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WHO WAS Z-BEST OLYMPIAN in 2008 and 2012?
Journal of Student Research (2014) Volume 3, Issue 1: pp. 1-12 WHO WAS z-BEST OLYMPIAN IN 2008 AND 2012? Ian D. MacKaya, Jack W. Markusena, Paul M. Sommersa The authors examine athletes’ performances in swimming, track, and gymnastic events during the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2012 London Olympics with the purpose of discovering the most dominant performance. By standardizing great athletic performances using a z-score (the number of standard deviations from the average performance in the finals of a particular event), winners were compared amongst the three sports. The most dominant athlete (with the highest z-score, calculated with or without the last place finisher) was neither celebrated swimmer Michael Phelps nor sprinter Usain Bolt, but rather American LaShawn Merritt in the 400 meter run. Keywords: z-scores; 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics; best performances Who were the most dominant athletes at the 2008 winner, we also report his or her “adjusted” z-score, that is, Beijing Olympics and 2012 London Olympics? Multiple gold the winner’s z-score is recalculated after dropping the finalist medal winners Michael Phelps (swimming), Usain Bolt who finished in last place (and hence had the lowest z-score). (track), and Kai Zou (gymnastics)?1,2,3 In swimming, how For example, in a swimming event where the last place would one decide whether the woman who won the 200 meter finisher badly trails the pack, the standard deviation of the backstroke was more dominant than the man who won the 50 times of all eight finalists will be much larger than when the meter freestyle? And, how would one compare a gold-medal- last place finisher is excluded from our calculations. -
List REVISED Balizamento / Liste De Départ 12 AUG 12:18
Olympic Aquatics Stadium Swimming Estádio Aquático Olímpico Natação / Natation Stade Aquatique Olympique Women's 4 x 100m Medley Relay Revezamento 4x100m medley feminino / Relais 4x100 m quatre nages - femmes FRI 12 AUG 2016 Heats Start Time 15:30 eliminatórias / séries Start List REVISED Balizamento / Liste de départ 12 AUG 12:18 EVENT NUMBER 31 Record Splits NOC (Relay) Location Date WR 3:52.05 58.50 2:03.32 2:58.80 USA - United States of America London (GBR) 4 AUG 2012 OR 3:52.05 58.50 2:03.32 2:58.80 USA - United States of America London (GBR) 4 AUG 2012 WJ 4:01.05 RUS - Russian Federation Singapore (SIN) 30 AUG 2015 HEAT 1 of 2 Qualifying Lane NOC Name Date of Birth Time Rank Time 1 BRA - Brazil LUCCAS Natalia 13 SEP 1996 4:02.52 CONCEICAO Jhennifer 13 JUN 1997 de PAULA Daynara 25 JUL 1989 OLIVEIRA Larissa 16 FEB 1993 2 RUS - Russian Federation FESIKOVA Anastasiia 8 MAY 1990 4:01.12 EFIMOVA Yulia 3 APR 1992 CHIMROVA Svetlana 15 APR 1996 POPOVA Veronika 20 JAN 1991 3 CAN - Canada MASSE Kylie 18 JAN 1996 3:57.96 NICOL Rachel 16 FEB 1993 THOMAS Noemie 4 FEB 1996 RUCK Taylor 28 MAY 2000 4 SWE - Sweden COLEMAN Michelle 31 OCT 1993 3:55.24 JOHANSSON Jennie 15 JUN 1988 SJOSTROM Sarah 17 AUG 1993 HANSSON Louise 24 NOV 1996 5 DEN - Denmark NIELSEN Mie 25 SEP 1996 3:57.61 PEDERSEN Rikke Moller 9 JAN 1989 OTTESEN Jeanette 30 DEC 1987 BLUME Pernille 14 MAY 1994 6 JPN - Japan SAKAI Natsumi 19 JUN 2001 4:00.43 SUZUKI Satomi 29 JAN 1991 IKEE Rikako 4 JUL 2000 UCHIDA Miki 21 FEB 1995 7 FIN - Finland JALLOW Mimosa 17 JUN 1994 4:01.49 LAUKKANEN Jenna -
