Annual Review 2005 054 Financial System Policy
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Financial System Policy I. Financial System Stability and the Role of the Bank of Japan II. The Condition of and Challenges Facing the Financial System III. The Bank’s Measures concerning the Financial System A. Overview B. The Four Principles Underlying the Bank’s Extension of Special Loans to Maintain Financial System Stability C. Provision of Loans to Failed Financial Institutions under Article 38 of the Bank of Japan Law D. Loans to the Deposit Insurance Corporation (DIC) E. Purchases of Stocks Held by Banks F. Conduct of On-Site Examinations G. On-Site Examinations Conducted in Fiscal 2004 H. On-Site Examination Policy in Fiscal 2005 I . International Initiatives for Maintaining Financial System Stability J . Release of the Bank’s Measures regarding the Financial System after the Full Removal of Blanket Guarantee of Deposits Bank of Japan Annual Review 2005 054 Financial System Policy I. FINANCIAL SYSTEM STABILITY AND THE ROLE OF THE BANK OF JAPAN One of the objectives of the Bank of Japan, as stipulated conditions at these institutions and to encourage the in Article 1, Paragraph 2 of the Bank of Japan Law, is to maintenance of sound financial conditions through on- “ensure smooth settlement of funds among banks and site examinations pursuant to Article 44 of the Bank of other financial institutions, thereby contributing to the Japan Law and daily off-site monitoring (gathering and maintenance of an orderly financial system.” To this analyzing data on these institutions’ financial conditions end, the Bank provides safe and convenient settlement and business operations, without conducting actual assets in the form of deposits in financial institutions’ examinations at their premises). Furthermore, the current accounts held at the Bank, and takes measures Bank, as the lender of last resort, will provide funds as to enhance the safety and efficiency of the payment and necessary in the event that a financial institution faces a settlement systems (see “The Bank’s Other Operations” shortage of liquidity. Section I on pages 84–85 for details). The Bank also In response to the progress of financial globalization, takes the following measures to prevent systemic risk the Bank, in close cooperation with foreign central from materializing, that is, to ensure that a financial banks and supervisory authorities, takes part in institution’s inability to complete settlement of a initiatives to maintain the stability of the global financial transaction does not result in a chain of settlement system, and to this end pursues the establishment of an failures at other institutions and thus disrupt the overall international framework as well as an international functioning of the financial system. exchange of information and opinions. To begin with, the Bank selects the financial The following sections explain first the condition of institutions with which it concludes current account and challenges facing the financial system during fiscal services contracts based on publicized criteria.1 It also 2004 and, second, the specific measures taken by the strives to gain an accurate grasp of the financial Bank to maintain financial system stability. II. THE CONDITION OF AND CHALLENGES FACING THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM In fiscal 2004, the soundness and stability of the accelerated the removal of NPLs from their balance Japanese financial system as a whole recovered further, sheets, and their efforts to rehabilitate distressed as a result of considerable progress in solving the borrower firms, including large ones, started to take nonperforming-loan (NPL) problem: financial institutions effect. Under these circumstances, the full removal of 1. The criteria are publicized only in Japanese. Bank of Japan Annual Review 2005 Financial System Policy 055 blanket deposit insurance was implemented as below the level of Tier I capital, as they made use of the scheduled in April 2005 without major disruptions such Bank’s stock purchasing program to prune their as a substantial shift of funds between deposits at excessively large stockholdings (Chart 3). different financial institutions. With the decline in both credit risk and market risk After the Bank released a report titled “Japan’s from stock price fluctuations, and the easing of Nonperforming Loan Problem” and the government constraints on capital, thanks in part to the issuance of proposed a set of comprehensive measures for solving preferred stocks and subordinated debt, financial the NPL problem in its “Program for Financial Revival” in institutions gradually started to adopt more assertive October 2002, financial institutions and relevant entities business strategies. Specifically, they increased lending cooperated to further improve their evaluation of the to corporate customers, especially small and medium- economic value of NPLs and to promote their early sized firms, repaid previous injections of public funds, disposal, at the