DOCSLIB.ORG

Earlier This Year, the Concrete Reinforcing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Earlier This Year, the Concrete Reinforcing arlier this year, the Concrete Reinforcing codification of the newly available material. The Structural Steel Institute (CRSI) published A rise of manufacturing, and the associated need for Comprehensive and Invaluable Treatise on warehousing to accommodate product distribu- all Forms of Steel Reinforcement Employed tion, brought higher floor loads and the desire for Ein the Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete bigger buildings. Likewise, fire and conflagration ForenSicS of Long Ago. The majority of the book is an exten- drove owners to seek “fireproof” construction, sive catalogue of no less than 47 different types of which concrete was able to provide. steel reinforcing bars (four of which fall under the Now, about 100 years later, many of these build- investigating structures category of “Miscellaneous”), seven types of welded ings are being repurposed and retrofitted for reuse, and their components wire fabric, 22 systems of beam and girder rein- a trend driven in part by state and federal tax cred- forcement, 12 systems of column reinforcement, its for historic rehabilitation. Today’s structural 11 slab systems and six bridge systems. consultants are practicing at the confluence of two The supporting sections of the book, includ- trends, each at opposite ends of the century, which ing a brief history of early concrete mix design converge on a general deficit of understanding and as well as historic ASTM bar specifications, are available information. Students of engineering secondary compared to the bar descriptions and and historic preservation,® as well as researchers images. Appendices are similar compendiums in the small but growing field of construction of reinforcing steel illustrations; for example, history, may also find useful information and Appendix E contains 31 patent drawings, references in the book. extending from Thaddeus Hyatt’s revolutionary pavement reinforcing issued in 1878 to latecomer Researching Reinforced Concrete CopyrightJ.T. Simpson’s visually interesting “deformed Developing enough understanding of an early bar” of 1922. Appendix concrete structure to analyze it for reuse can Introducing and Using F contains images of over require a substantial amount of research, unless CRSI’s New “Treatise” 30 early advertisements. assumptions are made – potentially at the ulti- Appendix G paraphrases mate expense of the project, or loss of historic the “Alphabetical List material. Certainly, knowledge of early reinforced Vintage Steel Reinforcement of the 144 Foreign Systems of Reinforced concrete does not replace investigation, analysis, in Concrete Structures Concrete Construction, with the Addresses of or engineering judgment; but effectively plan- the Inventor or Owner of Each System, and a ning and implementing a search for supporting Concise Description of Its Special Features” and relevant sources of information may result By Meghan Elliott, P.E., from Reinforcedmagazine Concrete in Europe by A. L. in the difference between a cost-effective and a Associate AIA S TColby Rin 1909. U C T Ucost-prohibitive R projectE approach. This new resource for structural engineers fits These sources can very generally be thought of in into, but is distinctly different from, the expand- two categories: primary and secondary. Primary ing collection of reference materials that have sources are those that are typically contempo- been produced by professional organizations. rary to the topic and representative of the query: First, it builds on and replaces CRSI’s earlier patents, advertisements, earlier building codes, Meghan Elliott, P.E., Associate publications: its initial reference, Evaluation of and historic newspaper or trade articles about a AIA ([email protected]), Reinforcing Steel Systems in Old Concrete Structures particular engineer, product, or analytical method is the founder and a principal (1981), and its abridged version as Engineering (Figure 1). Secondary sources are used to establish at Preservation Design Data Report No. 48, Evaluation of Reinforcing the context, and place the question within the Works (PVN), a historic Bars in Old Concrete Structures (2001). These broader research and academic understanding preservation consulting firm focused on summaries of industry trends in of the topic. Secondary sources typically include in Minneapolis, Minnesota. terms of material strength, specifications, and current books, journal articles, literature reviews, general availability of materials. This new pub- or even textbooks. Both types of sources are typi- lication is similar in function and potential use cally needed to understand a building structure. to the American Institute of Steel Construction’s While the CRSI publication might initially be (AISC) Design Guide 15, AISC Rehabilitation considered a secondary source, especially given the and Retrofit Guide: A Reference for Historic Shapes authors’ choice of the word “treatise,” it may be and Specifications. more successfully used as a collection of reprinted The need for this type of reference is a result primary sources. of the convergence of several trends in the his- A small but growing collection of second- tory and contemporary practice of structural ary sources is available to understand early engineering. First, there was an explosive devel- reinforced concrete. Some recent publications opment of reinforced concrete technology in include Donald Friedman’s Historical Building the United States during the approximate time Construction: Design, Materials & Technology period from 1890 to 1920. This proliferation of (2010), Amy Slaton’s Reinforced Concrete and the new products coincided with a rise in demand Modernization of American Building, 1900-1930 for industrial buildings, but preceded the formal (2001), and Andrew Saint’s Architect and Engineer: 10 September 2014 STRUCTURE magazine key factors. First, structural steel had a head start of several decades. For example, wrought- iron use as structural framing began before the 1870s, and the basics of steel framing were in place before 1900. The use of reinforced concrete for buildings, on the other hand, was mostly a post-1900 trend. Not coincidentally, structural engineers as a separate consulting practice and resource for architects were rapidly evolving at the same time: the introduction of reinforced concrete as a building material coincided with a new professional field of structural engineering. According to Friedman, the use of steel fram- ing was not an analytical leap from traditional wood building methods. Builders and archi- ® tects could easily make a rational switch from a stick of wood to a stick of steel: while steel Figure 1. An example of a primary resource was a substantially stronger material, it fol- for researching concrete, the William lowed the same beam theory and acted the B. Hough Company advertisement for same in bending and compression. “M/B Special Open Hearth Bars” lists the Concrete, onCopyright the other hand, required an buildings in which the product was used. analytical shift to integrate the new system Image from Cement Age, December, 1911, into buildings, from a system of pieces to and digitized by Google Books. monolithic construction and the interaction of two distinct materials. Engineers and build- Figure 2. Excerpt of Ernest Ransome’s patent for A Study in Sibling Rivalry (2007). These books ers were thus using the material before it was twisted square reinforcement. The M/B Bar of can be supplemented by earlier analyses of understood. Many of the proprietary products Figure 1 uses a similar method for mechanical concrete history, such as articles and books appear as an attempt to rationalize what was adhesion of the concrete to the steel. Digitized by by Carl W. Condit, a good example of which already being built through experimentation Google Patents. is “The First Reinforced Concrete Skyscraper: and intuition. The Ingalls Building in Cincinnati and Its The evolution of reinforced concrete design strengthen the concrete with steel rods located Place in Structural History” (1968), pub- in themagazine United States was driven by a small to take the tensile stresses. In all cases, the steel lished in the journal TechnologyS and CultureT . Rgroup of Uentrepreneurial C individuals,T U as reinforcement R wasE placed in two directions Other secondary sources are too numerous compared to the relatively consistent and and tied with wires, the rods in one direction to list here, but include journal articles and nationwide acceptance and distribution of designated as carrying rods and those in the trade publications, like the Association for steel framing products. As a result, regional other as distributing rods. For slabs poured Preservation Technology’s (APT) Bulletin and differences occurred, as well as leaps in the continuously over supports, the rods were the journal or proceedings of the American distribution of different products and sys- placed at the top of the slab; i.e., the correct Concrete Institute (ACI). tems. While there were earlier contributions reinforcing pattern for continuity. by William Ward and Thaddeus Hyatt, the In practice, the expansion of the use of Early Reinforced Concrete momentum of innovation in reinforced con- monolithic concrete in the US was substan- crete in the US began with Ernest Ransome. tially instigated by several engineers and The early history of reinforced concrete in From his practice in San Francisco, he intro- builders. In addition to Ransome, other the United States is very different from that
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How Limestone, Rocks, and Volcanic Ash Built the Modern World