Global Sports – Opportunities for UK Companies South Korea
Opportunity Korea Global Sports – Opportunities for UK companies South Korea South Korea In the next four years Korea will see an unprecedented level of activity at the host the Asian Games in Incheon, the Universiade in Gwangju, the IOC Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang and the FISU World Swimming Championships in Gwangju. Korea is no stranger to hosting global sports events, and it has hosted (amongst others): 1986 - Asian Games in Seoul 1988 - IOC Summer Olympics in Seoul 2002 - FIFA Football World Cup 2002 - Asian Games in Busan 2011 - IAAF World Athletics Championship in Daegu Incheon Asian Games – Sept 2014 changes at the top of the committee. Gwangju Universiade – July 2015 The Asian Games are larger in scale South-Western city Gwangju will host than the Summer Olympics, While the Incheon Committee was the summer Universiade (World consisting of 36 sports, around 13,000 impressed by the UK’s staging of the Student Games) in July 2015. The athletes and officials and 7,000 London Olympics in 2012, much of games will feature 21 sports and host broadcasters. The organising UK’s good work will have come a little 7,000 athletes from 170 countries. committee of the Incheon Games has too late to influence the Incheon stated it will use a mixture of existing committee who have been driven by Four new venues (including the and new venues. The main stadium low cost options. British companies swimming complex which will be used has been designed by UK company have delivered some technical for the FISU World Swimming Populous (the designers of the solutions, may be involved in the Championships in 2019) will be built, stadium at Stratford). -
Full Day 3 Results
Olympic Aquatics Stadium Swimming Estádio Aquático Olímpico Natação / Natation Stade Aquatique Olympique Women's 200m Freestyle 200m livre feminino / 200 m nage libre - femmes MON 8 AUG 2016 Semifinals Start Time 22:03 semifinais / 1/2 finales Results Summary Resumo dos resultados / Résumé des résultats EVENT NUMBER 13 Record Splits Name NOC Code Location Date WR 1:52.98 27.34 55.60 1:24.38 PELLEGRINI Federica ITA Rome (ITA) 29 JUL 2009 OR 1:53.61 27.18 55.38 1:24.35 SCHMITT Allison USA London (GBR) 31 JUL 2012 WJ 1:56.12 SHEN Duo CHN Nanjing (CHN) 20 AUG 2014 Year of NOC Time Rank Heat Lane Name R.T. 50m 100m 150m Time Birth Code Behind 1 2 5 SJOSTROM Sarah 1993 SWE 0.76 27.07 56.23 1:25.65 1:54.65 Q 29.16 29.42 29.00 2 2 4 LEDECKY Katie 1997 USA 0.70 27.20 56.21 1:25.78 1:54.81 0.16 Q 29.01 29.57 29.03 3 2 3 PELLEGRINI Federica 1988 ITA 0.70 26.98 56.25 1:25.76 1:55.42 0.77 Q 29.27 29.51 29.66 4 1 3 SHEN Duo 1997 CHN 0.74 27.00 56.81 1:26.36 1:56.03 1.38 Q 29.81 29.55 29.67 5 2 6 COLEMAN Michelle 1993 SWE 0.77 27.17 56.47 1:26.32 1:56.05 1.40 Q 29.30 29.85 29.73 6 1 4 McKEON Emma 1994 AUS 0.75 26.94 56.54 1:26.49 1:56.29 1.64 Q 29.60 29.95 29.80 7 1 5 BONNET Charlotte 1995 FRA 0.68 27.04 56.42 1:26.57 1:56.38 1.73 Q 29.38 30.15 29.81 8 1 2 BARRATT Bronte 1989 AUS 0.66 27.02 56.61 1:26.41 1:56.63 1.98 Q 29.59 29.80 30.22 9 2 7 POPOVA Veronika 1991 RUS 0.76 27.52 56.71 1:26.93 1:57.22 2.57 29.19 30.22 30.29 10 1 8 MACLEAN Brittany 1994 CAN 0.70 27.82 57.19 1:27.79 1:57.36 2.71 29.37 30.60 29.57 11 1 6 AI Yanhan 2002 CHN 0.65 27.26 56.68 -
