List of Suggested Reviewers or Reviewers Not To Include (optional)

SUGGESTED REVIEWERS: Phil Armstrong, [email protected], Fullerton

John Garver, [email protected], Union

Chris Hall, [email protected], University of Michigan

Willis Hames, [email protected], Auburn

Bill Hart, [email protected], Miami, Ohio

Matt Heizler, [email protected], New Mexico Tech

Sidney Hemming, [email protected], Columbia University

Brian Jicha, [email protected], Wisconsin

Ganerod Morgan, [email protected], Geological Survery of Norway

Laura E. Webb, [email protected], University of Vermont

REVIEWERS NOT TO INCLUDE:

Table 1: List the individual’s last name, first name, middle initial, and organizational affiliation (including considered affiliation) in the last 12 months. 1 Your Name: Your Organizational Affiliation(s), last 12 m Last Active Date Benowitz, Jeff University of Alaska Fairbanks Current

Table 2: List names as last name, first name, middle initial, for whom a personal, family, or business relationship would otherwise preclude their service as a reviewer. R: Additional names for whom some relationship would otherwise preclude their service as a reviewer. to disambiguate common names 2 Name: Organizational Affiliation Optional (email, Department) Last Active

Table 3: List names as last name, first name, middle initial, and provide organizational affiliations, if known, for the following. G: The individual’s Ph.D. advisors; and T: All of the individual’s Ph.D. thesis advisees. to disambiguate common names 3 Advisor/Advisee Name: Organizational Affiliation Optional (email, Department) G: Layer, Paul University of Alaska Fairbanks

Table 4: List names as last name, first name, middle initial, and provide organizational affiliations, if known, for the following: A: Co-authors on any book, article, report, abstract or paper with collaboration in the last 48 months (publication date may be later); and C: Collaborators on projects, such as funded grants, graduate research or others in the last 48 months. to disambiguate common names 4 Name: Organizational Affiliation Optional (email, Department) Last Active A: Betka, Paul Lamont Doherty A: Gillis, Bob State of Alaska Geologic Survey A: Nadin, Elizabeth University of Alaska Fairbanks A: Hart, Bill University of Miami A: Bemis, Sean Virgina Tech A: Toro, Jamie West Virgina A: Miiler, Elizabeth Sanford A: McCarthy, Paul University of Alaska Fairbanks A: Hanks, Cathy University of Alaska Fairbanks A: Fowell, Sarah University of Alaska Fairbanks A: Layer, Paul University of Alaska Fairbanks C: Roseke, Sarah Davis C: Finzel, Emily Iowa C: Ridgway, Ken Purdue C: Fitzgerald, Paul Syracuse C: Enkelman Calgary C: Trop, Jeff Bucknell C: Layer, Paul University of Alaska Fairbanks C: Brueseke, Matt Kansas State Table 5: List editorial board, editor-in chief and co-editors with whom the individual interacts. An editor-in-chief must list the entire editorial board. B: Editorial Board: List name(s) of editor-in-chief and journal in the past 24 months; and E: Other co-Editors of journal or collections with whom the individual has directly interacted in the last 24 months. to disambiguate common names 5 Name: Organizational Affiliation Journal/Collection Last Active E: Jones, Jamey USGS Anchorage Geosphere still active E: Dumoulin, Julie USGS Anchorage Geosphere still active Not for distribution

COVER SHEET FOR PROPOSAL TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

PROGRAM ANNOUNCEMENT/SOLICITATION NO./DUE DATE Special Exception to Deadline Date Policy FOR NSF USE ONLY NSF 18-526 03/13/18 NSF PROPOSAL NUMBER FOR CONSIDERATION BY NSF ORGANIZATION UNIT(S) (Indicate the most specific unit known, i.e. program, division, etc.) OIA - EPSCoR Research Infrastructure 1833105 DATE RECEIVED NUMBER OF COPIES DIVISION ASSIGNED FUND CODE DUNS# (Data Universal Numbering System) FILE LOCATION

03/13/2018 1 01060000 OIA 7217 615245164 03/13/2018 6:51pm EMPLOYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (EIN) OR SHOW PREVIOUS AWARD NO. IF THIS IS IS THIS PROPOSAL BEING SUBMITTED TO ANOTHER FEDERAL TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (TIN) A RENEWAL AGENCY? YES NO IF YES, LIST ACRONYM(S) AN ACCOMPLISHMENT-BASED RENEWAL 926000147 NAME OF ORGANIZATION TO WHICH AWARD SHOULD BE MADE ADDRESS OF AWARDEE ORGANIZATION, INCLUDING 9 DIGIT ZIP CODE University of Alaska Fairbanks Campus University of Alaska Fairbanks Campus West Ridge Research Bldg 008 AWARDEE ORGANIZATION CODE (IF KNOWN) Fairbanks, AK. 997757880 0010637000 NAME OF PRIMARY PLACE OF PERF ADDRESS OF PRIMARY PLACE OF PERF, INCLUDING 9 DIGIT ZIP CODE Oregon State University Oregon State University CEOAS Corvallis ,OR ,973315503 ,US.

IS AWARDEE ORGANIZATION (Check All That Apply) SMALL BUSINESS MINORITY BUSINESS IF THIS IS A PRELIMINARY PROPOSAL FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATION WOMAN-OWNED BUSINESS THEN CHECK HERE TITLE OF PROPOSED PROJECT RII Track-4: Why are young volcanic rocks undateable: chemistry, environment, or instrumentation?

REQUESTED AMOUNT PROPOSED DURATION (1-60 MONTHS) REQUESTED STARTING DATE SHOW RELATED PRELIMINARY PROPOSAL NO. IF APPLICABLE $ 243,549 24months 09/01/18 THIS PROPOSAL INCLUDES ANY OF THE ITEMS LISTED BELOW BEGINNING INVESTIGATOR HUMAN SUBJECTS Human Subjects Assurance Number DISCLOSURE OF LOBBYING ACTIVITIES Exemption Subsection or IRB App. Date PROPRIETARY & PRIVILEGED INFORMATION INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES: COUNTRY/COUNTRIES INVOLVED HISTORIC PLACES VERTEBRATE ANIMALS IACUC App. Date COLLABORATIVE STATUS PHS Animal Welfare Assurance Number TYPE OF PROPOSAL Research Not a collaborative proposal PI/PD DEPARTMENT PI/PD POSTAL ADDRESS Geology Adm Svcs Ctr Rm 109 3295 College Road PI/PD FAX NUMBER Fairbanks, AK 997093705 907-474-5163 United States NAMES (TYPED) High Degree Yr of Degree Telephone Number Email Address PI/PD NAME Jeff Benowitz PhD 2011 907-474-7314 [email protected] CO-PI/PD

CO-PI/PD

CO-PI/PD

CO-PI/PD

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CERTIFICATION PAGE

Certification for Authorized Organizational Representative (or Equivalent) or Individual Applicant By electronically signing and submitting this proposal, the Authorized Organizational Representative (AOR) or Individual Applicant is: (1) certifying that statements made herein are true and complete to the best of his/her knowledge; and (2) agreeing to accept the obligation to comply with NSF award terms and conditions if an award is made as a result of this application. Further, the applicant is hereby providing certifications regarding conflict of interest (when applicable), drug-free workplace, debarment and suspension, lobbying activities (see below), nondiscrimination, flood hazard insurance (when applicable), responsible conduct of research, organizational support, Federal tax obligations, unpaid Federal tax liability, and criminal convictions as set forth in the NSF Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide (PAPPG). Willful provision of false information in this application and its supporting documents or in reports required under an ensuing award is a criminal offense (U.S. Code, Title 18, Section 1001).

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By electronically signing the Certification Pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) or Individual Applicant located in FEMA-designated special flood hazard areas is certifying that adequate flood insurance has been or will be obtained in the following situations: (1) for NSF grants for the construction of a building or facility, regardless of the dollar amount of the grant; and (2) for other NSF grants when more than $25,000 has been budgeted in the proposal for repair, alteration or improvement (construction) of a building or facility. Certification Regarding Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) (This certification is not applicable to proposals for conferences, symposia, and workshops.) By electronically signing the Certification Pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative is certifying that, in accordance with the NSF Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide, Chapter IX.B. , the institution has a plan in place to provide appropriate training and oversight in the responsible and ethical conduct of research to undergraduates, graduate students and postdoctoral researchers who will be supported by NSF to conduct research. The AOR shall require that the language of this certification be included in any award documents for all subawards at all tiers.

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CERTIFICATION PAGE - CONTINUED

Certification Regarding Organizational Support By electronically signing the Certification Pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) is certifying that there is organizational support for the proposal as required by Section 526 of the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010. This support extends to the portion of the proposal developed to satisfy the Broader Impacts Review Criterion as well as the Intellectual Merit Review Criterion, and any additional review criteria specified in the solicitation. Organizational support will be made available, as described in the proposal, in order to address the broader impacts and intellectual merit activities to be undertaken. Certification Regarding Federal Tax Obligations When the proposal exceeds $5,000,000, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) is required to complete the following certification regarding Federal tax obligations. By electronically signing the Certification pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative is certifying that, to the best of their knowledge and belief, the proposing organization: (1) has filed all Federal tax returns required during the three years preceding this certification; (2) has not been convicted of a criminal offense under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; and (3) has not, more than 90 days prior to this certification, been notified of any unpaid Federal tax assessment for which the liability remains unsatisfied, unless the assessment is the subject of an installment agreement or offer in compromise that has been approved by the Internal Revenue Service and is not in default, or the assessment is the subject of a non-frivolous administrative or judicial proceeding. Certification Regarding Unpaid Federal Tax Liability When the proposing organization is a corporation, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) is required to complete the following certification regarding Federal Tax Liability:

By electronically signing the Certification Pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) is certifying that the corporation has no unpaid Federal tax liability that has been assessed, for which all judicial and administrative remedies have been exhausted or lapsed, and that is not being paid in a timely manner pursuant to an agreement with the authority responsible for collecting the tax liability. Certification Regarding Criminal Convictions When the proposing organization is a corporation, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) is required to complete the following certification regarding Criminal Convictions:

By electronically signing the Certification Pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) is certifying that the corporation has not been convicted of a felony criminal violation under any Federal law within the 24 months preceding the date on which the certification is signed. Certification Dual Use Research of Concern By electronically signing the certification pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative is certifying that the organization will be or is in compliance with all aspects of the United States Government Policy for Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern.