    26/11/2017 The Rock Solid History of Concrete ALEXANDERVANLOON/WIKIMEDIA The Rock Solid History of Concrete By Jonathan Schifman Oct 12, 2017 1.5k HOW LIMESTONE, ROCKS, AND VOLCANIC ASH BUILT THE MODERN WORLD. The story of concrete is so ancient that we don't even know when and where it begins. It is a story of discovery, experimentation, and mystery. Emperors and kings became legends for erecting great concrete structures, some of which are still a mystery to engineers today. Many of history's most skilled architects found inspiration in slabs of the gray building material. Common bricklayers advanced the technology, and a con man played a crucial role in the development of concrete recipes. Today, the world is literally filled with concrete, from roads and sidewalks to bridges and dams. The word itself has become a synonym for something that is real and tangible. Press http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a28502/rock-solid-history-of-concrete/ 1/22 26/11/2017 The Rock Solid History of Concrete your handprints into the sidewalk and sign your name to history. This is the story of concrete. The First Cement—and Maybe Concrete? Let's get this out of the way right here: cement and concrete are not the same thing. Cement, a mixture of powdered limestone and clay, is an ingredient in concrete along with water, sand, and gravel. Concrete's invention was made possible by the development of cement, and to trace the history of cement, we must trace the use of its components. ADVERTISEMENT - CONTINUE READING BELOW The earliest known use of limestone in a structure has been dated back about 12,000 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving Concrete Heritage
    Literature Review Conserving Concrete Heritage An Annotated Bibliography Edited by Alice Custance-Baker Gina Crevello Susan Macdonald Kyle Normandin Conserving Concrete Heritage: An Annotated Bibliography Alice Custance-Baker, Gina Crevello, Susan Macdonald, and Kyle Normandin THE GEttY CONSERVATION INSTITUTE LOS ANGELES Conserving Concrete Heritage: An Annotated Bibliography © 2015 J. Paul Getty Trust The Getty Conservation Institute 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 700 Los Angeles, CA 90049-1684 United States Telephone 310 440-7325 Fax 310 440-7702 E-mail [email protected] www.getty.edu/conservation ISBN: 978-1-937433-27-7 (paperback) ISBN: 978-1-937433-28-4 (online resource) The Getty Conservation Institute works to advance conservation practice in the visual arts, broadly interpreted to include objects, collections, architecture, and sites. It serves the conservation community through scientific research, education and training, model field projects, and the dissemination of the results of both its own work and the work of others in the field. And in all its endeavors, the GCI focuses on the creation and dissemination of knowledge that will benefit the professionals and organizations responsible for the conservation of the world’s cultural heritage. Front cover: Fireplace Detail. Hollyhock House, Los Angeles, California (Frank Lloyd Wright, 1919–21). Photography by Joshua White/JWPictures.com. Courtesy of Hollyhock House. Conserving Concrete Heritage: An Annotated Bibliography Contents Introduction 5 CHAPTER ONE History and Development
    [Show full text]
  • An Update on Fiber Reinforcement for Concrete Design
    12/2/2020 An Update on Fiber Reinforcement for Concrete Design Presented to: Michael Mahoney, P.Eng, FACI Director of Marketing and Technology, Fiber Reinforced Concrete Euclid Chemical, Cleveland, OH December 2020 1 New ACI Design Guides for Fiber Reinforced Concrete, and Other Developments in FRC Fiber Reinforced Concrete continues to evolve and become more common placeineveryday concrete construction. The new ACI 544.4R document and successful examples of FRC can help ready‐mix producers, engineers and contractors by providing a roadmap to designing FRC for many applications including wall systems, floors, precast, shotcrete and paving applications. Your Speaker Michael A. Mahoney, P.Eng. FACI Director of Marketing and Technology, Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Euclid Chemical • Responsible for marketing and development of FRC markets working with ready‐mix producers, contractors, engineers and owners • 25+ years experience with fibers, R&D, testing and concrete engineering • Past President of Fiber Reinforced Concrete Association and currently serving on various committees with ACI, ASTM and NPCA 2 A little levity….. Some fun facts on concrete The Roman Pantheon is the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world – built in 126 AD 3 1 12/2/2020 Concrete Firsts The Federal‐Aid Highway Act of 1956 called for 41,000 miles of Interstate roadways to be constructed at an estimated cost of $41 billion; ‐ 60% of the initial work was constructed with concrete 4 Oldest Concrete Street in America • “Artificial Stone” street in Bellefontaine, Ohio • George Bartholemew, 1891 • Posted a 5 year bond guaranteeing performance 5 Worlds First Concrete Skyscraper Ingalls Building Cincinnati, OH • 15 storey reinforced concrete structure, first of its kind in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • 7. Gulph Creek Stone Arch Bridge (1789), Spanning Gulph Creek at Old Gulph Road, Upper Merion, Montgomery County, PA
