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Place, Performance, and Social Memory in the 1890S Ghost Dance

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Place, Performance, and Social Memory in the 1890S Ghost Dance Place, Performance, and Social Memory in the 1890s Ghost Dance Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Carroll, Kristen Jean Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 21:53:12 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195401 PLACE, PERFORMANCE, AND SOCIAL MEMORY IN THE 1890S GHOST DANCE by Kristen Jean Carroll __________________________ © Kristen Jean Carroll 2007 A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2007 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2 GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Kristen Jean Carroll entitled Place Performance, and Social Memory in the 1890s Ghost Dance and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 9, 2007 Richard Stoffle _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 9, 2007 Barbara Babcock _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 9, 2007 Norma Mendoza-Denton _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 9, 2007 Michael Schiffer _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 9, 2007 Maria Nieves Zedeño Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: April 9, 2007 Dissertation Director: Richard Stoffle 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Request for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Kristen Jean Carroll 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Any worthwhile undertaking is rarely a solo endeavor. First, I would like to acknowledge all of the elders who gave so generously of their time, knowledge, and themselves. For all those who let me crash on your couches, helped me set up interviews, endured bumpy jeep rides, tough weather, long walks, and even longer talks, I am deeply indebted to you. This dissertation could never have happened without your help, generosity, and love. To Mitzie, you will be dearly missed. I’m sorry you had to go so soon. You were and are a bright light. To all of the tribal councils who supported this work, thank you for letting this project happen. It is my greatest hope that our work together has created something that will keep these places safe and keep the knowledge alive. Next, thanks to all of the wonderful people at UofA who have helped to shape me as a scholar and more importantly, as a human being. Rich, you have been a great mentor and your humor and irreverence has helped keep things in perspective. Nieves, you are the sister I never had, and almost didn’t have, after nearly running you over on the Hoover Dam project! Michael (H) I would love to just attach a tape recorder to you and keep it on 24/7! You are a great mentor and I look forward to collaborating with you. Mike (S), you are like a rock (after reading this dissertation that will be a compliment) and I admire your scholarship immensely. Barbara, thank you for inspiring me with your work, your words, and your love; and Norma, for coming through with very last minute letters. To my Arizona, Nevada, Washington, and Idaho families, and all those in between, thank you for sharing part of this journey with me. To my sweat family, you have helped me understand what matters, and to my birth family, you have stood by me every step of the way. To my mom in particular, if there was a Mother Theresa Award to be had, you would be the most deserving. Last but not least, thanks to the institutions that helped me to realize this project. Special thanks in particular go out to the Philanthropic Educational Organization, the Social Behavioral Sciences, and the Comins and Barbara Ozmun Foundations for providing financial support for this research, and the museums and libraries whose staff have been exceptionally helpful in locating obscure items and photocopying copious amounts of materials: To everyone at Special Collections at the University of Nevada Reno, The State Historic Society: Reno, The State Museum: Carson City, The Laws Museum: Laws, CA, The Eastern California Museum: Independence, CA, and Turtle Bay Museum: Redding, CA, your efforts are appreciated. 5 DEDICATION This study is dedicated to the sacred places that help to awaken the possibilities in each of us, and to the knowledge keepers who have managed to remain connected. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................................9 LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................... 11 ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 1 SITUATING CEREMONIALISM IN PLACE........................................ 14 Introduction.................................................................................................................14 The Myth of the Frontier.............................................................................................15 Nationalistic Tropes....................................................................................................17 The Face of Spatial Disruption ...................................................................................19 The Indian Removal Act.........................................................................................20 The Indian Appropriation Act.................................................................................21 The Homestead Act.................................................................................................22 The Indian General Allotment Act .........................................................................23 Returning to the Cultural Core....................................................................................31 Statement of Problem..................................................................................................34 Purpose of Study.........................................................................................................37 Importance and Ramifications of this Study...............................................................37 Scale............................................................................................................................39 Bracketing Assumptions .............................................................................................42 Summary.....................................................................................................................44 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................45 Introduction.................................................................................................................45 Previous Studies..........................................................................................................46 Living Landscapes ......................................................................................................53 Cultural Landscapes and Archaeology .......................................................................58 Landscape and Embodiment.......................................................................................60 Embodiment and Dance..............................................................................................61 Landscape and Memory..............................................................................................64 Landscape and Identity Formation Processes.............................................................71 Landscape and Performance .......................................................................................76 Conclusions.................................................................................................................78 CHAPTER 3 A PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE...................................................... 80 A Performance Framework.........................................................................................80 Actor ...........................................................................................................................81 Director .......................................................................................................................83
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