AUTHORIZED ORGANIZATIONAL REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE DATE NAME Andrew M Gray Electronic Signature Mar 13 2018 6:49PM TELEPHONE NUMBER EMAIL ADDRESS FAX NUMBER 907-474-1851 [email protected] 907-474-5506 fm1207rrs-07

Page 3 of 3 PROJECT SUMMARY

Overview: This proposal seeks funding for a two-year fellowship to increase the research capacity of a young non- tenure track Research Faculty member, his research group, and the University of Alaska's Geochronology Facility (UAF-GF) through training and collaboration at the Oregon State University (Corvallis) Argon Geochronology Laboratory (OSU-AGL). OSU-AGL is considered one of the premier geochronology facilities in the world due to its advanced instrumentation, in-house software development, and renowned faculty who have assisted in furthering the dating limits of 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. The PI is an expert in operating a noble gas mass spectrometer by peak-hopping on a single detector, however he is motivated to expand his research aptitude in operating and maintaining a noble gas multi-collector mass spectrometer. This residence will prepare the PI for modernizing his inherited legacy lab and enable the PI to pursue his research interests in what limits the date-ability of young volcanic rocks. The PI and graduate student will be mentored by Dr. Koppers and Dr. O'Brien in all aspects of noble gas multi- collector mass spectrometry including calibrating detectors, maintenance, operation and data reduction software, and OSU-AGL sample preparation and irradiation protocols. This fellowship will increase the PI's institution's ability to invigorate and modernize the UAF-GF in order to assist the research and economic geology goals of diverse State of Alaska stake holders, further national and international research collaborations, and to be more competitive in securing funding for pursuing these goals. Intellectual Merit: We propose to investigate Why are young volcanic rocks undateable: chemistry, environment, or instrumentation? It is not fully clear what are and how to address the controlling factors that lead to 40Ar/39Ar undateable young volcanic rock samples which often provide negative apparent age results. Chemistry likely plays a role, whereas young (<~100 ka) volcanics with high Ca and low K content may have unresolvable apparent excess 36Ar derived from 40Ca during irradiation. High 36Cl content could also be responsible for actual excess 36Ar through radioactive decay. 36Ar derived from Cl during irradiation may also be a factor contributing to >100 % atmospheric content measurements and apparent negative ages. Magma chamber environment maybe responsible for actual excess 36Ar, whereas kinetic mass fractionation might be responsible for light isotope enrichment favoring magma absorption of 36Ar over 40Ar. The resolution, sensitivity and background of instrumentation may also be a factor controlling the young limits of 40Ar/36Ar geochronology. Apparent excess 36Ar from H35Cl and 12C3 may be resolvable with high-resolution instrumentation. High sensitivity and high precision instrumentation may also limit negative measurements for low abundance Ar isotopes as measurements tend towards zero. Low volume extraction and mass spectrometers under high-vacuum also can decrease background levels leading to overall measurement improvement. We propose to select 20 previously-analyzed undateable young volcanic rock samples from the UAF geochronology facility that were analyzed in peak hopping mode, some with independent age control, and perform 40Ar/39Ar geochronology at OSU-AGL. Under the tutelage of OSU Drs. Koppers and O'Brien we will investigate the factors that lead to this sample set being undateable using the 40Ar/39Ar method and try to better account for negative apparent ages. Broader Impacts: This fellowship will provide further training for a young career scientist in multi-collector mass spectrometry and build PI and laboratory collaborations between the UAF and OSU. Graduate student STEM training will be provided. Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journals. Data will be archived in digital databases and made available through geoinformatic databases (e.g., Geochron). The PI will give lectures on high temperature thermochronology applications applied to Alaska tectonic problems during his residence in Corvallis in order to share knowledge and build collaborations. Newly acquired knowledge will also be transferred to the University of Alaska's Fairbanks and Anchorage communities through lectures and collaborative projects. Additionally, the PI will present to the Chugach Gem and Mineral Society and the Alaska Miners Association to communicate this scientific discipline to the public. NSF Directorate: EAR, Division: Geosciences, Program: Tectonics TABLE OF CONTENTS

For font size and page formatting specifications, see PAPPG section II.B.2.

Total No. of Page No.* Pages (Optional)*

Cover Sheet for Proposal to the National Science Foundation

Project Summary (not to exceed 1 page) 1

Table of Contents 1

Project Description (Including Results from Prior 10 NSF Support) (not to exceed 15 pages) (Exceed only if allowed by a specific program announcement/solicitation or if approved in advance by the appropriate NSF Assistant Director or designee)

References Cited 5

Biographical Sketches (Not to exceed 2 pages each) 2

Budget 5 (Plus up to 3 pages of budget justification)

Current and Pending Support 1

Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources 1

Special Information/Supplementary Documents 4 (Data Management Plan, Mentoring Plan and Other Supplementary Documents)

Appendix (List below. ) (Include only if allowed by a specific program announcement/ solicitation or if approved in advance by the appropriate NSF Assistant Director or designee)

Appendix Items:

*Proposers may select any numbering mechanism for the proposal. The entire proposal however, must be paginated. Complete both columns only if the proposal is numbered consecutively.

1.0 Overview to Proposed Fellowship Goals The purpose of this fellowship is to expand the research potential of an early career investigator at the University of Alaska Fairbanks through collaboration at the Oregon State University Argon Geochronology Laboratory (OSU-AGL). The project, RII Track-4: Why are young volcanic rocks undateable: chemistry, environment, or instrumentation?, will fortify a collaboration between University of Alaska’s Dr. Jeffrey Benowitz (Research Associate Professor, Tectonics and Sedimentation Group Leader) and Oregon State University’s world-renowned Drs. Anthony Koppers (Professor) and Tim O’Brien (Research Associate) and provide an already-selected female graduate student (Kailyn Davis) a workforce development opportunity. The collaboration will: 1) catalyze the PI’s research by increasing his ability to date young volcanic rocks including volcanic products from Alaska’s Aleutian and Wrangell arcs; 2) enable the PI and student to transfer the knowledge gained on noble gas multi- collector mass spectrometry to their home institution and jurisdiction; 3) increase the PI’s research capacity by leveraging the skills learned to increase his group’s external funding completeness; 4) train a student for future employment; and 5) provide a foundation for the PI to acquire modern instrumentation for University of Alaska Fairbanks Geochronology Facility (UAF-GF) in order to better assist the research and economic geology goals of a wide range of diverse State of Alaska stake holder communities and further national and international research collaborations. OSU-AGL is one of the premier facilities in the US for producing high-precision 40Ar/39Ar geochronology data and developing software for the geochronology community supported by investments from NSF (EAR-0447175, EAR 0930039). This RII Track-4 fellowship would provide PI Benowitz and a graduate student the opportunity for an extended residence (3.5 months total, three one-month visits and one two-week visit) at OSU-AGL. The Geophysical Institute strongly supports bringing this new expertise to the University of Alaska as indicated by encouraging Dr. Benowitz to apply for this fellowship and providing him with a leave of his lab managerial responsibilities (see letter from Dr. McCoy). The multiple visits would allow Dr. Benowitz and the student to continue overseeing the operation of the UAF-GF and the flexibility to visit OSU-AGL to learn and assist with mass spectrometry maintenance (unassigned two-week visit). The impact of the fellowship will advance the ability of the extended University of Alaska research community to successfully use 40Ar/39Ar geochronology to date Holocene and historical volcanic products. Perhaps more critical, the fellowship will also train the PI and student in operating and maintaining a noble gas mass spectrometer, thus allowing for the potential invigoration of the UAF-GF, a legacy lab with 25-year-old instrumentation. Overall this fellowship will lead to a lasting collaboration between two complimentary research facilities, given the UAF-GF lab has a strong reputation in thermochronology (exs. Benowitz et al, 2011, 2012, 2014; Fitzgerald et al., 2014; Martin et al., 2014; Riccio et al., 2014; Betka et al., 2016; Burkett et al., 2016; Lobens et al., 2016) and has already assisted Dr. Tim O’Brien with reaching his thermochronology research goals (O’Brien et al., 2016).

2.0 Introduction to 40Ar/39Ar Methodology and Importance in Dating Young (<~100 ka) Volcanics Defining the Pleistocene and historic eruptive history of volcanoes is fundamental to understanding 1) magmatic processes (geochemical variation; Jones et al., 2009); 2) the evolution of volcanic fields (arc migration; Benowitz et al., 2017a); 3) natural resource potential (Baja geothermal field; García-Sánchez et al., 2017); 4) natural hazards assessment (Mexico City; Arce et al., 2013), investigating climatic-volcanic interactions (eruptive frequency-glaciations; Benowitz et al., 2017b); and 5) archaeology pursuits (Alaska Paleo-lithic trading routes; Benowitz et al., 2015). 40Ar/39Ar geochronology is the preferred method for dating Pleistocene and historic volcanic rocks to facilitate these listed and other research pursuits. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology enables dating of lavas within the same age limits of the 14C method, and ideally both should produce analogue results. Furthermore, 40Ar/39Ar analyses are performed by incremental heating steps that allow the identification of excess 40Ar and argon loss and can constrain more precise Pleistocene and even historical ages (Renne et al., 1997) than its predecessor, K-Ar dating

D-1 (McDougall and Harrison et al., 1999). Fundamental to the process is the sampling of non-weathered, well-preserved rocks in order to avoid the production of difficult–to-interpret complex age spectra.