    Chapter 3—Historic Context for Common Historic Bridge Types 7. Gulph Creek Stone Arch Bridge (1789), spanning Gulph Creek at Old Gulph Road, Upper Merion, Montgomery County, PA. HAER PA-309. 8. Possum Kingdom Stone Arch Bridge (1940-42), spanning Brazos River at State Route 16, Graford, Palo Pinto County, TX HAER TX-62. Figures 3-42 through 3-46 depict a drawing and examples of stone arch structures. Figure 3-42. Elevation drawing of stone arch bridge. Keystone Figure 3-43. Gulph Creek Stone Arch Bridge (1789), Old Gulph Road, Upper Merion, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. This eighteenth century stone arch bridge is one of the oldest surviving bridges in Pennsylvania. Figure 44. “S" Bridge (first quarter nineteenth century), West of Cambridge, Ohio. This 1933 photograph shows an “S” Bridge on the Old National Road. 3-51 Chapter 3—Historic Context for Common Historic Bridge Types Figure 3-45. Cabin John Aqueduct Bridge (1864), MacArthur Boulevard, spanning Cabin John Creek at Cabin John, Maryland. With a single arch span of 220 feet, this bridge was the longest masonry arch bridge in the world until 1905. Figure 3-46. Possum Kingdom Stone Arch Bridge (1940-42), spanning Brazos River at State Route 16, Graford, Texas. This structure is an example of a Works Progress Administration-built stone arch bridge. 3-52 Chapter 3—Historic Context for Common Historic Bridge Types 3.2.2 Reinforced Concrete Melan/von Emperger/Thacher Arch History and Description: The first concrete arch bridge in the United States was a plain, un-reinforced concrete footbridge with a 31-foot span, constructed in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York, in 1871.
    [Show full text]
  • High - Rise Buildings
    Ilda Kovačević Sanin Džidić HIGH - RISE BUILDINGS STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS Sarajevo, 2018 Authors: Ilda Kovačević Sanin Džidić Publisher: International BURCH University Sarajevo Critical Review: Assoc. Prof Dr. Amir Čaušević, University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Architecture Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nerman Rustempašić, University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Architecture Assist. Prof. Dr. Emina Zejnilović, International BURCH University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Architecture Proofreading: Dijana Misaljević, MA Desktop publishing: Authors Date and Place: February 2018, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Copyright International BURCH University Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2018 Reproduction of this Publication for Educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior permission from the copyright holder. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Disclaimer: While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information, contained in this publication, the publisher will not assume liability for writing and any use made of the proceedings, and the presentation of the participating organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. _________________________________________________________ CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 725.222(075.8)
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Tall Buildings
    ctbuh.org/papers Title: Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Tall Buildings Author: Ali Sherif S. Rizk, Director, Dar al-Handasah Shair & Partners Subject: Structural Engineering Keywords: Concrete Structure Publication Date: 2010 Original Publication: CTBUH Journal, 2010 Issue I Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter 2. Journal paper 3. Conference proceeding 4. Unpublished conference paper 5. Magazine article 6. Unpublished © Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Ali Sherif S. Rizk Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Tall Buildings "The development in concrete technology over the twentieth century covering materials, structural systems, analysis and construction Ali Sherif S. Rizk techniques, made it possible to build concrete Author tall buildings such as Petronas towers (452m), Ali Sherif S. Rizk, Director of Structural Engineering Department, Dar Al-Handasah Consultants (Shair and Partners) Jin Mao (421m) and Burj Dubai (800m+)." Dar Al-Handasah Consultants (Shair & Partners) 15 Amr St., Mohandessin, Giza P.O. Box 895, Cairo 11511 t: +20(0)2 33449680 During the last 12 years the Structural Engineering Department at Dar Al-Handasah has f: +20(0)2 33461170/2 designed 45 mixed-use tall buildings in different Arab countries. The designed towers are e: [email protected] primarily made of reinforced concrete and vary in height from 80m (22 floors) to 590m (85 Ali Sherif S. Rizk floors). This paper summarizes the tall buildings structural design experience gained by the Dr. Risk is the director of the Structural Department at structural design team. The tall buildings projects designed by the department are outlined Dar Al- Handasah Consultants (Shair & Partners), a position he has held since 1998.
