silica sand 12,825 11,172 14,261 9,567 14,460 2 Silver kilograms 92 9 ------2 Stone: Limestone thousand metric tons 3,593 2,500 2,610 2,801 2,950 2 Marble, cut and (or) polishede 155 2 120 120 120 120 Marl and fill thousand metric tons 6,376 5,900 5,310 3,001 3,228 2 See footnotes at end of table.

13.6 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2007 TABLE 1—Continued ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Country and commodity 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007e MARTINIQUEe Cement, hydraulic 221,000 221,000 221,000 221,000 221,000 Lime 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 Petroleum refinery products thousand 42-gallon barrels 4,800 4,800 4,800 4,800 4,800 Pumice 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 Salt 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 NETHERLANDS ANTILLESe Petroleum refinery products thousand 42-gallon barrels 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 Salt 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 Sulfur, byproduct of petroleum 23,000 23,000 23,000 23,000 23,000 SAINT KITTS AND NEVISe Sand and gravel 223,000 223,000 223,000 223,000 223,000 Stone, crushed 131,000 131,000 131,000 131,000 131,000 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Asphalt, naturale 16,200 16,200 16,200 16,200 16,200 Cement, hydraulic 765,600 768,400 686,400 883,000 800,000 Iron and steel: Direct-reduced iron 2,275,000 2,336,500 2,055,000 2,071,500 2,063,800 2 Steel, crude 923,000 815,000 711,000 674,000 675,000 Semimanufactures, billets 896,000 789,800 712,000 673,000 694,600 2 Lead, refined, secondarye 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Natural gas: Gross million cubic meters 26,810 30,273 33,270 40,082 41,766 2 Marketed do. 26,046 29,456 31,348 NA NA Natural gas liquids thousand 42-gallon barrels 10,500 10,687 9,889 11,251 12,500 2 Nitrogen, N content of anhydrous ammonia 3,529,000 3,875,300 5,187,400 5,110,500 5,129,300 2 Petroleum: Crude thousand 42-gallon barrels 49,117 44,985 52,740 52,105 43,600 2 Refinery products do. 52,876 46,349 55,219 57,585 56,100 2 Stone, limestonee thousand metric tons 850 850 850 850 850 Sulfur, byproduct of petroleume 29,000 29,000 29,000 29,000 29,000 Urea 297,600 284,900 285,000 688,300 709,637 2 eEstimated; estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. rRevised. do. Ditto. NA Not available. -- Zero. 1Table includes data available through February 28, 2009. 2Reported figure *Corrected on November 10, 2011.

Islands of the Caribbean—2007 13.7 TABLE 1 ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Country and commodity 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007e ARUBAe Petroleum, refinery products thousand 42-gallon barrels 65,000 66,700 67,000 62,000 62,000 Sulfur, byproduct of petroleum 60,000 55,000 55,000 50,000 50,000 BAHAMAS, THE Salt 1,341,755 1,269,209 1,470,176 1,151,547 r 578,389 2 Stone, argonite 9,848 1,992 1,093 1,100 e 1,100 BARBADOS Cement: Hydraulic * 325,106 322,270 340,696 r 337,801 r 294,184 2 Clinker * 300,291 291,445 291,000 e 290,000 e 290,000 Clay and shale 138,000 144,900 145,000 e 145,000 e 145,000 Limestone 1,785,000 1,874,250 1,870,000 e 1,900,000 e 1,900,000 Liquefied petroleum gas 42-gallon barrels 3,690 -- -- e -- e -- Natural gas: Gross million cubic meters 23 21 24 23 21 2 Marketed do. 12 13 13 e 12 e 12 Petroleum, crude thousand 42-gallon barrels 371 378 349 343 303 2 Sande 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Bauxite 6,481 79,498 534,555 NA NA 2 Cement, hydraulic 2,906,699 2,653,639 2,778,708 3,776,798 e 4,100,000 2 Clay 41,894 84,730 85,000 e 85,000 e 85,000 Gypsum 250,286 459,496 370,143 355,641 350,000 Iron and steel: Ferroalloys, ferronickel 69,628 75,763 61,057 76,659 84,005 2 Steel, crudee 61,000 61,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 Limee thousand metric tons 102 2 100 100 100 100 Limestonee do. 1,607 2 1,214 2 1,200 1,200 1,200 Marble cubic meters 8,186 10,384 6,060 6,000 e 6,000 See footnotes at end of table.

13.8 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2007 TABLE 1 ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Country and commodity 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007e ARUBAe Petroleum, refinery products thousand 42-gallon barrels 65,000 66,700 67,000 62,000 62,000 Sulfur, byproduct of petroleum 60,000 55,000 55,000 50,000 50,000 BAHAMAS, THE Salt 1,341,755 1,269,209 1,470,176 1,151,547 r 578,389 2 Stone, argonite 9,848 1,992 1,093 1,100 e 1,100 BARBADOS Cement: Hydraulic * 325,106 322,270 340,696 r 337,801 r 294,184 2 Clinker * 300,291 291,445 291,000 e 290,000 e 290,000 Clay and shale 138,000 144,900 145,000 e 145,000 e 145,000 Limestone 1,785,000 1,874,250 1,870,000 e 1,900,000 e 1,900,000 Liquefied petroleum gas 42-gallon barrels 3,690 -- -- e -- e -- Natural gas: Gross million cubic meters 23 21 24 23 21 2 Marketed do. 12 13 13 e 12 e 12 Petroleum, crude thousand 42-gallon barrels 371 378 349 343 303 2 Sande 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Bauxite 6,481 79,498 534,555 NA NA 2 Cement, hydraulic 2,906,699 2,653,639 2,778,708 3,776,798 e 4,100,000 2 Clay 41,894 84,730 85,000 e 85,000 e 85,000 Gypsum 250,286 459,496 370,143 355,641 350,000 Iron and steel: Ferroalloys, ferronickel 69,628 75,763 61,057 76,659 84,005 2 Steel, crudee 61,000 61,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 Limee thousand metric tons 102 2 100 100 100 100 Limestonee do. 1,607 2 1,214 2 1,200 1,200 1,200 Marble cubic meters 8,186 10,384 6,060 6,000 e 6,000 See footnotes at end of table.

Islands of the Caribbean—2007 13.9