11Th FINA World Swimming Championships (25M) 12-16 December 2012 Sinan Erdem Dome, Istanbul - Turkey
11th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) 12-16 December 2012 Sinan Erdem Dome, Istanbul - Turkey Event 26 Women's 4x100m Medley Relay Heats 14 DEC 2012 13:07 4x100m 4Nages Femmes Start List Liste de départ EVENT NO. 26 Record Splits NOC (Relay) Location Date WR 3:45.56 55.97 1:58.88 2:54.24 USA United States Atlanta (USA) 16 DEC 2011 CR 3:48.29 56.52 2:00.72 2:56.52 CHN China Dubai (UAE) 17 DEC 2010 Heat 1 of 2 Year of Qualifying Lane NOC Name Time Rank Birth Time 0 VEN Venezuela DNS 1 DEN Denmark NIELSEN Mie Oestergaard 1996 PEDERSEN Rikke Moeller 1989 OTTESEN GRAY Jeanette 1987 BLUME Pernille 1994 2 RSA South Africa ASHLEYCOOPER Jessica 1992 4:19.99 PENGELLY Jessica 1991 ERASMUS Marne 1995 KEMP Lehesta 1990 3 SWE Sweden COLEMAN Michelle 1993 4:02.90 EJDERVIK Rebecca 1987 HANSSON Louise 1996 HAFSTRÖM Sandra 1991 4 AUS Australia LOH Grace 1991 3:53.02 MARSHALL Samantha 1992 THROSSELL Brianna 1996 FOSTER Sally 1985 5 JPN Japan KAMIMURA Marie 1994 3:55.73 WATANABE Kanako 1996 KOBAYASHI Nao 1993 UCHIDA Miki 1995 6 FIN Finland SEPPÄLÄ HannaMaria 1984 4:04.66 LAUKKANEN Jenna 1995 KUUTAMO Sini 1995 PIKKARAINEN Emilia 1992 7 PAK Pakistan SWAN Lianna Catherine 1997 5:25.82 BANDEY Anum 1997 KHAN Kiran 1989 MAQSOOD Mahnoor 1995 8 ITA Italy BARBIERI Arianna 1989 BOGGIATTO Chiara 1986 BIANCHI Ilaria 1990 PELLEGRINI Federica 1988 Timing & Data Handling by OMEGA SWW451900_51B1 3.0 Report Created FRI 14 DEC 2012 09:09 Page 1/2 11th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) 12-16 December 2012 Sinan Erdem Dome, Istanbul - -
ASIAN Athletics 2 0 1 7 R a N K I N G S
ASIAN athletics 2 0 1 7 R a n k i n g s compiled by: Heinrich Hubbeling - ASIAN AA Statistician – C o n t e n t s Page 1 Table of Contents/Abbreviations for countries 2 - 3 Introduction/Details 4 - 9 Asian Continental Records 10 - 60 2017 Rankings – Men events 60 Name changes (to Women´s Rankings) 61 - 108 2017 Rankings – Women events 109 – 111 Asian athletes in 2017 World lists 112 Additions/Corrections to 2016 Rankings 113 - 114 Contacts for other publications etc. ============================================================== Abbreviations for countries (as used in this booklet) AFG - Afghanistan KGZ - Kyrghizstan PLE - Palestine BAN - Bangladesh KOR - Korea (South) PRK - D P R Korea BHU - Bhutan KSA - Saudi Arabia QAT - Qatar BRN - Bahrain KUW - Kuwait SGP - Singapore BRU - Brunei LAO - Laos SRI - Sri Lanka CAM - Cambodia LBN - Lebanon SYR - Syria CHN - China MAC - Macau THA - Thailand HKG - Hongkong MAS - Malaysia TJK - Tajikistan INA - Indonesia MDV - Maldives TKM - Turkmenistan IND - India MGL - Mongolia TLS - East Timor IRI - Iran MYA - Myanmar TPE - Chinese Taipei IRQ - Iraq NEP - Nepal UAE - United Arab E. JOR - Jordan OMA - Oman UZB - Uzbekistan JPN - Japan PAK - Pakistan VIE - Vietnam KAZ - Kazakhstan PHI - Philippines YEM - Yemen ============================================================== Cover Photo: MUTAZ ESSA BARSHIM -World Athlet of the Year 2017 -World Champion 2017 -World 2017 leader with 2.40 m (achieved twice) -undefeated during the 2017 season 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n With this booklet I present my 29th consecutive edition of Asian athletics statistics. As in the previous years I am very grateful to the ASIAN ATHLETICS ASSOCIATION and its secretary and treasurer, Mr Maurice Nicholas as well as to Mrs Regina Long; without their support I would not have been able to realise this project. -
