North Stradbroke Island Geohistory

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Copyright Cranfield Geological Services International Pty Ltd SUMMARY North and South Stradbroke Islands were initially joined and separated in 1895 after a violent storm to give the passage known as Jumpinpin or The Jumpinpin Bar. There is also evidence that the former Stradbroke Island joined the Spit at Southport, as neither Cook (in 1770) nor Flinders in 1799 recorded the passage now known as The Southport Bar. It also may be possible that Moreton Island was also joined to Stradbroke Island in recent times, as Cook in 1770 did not note separation between Moreton and North Stradbroke Island. However Flinders in 1799 was first to record the South Passage Bar. Erosion of the southern end of Moreton Island is still gradually widening the gap between the two islands. North Stradbroke Island comprises mainly sand dunes and ridges, with rocky outcrops at Point Lookout and environs, Adder Rock and small outcrops of sandstone at Dunwich. The sands which make up the dunes originated in the granitic highlands of north-eastern New South Wales and southern Queensland. As these highlands eroded, sands were transported seawards. These sands were then carried northwards by ocean currents including the east Australian current until blocked by the flow-banded rhyolitic remnants of old volcanoes at Point Lookout which acted as a natural groyne. Sands accumulated behind these outcrops over the past several hundred thousand years. Periodic sea levels changes in the Pleistocene due to glacial and interglacial periods and wind action have resulted in massive quantities of sand blowing inland to form the complex dune systems which form today's North Stradbroke Island. The evolution of North Stradbroke Island through geological time and its history of occupation by indigenous inhabitants form the basis of this tour experience. The tour outlines the formation of the island its coverage of plants and animals and the way the island has been utilised by humans from its inception to the present day. Geological units include bedrock (Rocksberg Greenstone; Rhyolite; Woogaroo Subgroup), but the majority of the island comprises unconsolidated Cainozoic deposits in the form of transgressive aeolian dune forms. The younger frontal dunes are quartzose sand, and marked variations in topography, soils and vegetation occur between older Pleistocene and newer Holocene dunes. Transgressive dunes development produces deflation hollows within the dune system locally tapping the groundwater producing 'window lakes' (e.g. Blue Lake) or indurated remnants of these lakes. Several periods of transgressive dunes created multiple indurated layers. The layers locally trap rain water and generate 'perched lakes'. Pleistocene dunes are characterised by the development of giant podsol soils, products of prolonged weathering and leaching down the sand profiles. Typically, such dune sands are yellow in colour, as revealed in exposures in road cuttings and in the eastern scarp slopes in the south of the island. Major changes (over 200m) in global sea-levels have occurred throughout the latter part of the Quaternary period, essentially the last one million years; these changes in the relative levels of the sea and the land have been associated with both climatic and tectonic causes. The last interglacial period saw global sea-level up to 5m above present mean sea-level (PMSL) marine transgression - whilst the sea-level fall during the last glaciation- marine regression was possibly in the order of 130-150m below PMSL, thus exposing extensive areas of the continental shelf fringing major land masses like Australia. Geological mapping shows that there is a fairly complex sequence of transgressive dune units on the northern part. Groundwater is the body of subterranean water derived from the percolation of water, under the influence of gravity, down through the soil and regolith (weathered material) and underlain by impermeable material or rock. The upper surface of the saturated zone is termed the ' groundwater table. This table tends to have a broadly convex form, subject to, geological factors such as localised bedrock structures and weathering profiles. The height of the table will rise after recharge during especially wet periods and fall during periods of abnormally low rainfall when recharge is reduced. This may also reduce discharge into springs, streams and swamps fed by groundwater. In coastal zones and on islands, the saturated zone of freshwater ' typically takes on the form of a broad lens with convex curvature; the lower surface, in contact ' with saltwater, bulges deeply downwards. Major natural lakes are Brwn Lake and Blue Lake. Heavy minerals (zircon, rutile and ilmenite) that have been mined on the island are within the siliceous coastal sediments of northern New South Wales and southern Queensland. The main sources of this material are the New England granites and Mesozoic sandstones. Plants and animals on the island have evolved from the Low sea level stands of the Pleistocene when the land became emergent and the system if dunes were formed and a series of ground water. There is considerable diversity of plants and animals and significant effort is being made to conserve their habitats. The island has a rich history and is being developed for diversify to expand the current tourism industry in terms of • education and training opportunities • stimulate local business development and growth. • preferred location/s, including current mining sites, for boutique eco-tourism development • feasibility and identification of boutique ecotourism development, including size, scale, location and private sector interest • strategies related to the staged transfer of expired mining leases or expansion of national parks and other protected areas Contents SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 5 GEOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL HISTORY ............................................................................................... 6 Palaeozoic tectonic units of accretionary wedge ............................................................................... 6 Middle to Late Triassic felsic volcanics ............................................................................................. 12 Mesozoic Basins ................................................................................................................................ 12 Tertiary Basins ................................................................................................................................... 12 Cainozoic Morphostratigraphic Units ............................................................................................... 13 PLANT AND ANIMAL HABITATS ............................................................................................................. 16 Plants of North Stradbroke Island ..................................................................................................... 16 Frontal Dunes ............................................................................................................................. 16 The High Dunes .......................................................................................................................... 16 Animals of North Stradbroke Island .................................................................................................. 17 Land Mammals .............................................................................................................................. 17 Marine Mammals ........................................................................................................................ 18 Birds ............................................................................................................................................. 18 Reptiles ........................................................................................................................................ 20 HUMAN HISTORY TIMELINE .................................................................................................................. 20 The Quandamooka story ............................................................................................................... 20 Early contacts .................................................................................................................................... 21 Colonial naming of the island ........................................................................................................... 21 The convicts ...................................................................................................................................... 21 After the convicts .............................................................................................................................. 22 Dunwich ............................................................................................................................................ 22 Amity Point ....................................................................................................................................... 23 Point Lookout .................................................................................................................................... 23 APPENDIX DESCRIPTION OF UNITS AT SITES........................................................................................
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