same time taking appropriate initiatives conducted mergers with other financial institutions, and to support both corporate and industrial rehabilitation. increased business alliances with other financial service As a result, the ratio of NPLs to the total amount providers such as nonbanks. outstanding of loans at major banks declined to 4.6 Following the full removal of blanket deposit percent at the end of September 2004, and it seemed insurance in April 2005, the generation of flexible and very likely that in fiscal 2004 major banks would robust financial intermediation mechanisms to achieve achieve the target set by the government in the smooth and efficient allocation of funds while “Program for Financial Revival” of halving the NPL ratio maintaining overall system stability has become a key from its level at the end of March 2002 (Chart 1 [1]). issue for the Japanese financial system. From this The NPL ratio at regional banks also started to show a viewpoint, each financial institution should improve its clear declining trend (Chart 1 [2]). Meanwhile, there management of risks and business activities, and needs was significant progress in the rehabilitation of large to develop innovative services tailored appropriately to borrowers, and the rehabilitation efforts of distressed various customer needs. It is also important for firms in various regions began to bear fruit. Against this financial institutions to diversify channels for supplying background, and also because of the economic credit, so as to make use of various investors’ funds, recovery, banks’ credit costs arising from write-offs and through the development of new markets for credit, provisions for NPLs declined (Chart 2). At the same such as those for liquidating loans or securitizing assets. time, major banks’ overall stockholdings fell significantly Bank of Japan Annual Review 2005 056 Financial System Policy Chart 1 Nonperforming Loans (NPLs) Outstanding (1) Major Banks1 tril. yen % 30 10 Ratio of NPLs to total 8.7% loans extended (right scale) 25 Loans requiring “special attention” (left scale) 8 20 7.1% 5.7% 15 6 4.6% 10 Doubtful loans (left scale) 5.1% 4 5 Unrecoverable or valueless loans (left scale) 0 2 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (Sep.) FY-end (2) Regional Banks2 tril. yen % 30 10 Ratio of NPLs to total 25 loans extended (right scale) 8.1% 7.9% 7.6% 8 20 6.9% 6.4% 15 6 Loans requiring “special attention” (left scale) 10 Doubtful loans (left scale) 4 5 Unrecoverable or valueless loans (left scale) 0 2 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (Sep.) FY-end Notes: 1. The total of 14 banks. 2. Member banks of the Regional Banks Association of Japan and the Second Association of Regional Banks. Bank of Japan Annual Review 2005 Financial System Policy 057 Chart 2 Breakdown of Major Banks’ and Regional Banks’ Credit Costs (1) Major Banks1 tril. yen basis points 10 300 Losses including those from 9 254bp 270 credit sales (left scale) 8 240 General provision for possible 7 loan losses (left scale) 210 Special provision for possible 6 179bp loan losses (left scale) 5 136bp 180 133bp Loan write-offs (left scale) 4 150 Credit costs ratio2 (right scale) 3 120 2 85bp 1 90 0 60 – 1 30 – 2 – 3 0 – 4 – 30 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (Sep.) FY (2) Regional Banks3 tril. yen basis points 10 300 Losses including those from 9 270 credit sales (left scale) 8 240 General provision for possible loan losses (left scale) 7 210 Special provision for possible loan losses (left scale) 6 180 146bp Loan write-offs (left scale) 5 150 Credit costs ratio2 (right scale) 121bp 4 106bp 120 88bp 3 90 2 42bp 60 1 30 0 0 – 1 – 30 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (Sep.) FY Notes: 1. The total of 14 banks. 2. Ratio of losses stemming from NPL disposals to average amount outstanding of loans in each period. 3. Member banks of the Regional Banks Association of Japan and the Second Association of Regional Banks. Bank of Japan Annual Review 2005 058 Financial System Policy Chart 3 Major Banks’ Stockholdings and Their Ratio to Tier I Capital 1 tril. yen 30 25 Tier I capital Stockholdings 20 15 10 5 0 FY-end 2001 2002 2003 2004 (Sep.) Tier I ratio2 133% 99% 71% 60% Notes: 1. The total of 14 banks. Figures are on a consolidated basis. Stocks for which market prices are available, excluding those held for the purpose of trading and stocks of subsidiaries and affiliates. 2. The ratio of banks’ stockholdings to Tier I capital. Bank of Japan Annual Review 2005 Financial System Policy 059 III. THE BANK’S MEASURES CONCERNING THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM A. Overview Furthermore, as part of its efforts to maintain the By the end of fiscal 2004, the Bank had completed stability of the global financial system, the Bank some crisis management measures, in response to continued its participation in an initiative to substantially favorable changes in conditions in the financial system revise the international standard governing the capital as described earlier.