TESIS DOCTORAL Una Teoría Del Plano-Secuencia

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TESIS DOCTORAL Una Teoría Del Plano-Secuencia TESIS DOCTORAL Una teoría del plano-secuencia. Tiempo, historia y narratividad en las películas de Mi- zoguchi Kenji durante la década de los 30. Autor: Luis Miranda Mendoza Director/es: José Manuel Palacio Arranz Antonio Weinrichter López Tutor: José Manuel Palacio Arranz PERIODISMO Y COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL Leganés/Getafe, junio de 2017 1 2 TESIS DOCTORAL Una teoría del plano-secuencia. Tiempo, historia y narratividad en las películas de Mizoguchi Kenji durante la década de los 30. Autor: Luis Miranda Mendoza Director/es: José Manuel Palacio Arranz Antonio Weinrichter López Firma del Tribunal Calificador: Firma Presidente: (Nombre y apellidos) Vocal: (Nombre y apellidos) Secretario: (Nombre y apellidos) Calificación: Leganés/Getafe, de de 3 4 ÍNDICE. AGRADECIMIENTOS. INTRODUCCIÓN. LA PROPUESTA Y SUS PREMISAS…………………. 13 El contexto de la pregunta. ‘Modernismo’ vs. ‘realismo’. …………………………. 15 • La pregunta y el método. ………………………………………………………………….. 16 • La cuestión del ‘sistema’. …………………………………………………………………... 19 • La dualidad diferencial / referencial como guía. …………………………………………... 20 • Estructura de la tesis. ……………………………………………………………………… 21 • Aclaraciones sobre el método. ……………………………………………………………... 22 1. La problemática del ‘autor’. ……………………………………………………… 23 2. El problema hermenéutico. …………………………………………………….. .. 24 3. Los problemas de accesibilidad. ………………………………………………….. 24 • Aclaraciones sobre el uso de términos japoneses. …………………………………. 26 SECCIÓN I. El cine japonés como ‘objeto’ teórico. Mizoguchi como excepción y nor- ma. …………………………………………………………………………………... 29 Cap. I.1. Proyecciones y desvíos interpretativos sobre el cine japonés. …………….. 33 • I.1.1. ‘Modernismo vernáculo’. ……………………………………………………………… 33 • I.1.2. Consideraciones preliminares. ‘Autor’, cine nacional y discurso crítico-teórico. …….. 36 • I.1.3. Desvíos y distorsiones. ………………………………………………………………... 42 - I.1.3.1. Reducciones de la diferencia: “Celebración humanista de los grandes autores y de la cultura japonesa en los 60”. ……………………………………………………….. 43 - I.1.3.2. Golpe de timón: “Celebración marxista y formalista del cine japonés como alter- nativa al cine clásico de Hollywood en los 70”. ……………………………………... 60 - I.1.3.2.a. Algunas respuestas a To the Distant Observer. …………………… 72 - I.1.3.3. Las trampas de la perspectiva: “Reexamen crítico de las aproximaciones anteriores mediante la introducción del discurso de la Otredad y los análisis inter-culturales en los 80”. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 80 • I.1.3. No hay una ‘teoría’ sobre el cine de Mizoguchi. ……………………………………... 86 5 Cap. I.2. El cine japonés como ‘modernismo vernáculo’. …………………...…….... 93 • I.2.1. ‘Clásico’, ‘moderno’, ‘modernista’. ……………………………………………………... 93 • I.2.2. El problema de lo ‘vernáculo’ en un contexto “modernizante”. ……………………… 104 - I.2.2.1. ‘Auto-orientalismo’. ………………………………………………………… 105 - I.2.2.2. Capital cultural encarnado, capital cultural objetivado. ……………………. 109 • I.2.3. ‘Clásico’, ‘moderno’ y ‘modernista’: ¿categorías críticas o históricas? ………………... 