3.0 Intellectual Merit

3.1 Intellectual Merit Summary: Why are young volcanic rocks undateable: chemistry, environment, or instrumentation? The half-life of 40K to 40Ar is ~1.25 billion years, and this decay series is the basis of the 40Ar/39Ar geochronology method. Volcanic rocks are high in K (potassium) and are hence very suitable for dating with the K-Ar method. There are many limitations to the K-Ar method (McDougall and Harrison et al., 1999), with the fundamental one being that K is a solid and Ar (argon) is a noble gas. Thus, the two cannot be measured on the same instrument, which leads to issues with intra-sample heterogeneity. 39Ar, a gas, can be produced by a fast neutron reaction on 39K which in nature is at a constant ratio to 40K, hence reactor-produced 39Ar can be used as a proxy for 40K. Other interference reactions in the nuclear reactor must be accounted for during sampling analysis (see 3.2 below). Some of these interference reactions do have the benefit of allowing for information about Cl and Ca sample content. Advantages of the 40Ar/39Ar geochronology method over the old K-Ar method include the ability to incrementally heat a sample and produce an age spectrum, which is a graphic representation of a diffusion profile of the sample. At lower laser power, the less retentive part of a rock sample will degas (left part of graph) and at higher laser power the more retentive part of the rock sample will degas (right part of graph) (Fig. 1). The 40Ar/39Ar geochronology method also allows the production of an isochron diagram which can be used to regress to initial 40Ar/36Ar (Fig. 1) and allow for the evaluation of excess 40Ar (non-radiogenic 40Ar, Hora et al., 2010). Less attention has been focused on the potential for excess 36Ar (both geologically real from mass fractionation and artificial or apparent from reactor production). Concerns and issues with excess 40Ar and 36Ar are heightened when dating young volcanic rocks because of the limited amount of radiogenic 40Ar in young volcanic rocks due to the nature of radioactive decay. Rock samples as old as our solar system (~4.5 billion years old) have been dated using the 40Ar/39Ar geochronology method (Renne, 2000). Dating historical volcanic eruptions has limiting factors, given the half-life of K-Ar is ~1.25 billion years. Many of these limited factors can be addressed even with the previous generation of single detector sector noble gas mass spectrometers. At UAF-GF the youngest volcanic rock we have dated has been 7,000 ± 3000 years (Fig. 1). We do wonder if we can improve the precision of this analysis on a modern multi-collector mass spectrometer and will redate this sample as part of this project while at the OSU-AGL. Below you will also find factors and conditions linked to “undateable” samples. Undateable is the term we use for samples that produce negative ages or positive ages with large errors that place the age of the sample into the future realm (negative ages). The overarching goal of this project is to attempt to date these problematic samples and others at OSU-AGL and to develop protocols to identify and address the factors that lead to undateable volcanic rocks. The benchmarks are to a) Publish a manuscript on protocols for dating young volcanic rocks to help the community better account for negative ages; b) Apply what we have learned on the numerous projects at UAF-GF involving young volcanics (EAR# 1450730, 1434656, 1550123 to PI Benowitz); c) Build on what is learned and submit a proposal to

Figure 1: Age spectrum and isochron diagram for a ground mass separate from a southern Mexico volcanic rock analyzed at UAF- GF. Error is at 1 σ.

D-2 acquire a new noble gas multi-collector mass spectrometer to allow UAF-GF to decommission our 25- year-old mass spectrometer and to serve the research and economic geology needs of the State of Alaska for the next 25 years. 3.2 Why are young volcanic rocks undateable: chemistry? Chemistry likely plays a role in the failure to be able to date young (<~100 ka) volcanics with the 40Ar/39Ar geochronology method. High Ca and low K content may have unresolvable apparent excess 36Ar derived from 40Ca during irradiation (McDougal and Harrison, 1999). OSU-AGL’s inhouse acid leaching treatment procedure before irradiation may provide a means to lower the Ca content and help address this concern (Klath et al., 2013). Through radioactive decay, high radiogenic 36Cl content could also be responsible for actual excess 36Ar (half-life ~400,000 years; Murty et al., 1997). Correlation between Cl content, negative ages, and % atmospheric 40Ar content may help identify this phenomenon (Fig. 2) and potentially allow us to develop a corrective procedure similar in nature to, but opposite of, Harrison et al. (1994) chlorine disinfectant strategy for excess 40Ar associated with Cl inclusions in feldspar. 36Ar derived from Cl during irradiation may also be a factor contributing to >100 % atmospheric content measurements and apparent negative ages. Renne et al. (2008) provides a means to correct for this concern once identified and can be applied at the OSU-AGL. This factor should be minimal given the short irradiation times used for young samples.

Figure 2. This volcanic rock sample from Chile, analyzed at UAF-GF, provided negative ages for each incremental step-heat release. The negative ages and Cl/K ratio have a high correlation (R2 = 0.88), and % atmospheric 40Ar content and Cl/K ratio are highly correlated (not shown, (R2 = 0.76). The isochron age determination provides a reasonable age given regional geology constraints and indicates the presence of excess 36Ar given the subatmospheric (<295.5) initial 40Ar/36Ar ratio of 280.9. Error at 1 σ.

3.3 Why are young volcanic rocks undateable: environment? Magma chamber environment maybe responsible for actual excess 36Ar, whereas kinetic mass fractionation might be responsible for light isotope enrichment favoring magma absorption of 36Ar over 40Ar (Renne et al., 2009). Kaneoka (1980) suggested that air injected into magma chambers may in part be responsible for the mass fractionation of the atmospheric value. Regardless of mechanism, when there is Ar mass fractionation, 40Ar/36Ar values can be subatmospheric (< 295.5). 38Ar/36Ar ratios can be used to confirm potential mass fractionation (Ivanov et al., 2003) and possibly correct for excess 36Ar once identified (Matsumoto and Kobayashi, 1995). We plan on analyzing unirradiated samples to distinguish between artificial excess 36Ar derived from Cl during irradiation and natural 36Ar derived from environmental mass fractionation. We also will select samples from a broad range of tectonic-magmatic settings (ex. monogenic cones, intraplate, arc-transform magmatism, arc magmatism) to investigate potential mass fractionation influences based on tectonic-magmatic setting. We have no evidence that

D-3 petrology is a controlling factor on the dateability of young volcanic rocks, but we will investigate this possibility before ruling it out.

3.4 Why are young volcanic rocks undateable: instrumentation? The resolution, sensitivity, and background of instrumentation may also be a factor controlling the young limits of 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Apparent excess 36Ar from H35Cl and 12C3 maybe resolvable with modern high-resolution multi-collector mass spectrometer instrumentation (Jicha et al., 2009). The OSU-AGL Argus VI multi-collector mass spectrometer has the resolution to better address this concern, where the UAF-GF 25-year-old VG3600 does not have the capability. Modern high sensitivity and high precision instrumentation may also limit negative measurements for low abundance Ar isotopes (36Ar, 37Ar, 38Ar) as measurements tend towards zero, given as measurements approach zero there is a 50% chance the measurement will be negative (Renne et al., 2009) and allow possible the dating of youthful samples (Fig. 3). Low volume extraction and mass spectrometers under a high vacuum like the OSU-AGL Argus VI multi-collector mass spectrometer can also decrease background levels leading to overall measurement improvement.

Figure 3. This volcanic rock sample was collected on the flanks of Mount Iliamna, Alaska. The age determination has a large error yet is similar to a 14C eruption age determination of ~4000 year old organic matter below a proximal volcanic ash layer (Waythomas and Miller, 1999). The advanced instrumentation of OSU-AGL should allow an increase in precision to confirm this age correlation. Error is at 1 σ. 3.5 40Ar/36Ar ratio of the atmosphere Knowing the 40Ar/36Ar ratio of the atmosphere is critical to the base principals of 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, yet there is some debate on this constraint (Mark et al., 2011). For young samples, which always have high atmospheric 40Ar content compared to radiogenic 40Ar content due to the nature of radioactive decay, slight changes in the constant used for the 40Ar/36Ar ratio of the atmosphere can have a large effect on age determinations. We will test if the available 40Ar/36Ar ratios of the atmosphere (e.g. Renne et al., 2009; e.g. Mark et al., 2011) on our age determinations when reducing the data. This is easily accomplished with OSU-AGL in-house data reduction software ArArCalc (Koppers, 2002).

4.0 OSU-AGL Expertise, Facilities, and Partnership

4.1 OSU-AGL collaborators Oregon State University Professor Dr. Anthony Koppers is renowned in the field of 40Ar/39Ar geochronology both for his groundbreaking work in dating hot spot tracks (Koppers et al., 2001) and the development of the reduction software ArArCalc (Koppers et al., 2002). Dr. Koppers’ research has had a consistent theme of contributing to improving our community’s data reporting protocols (Koppers, 2015) and developing techniques for dating young volcanics (Koppers, 2014; Hiezler et al., 2015; Balbas et al., 2016). Dr. Koppers also acquired one of the first new generation noble gas multi-collector mass

D-4 spectrometers (Argus VI, 2012) and developed in-house calibration and operating software (ArArSuite) to optimize the instrument for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Dr. Tim O’Brien is one of the OSU-AGL managers (Faculty Research Assistant) and is in charge of mineral separation, daily operations, and maintenance of the 40Ar/39Ar facility equipment. Dr. Tim O’Brien’s duties include training visiting students and researchers. Dr. Tim O’Brien has a research interest in applying and modeling multiple thermochronometers to address tectonic research questions (O’Brien et al., 2016) and using 21Ne to study reactor 39Ar recoil (O’Brien and Grove, 2016). Dr. O’Brien’s previous position as a lab assistant at Stanford’s 40Ar/39Ar noble gas high temperature thermochronology laboratory has provided him with a wealth of experience operating different noble gas multi-collector mass spectrometers (Stanford; Noblesse, OSU-Argus VI). PI Benowitz’s expertise in thermochronology led to a collaborate research project with Dr. Tim O’Brien during his dissertation work (O’Brien et al., 2016) and this fellowship will allow the PI to build on this existing collaboration and initiate a collaboration with Dr. Anthony Koppers.

4.2 OSU-AGL facilities The OSU-AGL contains two state-of-the-art automated Argus VI multi-collector mass spectrometers (NSF EAR-1126991). The new instrumentation is 10x more precise than their decommissioned 22-year-old OSU-AGL MAP215-50 (Fig. 4) (equivalent instrumentation to UAF-GF’s 25-year-old sector VG3600 mass spectrometer with a daly-photo multiplier detector and an off-axis Faraday collector for large gas releases). The OSU-AGL extraction lines are low volume (500 cc and 250 cc) to optimize dating of Holocene basalt samples. The Argus VI is a multi-collector mass spectrometer with 5 Faraday collectors operating in combination with 1013 Ohm resistors and 1 ion-counting CuBe electron multiplier. The standard operation is all masses are measured simultaneously in multi-collector mode, but with mass 36Ar measured on the CuBe electron multiplier and masses 37 through 40 measured on the four adjacent Faradays. The OSU-AGL Argus VI is ~5x as sensitive compared to their decommissioned MAP215-50 instrument because of the lower overall volume of the extraction line and mass spectrometer and simultaneous collection of all five masses. Calibration of multiple detectors is a first order concern of noble gas multi-collector mass spectrometry (Jicha et al., 2016). At OSU-AGL calibration of the single multiplier with respect to the five Faraday cups is typically done using our AIR1 standard, by alternating the 36Ar signal from AIR 1 between the multiplier and the electronically gain-calibrated Faraday cups. OSU-AGL uses custom-made CO2 lasers for degassing samples with XY scan heads for rastering sample tray holes while keeping the sample tray stationary. This novel setup provides even heating of the entire area of the sample being analyzed, an important prerequisite for carrying out first-rate incremental heating experiments on samples. The 40Ar/39Ar community has generally shifted to CO2 lasers because of the known issues with degassing translucent minerals with visible light lasers, like UAF-GF’s argon-ion laser. CO2 lasers need special sample housing covers and operation procedures that Dr. Benowitz and his student will be mentored in during their time at OSU-AGL. In summary OSU-AGL is considered one of the premier noble gas multi-collector facilities in the world due to Dr. Koppers’ focus on automation, detector calibration, software development, and serving the geochronology community.