Trials Cina. D7. I Migliori Delle Batterie. Lo Sprint Di Zhang Yufei E Yu Hexin. Written by Redazione | 6 Maggio 2021
Trials Cina. D7. I migliori delle batterie. Lo sprint di Zhang Yufei e Yu Hexin. written by Redazione | 6 Maggio 2021 Conclusa a Qingdao, nella provincia dello Shandong, il settimo turno di batterie eliminatorie dei XIV Campionati Nazionali cinesi validi come prova di selezione olimpica, seguono i migliori tempi. FLASH DALLE BATTERIE Primato personale, miglior crono delle batterie e l’ennesima prestazione di alto livello per Zhang Yufei nello sprint dello stile libero (24.41) , fra gli uomini l’unico sotto i 22 secondi nella vasca unica (21.83) è statoYu Hexin (nella foto sopra), per il resto seguono i migliori crono. GIORNO 7 BATTERIE 1500 SL U – Wang Haohan 15:25.95 50 SL D – Zhang Yufei 24.41 50 SL U – Yu Hexin 21.83 VINCITORI E PASS OLIMPICI AL GIORNO 6 400 MX U – Wang Shun 4:12.03 PASS OLIMPICO 400 SL U – Zhang Ziyang 3:48.14 400 MX D – Yu Yiting (15) 4:37.88 PASS OLIMPICO 400 SL D – Li Bingjie 4:02.36 PASS OLIMPICO 400 SL D – – Tang Muhan 4:05.15 PASS OLIMPICO 100 RA U – Yan Zibei 59.25 PASS OLIMPICO 100 FA D – Zhang Yufei 55.72 PASS OLIMPICO 200 SL U – Wang Shun 1:46.55 PASS OLIMPICO 200 SL U – Ji Xinjie (1.46.75) PASS OLIMPICO (?) 100 RA D – Tang Qianting 1:06.82 PASS OLIMPICO 100 DO D – Chen Jie 59.75 PASS OLIMPICO 100 DO D – Peng Xuwei 59.89 PASS OLIMPICO 100 DO U – Xu Jiayu 52.88 PASS OLIMPICO 1500 SL U – Wang Jianjiahe 15:49.07 PASS OLIMPICO 1500 SL D – Li Bingjie 15:58.35 PASS OLIMPICO 200 MX D – Yu Yiting 2:09.64 PASS OLIMPICO 200 MX D -Chen Xinyi 2:11.58 ?PASS OLIMPICO subjudice 200 FA U – Chen Juner 1:56.77 200 SL D – Yang -
Doha (QAT) 03 - 07 December 2014
12th FINA WORLD SWIMMING CHAMPIONSHIPS (25m) Doha (QAT) 03 - 07 December 2014 Event 29 Women's 4x100m Freestyle Heats 5 DEC 2014 - 13:28 4x100m Nage Libre Femmes Séries Start List EVENT NO. 29 Record Splits NAT (Relay) Location Date WR 3:28.22 52.88 1:45.12 2:37.24 NED - Netherlands Amsterdam (NED) 19 DEC 2008 CR 3:28.54 52.33 1:44.80 2:37.12 NED - Netherlands Dubai (UAE) 18 DEC 2010 Heat 1 of 2 Qualifying Lane NAT Name Year of Birth Time Rank Time 1 PNG - Papua New Guinea TKATCHENKO Savannah 2000 PARAKA Shanice 1999 MCCARTHY Tegan 1997 MOPIO-JANE Anna-Liza 1986 2 MAC - Macau TAN Chi Yan 1994 LEI On Kei 1991 LONG Chi Wai 1997 CHOI Weng Tong 1996 3 SEY - Seychelles LAIRD Alexus 1993 PAYET Anisha 1998 MARZOCCHI Maria 1998 PASSON Felicity 1999 4 USA - United States COUGHLIN Natalie 1982 BILQUIST Amy 1997 KENNEDY Madison 1987 WEIR Amanda 1986 5 CHN - China QIU Yuhan 1998 TANG Yi 1993 SHEN Duo 1997 ZHANG Yufei 1998 6 AUT - Austria KREUNDL Lena 1997 KOSCHISCHEK Birgit 1987 ZAISER Lisa 1994 STEINEGGER Jordis 1983 7 GER - Germany DIETTERLE Anna Stephanie 1997 BRUHN Annika 1992 HUTHER Marlene 1998 SCHREIBER Daniela 1989 8 IND - India SANJEEV MEHTA Anusha Mehta 1995 VISHWANATH Malavika 1998 PRABHU Thalasha Satish 1993 DHUMATKAR Aditi 1991 Official Timekeeping by OMEGA SWW411900_51B1 3.0 Report Created by OMEGA FRI 5 DEC 2014 08:49 Page 1/2 12th FINA WORLD SWIMMING CHAMPIONSHIPS (25m) Doha (QAT) 03 - 07 December 2014 Event 29 Women's 4x100m Freestyle Heats 5 DEC 2014 - 13:28 4x100m Nage Libre Femmes Séries Heat 2 of 2 Qualifying Lane NAT Name Year -