119 SECCIÓN II. Dialéctica del referente y la diferencia. Su aplicación al caso de Mizogu- chi. …..……………………………………………………………………………. 125 Cap. II.1. Mizoguchi como narrador “paramétrico” y el plano secuencia como figura diferencial / referencial. …………………………………………..……………….. 129 • II.1.1. Frente a la norma ‘modernista’, la excepción ‘paramétrica’. ………………………... 129 • II.1.2. La doble condición “extensa” del plano. …………………………………………… 137 - II.1.2.1. “Trazos de luz”. Toma larga, plano-secuencia; ‘plano extenso’. ………….. 140 - II.1.2.2. Un problema de (in)definición. …………………………………………... 143 - II.1.2.3. El plano-secuencia y la toma larga como significantes cinematográficos. .. 151 - II.1.2.4. Dos tomas largas de apertura. ……………………………………………. 157 Cap. II.2. Lo ‘vernáculo’: “espacio japonés” y noción de intervalo (MA). ….… 167 • II.2.1. Consideraciones preliminares. ……………………………………………………. 167 • II.2.2. Fundamentos de lo diferencial: práctica del intervalo y metafísica del ‘vacío’ (KU, MU, MA, EN). ………………………………………………………………………………… 173 - II.2.2.1. El desvío ‘modernista’ de la “nada” (MU). ……………………………… 183 - II.2.2.2 El concepto MA. ………………………………………………………… 186 - II.2.2.2.1. MA: espacio empírico y discontinuo. ……………………… 190 - II.2.2.2.2. MA y Nô. …………………………………………………... 204 - II.2.2.2.3. MA y el concepto ‘humanidad’ (ningen). …………………... 209 - II.2.2.3 Espacio “constructivo” vs. espacio construido. …………………………... 217 - II.2.2.4. Arquitectura y articulación. ……………………………………………... 218 - II.2.2.5. El ‘intervalo’ social. Transiciones y transacciones, o el concepto de EN.... 231 • II.2.3. Síntesis. La articulación, el ‘fantasma’ y el “sintagma nuclear” de Mizoguchi. ….... 258 6 Cap. II.3. Realismo y contingencia en la ficción: la “pequeña forma”. …………... 263 • II.3.1. Riarizumu y el cine japonés en el tránsito al sonoro. ……………………….……... 263 • II.3.2. ‘Realismo’ como constructo. ………………………………………………………. 273 - II.3.2.1. Ficción realista y discurso histórico: una teoría. …………………………. 276 - II.3.2.2. Contingencia y narratividad. …………………………………………….. 281 - II.3.2.3. Lo contingente como signo de lo ‘particular’ rescatado a la historia. ……. 283 - II.3.2.4. contingencia y segmento: la ‘Pequeña Forma’ y la ‘línea de universo’. …... 288 - II.3.2.5. Segmento y toma larga. ………………………………………………….. 299 - II.3.2.6. Toma larga y mundanidad: la “ceguera” ante lo histórico. ………………. 302 Cap. II.4. ¿Un ‘realismo vernáculo’? Mizoguchi, Izumi Kyôka y el teatro shinpa... 305 • II.4.1. Cuestiones preliminares. ………………………………………………………….. 305 • II.4.2. Universo shinpa. ..………………………………………………………………..... 312 - II.4.2.1. Un género “reformista”. ………………………………………………..... 314 - II.4.2.2. Origen del shinpa. ……………………………………………………….. 318 - II.4.2.3. Seigeki o la actuación “naturalista”. ……………………………………… 322 - II.4.2.4. Kyakushoku. ……………………………………………………………… 323 • II.4.3. Orígenes literario-teatrales de los géneros cinematográficos japoneses. ………….. 326 - II.4.3.1. Conexiones con nombre propio. ………………………………………… 333 - II.4.3.2. Géneros, estudios, estilos. ……………………………………………….. 338 • II.4.4. Arquetipos, ‘realismo’ abortado, ‘realismo vernáculo’. ……………………………. 343 - II.4.4.1. Intermedio con Tolstoi. …………………………………………………. 347 - II.4.4.2. Shinpa y sociología Meiji. ……………………………………………….. 350 • II.4.5. Mizoguchi “deconstruye” a Kyôka. ……………………………………………….. 