1

Vol. XLVII. No. 1 p January, 1934 -Pw, viva! ( TY-1),HAWAii

he MID-PACIFIC MAGAMNET official organ of the PAN-PACIFIC UNION

A bend in the Hacking River, National Park, New South Wales. Australia -

VatinlicunnnunununununiinuniinuLir. lainunununtinununtinunun- ninifi1; ltd-tlariftr illagagur CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD

Vol. XLVII. Number 1

CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1934

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Australia: A Land of Beautiful Trees - - - 3

By David G. Stead

v En Route to the Japanese Mandated Islands

By .11exander Hume Ford

15 • Mosquitoes in New Zealand

By .1. Drummond

Canada and the United States - - - 19 1 Pan-Pacific Club o/ Tokyo Program

- 25 • Butterflies Under the Equator By W. Judson Coxey

Medicinal Herbs from China 29 Pan-Pacific Science Program, Honolulu

Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution 33 Vol. IX, No. 1

Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union, New Series, No. 167 49

J' ib-Parifir agazim Published monthly by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Pan-Pacific Club Building, Honolulu, T. 11. Yearly sub- scription in the United States and possessions, $3.00 in advance. Canada and Mexico, $3.25. For all foreign countries, $3.50. Single Copies, 25c. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. Permission is given to reprint any article from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. k111‘.111Vi1Vi IVflVI1V1 VIIVITUIT1nUi Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Ltd. THE MID-PACIFIC

,Ttc RP:ER, NAT,4NA,4 p4ips,

Australia is a land of beautiful trees. They are found in infinite variety, although the gum-tree, or eucalyptus, is looked upon both by 4ustralians and outsiders as'the most typically Australian of all the country's larger bush trees. There are probably four hundred distinct kinds of gum trees. THE MID-PACIFIC 3

Heavy rain forests are found around the Tweed River in New South Wales.

nuV ivrtcYrTurivriuncrounKinurcurIvi...:Punvw_nrcuTivmulivm.nlvmunwzr,umovrig 1r P' Australia: A Land of Beautiful Trees By DAVID G. STEAD .]litai7l:111CuitAnniUT:061.1Curnitniu:liztMLatuattni1 1lltlt

(Excerpt from "The Tree Book," No. 2 of the which no country on the face of the "Shakespeare Head Australian Nature" series earth can produce a greater variety or of popular handbooks dealing with the unique fauna and flora of Australia. No. 1 is "The finer contrasts in shade and color, or Insect Book" by W. W. Froggatt, and No. 3 that are more glorious in their floral will be "The Great Barrier Reef Book" by M. decorations. Tree lovers and tree-plant- Embury. Captain James Cook anchored in Botany Bay ing authorities all over the world have at 2 p. m. on April 29, 1770. Sir Joseph Banks, long ago recognized this, and so, today, the great botanist, who accompanied Cook, made many of the most famous and most large collections of plants in this place. A num- ber of these are preserved today in the Sydney beautiful cities of the world owe a very Botanic Gardens Herbarium.) considerable part of their arboreal Australia's countryside has been richly adornment to the glorious specimens of endowed by Nature with a vast variety Australian trees, of many kinds, to be of trees and shrubs of surpassing beauty seen flourishing in their parks and streets and interest. For Australia is truly a and gardens and boulevards. land of the most beautiful trees—of And not alone for their beauty have 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