Event Number 118/01 Extended Start List
Tokyo Aquatics Centre Swimming 東京アクアティクスセンター 競泳 / Natation Centre aquatique de Tokyo Women's 200m Butterfly 女子200mバタフライ / 200 m papillon - femmes THU 29 JUL 2021 Final Start Time 11:28 決勝 / Finale Extended Start List 拡張スタートリスト / Liste de départ détaillée Event Number 118/01 NOC Record Splits Name Code Location Date WR 2:01.81 27.19 58.08 1:30.20 LIU Zige CHN Jinan (CHN) 21 OCT 2009 OR 2:04.06 28.49 1:00.62 1:32.75 JIAO Liuyang CHN London (GBR) 1 AUG 2012 Lane Name NOC Code Date of Birth Qualifying Time Time Rank 1 CHIMROVA Svetlana ROC 15 APR 1996 2:08.62 Qualified 7th from SF. Placed 7th at 2019 WCh, 20th in 2017. Bronze at 2021 European Ch, silver in 2018. Placed 3rd at 2020 Beijing Champions Swim Series event, 4th at Shenzhen. Silver at 2019 Canet-en-Roussillon, Monaco Mare Nostrum events. In other events - 11th in 100m fly at 2020 OG, 19th at 2016 OG, 6th in 4x100m medley relay at 2016 OG. She also serves in the Army. 2 YU Liyan CHN 1 JUN 2000 2:07.04 Qualified 5th from SF. First-time Olympian. Placed 6th at 2018 Asian Games. Placed 6th at 2018 Beijing WCup event. Her father YU Jingang is a swimming coach at provincial level in China and influenced her to take up the sport. She enjoys painting in spare time. 3 KAPAS Boglarka HUN 22 APR 1993 2:06.59 Qualified 3rd from SF. Gold at 2019 WCh. Gold at 2021, 2018 European Ch. -
Men's All-Time World Performers-Performances Rankings
Men’s All-Time World Performers-Performances Rankings Page 1 of 127 50 METER BACKSTROKE Top 2660 Performances 24.04** Liam Tancock, GBR 13th World Championships Rome 08-02-09 (Reaction Time: +0.60. (Note: Great Britain’s first male backstroke gold-medalist [50, 100, 200]. Tancock’s first international gold/second world- record. (Note: bronze medalist [2005, Montreal; ’07, Melbourne]) 24.07*# Camille Lacourt, FRA XXX European Championships Budapest 08-12-10 (Reaction Time: +0.74. (Nore: also clocked European-record/history’second-fastest 100 back en route to gold several days earlieir [52.11]) 24.08sf1 Tancock 13th World Championships Rome 08-01-09 (Reaction Time: +0.57) 24.23 Lacourt 16th World Championships Kazan 08-09-15 (Reaction Time: +0.68, gold medalist) 24.24a Junya Koga, JPN 13th World Championships Rome 08-02-09 (Reaction Time: +0.50. (Note: won 100 back gold in an Asian-record 52.26 clocking several days earlier.) 24.27sf2 Lacourt 16th World Championships Kazan 08-08-15 (Reaction Time: +0.69) 24.28 Koga 17th Asian Games Incheon 09-21-14 (Reaction Time: +0.52 [fastest of race]. (Note: Games record, Koga’s third-consecutive gold/record. Won @ Doha in 2K6 [25.40]; Guangzhou, 2K10 [25.08]) 24.29sf2 Koga 13th World Championships Rome 08-01-09 (Reaction Time: +0.48) 24.30sf1 Lacourt XXX European Championships Budapest 08-11-10 (Reaction Time: +0.71) 24.33* Randall Bal, USA/Stanford Eindhoven Swim Cup Eindhoven 12-05-08 (Reaction Time: +0.66) 24.34* Gerhard Zandberg, RSA/Arizona 13th World Championshps Rome 08-02-09 (Note: African record.) 24.36 Lacourt FRA Nationals/WCTs Strasbouug 03-27-11 (Note: French Open-“All Comers” record.) 24.37 Lacourt FRA Nats./Euro. -