Figure 4: An example provided by Thermofisher (Argus VI manufacturer) of the higher precision of the Argus VI noble gas multi-collector mass spectrometer over the MAP215-50 instrument run in peak hoping mode.

D-5 4.3 Partnership PI Research Associate Professor Dr. Benowitz manages the UAF-GF where his research group performs high temperature Ar noble gas thermochronology, diffusion experiments using a vacuum resistance furnace, and advanced potassium-bearing mineral separation using in-house developed protocols with a focus on serving the economic geology community of Alaska. This fellowship will facilitate the exchange of ideas, techniques, and samples between these two research groups and will have the lasting effect of advancing complimentary research goals through synergistic collaborations.

5.0 Letters of Collaboration

• Bob McCoy, Director of the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska. Dr. McCoy has provided the required home institution supervisory letter. • Roberta Marinelli, Dean of the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences Administrator Coordinator, Oregon State University. Dr. Marinelli has provided the required Departmental host institution administrative letter.

Both will assist with multi-collector mass spectrometry mentoring and research implementation • Anthony Koppers, Professor of Geology, Oregon State University. Dr. Koppers will mentor the PI and selected graduate student in noble gas multi-collector mass spectrometry and in-house data reduction and operation software. • Tim O’Brien, Faculty Research Assistant and Lab Manager, Oregon State University. Dr. O’Brien will mentor the PI and selected graduate student in the mineral separation, irradiation protocols, sample tray cleaning, and day-to-day operations of the OSU-AGL.

6.0 Broader Impacts and Education, Timeline Plan of the Proposed Work

6.1 Graduate science education This proposal will support the partial research and academic costs for an already-selected female Master’s student from the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Through this experience, Kailyn Davis will be trained in 40Ar/39Ar multi-collector geochronology. The student will give lectures to the University of Alaska geosciences communities (students, staff, and faculty) on 40Ar/39Ar challenges when dating young volcanic samples, gaining public speaking experience. The results and interpretations of this project will form the background for the student’s thesis project on applying 40Ar/39Ar geochronology in Hawaii.

6.2 Public outreach and dissemination Results of this work will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and to the greater Alaska geosciences community through mentoring workshops and public lectures. The PI will give lectures on high temperature thermochronology applications during his residence in Corvallis in order to share knowledge and build collaborations. Newly acquired knowledge will also be transferred to the University of Alaska’s Fairbanks and Anchorage communities through lectures and collaborative projects. The PI will present on 40Ar/39Ar geochronology to the Chugach Gem and Mineral Society (Anchorage, 2019) and at the Alaska Miners Association (Fairbanks, 2019). Analytical data and sample indexes will be made publicly available through established geoinformatic databases (see Data Management Plan).

6.3 40Ar/39Ar geochronology community contribution Dating Holocene and even historical volcanic eruptions has been a focus of the 40Ar/39Ar geochronology community for the last 20 years (Renne et al., 1997). However, more case studies investigating the limiting factors in applying 40Ar/39Ar geochronology to dating young volcanic rocks are needed to provide a) a better framework for documenting why we at times fail and b) potentially a means to address the limiting factors and further the range and success of applying 40Ar/39Ar geochronology to dating young volcanic rocks.

D-6 6.4 Economic geology benefits to society UAF-GF has helped discern the mineralization environment (timing, mineralization scenario; exs. skarn, pluton emplacement, fluids) for many currently operating mines in Alaska (Werdon, 1999; McCoy, 2000). Knowing the timing of mineralization helps with exploration based on the principal that if a ~70 million-year-old pluton in a region has gold, frequently other ~70 million-year old plutons in the region will have gold. Mining operations also need to know the timing of mineralization to discern the type of economic deposit with which they are working (Illig, 2015). Knowing the type of economic deposit is of critical importance to deciding how to explore and develop a prospect. Exhumation depth is also a key factor when evaluating mineral resource potential of a region (e.g. Kesler and Wilkinson, 2008), and a focus of research of the PI (Benowitz et al., 2014). Hence the geological survey of Alaska and USGS has contracted the PI to perform countless geochronology projects (exs. Benowitz et al., 2017c,d,e). This fellowship, though not directly tied to economic geology, will set up the PI for modernizing the UAF-GF which will allow the PI to continue to serve the 40Ar/39Ar geochronology needs of the state of Alaska’s economic geology concerns.

7.0 Personnel

• Jeff Benowitz, Associate Research Professor, University of Alaska. Dr. Benowitz is the PI of this project. His background managing the University of Alaska noble gas 40Ar/39Ar geochronology facility provides a strong foundation for learning the methodology and lab practices of noble gas multi-collector mass spectrometry. The PI has experience communicating science to the public through magazines (Benowitz, 2013), books (Benowitz, 2016), the spoken word (Benowitz, 2016), and numerous lectures in remote communities across Alaska.

• Kailyn Davis, Master’s Student, University of Alaska. Ms. Davis is currently employed as a lab assistant at UAF-GF. Ms. Davis has presented her undergraduate research at several national meetings (Davis et al., 2014; Davis et al., 2017), and her work on the paleo-drainage history of the Nenana River has been submitted for publication. She wants to continue working in noble gas laboratories and wants to continue with her education, dependent on funding. If funded, Kailyn will be mentored in advanced 40Ar/39Ar geochronology principals by Dr. Benowitz and will assist with the goals of this research project. The student will also be mentored in noble gas multi-collector mass spectrometry while in residence at OSU preparing her for a job in a multi-collector mass spectrometer facility.

8.0 Fellowship Plans and Details Both the OSU-AGL faculties and host departments are committed to providing the appropriate computational resources, instrumentation, and mentoring support
for this fellowship project to be successful. PI Benowitz has had ongoing discussions with Drs. Koppers and O’Brien over the past semester to formulate this fellowship plan. Many attributes of the fellowship plan apply to both the PI and the student because they will both be mentored by their OSU-AGL colleagues (Fig. 5). The PI will oversee the broader impact elements of this fellowship and direct the mentoring of the graduate student. The PI project will focus on better delineating and potentially addressing the limiting factors in dating young volcanic rocks (Fig. 6) with the 40Ar/39Ar method. The graduate student will focus on learning about the challenges of dating young volcanic rocks with the 40Ar/39Ar geochronology method and formulating a plan to apply what she learns to her thesis project. The PI will receive further mentoring in technical aspects of running a noble gas multi-collector spectrometer system from Dr. O’Brien and assistance with modernizing the University of Alaska argon mass spectrometry extraction line. How the knowledge and skills gained during this fellowship will advance the research capacity of the PI, his institution, and jurisdiction, is discussed in the section 10.0 (Career Development Statement).

D-7 Figure: 5 Timeline of activities during fellowship for PI and graduate student. Additional a two-week trip is planned for year one to assist with maintenance when a major part needs to be fixed (ex. filament change out, valve failure).

9.0 Performance Metrics Throughout the fellowship the PI and student will be mentored in operating, calibrating, tuning, and maintaining the OSU-AGL noble gas multi-collector mass spectrometers. Throughout the fellowship the PI and student will also be mentored in using the OSU-AGL in-house ArArCalc data reduction and ArArSuite operating software. Throughout the fellowship the PI and student will be mentored in the OSU-AGL’s mineral separation, treatment methods, and irradiation protocols. During the first visit in the fall of 2018 success will be measured by the graduate student understanding the theoretical factors that lead to negative ages and/or ages with errors large enough to make the data geologically meaningless (undateable) and assisting with preparing the sample set. For the PI, success will be measured through completing preparation of the sample set (Fig. 6), packing the sample set for irradiation, starting a “cookbook” on how to diagnose the factors leading to negative ages and/or undateable ages, and starting to create protocols to attempt to address these concerns. The PI and student will also give lectures to the Oregon State Universality Geological Sciences department. During the second two-week visit in spring 2019 the PI and the student will assist with a maintenance “emergency”-exs. leak issues, filament replacement. During the visit in fall of 2019 the PI and student will date the irradiated samples and reduce the data. The samples will be sent to the reactor ~6 weeks before the scheduled visit to allow for cool down. The PI and student will also give further lectures to the Oregon State Universality Geological Sciences department. Success will be measured based on the quality of the results and comparing the new results to existing results from the UAF-GF. During the visit in spring 2020 the PI and student, will analyze unirradiated splits from samples that have been identified to be high in Cl to distinguish between artificial excess 36Ar derived from Cl during irradiation and natural 36Ar derived from environmental mass fractionation. We as a group, will write a manuscript, “How to diagnosis and address negative and undateable ages. Success will be measure based on progress on the manuscript, the ability to communicate 40Ar/39Ar geochronology applications to diverse stake holder groups, and the ability to operate the OSU-AGL geochronology system.

D-8

Figure 6: Three examples of the sample set we propose to redate at OSU-AGL to investigate and address the factors that lead to negative ages. These three volcanic rocks were dated at UAF-GF with our VG3600 run in peak hoping mode on a Daly detector with a photomultiplier. Sample A) is from British Columbia, Canada and from an intraplate tectonic setting and showed no signs of excess 36Ar, yet yielded a negative age perhaps due to limitations in the sensitivity of the VG3600 instrument. Sample B) is also from British Columbia, Canada and from an intraplate tectonic setting This sample shows evidence of excess 36Ar demonstrated by an initial 40Ar/36Ar ration < 295.5, perhaps due to mass fractionation in the magma chamber. Sample C) is from the Colima Volcanic province, Mexico and is from an arc tectonic setting. This samples shows evidence of excess 36Ar demonstrated by an initial 40Ar/36Ar ration < 295.5 perhaps due to mass fractionation in the magma chamber. We will analyze these two samples as irritated and unirradiated splits to descern if the 36Ar is natural or if the 36Ar was created in the reactor due to 36Ar derived from Cl during irradiation. Error is 1 σ.