our trees been cultivated in lands far carried about by wind and tide or on from their home ; for, in many places, the feathers of sea birds. there are now to be seen great areas of k\Then we begin to study our Austra- economic plantations of Australian euca- Tian trees or other flora and the places in lypts, wattles and other species of trees which they live, we soon find that dif- -from which are produced, annually, ferences in location at various points of large quantities of commercial timbers, the Commonwealth may produce the hark (for tanning, etc.), essential oils, most profound differences, both in kinds and even florists' supplies. and quality. And even in a restricted In studying Australian trees we shall locality, which may be well-known to visit all sorts of strange and interesting any of us, there again we find that the places in our continent. As we follow trees do not grow "just anywhere." but our trees, we shall learn a great deal that, in the main, they have certain very about our geography and climate, wan- definite bounds. In a few instances there Bering through the wild bush, over may be quite clear lines of demarcation, plains and hills, down gullies, along between one type of vegetation and an- river banks—sometimes among the other, though usually there is a greater mighty river red gums, and sometimes or lesser indication of the evolution of among the graceful she-oaks (called one group into the other. ironwood in Hawaii) that sigh and sing Putting individual species of trees in the wind—like aeolian harps playing aside for the moment, the most striking a different tune in every breeze. We shall differences are seen when we study the also traverse plains, hundreds of miles layout of our forests ; that is to say, square and as flat as a board—some- the mass or density of the tree growth times with no trees at all and sometimes itself. In some places, for instance, we with low trees scattered here and there may find dense, heavy jungles (we call —and mile upon mile of rolling waves them brush or scrub), in others vast of lands that look like beautiful parks. forests of great eucalyptus, in others And high rugged mountains, deep open forests, with large trees here and ravines, densely-wooded valleys where there, interspersed with smaller kinds or lovely lyre-birds are safe from gunners, shrubs. In other places again we may and vast stretches of scrub lands, where see wide stretches covered quite sparsely bower-birds dwell and have their play- with only small shrubs and stunted trees, grounds. And great palm groves that or with no trees at all, and, finally, some remind one of oceanic islands ; and cool very extensive areas in which there is tree-fern gullies, where hidden creeklets no permanent vegetation of any kind. tinkle along their way to join the splendid Carrying our studies a little further, rivers. We shall journey, also, over the we find that there is no sort of "accident" big "bad lands" of the interior, and about this distribution of our flora, but great sandy and stony deserts, and hun- that it is due to several basic natural dreds of square miles of limestone coun- causes. The most important of these try, honeycombed with wondrous gal- causes is climate—with which we couple leries and awesome caverns—where amount of rainfall, temperature, and rate great white owls and pallid dingoes, and of evaporation. The second is soil. Then, even mighty eagles, live in holes in the added to these, will be such considera- ground, and where warm winds, with tions as aspect—in relation to sunlight, the smell of the sea in them, rush out winds, and general exposure—drainage of the earth. And again, always in pur- of soil, etc. For instance, where there suit of our trees, we will travel to the is a very heavy rainfall, good soil and seaside and out to tropic islets peopled moderate temperatures with the mini- with strange tree types, whose seeds are mum of evaporation, there we are sure THE MID-PACIFIC

Large tracts of Australian eucalyptus have been planted in countries far from its native home. to find heavy brush or rain forests, such Swanland, there is another area about one as those around the Tweed River, in third the size of Victoria, where, also, New South Wales, or about Kin Kin in great timber forests abound. Within the Queensland. With a lesser rainfall or eastern coastal strip are to be found, at higher evaporation, we may still get intervals, the rain forests of a tropical great forests such as those along parts type, and very like the Malayan jungles of the coastal districts of southern in their density. There we find trees, like Queensland, New South Wales, eastern figs, beeches, hoop pines, bunya-bunya Victoria and the southwest of Western pines, corkwood, lilli-pilli, sassafras, Australia. But, with diminishing mois- flame trees, silky oaks, coachwood, giant ture, coupled with rapid evaporation, the stinging nettles, and a host of others, in- trees grow sparser and with more termingled with palms of several species, drought-resistant kinds the country be- giant tree ferns, staghorns, bird's nest comes more and more shrubby, until ferns, etc., and with the trees often strung together with vines of various kinds, so trees may he altogether absent, and even that, with the undergrowth, there is an the sparse dry-country shrubs may find impenetrable tangle. Immense areas of it impossible to maintain a living. such rain forest country have long ago Setting the map of Australia before us been cleared to make way for some of then, this is what we find : There is a long our finest farming and dairying lands. narrow strip of country running down the The big scrub in northeastern New South east coast of Australia—more especially from South Queensland, through New Wales, once covered many hundreds of South Wales to Gippsland—where are to square miles in one unbroken stretch, and be found the main timber forests of the there were important sections of this type eastern half of Australia. Over in the of forest in the Illawarra district. Many west of the continent, away down in little remnants are still to be found along 6 THE MID-PACIFIC

In the vicinity of Lane Cove River lie many beautifully wooded areas. The Lane Cove joins the Par- ramatta, the mouth of which forms .,lustralia's greatest harbor, Sydney. THE AND-PACIFIC 7

sylvan scene on the Hacking River. the coastal lands—even in the vicinity of Queensland. Another absentee from the Sydney. flora is the bread fruit. The date palm is These rain forests of eastern Australia found here and there in many places, but are but the residuals of what must have it has grown from the imported dates. been a vast sheet of Malayan forest which Working inland from the coastal dis- reached across at least half of Australia tricts, we rapidly reach areas of less and in comparatively recent geological times, still less rainfall, and this condition is re- and of which much physiographical, as flected in the type of forest covering. The well as botanical, evidence, remains to- type of soil also affects the growth—more clay. In other words, as the country be- particularly the type of tree. Anyone came drier the rain forests receded and driving across the black-soil plains of our receded, while the drier country or near interior, must, often have noticed the drought-resistant trees developed and took change in trees, from, perhaps, open box their place. country, as he came up over a low sandy It is of special interest to mention here rise or "ridge"—often only a few feet in that although we have so many represen- elevation and no large acreage—and was tatives of well-known types of tropical immediately among, say, she-oaks (belah), vegetation, a considerable number of the cypress pines and wilga. And again, he trees which produce tropical fruits do not must notice the difference which moisture- occur naturally. Nowadays some which content of the soil makes, when, again have escaped from cultivation are to be emerging from the box timber, he comes found wild. One of these is the Indian upon country liable to inundation, or mango, now found wild in parts of perhaps the river bank. and there is sud- 8 THE MID-PACIFIC L fi