Risultati Giochi Olimpici Dal 1972 Al 2021 Olympics Results from 1972 to 2021
NIC - Il Nuoto in Cifre Risultati Giochi Olimpici dal 1972 al 2021 Olympics results from 1972 to 2021 50 M FREESTYLE WOMEN XXIV SEOUL 18 - 25 September 1988 XXV BARCELONA 26 - 31 JULY 1992 OTTO KRISTIN GDR 1° 25,49 YANG WENYI CHN 1° 24,79 YANG WENYI CHN 2° 25,64 ZHUANG YONG CHN 2° 25,08 MEISSNER KATRIN GDR 3° 25,71 MARTINO ANGEL USA 3° 25,23 STERKEL JILL USA 3° 25,71 PLEWINSKI CATHERINE FRA 4° 25,36 FETTER LEIGH USA 5° 25,78 THOMPSON JENNIFER USA 5° 25,37 COSTACHE TAMARA ROU 6° 25,80 MEŠČERJAKOVA NATALYA EUN 6° 25,47 PLEWINSKI CATHERINE FRA 7° 25,90 OSYGUS SIMONE GER 7° 25,74 VAN WIRDUM KAREN AUS 8° 26,01 DE BRUIJN INGE NED 8° 25,84 XXVI ATLANTA 20 - 26 JULY 1996 XXVII SYDNEY 16 - 23 JULY 2000 VAN DYKEN AMY USA 1° 24,87 DE BRUIJN INGE NED 1° 24,32 LE JINGYI CHN 2° 24,90 ALSHAMMAR THERESE SWE 2° 24,51 VÖLKER SANDRA GER 3° 25,14 TORRES DARA USA 3° 24,63 MARTINO ANGEL USA 4° 25,31 VAN DYKEN AMY USA 4° 25,04 MARTINDALE LEAH BAR 5° 25,49 MORAVCOVÁ MARTINA SVK 5° 25,24 OLOFSSON LINDA SWE 6° 25,63 VÖLKER SANDRA GER 6° 25,27 SHAN YING CHN 7° 25,70 SHEPPARD ALISON GBR 7° 25,45 MEŠČERJAKOVA NATALYA RUS 8° 25,88 MINAMOTO SUMIKA JPN 8° 25,65 XXVIII ATHENS 14 - 24 AUGUST 2004 XXIX BEIJING 9 - 17 AUGUST 2008 DE BRUIJN INGE NED 1° 24,58 STEFFEN BRITTA GER 1° 24,06 METELLA MALIA FRA 2° 24,89 TORRES DARA USA 2° 24,07 TRICKETT LISBETH AUS 3° 24,91 CAMPBELL CATE AUS 3° 24,17 ALSHAMMAR THERESE SWE 4° 24,93 TRICKETT LISBETH AUS 4° 24,25 JOYCE KARA LYNN USA 5° 25,00 VELDHUIS MARLEEN NED 5° 24,26 ENGELSMAN MICHELLE AUS 6° 25,06 JOYCE KARA LYNN USA 6° 24,63 -
Proposed Research Outline
LC Paper No. CB(2) 1263/03-04(01) PROPOSED RESEARCH OUTLINE The Economic and Social Impacts of Hosting Selected International Games 1. Background 1.1 The Panel on Home Affairs (Panel), at its meeting on 12 December 2003, requested the Research and Library Services Division (RLSD) to conduct a research study on the possible impacts for Hong Kong to host the 2009 East Asian (EA) Games based on the experience of the previous EA Games. 2. Proposed international games to be studied 2.1 RLSD originally intended to study the EA Games held in 1997 and 20011. For comparison, the Asian Games held in 1998 and 2002 were also considered for the study2. Apart from thorough in-house and Internet research, enquiries have been made to the relevant organizing committees and government departments in the host countries for providing the required information. However, only scanty information from official sources has so far been successfully collected on the impacts of hosting the EA Games and the Asian Games. As such, the research will study the 2002 Asian Games and make use of information available from newspapers, magazines and other secondary sources where appropriate. In addition, the 2000 Olympic Games3 and the 2002 Commonwealth Games4 will be included in the study for a better understanding of the impacts of hosting international sports events. 2.2 The study of the 2000 Olympic Games should help reflect the extent of the economic and social impacts that hosting an international sports event could have on a host country, although the scale of a mega sports event such as the Olympic Games is larger than that of the EA Games.