D-9 10.0 STEM Professional and Career Development Statement This proposal seeks funding for a two-year fellowship to increase the research potential of a young non-tenure track Research Faculty member, his research group, and the University of Alaska’s Geochronology Facility through training and collaboration at OSU-AGL. The PI and graduate student will advance their research capacity by being mentored in noble gas multi-collector mass spectrometry and having access to OSU-AGL’s advanced equipment (Argus VI mass spectrometer, low-volume extraction line, CO2 lasers) and methodologies. Face-to-face manuscript development between senior (Dr. Koppers) and early (Dr. Benowitz and Dr. O’Brien) career scientists will lead to mentorship opportunities as well move forward their careers. This collaborative fellowship will 1) advance the 40Ar/39Ar geochronology application research goals of all the participants; 2) build a strong foundation for future collaborations between OSU-AGL facility and the PI and research group through team addressing questions in 40Ar/39Ar geochronology applications; 3) create avenues for potential collaborative projects involving the applications of 40Ar/39Ar high temperature thermochronology; 4) increase the research capacity of the PI’s home institution by transferring knowledge gained on the PI’s and student’s return through hosting workshops and giving lecture; 5) Provide career training for young female scientists; and 6) overall educate and inform the PI in multi-collector mass spectrometry which will allow him to be more competitive with acquisition proposals for a multi-collector mass spectrometer for the UAF-GF. Furthermore, the PI has ongoing collaborations with faculty members at the University of Alaska- Anchorage, USGS-Anchorage, and the State of Alaska Division of Geologic and Geophysical Surveys which will allow for leveraging and transfer of the skills gained during this fellowship to be disseminated across the state of Alaska through collaborative research proposals and projects.

11.0 Results from Prior NSF Support Jeff Benowitz –EAR-1249885 Collaborative Research: A late Cenozoic record of restraining bend initiation and evolution along the Denali Fault at Mt. McKinley, Alaska, $193,965 (UAF budget), 06/01/13-6/01/16. Intellectual Merit: To date, Jeff Benowitz has completed project field work (3 seasons), sample preparation, co-authored one published manuscript (Burkett et al., 2016), submitted a first author manuscript to the journal Geosphere, and produced 11 meeting abstracts. Dr. Benowitz is leading a synthesis manuscript combining the new thermochronology and neotectonic interpretation results from this project with analog kaolin modeling performed by a collaborator at the University of Amherst (Dr. Cooke). To date they have documented a new process for restraining bend migration and better constrained the deformation history of the central Alaska Range. Broader Impacts: Dr. Benowitz consulted with the Museum of the North on an exhibition on Mt. McKinley; assisted Denali National Park with communicating the geology of the Park to the public; gave a talk to Park staff and visitors titled Why is Mount McKinley so Big?; published an article on the formation of the Alaska Range in Alpinist magazine; and wrote a chapter in a book on the Alaska Range published by the Mountaineers in 2016. Benowitz also co-led a session at the 2014 Seismological Society of America Meeting on Geometric Complexities along Strike-Slip Systems: New Insights on Seismic Hazards, Earthquake Behavior, and Fault System Evolution. A University of Alaska student was mentored on this project and presented at national and regional meetings. Publications from this grant are denoted by Benowitz’s name in bold and student authors highlighted by an asterisk in Cited References.

D-10 E. REFERENCES CITED

(name in bold and student authors highlighted by an asterisk indicates reference associated with past and current funding of one or more of the PIs)

Arce, J.L., Layer, P.W., Morales-Casique, E., Benowitz, J.A., Rangel, E. and Escolero, O., 2013, New constraints on the subsurface geology of the Mexico City Basin: The San Lorenzo Tezonco deep well, on the basis of 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and whole-rock chemistry, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 266, pp.34-49.

Balbas, A., Koppers, A.A., Kent, D.V., Konrad, K. and Clark, P.U., 2016, Identification of the short-lived Santa Rosa geomagnetic excursion in lavas on Floreana Island (Galapagos) by 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, Geology, 44(5), pp.359-362.

Benowitz, J. A., P. W. Layer, P. Armstrong, S. Perry, P. J. Haeussler, P. G. Fitzgerald, and S. VanLaningham, 2011, Spatial variations in focused exhumation along a continental scale strike-slip fault: The Denali fault of the eastern Alaska Range, Geosphere, 7(2), pp. 455–467, doi:10.1130/GES00589.1.

Benowitz, J. A., Haeussler, P.J., Layer, P.W., O'Sullivan, P.B., Wallace, W.K. and Gillis, R.J., 2012, Cenozoic tectono-thermal history of the Tordrillo Mountains, Alaska: Paleocene-Eocene ridge subduction, decreasing relief, and late Neogene faulting, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q04009, doi:10.1029/2011GC003951.

Benowitz, J.A, 2013, Love in the Alaska Orogeny, Alpinist Magazine.

Benowitz, J., Layer, P.W., VanLaningham, S., 2014, Persistent Long-Term (~24 Ma) Exhumation in the Eastern Alaska Range Constrained by Stacked Thermochronology, Geological Society of London Special Volume, 40Ar/39Ar Dating: from Geochronology to Thermochronology, from Archaeology to Planetary Sciences.

Benowitz, J., Roeske, S., Trop, J., Davis, K., Fitzgerald, P., Gillis, R., Armstrong, P., Layer, P., O’Sullivan, P., 2014, The role of pre-existing structures on the inboard upper plate response to flat slab subduction of a buoyant high: Yakutat microplate, Southern Alaska, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 46, No.6, p.795.

Benowitz, J., Bemis, S., Burkett, C., O’Sullivan, P., 2014, Insight into the Evolution of the Mount McKinley Restraining bend through thermochronology: Long-term controls on slip distribution, Abstracts with Programs, SSA annual meeting, Vol. 85, No. 2, p.456.

Benowitz, J., Gillis, R.J., O’Sullivan, P.B., Fitzgerald, P.G., Bemis, S.P., Roeske, S.M., *Terhune. P., Nokleberg, W., 2015, A Thermochronological perspective on Cenozoic tectonics along the Denali Fault system across Alaska, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. Vol. 47, No. 4, p.6.

Benowitz, J., Rasic, J., Coffman, S., Layer, P., Wypych, A., 2015, Geochemical and Geochronological Obsidian and Rhyolite source and Artifact Fingerprinting: Constraints on Prehistoric Aalska Trade Routes and Raw Material Access, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. Vol. 47, No. 7, p.516.

Benowitz, J.A., 2016, The Alaska Orogeny: Alpine Mistress for cold lover’s of stone: Geological History of the Alaska Range, Introduction to: The Alaska Range, Publisher-Mountaineers.

Benowitz, J., 2016, Dark Winter Nights-Jeffrey Benowitz. Youtube, 15 Mar. 2016. Web.

E-1 Benowitz, J., Trop, J.M., Brueseke, M., Davis, K.N., Berkelhammer, S.E., Morter, B.K., Layer, P.W., Weber, M., Fitzgerald, V.T., Keast, R.T., and Moretti, B., 2017a, Investigating the lost arc: geologic constraints on ~29 million years of continuous magmatism along an arc-transform junction, Wrangell Arc, Alaska. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 49.

Benowitz, J. and Addison, J., 2017b, Developing a Tephra Database for IODP Sites U1417 and U1418: Late Miocene to Present Evolution of Eruptive Volcanism Along the Gulf of Alaska, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. Vol. 49, No. 4.

Benowitz, J.A., Layer, P.W., Wypych, A., and Twelker, E., 2017c, 40Ar/39Ar data from rocks collected in the 2015 Wrangellia mineral assessment project area, Mount Hayes A-5, Mount Hayes B-6, and Talkeetna Mountains D-2 quadrangles, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Raw Data File 2017-1, 9 p.

Benowitz, J.A., Layer, P.W., Wypych, A., and Freeman, L.K., 2017d, 40Ar/39Ar ages of rocks collected from the Passage Canal area, Seward D-7 Quadrangle, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Raw Data File 2017-4, 6 p.

Benowitz, J.A., Sicard, K.R., Naibert, T.J., and Layer, P.W., 2017e, 40Ar/39Ar data from the Tok River area, Tanacross A-5 and A-6 quadrangles and adjoining areas, eastern Alaska Range: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Raw Data File 2017-5, 26 p.

Betka, P.M., Gillis, R.J., Benowitz, J.A., 2017, The Bruin Bay fault system of southern Alaska: A Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic boundary with a polyphase fault-slip history, Geosphere, 13(6), pp.1806- 1833.

*Burkett, C., Bemis, S., Benowitz J., *Walker, L., Quaternary Crustal Deformation at the Apex of the Mount McKinley restraining bend of the Denali fault, Alaska, 2014, Abstracts with Programs, SSA annual meeting, Vol. 85, No. 2, p. 456.

*Burkett, C.A., Bemis, S.P. and Benowitz, J.A., 2016, Along-fault migration of the Mount McKinley restraining bend of the Denali fault defined by late Quaternary fault patterns and seismicity, Denali National Park & Preserve, Alaska. Tectonophysics.

*Fendick, A., Bemis, S., Toeneboehn, K., Cooke, M., Benowitz, J., 2016, Denali in a box: analog experiments modeled after a natural setting provide insight on gentle restraining bend deformation, Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 18, EGU2016-10996-2, 2016 EGU General Assembly 2016.

Fitzgerald, P.G., Roeske, S.M., Benowitz, J.A., Riccio, S.J., Perry, S.E., Armstrong, P.A., 2014, Alternating Asymmetric Topography of the Alaska Range along the Strike
slip Denali Fault: Strain Partitioning and Lithospheric Control across a Terrane Suture Zone. Tectonics, 33(8), 1519-1533.

García-Sánchez, L., Macías, J.L., Sosa-Ceballos, G., Arce, J.L., Garduño-Monroy, V.H., Saucedo, R., Avellán, D.R., Rangel, E., Layer, P.W., López-Loera, H. and Rocha, V.S., 2017, Genesis and evolution of the Cerro Prieto Volcanic Complex, Baja California, Mexico. Bulletin of Volcanology, 79(6), p.44.

Harrison, T.M., Heizler, M.T., Lovera, O.M., Wenji, C. and Grove, M., 1994. A chlorine disinfectant for excess argon released from K-felsspar during step heating. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 123(1-3), pp.95-104.

