POEMMA & EUSO-SPB Space Probes of the Highest Energy Particles
Vulcano 2018
Angela V. Olinto Cosmic Ray Spectrum Space Experiments
Solar Galactic Cosmic Rays Extragalactic Cosmic Rays Influence
Ground Experiments
PhysPAG3 8/14/12 Angela Olinto 3 Space Space Experiments Experiments ANITA Solar Extragalactic Cosmic Galactic Cosmic Rays Influence Rays
Ground ExperimentsEUSO-SPB
PhysPAG4 8/14/12 Angela Olinto 4 2010s What Are the Sources of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays ? Dipole Above 8 EeV = 5.2σ!!
ExtraGALACTIC SOURCES!!!! 2020s What Are the Sources of the Extragalactic Cosmic Rays ? 2020s What Are the Sources of the Extragalactic Cosmic Rays ?
What Are the Sources of the IceCube Neutrinos? No Clear Correlations yet 2020s What Are the Sources of the Extragalactic Cosmic Rays ? What Are ALL the Sources of IceCube Neutrinos?
What is the flux of Cosmogenic Neutrinos? Cosmic Neutrino Spectrum
ICECUBE
Astrophysicall
K. Hanson 2020s What Are the Sources of the Extragalactic Cosmic Rays ? What Are ALL the Sources of IceCube Neutrinos?
What is the flux of Cosmogenic Neutrinos?
What are Neutrino and Hadronic Interactions at larger energies? knee 1 km-2 yr-1 0.1 km-2 1 m-2 yr-1 century-1 ankle 14 Leading Observatories of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays
Telescope Array Pierre Auger Utah, USA Observatory (5 country collaboration) Mendoza, Argentina 700 km2 array (19 country collaboration) 3 fluorescence 3,000 km2 array telescopes 4 fluorescence telescopes 302,000 event16s Statistically Limited
Emax or GZK?
302,000 event17s Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin Effect + 0 p + gcmb® D ® p + p ® n + p +
Kotera & AO 11 Cosmogenic (BZ*) Neutrinos & Photons
+ 0 p+gcmb® D ® p + p ® γγ ® n + p +
- n ® p + e + ne + + p ® µ + nµ + + µ ® e + ne +nµ
*Berezinsky & Zatsepin ‘69 Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin Effect
Nuclei: Photo-dissociation
Cosmogenic Neutrinos
Ave et al arXiv0409316 Allard et al arXiv0605327 20 Allard arXiv0605327 A1,7A-,,
] ν : ν : ν 1:1:1 1 e µ τ (2010) − CosmogenicAuger (2015) Neutrinos
Vr -7 ,FeCube aVtro. (2015) 1 10 − V 1 −
10-8
>Ge9 FP ,FeCube (2015) ) ν > > E ( Φ 1 ν > E
) -9 ¯ ν 10 + ν ( CoVPogeniF VtG.
Pure )e inj. max -10 max ◀ low ECR 10 )e riFh, low ECR ▶ All-Ilavor All-Ilavor
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 Kotera,10 AVO credit M. Bustamante 1eutrino energy Eν >Ge9] arXiv: 1101.4256 Composition observable: depth of shower maximum average and fluctuations Fe
23
ICRC2017 Fe
Statistically Limited
24
40 EeV ICRC2017 GZK or Emax?
Fang, Kotera, AO ‘13 19 Rmax~ 5 10 eV Hard Spectra ~ E -1.x Source density: negative evolution
25 Kotera, AO ‘11 Hillas Plot: Emax required
LHCLHC whitewhite dwarfdwarf
Kotera & AO’11 (after Hillas 1984) UHECRs Current Status
Spectrum: ankle and “GZK like” feature Composition: transition to mixed at highest energies Anisotropies? From ~ 3 σ to 5.2σ
27 Above 57 EeV ~3σ Above 39 EeV ~4σ Dipole Above 8 EeV = 5.2σ!!
ExtraGALACTIC SOURCES!!!!
Dipole: EXTRAGALACTIC
Source Hotspots
32 UHECRs Current Status
Spectrum: ankle and GZK like feature Composition: transition to mixed at highest energies Anisotropies: Auger Dipole E >8 EeV; above ~50 EeV: TA hotspot? Multi-messengers?
33 Auger Photon Limits
No UHE Photons Yet!
Niechciol et al ICRC17 A1,7A-,,
] ν : ν : ν 1:1:1 1 e µ τ (2010) − CosmogenicAuger (2015) Neutrinos
Vr -7 ,FeCube aVtro. (2015) 1 10 − V 1 −
10-8
>Ge9 FP ,FeCube (2015) ) ν > > E ( Φ 1 ν > E
) -9 ¯ ν 10 + ν ( CoVPogeniF VtG.