One o f the myriad is Great Bar rier Re 0 THE MID- PACIFIC 9

denly transported into a dense wood of quaint screw pines, which lean out over river gum. the sea, and make use of it as a distribut- Far inland, and stretching across the ing agent for their kind, just like the continent even to the far northwest, we coconuts and sago palms do in tropical find a widespread dry-country vegetation, islands. largely consisting of acacias of various We could follow, with great profit to kinds, interspersed with saltbushes and our studies, this changing picture of our true desert plants. This type of country trees and forests right over the face of may be continued far north, even into our broad continent. We could show also regions of moderate to good rainfall, the local variation in distribution of cer- where the rain falls at the "wrong" time tain kinds of trees. and the natural of the year—that is to say, the great heat agencies at work in defining the limits of or the dry winds cause the moisture to many kinds, the making of zones within evaporate before it can do much good to zones, and the causes of the occasional in- the vegetation. Then again, there may be trusion of one zone into another, but suf- special areas, like the open rolling "gibba" ficient has been said to indicate the main plains of the central country of Australia, reasons for the existence of different and the large tracts of loose "jumping" types of forests and of trees in Australia. sandhills, where vegetation may be sparse and, incidentally, to disabuse the reader's or completely absent and a very special mind of the common mistake that because immense area of limestone plain or plateau a region is tropical it must necessarily —the Nullarbor Plain—where there is no contain dense "tropical jungles." tree larger than a shrub for over forty It might be well also to mention one thousand square miles. special region, not of large extent, which Coming back to the seacoast, we find has no trees, because of winter cold and a definite zone of trees standing right exposure to heavy blasting winds. This on the edge of, or even venturing into. is the famous Kosciusko Plateau, where the waters of the sea. Here are the man- the last gums peter out at an elevation groves of various kinds, which, in many of a little more than six thousand feet, northern tropical and sub-tropical estu- leaving only small shrubs and tough aries may form quite large forests. And the forests of trees, like the pisonia and grasses to carry us on to the rounded tournefortia, which dwell on low-built is- summits. lands of the Great Barrier Reef, and the (To be Continued) THE MID-PACIFIC

About two out of five Filipinos live in the hemp regions and directly or indirectly derive their livelihood from this industry. Hundreds of little boats in the Philippine inland sea use home- made hempen sails. THE MID-PACIFIC 11

The houses in Moro seaside villages are built on long poles. This is a fish-pond gate and watchman's shack.

011C711 UIC:7 TLXIC1 WnIC.7116177177117....77r En Route to the Japanese Mandate Islands By ALEXANDER HLME FORD Director, Pan-Pacific Union

Sailing along the coasts of the Philip- and a Filipino family with children and pine Islands is like coasting the Hawaiian dependents will average ten, so that you Islands, although the latter are more beau- have 640 humans to the square mile along tiful and majestic. There is an endless the beach who live on—not fish and poi— variety and charm that is lacking in the but fish and copra. Philippine Islands cruise, which has much From aboard ship the land beyond the of a sameness day after day, yet it is a seashore seems uncultivated. Sometimes a delightful sameness. bit of rice is planted, but after the first At times the islands are afar off. Some- crop the planters move on, for the land times the steamer almost brushes the co- now needs fertilizing, and that means conut groves, but never in the four days labor. Once the Japanese enter, these is- from Manila to Davao is land out of lands will be terraced from top to bottom sight. We brush by a coconut grove for and they will smell to heaven of fertilizers, miles and every few hundred yards is a and they will be productive. nipa-thatched home of a Filipino family. The Filipinos prefer the Chinese, as One man can tend ten acres of coconuts. most of them have some Chinese blood There are 640 acres to the square mile and the Chinese are unobtrusive. They 12 THE Al 1 I)-PACIFIC

Filipino boys are expert in opening coconuts. Copra (dried coconut meat) and fish form the staple diet along the shore.