Heizler, M.T., Jicha, B., Koppers, A.A.P. and Miggins, D.P., 2015, December. 40Ar/39Ar Interlaboratory Calibration into the Holocene. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts.

E-2 Hora, J.M., Singer, B.S., Jicha, B.R., Beard, B.L., Johnson, C.M., de Silva, S. and Salisbury, M., 2010, Volcanic biotite-sanidine 40Ar/39Ar age discordances reflect Ar partitioning and pre-eruption closure in biotite. Geology, 38(10), pp. 923-926.

Illig, P.E., 2015, Geology and origins of the peak gold-copper-silver skarn deposit, Tok, Alaska, Master Theses, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Ivanov, A.V., Boven, A.A., Brandt, S.B., Brandt, I.S. and Rasskazov, S.V., 2003, Achievements and limitations of the K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar methods: what’s in it for dating the Quaternary sedimentary deposits. Berliner Paläobiolog Abh, 4, pp.65-75.

Jicha, B.R., Singer, B.S. and Sobol, P., 2016, Re-evaluation of the ages of 40Ar/39Ar sanidine standards and supereruptions in the western US using a Noblesse multi-collector mass spectrometer. Chemical Geology, 431, pp.54-66.

Jones, D.A., Layer, P.W. and Newberry, R.J., 2008, A 3100-year history of argon isotopic and compositional variation at El Chichón volcano. Journal of volcanology and Geothermal Research, 175(4), pp.427-443.

Kaneoka, I., 1980, Rare gas isotopes and mass fractionation: an indicator of gas transport into or from a magma. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 48(2), pp.284-292.

Klath, J.F., Koppers, A.A., Heaton, D.E. and Schnur, S., 2013, December. The effects of acid leaching on 40Ar/39Ar age dating results using samples from the Walvis Ridge hotspot trail. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts.

Koppers, A.A., Morgan, J.P., Morgan, J.W. and Staudigel, H., 2001, Testing the fixed hotspot hypothesis using 40Ar/39Ar age progressions along seamount trails. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 185(3), pp.237-252.

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Koppers AA. On the 40Ar/39Ar Dating of Low-Potassium Ocean Crust Basalt from IODP Expedition 349, South China Sea. InAGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 2014 Dec.

Koppers, A.A.P., 2015, December. On Full Disclosure and Transparent Data Flow from 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology Measurements to Data Reduction to Online Repositories, In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts.

Löbens, S., Oriolo, S., Bennowitz, J., Wemmer, K., Layer,P., Siegesmund,S., 2017, Late Paleozoic deformation and exhumation in the Sierras Pampeanas (Argentina): constrained by first Ar/Ar-feldspar datings, International Journal of Earth Science, 106(6), pp.1991-2003.

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Martin, A. J., P. Copeland, J.A. Benowitz, 2014, Muscovite 40Ar/39Ar Ages Help Reveal the Neogene Tectonic Evolution of the Southern Annapurna Range, Central Nepal. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 412, SP412-5.

E-3 Matsumoto A. and Kobayashi T., 1995, K-Ar age determination of late Quaternary volcanic rocks using the "mass fractionation correction procedure": application to the Younger Ontake Volcano, central Japan // Chem. Geol., 125: 123-135.

McCoy, D.T., 2000, Mid-Cretaceous plutonic-related gold deposits of interior Alaska: Metallogenesis, characteristics, gold-associative mineralogy and geochronology, Doctoral dissertation, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

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Murty, S.V.S., Goswami, J.N. and Shukolyukov, Y.A., 1997, Excess 36Ar in the Efremovka meteorite: A strong hint for the presence of 36Cl in the early solar system. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 475(1), p.L65.

O'Brien, T.M., Miller, E.L., Benowitz, J.P., Meisling, K.E. and Dumitru, T.A., 2016, Dredge samples from the Chukchi Borderland: implications for paleogeographic reconstruction and tectonic evolution of the Amerasia Basin of the Arctic. American Journal of Science, 316(9), pp.873-924.

O'Brien, T. and Grove, M., 2016, February. Generation of intermediate age maxima in GA-1550 biotite through reactor-induced recoil: revealed by in-vacuo Ne and Ar diffusion experiments. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts.

*Priddy, M., Bemis, S., *Carlons, J., Benowitz, J., 2014, Shortening at the western end of the Mount McKinley restraining bend: Preliminary slip rate and along strike changes associated with the Chedotlothna Fault, Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, Abstracts with Programs, GSA annual meeting, vol. 46, no. 6, p. 778.

Renne, P.R., Sharp, W.D., Deino, A.L., Orsi, G. and Civetta, L., 1997, 40Ar/39Ar dating into the historical realm: calibration against Pliny the Younger. Science, 277(5330), pp.1279-1280.

Renne, P.R., 2000, 40Ar/39Ar age of plagioclase from Acapulco meteorite and the problem of systematic errors in cosmochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 175(1-2), pp.13-26.

Renne, P.R., Sharp, Z.D. and Heizler, M.T., 2008, Cl-derived argon isotope production in the CLICIT facility of OSTR reactor and the effects of the Cl-correction in 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Chemical Geology, 255(3-4), pp.463-466.

Renne, P.R., Deino, A.L., Hames, W.E., Heizler, M.T., Hemming, S.R., Hodges, K.V., Koppers, A.A., Mark, D.F., Morgan, L.E., Phillips, D. and Singer, B.S., 2009, Data reporting norms for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Quaternary Geochronology, 4(5), pp.346-352.

Renne, P.R., Cassata, W.S. and Morgan, L.E., 2009, The isotopic composition of atmospheric argon and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology: Time for a change?. Quaternary Geochronology, 4(4), pp.288-298.

*Riccio, S. J., Fitzgerald, P.G., Benowitz, J.A., and Roeske, S.M.,2014, The role of thrust faulting in the formation of the eastern Alaska Range Thermochronological constraints from the Susitna Glacier Thrust Fault region of the intracontinental strike-slip Denali Fault system: Tectonics, v. 33, p. 2195-2217, doi: 10.1002/2014TC003646, 2014.

E-4 * Terhune, P., Benowitz, J., Bemis, J., Cooke, M., O’Sullivan, P., *Burkett, C., *Hatem, A., 2014, Extreme topographic development along the Denali fault strike-slip system, Alaska: Why is Mount McKinley so big?, Abstracts with Programs, GSA annual meeting, vol. 46, no. 6, p.364.

Trop, J.M., Benowitz, J.A., Cole, R.B., and O’Sulivan, P. 2014, The Alaska Range suture zone: latest Cretaceous arc volcanism and Oligocene strike-slip basin development and coeval dike swarms [abs.]. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 46(6): 781.

Waythomas, C. F., and Miller, T. P., 1999, Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Iliamna Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-0373, 31 p., 1 sheet, scale unknown.

Werdon, M.B., 1999, Geology and timing of Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization, northern Brooks Range, Alaska, Doctoral dissertation, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

E-5

F. UAF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

JEFF APPLE BENOWITZ

Department of Geology and Geophysics Phone: (907) 474-7010 University of Alaska Fairbanks Email: [email protected] 308 Reichardt Building 900 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775

PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION University of Alaska Fairbanks Geology B.S., 1992 University of Alaska Fairbanks Creative Writing M.F.A., 2004 University of Alaska Fairbanks Geology Ph.D., August 2011

APPOINTMENTS 2017 – present: Research Associate Professor/Geochronology Lab Director University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute 2013 – 2017: Research Assistant Professor/Geochronology Lab Manager University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute 2011 – 2013: Research Associate/Geochronology Lab Manager University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute

PRODUCTS 5 Most Closely Related to the Project: 2017 Torres-Orozco, R., Arce, J.L., Layer, P.W. and Benowitz, J.A., The Quaternary history of effusive volcanism of the Nevado de Toluca area, Central Mexico. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 79, pp.12-39. 2016 Obrien, T., Miller, E., Benowitz, J., Meisling, K.A., Dumitru, T.A., Dredge samples from the Chukchi Borderland: Implications for paleogeographic reconstruction and tectonic evolution of the Amerasia Basin of the Arctic, American Journal of Science. 2015 Kuehn, C., Guest, B., Russell, J. K., Benowitz, J. A., The Satah Mountain and Baldface Mountain volcanic fields: Pleistocene hot spot volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, west-central British Columbia, Canada, Bulletin of Volcanology, 77(3), 1-27. 2015 Arce, J., Layer, P., I Martinez, I., Ivan Salinas, J., Benowitz, J.A., 2015, Geology and stratigraphy of the San Lorenzo Tezonco deep well and its surroundings, south of the Basin of Mexico, Boletin De La Sociedad Geologica Mexicana 67 (2), 123-143. 2015 Gómez
Vasconcelos, M.G., Garduño
Monroy, V.H., Macías, J.L., Layer, P.W. and Benowitz, J.A., The Sierra de Mil Cumbres, Michoacán, México: Transitional volcanism between the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Trans- Mexican Volcanic Belt. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 301, pp.128-147.

F-1

5 Other Significant Products: 2017 Benowitz, J.A., Davis, K., Roeske, S., A River Runs Through it Both Ways Through Time: 40Ar/39Ar Detrital and Bedrock Muscovite Geochronology Constraints on the Neogene Paleodrainage History of the Nenana River, Alaska Range, submitted to Geosphere. 2017 Betka, P.M., Gillis, R.J., Benowitz, J.A., The Bruin Bay fault system of southern Alaska: A Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic boundary with a polyphase fault-slip history, Geosphere. 2014 Benowitz, J., Layer, P.W., VanLaningham, S., Persistent Long-Term (~24 Ma) Exhumation in the Eastern Alaska Range Constrained by Stacked Thermochronology, Geological Society of London Special Volume, 40Ar/39Ar Dating: from Geochronology to Thermochronology, from Archaeology to Planetary Sciences. 2012 Benowitz, J. A., P. J. Haeussler, P. W. Layer, P. B. O'Sullivan, W. K. Wallace and R. J. Gillis, Cenozoic tectono-thermal history of the Tordrillo Mountains, Alaska: Paleocene-Eocene ridge subduction, decreasing relief, and late Neogene faulting, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q04009, doi:10.1029/2011GC003951. 2011 Benowitz, J., P. Layer, P. Armstrong, S. Perry, P. Haeussler, P. Fitzgerald, and S. VanLaningham, Spatial Variations in Focused Exhumation Along a Continental- Scale Strike-Slip Fault: the Denali Fault of the Eastern Alaska Range, Geosphere, v. 7; no. 2; p. 455-467; DOI: 10.1130/GES00589.1

SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITES (up to 5)

2017 Co-led a session at the Geological Society of America Annual meeting (Seattle, Washington) on strike-slip fault translation and vertical tectonics.