352 • II.4.6. Kyôka, o el anacronismo. …………………………………………………………. 362 - II.4.6.1. La “cuestión de la mujer”. ……………………………………………….. 369 - II.4.6.2. ‘Figuras’ de otro tiempo. ………………………………………………… 375 • II.4.7. Melodrama. ……………………………………………………………………….. 383 7 SECCIÓN III. Cinco títulos de los años 30: shinpa eiga, realismo, monumentalidad y cine sonoro. …………………………………………………………………… 387 Cap. III.1. Shinpa eiga, montaje y lateralidad: Taki no shiraito (1933) y Orizuru Osen (1935) ………………………………………………………………………….. 391 • III.1.1. Herencias de época: estereotipos Meiji en el shinpa eiga. …………………….. 392 • III.1.2. Individual / dividual. ………………………………………………………….. 399 • III.1.3. Pasarelas. ………………………………………………………………………. 401 • III.1.4. El hilo blanco de la catarata. ……………………………………………………. 404 - III.1.4.1. Formas zigzagueantes. ……………………………………………….. 404 - III.1.4.2. Centralidad de la heroína. …………………………………………… 417 - III.1.4.3. Montaje y deseo. …………………………………………………….. 420 - III.1.4.4. Melodrama en acción. ……………………………………………….. 426 • III.1.5. Osen de las cigüeñas. ……………………………………………………………. 432 - III.1.5.1. Experimentos formales con el benshi como garante. ………………… 432 - III.1.5.2. Predominio de lo ‘intensivo’. ………………………………………… 440 - III.1.5.3. Dos modelos de puesta en tensión. ………………………………….. 453 • III.1.6. Espacializar el tiempo. ………………………………………………………… 470 Cap. III.2. 1936 (I): Realismo y cine sonoro: Naniwa ereji. …………………... 475 • III.2.1. “El primer filme realista japonés”. ……………………………………………. 475 • II.2.2. Zig-zag: personajes que se cruzan o se esquivan. ……………………………… 488 • III.2.3. Historia e historicidad. ……………………………………………………….. 494 • III.2.4. Modanisumu. ………………………………………………………………...... 497 • III.2.5. Realismo, contingencia y e-maki mono. ………………………………………. 512 • III.2.6. Cambio de signo de lo extenso. ………………………………………………. 531 Cap. III.3. 1936 (II): Realismo ‘trascendental’: Gion no shimai. …………….... 537 • III.3.1. Plenitud de un realismo ‘observacional’. …………………………………….. 537 • III.3.2. Falsa indeterminación temporal del relato. …………………………………. 543 • III.3.3. ‘Tiempo de la Historia’, ‘Tiempo del Relato’; ‘tiempo del mundo’.. ………... 547 • III.3.4. Rimas y combinaciones. …………………………………………………….. 550 • III.3.5. Secuencia y variaciones. ……………………………………………………... 553 8 • III.3.6. Importancia de lo dual. ……………………………………………………... 563 - III.3.6.1. Condición espacial del tiempo del relato. Condición temporal del espacio. ……………………………………………………………………. 566 - III.3.6.2. Relaciones de movimiento o fijeza de la cámara. …………………. 567 - III.3.6.3. Relaciones de movimiento o fijeza de los personajes. “Retenciones” / “proten- siones”. ………………………………………………………………………. 568 - III.3.6.4. Campo / contracampo. ……………………………………………. 569 - III.3.6.5. Campo / fuera de campo. …………………………………………. 573 - III.3.6.6. Plano / contraplano. ………………………………………………. 575 • III.3.7. Culminación de hallazgos, prólogo de hallazgos. …………………………... 577 • III.3. APÉNDICE. Desglose de Las hermanas de Gion. ………………………...….. 579 Cap. III. 4. Zangiku monogatari (1939). Hacia un sistema integral. ………… 581 • III.4.1. Introducción. ……………………………………………………………….. 581 • III.4.2. Regresiones reales o supuestas. …………………………………………….. 584 • III.4.3. Lecturas duales o lecturas erradas. ………………………………………….
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