Pure )e inj. max -10 max ◀ low ECR 10 )e riFh, low ECR ▶ All-Ilavor All-Ilavor
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 Kotera,10 AVO credit M. Bustamante 1eutrino energy Eν >Ge9] arXiv: 1101.4256 Grand Unified Models!
Jets in clusters
Fang & Murase 2017 2020s What Are the Sources of the Extragalactic Cosmic Rays ? What Are ALL the Sources of IceCube Neutrinos?
What is the flux of Cosmogenic Neutrinos?
What are Neutrino and Hadronic Interactions at larger energies? Statistically Limited
Emax or GZK?
302,000 event38s Fe
Statistically Limited
39
40 EeV ICRC2017 A1,7A-,,
] ν : ν : ν 1:1:1 1 e µ τ (2010) − Auger (2015)
Vr -7 ,FeCube aVtro. (2015) 1 10 − V 1 −
10-8
>Ge9 FP ,FeCube (2015) ) ν > > E ( Φ 1
ν Cosmogenic > E
) -9 BZ Neutrinos ¯ ν 10 +
ν Flux Challenge ( CoVPogeniF VtG.
Pure )e inj. max -10 max ◀ low ECR 10 )e riFh, low ECR ▶ All-Ilavor All-Ilavor
105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 credit M. Bustamante 1eutrino energy Eν >Ge9] arXiv:1710.05839
GW170817 follow up w ANTARES, ICECUBE, AUGER arXiv:1710.05839
GW170817 follow up w ANTARES, ICECUBE, AUGER Towards Space Probes of UHECRs and Neutrinos
EUSO-SPB2 EUSO-SPB1
the Earth Atmosphere as an Extreme Energy Particle Observatory POEMMA: Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics POEMMA: STUDY COLLABORATION
University of Chicago: Angela V. Olinto (PI) NASA/MSFC: Mark J. Christl (deputy PI), Roy M. Young, Peter Bertone, Jeff Apple, Gary Thornton, Brent Knight, Kurt Dietz, Mohammad Sabra University of Alabama, Huntsville: James Adams, Patrick Reardon, Evgeny Kuznetsov, J. Watts Jr., J. Tubbs, M. Mastafa NASA/GSFC: John W. Mitchell, John Krizmanic, Jeremy S Perkins, Julie McEnery, Elizabeth Hays, Floyd Stecker, Stan Hunter, Jonathan Ormes University of Utah: Doug Bergman, John Matthews Colorado School of Mines: Lawrence Wiencke, Frederic Sarazin City University of New York, Lehman College: Luis Anchordoqu, Thomas C. Paul Georgia Institute of Technology: A. Nepomuk Otte Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley: Eleanor Judd University of Iowa: Mary Hall Reno Jet Propulsion Laboratory: Insoo Jun, L. M. Martinez-Sierra Vanderbilt University: Steven E Csorna APC Univerite de Paris 7: Etienne Parizot, Guillaume Prevot Universita di Torino: Mario Edoardo Bertaina, Francesco Fenu, Kenji Shinozaki University of Geneva: Andrii Neronov Gran Sasso Science Institute: Roberto Aloisio Scientists from16+ institutions from OWL, JEM-EUSO, Auger, TA, Veritas, CTA, Fermi, Theory Extensive Air-shower Fluorescence from SPACE EUSO on the OWL Japanese Experiment 2002 Module design
46 46 JEM-EUSO
Extreme Universe Space Observatory (EUSO) in the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) of the International Space Station (ISS)
Collaboration: 16 Countries, 95 Institutes, 358 Researchers Refractor Fresnel Lenses large FOV and large MAPMT camera with 0.3M pixels
16 Countries, 95 Institutes, 358 Researchers 48 Focal Surface Detector
Elementary Cell (EC) (2x2 PMTs = 256 pixels) 4932 MAPMTs (8x8 pixels)
Focal Surface detector Photo-Detector 137 PDMs Module (PDM) = 0.3M Pixels 3x3 ECs = 36 PMTS 2,304 pixels 1 High Voltage / PDM JEM-EUSO program
EUSO-TA (2013-)
EUSO-Balloon (2014)
EUSO-SPB1 (2017)
Mini-EUSO (2018-19) EUSO-SPB EUSO-SPB2 (2020-22)
K-EUSO (2023+)
POEMMA (2028+) EUSO Balloon: 1st flight and first light on 24-25.8.2014
51 EUSO-Balloon 2014 Flasher & Laser events
355nm Laser: ~1020 eV equivalent brightness
SciAm Oct 14,14 EUSO-SPB Extreme Universe Space Observatory on a Super Pressure Balloon
1/29/17 APS EUSO-SPB EUSO-SPB Extreme Universe Space Observatory on a Super Pressure Balloon
Ultrafast Camera: Photo-Detector Module (PDM) (3x3 ECs = 36 MAPMTS ; 2,304 pixels) EUSO-SPB Extreme Universe Space Observatory on a Super Pressure Balloon EUSO-SPB launch, April 24, 2017 23:51 UTC WANAKA 2017 Campaign Super Pressure Balloon (SPB) EUSO mission
12 d 4 h
57 NASA completed its third mid-latitude Super Pressure Balloon (SPB) flight at 11:24 p.m. EDT, Saturday, May 6, after 12 days, 4 hours and 34 minutes aloft. Why New Zealand?