    [Show full text]
  • National Register of Historic Places Registration Form
    NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional certification comments, entries, and narrative items on continuation sheets if needed (NPS Form 10-900a). 1. Name of Property historic name Best Building other names/site number Cleaveland Building, VanDerGinst Building Name of Multiple Property Listing n/a (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing) 2. Location street & number 1701-03 Second Avenue not for publication city or town Rock Island vicinity state Illinois county Rock Island zip code 61201 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this nomination request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property meets does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance: national statewide local Applicable National Register Criteria: A B C D Signature of certifying official/Title: Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer Date Illinois Historic Preservation Agency State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government In my opinion, the property meets does not meet the National Register criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Lateral Structural Systems in Tall Buildings
    International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 15 (2018) pp. 11738-11754 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Study of Lateral Structural Systems in Tall Buildings Prof. S .Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy Head Of The Department of civil Engineering, CMR Technical Campus, Kandlakoya(V),Medchal(M),R.R Dist.,Telangana, India. M.Eadukondalu Student, In Structural Engineering, CMR Technical Campus, Kandlakoya(V),Medchal(M),R.R Dist.,Telangana, India. Abstract floor area. This percentage was at a maximum value for the pyramids. Lateral load effects on high rise buildings are quite significant and increase rapidly with increase in height. In high rise In 1885, an American engineer named William LeBaron structures , the building of the structure is greatly influenced Jenny became the creator of the modern skyscraper when he by the type of lateral system provided and the selection of realized that an office building could be constructed using appropriate lateral structural system plays an important totally different materials. He chose structural steel and role in the response of the structure . The selection is incorporated it into a revolutionary system that was to make dependent on many aspects such as structural building of possible the soaring office towers that mow symbolize the the system ,economic, feasibility and availability of modern metropolis. materials. Two technological developments, the elevator and modern Few of the lateral structural systems are shear wall system, metal frame construction, removed the prevailing limitations Framed tube system, Tube in tube system, Bundled tube on the height of the buildings, and the race for tallness was on.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Emerging Developments for Contemporary Urban Giants
    buildings Review Advances in Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Emerging Developments for Contemporary Urban Giants Mir M. Ali 1 and Kyoung Sun Moon 2,* 1 School of Architecture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; [email protected] 2 School of Architecture, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-203-436-8983; Fax: +1-203-432-7175 Received: 2 July 2018; Accepted: 30 July 2018; Published: 10 August 2018 Abstract: New developments of tall buildings of ever-growing heights have been continuously taking place worldwide. Consequently, many innovations in structural systems have emerged. This paper presents a retrospective survey of the main structural systems for tall buildings with emphasis on the advancements of recent, emerging, and potentially emerging systems. A structural systems chart that was previously developed by the authors has been updated in this paper to recognize, categorize and add the more recent structural systems. Recent trends of tubular structural systems in modified forms including the braced megatubes and diagrids are presented. Core-outrigger structural systems are discussed with emphasis on their adaptability. The potential of employing superframes for stand-alone and conjoined megatall buildings is predicted. As a means to solve today’s various project-specific complex design requirements, different mixed structural systems for supertall and megatall buildings are presented. This paper also discusses the widespread application of composite structural systems and recent trends of concrete cores for contemporary tall buildings. Finally, the future of tall buildings is predicted as the race for height continues. Keywords: tall buildings; supertalls; megatalls; structural systems charts; interior structures; exterior structures; core-outriggers; tubular systems; braced megatubes; diagrids; superframes; conjoined towers; buttressed cores; combined and mixed systems; composite structures; concrete cores; height races 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas Leslie, Chicago's Other Skyscrapers
    Chicago’s Other Skyscrapers Journal of Urban History, May, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144220925446 Chicago’s Other Skyscrapers: Grain Elevators and the City, 1838-1957. “The designing and construction of grain storage buildings, commonly known as ‘elevators,’ is now undergoing a change as radical as that which created the modern ‘sky-scraper’ a few years ago, and for precisely the same reason, that something more durable and efficient is desired.” --Jas. MacDonald, MWSE. “Fireproof Grain Elevator Construction.” Journal of the Western Society of Engineers, Vol. VII, No. 1. January, 1902. 36. Introduction The 1882 Montauk Block was heralded as the beginning of Chicago’s skyscraper age but, at 130 feet, it was just the eighth tallest building in the city at the time.1 (Figure 01) While Dearborn, La Salle, and Michigan Avenue would become the city’s “skyscraper districts” over the next century, in the 1880s the Chicago River was the city’s true high-rise canyon. Grain elevators that buffered the flow of agricultural wealth from the west into eastbound lake and rail systems, and that rose to more than 140 feet, were the city’s tallest buildings through the 1880s. Inland Architect stated in 1896 that “the first ‘sky-scraper’ was a grain elevator,” the Chicago Tribune noted in 1895 that the city’s elevators still ‘rival[ed] many of the down-town skyscrapers in height,’ and two years later it listed the city’s “Great Grain Elevators” alongside high-rises as “the Seven Wonders of the City.”2 They mapped the city’s changing infrastructure and the region’s changing economic geography, represented evolving practices in building and mechanical engineering, and their concentration and leveraging of the Midwest’s agricultural wealth meant that they played a crucial role in the evolution of commodities markets in the city and throughout the world.