2016 Wrote an adventure science essay on the Geological History of the Alaska Range for the book, The Alaska Range, published by the Mountaineers in 2016.

2016-present Journal Geosphere guest associate editor for the themed issue, “Geological evolution of the Alaska Range and environs.”

2013 Attended (U-Th)/He dating workshop with Rebecca Flowers and Jim Metcalf at the University of Colorado geochronology facility.

2012 Attend U-Pb dating workshop with George Gehrels at the Geological Society of America Annual meeting (Charlotte, NC).

F-2 SUMMARY YEAR 1 PROPOSAL BUDGET FOR NSF USE ONLY ORGANIZATION PROPOSAL NO. DURATION (months) University of Alaska Fairbanks Campus Proposed Granted PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR / PROJECT DIRECTOR AWARD NO. Jeff Benowitz A. SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co-PI’s, Faculty and Other Senior Associates NSF Funded Funds Funds Person-months Requested By granted by NSF (List each separately with title, A.7. show number in brackets) CAL ACAD SUMR proposer (if different) 1. Jeff Benowitz - PI 3.00 0.00 0.00 28,636 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ( 0 ) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET JUSTIFICATION PAGE) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 7. ( 1 ) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1 - 6) 3.00 0.00 0.00 28,636 B. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS) 1. ( 0 ) POST DOCTORAL SCHOLARS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 2. ( 0 ) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 3. ( 1 ) GRADUATE STUDENTS 6,270 4. ( 0 ) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS 0 5. ( 0 ) SECRETARIAL - CLERICAL (IF CHARGED DIRECTLY) 0 6. ( 0 ) OTHER 0 TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B) 34,906 C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS) 9,857 TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A + B + C) 44,763 D. EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $5,000.)

TOTAL EQUIPMENT 0 E. TRAVEL 1. DOMESTIC (INCL. U.S. POSSESSIONS) 18,282 2. INTERNATIONAL 0

F. PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS 1. STIPENDS $ 0 2. TRAVEL 0 3. SUBSISTENCE 0 4. OTHER 0 TOTAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS ( 0 ) TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS 0 G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS 1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES 0 2. PUBLICATION COSTS/DOCUMENTATION/DISSEMINATION 0 3. CONSULTANT SERVICES 0 4. COMPUTER SERVICES 0 5. SUBAWARDS 0 6. OTHER 20,661 TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS 20,661 H. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G) 83,706 I. INDIRECT COSTS (F&A)(SPECIFY RATE AND BASE) Facilities & Administration (Rate: 50.5000, Base: 73044) TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS (F&A) 36,887 J. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H + I) 120,593 K. SMALL BUSINESS FEE 0 L. AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J MINUS K) 120,593 M. COST SHARING PROPOSED LEVEL $0 AGREED LEVEL IF DIFFERENT $ fm1030rs-07 PI/PD NAME FOR NSF USE ONLY Jeff Benowitz INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATION ORG. REP. NAME* Date Checked Date Of Rate Sheet Initials - ORG Andrew Gray 1 *ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES REQUIRED FOR REVISED BUDGET SUMMARY YEAR 2 PROPOSAL BUDGET FOR NSF USE ONLY ORGANIZATION PROPOSAL NO. DURATION (months) University of Alaska Fairbanks Campus Proposed Granted PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR / PROJECT DIRECTOR AWARD NO. Jeff Benowitz A. SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co-PI’s, Faculty and Other Senior Associates NSF Funded Funds Funds Person-months Requested By granted by NSF (List each separately with title, A.7. show number in brackets) CAL ACAD SUMR proposer (if different) 1. Jeff Benowitz - PI 3.00 0.00 0.00 29,209 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ( 0 ) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET JUSTIFICATION PAGE) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 7. ( 1 ) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1 - 6) 3.00 0.00 0.00 29,209 B. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS) 1. ( 0 ) POST DOCTORAL SCHOLARS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 2. ( 0 ) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 3. ( 1 ) GRADUATE STUDENTS 6,270 4. ( 0 ) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS 0 5. ( 0 ) SECRETARIAL - CLERICAL (IF CHARGED DIRECTLY) 0 6. ( 0 ) OTHER 0 TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B) 35,479 C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS) 10,101 TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A + B + C) 45,580 D. EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $5,000.)

TOTAL EQUIPMENT 0 E. TRAVEL 1. DOMESTIC (INCL. U.S. POSSESSIONS) 28,327 2. INTERNATIONAL 0

F. PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS 1. STIPENDS $ 0 2. TRAVEL 0 3. SUBSISTENCE 0 4. OTHER 0 TOTAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS ( 0 ) TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS 0 G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS 1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES 0 2. PUBLICATION COSTS/DOCUMENTATION/DISSEMINATION 0 3. CONSULTANT SERVICES 0 4. COMPUTER SERVICES 0 5. SUBAWARDS 0 6. OTHER 11,727 TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS 11,727 H. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G) 85,634 I. INDIRECT COSTS (F&A)(SPECIFY RATE AND BASE) Facilities & Administration (Rate: 50.5000, Base: 73905) TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS (F&A) 37,322 J. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H + I) 122,956 K. SMALL BUSINESS FEE 0 L. AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J MINUS K) 122,956 M. COST SHARING PROPOSED LEVEL $0 AGREED LEVEL IF DIFFERENT $ fm1030rs-07 PI/PD NAME FOR NSF USE ONLY Jeff Benowitz INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATION ORG. REP. NAME* Date Checked Date Of Rate Sheet Initials - ORG Andrew Gray 2 *ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES REQUIRED FOR REVISED BUDGET SUMMARY Cumulative PROPOSAL BUDGET FOR NSF USE ONLY ORGANIZATION PROPOSAL NO. DURATION (months) University of Alaska Fairbanks Campus Proposed Granted PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR / PROJECT DIRECTOR AWARD NO. Jeff Benowitz A. SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co-PI’s, Faculty and Other Senior Associates NSF Funded Funds Funds Person-months Requested By granted by NSF (List each separately with title, A.7. show number in brackets) CAL ACAD SUMR proposer (if different) 1. Jeff Benowitz - PI 6.00 0.00 0.00 57,845 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ( ) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET JUSTIFICATION PAGE) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 7. ( 1 ) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1 - 6) 6.00 0.00 0.00 57,845 B. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS) 1. ( 0 ) POST DOCTORAL SCHOLARS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 2. ( 0 ) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 3. ( 2 ) GRADUATE STUDENTS 12,540 4. ( 0 ) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS 0 5. ( 0 ) SECRETARIAL - CLERICAL (IF CHARGED DIRECTLY) 0 6. ( 0 ) OTHER 0 TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B) 70,385 C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS) 19,958 TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A + B + C) 90,343 D. EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $5,000.)

TOTAL EQUIPMENT 0 E. TRAVEL 1. DOMESTIC (INCL. U.S. POSSESSIONS) 46,609 2. INTERNATIONAL 0

F. PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS 1. STIPENDS $ 0 2. TRAVEL 0 3. SUBSISTENCE 0 4. OTHER 0 TOTAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS ( 0 ) TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS 0 G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS 1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES 0 2. PUBLICATION COSTS/DOCUMENTATION/DISSEMINATION 0 3. CONSULTANT SERVICES 0 4. COMPUTER SERVICES 0 5. SUBAWARDS 0 6. OTHER 32,388 TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS 32,388 H. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G) 169,340 I. INDIRECT COSTS (F&A)(SPECIFY RATE AND BASE)

TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS (F&A) 74,209 J. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H + I) 243,549 K. SMALL BUSINESS FEE 0 L. AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J MINUS K) 243,549 M. COST SHARING PROPOSED LEVEL $0 AGREED LEVEL IF DIFFERENT $ fm1030rs-07 PI/PD NAME FOR NSF USE ONLY Jeff Benowitz INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATION ORG. REP. NAME* Date Checked Date Of Rate Sheet Initials - ORG Andrew Gray C *ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES REQUIRED FOR REVISED BUDGET G. BUDGET JUSTIFICATION

Estimated costs associated with the proposed project are detailed below. Costs are budgeted in accordance with Federal Regulations and UA Board of Regents policies. Unless otherwise stated, all rates are current and include annual increases where appropriate for subsequent project years.

Salaries: 522 hours (3.0 mos.) per year are requested for PI Benowitz (at $48.76/hour) to administer the research aspects of the project, mentor a graduate student, to learn how to operate and maintain a multi-collector noble gas mass spectrometer, and to build collaboration between the University of Alaska Geochronology Facility and the Oregon State University Argon Geochronology Laboratory scientists. Support is also budgeted for one graduate student (3.0 months, academic year only) to assist in the research aspects of the project and to learn about recent advances in noble gas mass spectrometry and how to operate and maintain a multi- collector noble gas mass spectrometer. Salary is listed at the current FY18 rate and includes a leave reserve of 10.3% for faculty. Salary also includes an annual inflation increase of 2.0% for faculty each year.

UAF, as a state-controlled institution of higher education, defines "year" as the fiscal year period between July 1 and June 30 each year, in alignment with the State of Alaska.

Waiver of Two-Month Rule (NSF): UAF researchers do not have ‘typical’ 9-month contracts, but are to a large degree soft- funded, and thus must use research or other sources of funding for their salary support. Therefore, we specifically would like to request a waiver of the two-months-rule so that PI Benowitz may charge more than 2 months to NSF during any 12-month period.

Benefits: Staff benefits are applied according to UAF’s Provisional FY18 fringe benefit rates. Rate is 31.1% for faculty salary. A copy of the rate agreement is available at http://www.alaska.edu/cost-analysis/negotiation-agreements/. Funds (AY17-18 rate of $888 for fall semester) are included for graduate student health care, with a 7.0% annual inflation increase.