~100 km/h
~ 4 days
Wanaka air flow at ~30 km June 9th 2017
South Island https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/wind/isobaric/1 New Zealand 0hPa/orthographic=180,-90,300 Cameron Beccario 59 arXiv:1703.04513 EUSO-SPB2
Cherenkov Emission from UHECRs Tau Neutrino Background Fluorescence from UHECRS
Cherenkov UHECRs Ta UHECRs u l ept Fluorescence on
Tau Neutrino arXiv:1606.03629 by Patrick J. Reardon Cherenkov Telescopes FoV 5◦ X 45◦ bi-focal mirror FoV 5◦ X 45◦ normal mirror Focal Surface 7cm x 70cm
Fluorescence Telescope FoV 15◦ X 45◦ normal mirror
Corrector Plate: 1m2 Image resolution: ~ few mm Pixel size: ~3mm square
Challenges/Opportunities: Space qualified SiPMs, ultra-fast ASICs, corrector lens development, bifocal mirror SPB stability POEMMA: Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics POEMMA Probe of Extreme Multi- Messenger Astrophysics Class B Mission 2 observatories: Stereo Observations
3-year Prime Mission, 5-year Mission Goal LEO 525 km, 28.5o inclination 300 km to 25 km separation Controlled re-entry/decommission
4 meter f/0.64 Schmidt telescope 45o FoV MAPMT and SiPM focal surface
Phase A start 10/2023 (NASA HQ guidance) Launch 11/2029 (MDL forecast) POEMMA Probe of Extreme Multi- Messenger Astrophysics Stowed Deployed
Dual Manifest in ATLAS V LPF 4 meter f/0.64 Schmidt telescope
POEMMA Hybrid MM Focal Surface UV Fluorescence Cherenkov Detection Detection with MAPMTs with SiPMs ~ 150k pixels Elementary Cell (EC) 1.6 m SiPM (8x8)
PCB1 PCB2 Si-Diode Interconnector
28 SiPM focal surface units Total 14,336 pixels 512 pixels per FSU (64x4x2) 60 Photo Detector Modules (PDMs)= 138,240 pixels 1 PDM = 36 MAPMTs = 2,304 pixels 68
POEMMA Mission Design to optimize Science priorities Orbits from 525 km altitude, inclin 28.5o UHECR cross-calibration with ground UHECR sky map, composition above 10 EeV UHECR flux at 100 EeV Below limb: Tau decay search Above limb: horizontal showers POEMMA
νtau
Optical Cherenkov signal from tau neutrinos PeV à highest energies POEMMA
Nadir for UHECR: Limb for Neutrinos: Radius 200-400 km Radius 2.6-3.7 103 km UHECR Exposure History today A1,7A-,,
] ν : ν : ν 1:1:1 1 e µ τ (2010) − AugHr (2015)
Vr -7 ,FHCubH DVtrR. (2015) 1 10 − V
1 17A (prRj. 3 yr) −
10-8 G5A1D10N (prRj. 3 yr) >GH9 FP ,FHCubH (2015) )
ν A5A-37 (prRj. 3 yr) > > E (
Φ A5,A11A (prRj. 3 yr) 1 ν > E
) -9 ¯ ν 10 + ν ( CRVPRgHniF VtG. CHA17 (prRj. 3 yr) G5A1D200N (prRj. 3 yr) 3urH )H inj. max -10 max ◀ lRw ECR 10 )H riFh, lRw ECR ▶ All-IlDvRr All-IlDvRr
105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 credit M. Bustamante 1HutrinR HnHrgy Eν >GH9] Neutrinos from UHECR may be seen first
GRAND Team1708.05128 arXiv:1710.05839
GW170817 follow up w ANTARES, ICECUBE, AUGER ANITA 1 & 3 EeV CRs + 2 Unusual Events ANITA1: 16 CRs > 1018 eV ANITA3: 26 CRs > 1018 eV
Alvarez-Muniz et al, arxiv 1707.00334.pdf
Gorham et al 1803.05088
Towards Space Probes of UHECRs and Neutrinos
EUSO-SPB2 EUSO-SPB1
the Earth Atmosphere as an Extreme Energy Particle Observatory