    [Show full text]
  • 4.0 Design Trends in Ohio, 1940-1970
    4.0 DESIGN TRENDS IN OHIO, 1940-1970 This section focuses on recent past architectural resources found within the different regions of Ohio. Preservationists have debated ways to differentiate between architectural style and resource type when categorizing resources of the recent past (1940-1970). This historic context attempts to clarify methods for doing so. Additionally, the discussion focuses on the construction methods and materials of the recent past, as this period is distinguished by rapid innovations and adoption of new approaches. Because housing comprised a substantial portion of recent past design trends, suburban residential land development practices are discussed as well, along with the landscape design methods typically used in suburban neighborhoods. Throughout, some of Ohio’s major architects, planners, and developers are described, along with representative examples of landmark buildings and developments. Gray & Pape identified more than one thousand buildings constructed between 1945 and 1970 in Ohio. Consequently, the following discussion provides only an overview of the resource types, architectural styles, and architects, developers, and planners important to Ohio’s recent past built environment. Listings of properties identified by Gray & Pape are in Appendices C, D, and E. In Appendix C, Gray & Pape provides a list of 1,004 architects and/or architect-designed Ohio resources from the recent past (ca. 1940-1970) that were identified during the course of the current project. The list is far from comprehensive but offers a foundation for future research efforts. Appendix D is a compilation of 256 recent past architectural resources that Gray & Pape found listed in local architectural guides and inventories, included on various Internet sites, and identified by way of this project’s online survey.
    [Show full text]
  • {PDF EPUB} Reinforced Concrete Buildings a Treatise on The
    Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Reinforced Concrete Buildings a Treatise on the History, Patents, Design and Erection of the Principal Pal Parts Entering Into a Modern, Concrete Building (Classic Reprint) by Ernest L. Ransome Sep 08, 2008 · Reinforced concrete buildings; a treatise on the history, patents, design and erection of the principal parts entering into a modern reinforced concrete building by Ransome, Ernest L. (Ernest …Pages: 258Reinforced concrete buildings; a treatise on the history ...https://archive.org/details/reinforcedconcre00ransuoftFeb 09, 2009 · Reinforced concrete buildings; a treatise on the history, patents, design and erection of the principal parts entering into a modern reinforced concrete building Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item.Pages: 264Reinforced Concrete Buildings: A Treatise on the History ...https://www.amazon.com/Reinforced-Concrete...Reinforced Concrete Buildings: A Treatise on the History, Patents, Design and Erection of the Principal Parts (Classic Reprint) [Ransome, Ernest L.] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Reinforced Concrete Buildings: A Treatise on the History, Patents, Design and Erection of the Principal Parts (Classic Reprint)Author: Ernest L. RansomeFormat: PaperbackPeople also askWhat is reinforced concrete construction?What is reinforced concrete construction?Buildings Reinforced concrete construction for high-rise buildings provides inherent stiffness, mass, and ductility. Occupants of concrete towers are less likely to perceive building motions than occupants of comparable tall buildings with non-concrete structural systems.Introduction to Concrete - Portland Cement Association Title: Reinforced Concrete Buildings: A Treasure on the History, Patents, Design and Erection of the Principal Parts Entering into a Modern Reinforced Concrete Building. Author(s): Ernest L.
    [Show full text]