Travel: Domestic: Domestic: Two trips per year (Yr 1: 14 days & 30 days, Yr 2: 30 days each) are requested for two individuals to travel to Corvallis, OR (placeholder, at $700/ticket for airfare) to conduct research and to be mentored in multi-collector noble gas mass spectrometry. One of the trips (Yr 1: 14 days) is requested for two individuals to travel to Corvallis, OR is to participate and be mentored in multi-collector noble gas mass spectrometry maintenance when parts need to be changed out. Other travel includes 1 trip for two individuals to travel to Phoenix, AZ (placeholder, at $850/ticket for airfare) to attend the GSA conference, and 1 trip for two individuals to travel to Anchorage, AK (placeholder, at $250/ticket for airfare) to present at a Chugach Gem and Mineral Meeting. Per Diem (meals, lodging, and incidentals) is $144/day for Corvallis, $152/day for Phoenix, and $259/day for Anchorage. Vehicle rental is budgeted at $1,100/month

G-1 in Corvallis, and $100/day for Anchorage (includes tax, fees and fuel). Ground transportation is budgeted at $50/day per person for Phoenix. An inflation rate of 10% per year has been included for all transportation costs. All airfare cost data is based on Internet research. All Per Diem is in accordance with GSA/JTR Regulations.

Contractual Services and Other Direct Costs: $10,000 is requested in year 1 for 40Ar/39Ar analysis (20 samples at $500 per sample). Per UAF policy, partial non-resident tuition costs ($979 per credit for 9 credits per semester) are included for the graduate student as well as partial non-resident student fees at $881 per semester (academic year only). Student tuition and fees are listed at the AY17-18 rate with a 10% inflation increase per year.

Indirect Costs: $74,210 is requested for Facilities and Administrative (F&A) Costs. Facilities and Administrative (F&A) Costs are negotiated with the Office of Naval Research. The predetermined rate for sponsored research at UAF is calculated at 50.5% (FY17–FY18 predetermined agreement) of Modified Total Direct Costs (MTDC). MTDC includes Total Direct Costs minus tuition and associated fees, scholarships, participant support costs, rental/lease costs, subaward amounts over $25,000, and equipment. A copy of the rate agreement is available at: http://www.alaska.edu/cost-analysis/negotiation-agreements/. .

G-2 H. CURRENT AND PENDING SUPPORT FORM

PI NAME: Jeff Benowitz

Has the current proposal been submitted to any other funding source? If "Yes" list name of funding source: No Current Support

Calendar Months Start/End Award Location of Project Title Supporting Agency Funding Dates Amount Research per Year

Collaborative Research: Investigating geologic controls on temporal-spatial heterogeneous 08/15/16 - NSF 0.9 $202,561 Alaska deformation along a transpressive strike-slip fault 07/31/19 system: The eastern Denali Fault Corner

Collaborative Research: Investigating the lost arc: geological constraints on ~ 25 02/15/15 - Million years of magmatism along an arc-transform NSF 0.8 $152,135 Alaska 01/31/19 junction, Wrangell Volcanic Belt, Alaska

Pending Support

Calendar Months Start/End Requested Location of Project Title Supporting Agency Funding Dates Amount Research per Year

RII Track-4: Why are young volcanic rocks 09/01/18 - Alaska, undateable: chemistry, environment, or NSF 3.0 $243,548 08/31/20 Oregon instrumentation? [This Proposal]

Collaborative Research: Crustal-scale shortening 07/01/18 - and thickening along a transpressive shear zone - NSF 0.8 $111,649 Alaska 12/31/20 where did the slip on the Denali fault system go?

Geologically testing the proposed flat-slab geodynamic mechanisms responsible for 05/01/18 - NSF 1.0 $247,367 Alaska topographic developement of the Talkeetna 04/30/21 Mountains, Alaska

H-1

I. UAF FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT, AND OTHER RESOURCES

Geochronology Laboratory

The 40Ar/39Ar age determinations will be performed at the Geochronology Laboratory in the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska. This facility has been in operation since 1972 as a K-Ar dating laboratory and since 1989 as a 40Ar/39Ar facility. The laboratory has facilities for sample preparation, including a fully equipped rock crushing room, Frantz magnetic separators, and heavy liquids (sodium polytungstate). The primary spectrometer is a VG3600, installed in 1994, which is connected 'on-line' to a Coherent 6-watt laser-heating system and to a Modifications, Ltd. resistance-style furnace; both with a low-blank extraction line. This system came on line in May 1994 and is used to do single-step fusions and step-heating experiments on single mineral crystals and small-multicrystal aliquots. The spectrometer is fully computer controlled, and the laser and furnace systems are fully automated. We have upgraded the VG3600 electronics through an NSF Instrumentation and Facilities Grant (EAR-0237360, Awarded 5/1/03). This allows for improved signal to noise ratio and increased stability and sensitivity. We have implemented an automated single-grain fusion procedure using a specially designed cooper tray that holds up to 121 single grains. We have implemented MDD software acquired from UCLA for analysis of K-feldspar samples and a hand held XRF procedure to test for mineral purity of K-feldspar separates.

OTHER RESOURCES: The Geophysical Institute at UAF also has a wide array of support services available, which will be called upon to support this project. Facilities include an Electronics Shop, Machine Shop, Computer Resource Center, Word Processing Center, Photographic and Drafting Center, and Business Office. UAF is a research university with a research library and computer support.

I-1 J. Special Information and Supplementary Documentation

Data Management Plan Our data management plan for the proposed work will ensure the permanent archiving and public access to all data and samples as described below. The data management plan for the proposed project will comply with Integrated Earth Data Applications standards http://www.iedadata.org/.

Permanent Archiving of Data Lab data (geochronology, thermochronology) maybe generated by this research. Lab data will include: • 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology data

As they are acquired, the lab data will be organized in spreadsheets with sample GPS coordinates and unique sample numbers (e.g., international geosample number (IGSN) using the System for Earth Sample Registration (SESAR) as described in the following section on Access to Data and Samples). Because of the wide range of analytical data, we will maintain separate spreadsheets for each analytical technique which will contain the raw data. A master spreadsheet will also be compiled to contain the complete data results for each unique sample. Archiving sample collections continues to be a topic of concern for field geologists. The University of Alaska Fairbanks departments have storage within their buildings for storing research samples. The remaining rock samples will be archived at the University of Alaska Fairbanks in the Geology department building where there is adequate long-term storage for research samples.

Access to Data and Samples Providing access to the data and sample collection to outside users can be done in a number of different ways. Clearly the main route is through timely publication. Once data are in press they would be uploaded to established on-line archives. Geochronology data from this project will be archived in the Geochron database operating within EarthChem (earthchem.org), a resource supported by the National Science Foundation. Acquired data will also be disseminated through appropriate venues such as student theses, peer-reviewed publications with appropriate data repositories. We anticipate sharing sample fractions with colleagues in other research institutions who might be interested in such things as conducting further geochemical analyses. This project does not involve either animal or human subjects.

J-1 -/HWWHUVRI&RPPLWPHQWRU6XSSRUW

J-2 DocuSign Envelope ID: 3FC91EAF-6D1A-412E-AA12-31745F8DCD41

College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University 104 CEOAS Admin Bldg. Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503

P 541-737-3504 F 541-737-2064 ceoas.oregonstate.edu March 09, 2018

Dr. Jeff A. Benowitz Associate Research Professor Geochronology Facility Supervisor Geophysical Institute University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Natural Science & Mathematics 1930 Yukon Drive, Room 358 PO Box 755940 Fairbanks, AK 99775

Dear Dr. Benowitz:

The College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University will be pleased to host you and a graduate student for training and collaboration in the Argon Geochronology Laboratory (OSU-AGL). This training and collaboration will be based on the funding of your EPSCoR Research Fellows (RII Track-4) proposal, titled Why are young volcanic rocks undateable: chemistry, environment, or instrumentation?, through the University of Alaska.

We confirm that all necessary logistical arrangements (site access, lab access, analysis time, office space, cyber connectivity) will be made for you and your and student’s potential visit(s) to ensure that the project may proceed as proposed. Dr. Koppers, Dr. Miggins, and Dr. O’Brien in the OSU-AGL look forward to furthering their collaboration with you and your research group, and laboratory.

You will be responsible for securing financial support for this collaboration as the College and Oregon State University will not provide financial assistance in terms of salary, health insurance, or other fees however, arrangements will be made to provide you with appropriate office space and access to campus services.

CEOAS is one of the world's premier institutions studying the integrated Earth system. Excellence in research is key to the identity of the College and underpins education, outreach and service activities. We hope that during your stay you will benefit from the interaction with our diverse research teams.

We look forward to your visit.

Sincerely,

Roberta Marinelli, Dean College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences

J-3 College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University 104 CEOAS Admin Bldg. Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503

P 541-737-3504 F 541-737-2064 ceoas.oregonstate.edu

13-Mar-18

To whom it may concern, We look forward to extended visits from Dr. Jeff Benowitz (and his graduate student) if his EPSCoR Research Fellows (RII Track-4) proposal, titled Why are young volcanic rocks undateable: chemistry, environment, or instrumentation? is funded. We first met Dr. Benowitz when he attended a three-day workshop on the future of noble gas mass spectrometry and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology hosted at the New Mexico Tech’s noble gas laboratory in June, 2017. Jeff grilled us with questions about both the capabilities of multi-collector mass spectrometers and technical concerns like calibrating five independent simultaneously measuring detectors. Since then, Jeff has continued to correspond with us and the Koppers research group on his research interests, in particular concerning some samples that appear undateable and/or provide negative ages. It is very possible that some of the samples Jeff has had trouble dating could be dateable using the advanced multi-collector ARGUS-VI mass spectrometer instrumentation of the OSU Argon Geochronology Lab compared to the ~25 year old VG3600 mass spectrometer at UAF. Conversely, the low K young volcanic rocks Jeff is trying to date simply may have to little radiogenic 40Ar to allow for accurate age determinations regardless of instrumentation. As Jeff has pointed out, Ar fractionation in magma chambers and during eruption may also play a role in the presence of excess 36Ar and thus result in the apparent negative ages. Tim and Jeff already collaborated on a study to better understand the opening of the Arctic Ocean, a hot topic, when Tim was working on his PhD at Stanford University. There efforts led to a manuscript that published in 2016, in the esteemed journal American Journal of Science. We look forward to hosting Dr. Benowitz to help him reach his research goals and to train him on how to run and maintain a multi-collector mass spectrometer. It is our understanding he is in the process of writing a proposal to acquire a multi-collector mass spectrometer for the University of Alaska Fairbanks, which will suit him, his research group and the State of Alaska well for the next 25 years. Overall this fellowship will increase Dr. Benowitz’s research capabilities and allow him to increase the research capacity of his home institution on his return.

Tim O’Brien Anthony Koppers Faculty Research Assistant Director, OSU Argon Geochronology Oregon State University Oregon State University

J-4