are the retail dealers and storekeepers of raise two babies where only one has been the islands and as they usually marry a raised before, but they will be Japanese Filipino woman and give employment to babies. Probably a population as large as the male relatives of their Filipino wives, that in Japan could be maintained in these they are more or less liked. The Filipinos islands by a people equally industrious as claim that the Japanese bring their own the Japanese and satisfied with the same women, carpenters, laborers, chauffeurs, standard of home. storekeepers, etc., and patronize only It was Sunday when we reached Zam- Japanese and employ only their own boanga. We tied up to a great modern countrymen. Certain it is that when the concrete pier and walked ashore to a Japanese come to the Philippines they will most charming town, probably the most THE MID-PACIFIC 13

Using a dip-net from a native Filipino canoe.

cleanly and well kept in the Philippine jobs, and failing in this sink back and Islands. The Moros have the reputation forget their English. of being bloodthirsty and cleanly. Here Magnificent schools, trade schools, do- no one says Moro. You just say Chris- mestic science buildings, etc., are found tian or non-Christian. There is really no everywhere in the town of Zamboanga, difference in the people, save that the and in the outlying coconut forests. But Filipinos are content with nipa houses all is poverty now, copra sells at a cent while the Moro, as soon as he has caught or less a pound, and it does not pay to enough fish in front of his nipa house on cultivate coconuts. Yet each tree is taxed the beach, builds a neatly carved wooden fifty centavos and taxes must be paid. home amid the coconut palms, but not Taxicab fare is probably the cheapest too far from the beloved sea which is his in the world here in Zamboanga. Two of home and living. us taxied out 16 miles to the famous peni- The Moro villages are along the water tentiary and returned for two pesos, or front, built on very high piles. Under a dollar for the two of us, a ride of 32 these houses at low tide the children play, miles. This is the model penitentiary of and here the double outrigger, highly the Philippines, and one of the best carved and ornamented fishing boats, are patronized. Men, it is said, who are once kept. Even the sails are beautifully boarded here, on leaving kill a friend or worked in different colors. The Moro is so that they may be returned for free hoard for the rest of their lives. Yet picturesque in his costume and he knows some do try to escape, for as we entered it. He is proud of his appearance. the great compound we saw hobbling The children here are usually half clad toward us the most frightful-looking ob- or less. All go to school and gladly tell ject I have ever seen. It was a human be- you what grade they are in. Later in life ing shackled in heavy chains, chains and they set out to search for white collar ponderous manacles that actually bound 14 THE MID-PACIFIC

his ankles to his wrists. He bent over and the sad, sad days in Germany that nearly double and hobbled forward. For followed. He gets an American stenog- twelve hours a day his work is to hobble rapher's salary, for these American firms painfully at every step the length or employ German and Swiss help in the breadth of the great quadrangle and back Philippines because as a rule they are again. All clay long without a moment's more steady than are young Americans pause—he had tried to escape. and will work for less money, for, as my The prison is a one-story affair built in young German friend put it, "we have the form of a great quadrangle surround- got to, we can't go back to Germany. ed by a coconut grove. It is beautiful to Millions are starving there and the few look at, and the inmates seem to have an dollars we send home are so badly easy time. They are allowed out all day needed." My young German friend wishes to husk coconuts, make copra, and to to get married, but he can not hope to re- carve the many toys and real works of turn to Germany for another two years, art that are found in the salesroom of and then but for four months. He feels the prison. And some of these arc works it would be but a mercenary deal to pick of art, for the Moro is usually a skilled out a German girl without due courtship. artisan and his proclivity for raising Cain He is thinking of marrying a mestizo. periodically sometimes lands him here in A very enjoyable day can be spent in prison. He seems to enjoy it. Zamboanga, and about the town are most The drive to the prison is supposed to entrancing drives. Moreover, Zamboanga be one of the most beautiful in the Philip- is a cleanly, well-kept city. pines. Probably it is, and it is a beautiful We are off for our last stop—Davao, drive through coconut forests, beside the Japanese city on the other side of glistening beaches and through quaint Mindanao Island, the center of the hemp Moro fishing villages and along a perfect concrete road. industry and seven degrees north of the Riding out with me was a young Ger- Equator. Here I take my Japanese steam- man heading a branch office of an Ameri- er for Yokohama and the cruise among can firm. He is thirty, remembers the war. the Japanese South Sea Islands.

St. ,-lugustine Church, on the Island of Cebu. THE MID-PACIFIC 15 -,,,,,,,„.„,,,,,,„pz,r„,,,,,7,„„„7,,,„,,N,,.,„„,,,,,„7„,=7„,„,,,, ,,,.,,,,,,xiv„„iiv.v.,„,:ni,„,„,„,_ Mosquitoes in New Zealand By J. DRUMMOND, F.L.S., F.Z.S. 1Itinitai=inununWrafiniiniiffaininn'uniffura ninninniffuninnininnEdrni—rilnizinirdi—{6,

When people in New Zealand hear a tension of the water keep them afloat in mosquito with an unusually high-pitched all weathers. If the eggs are submerged, flying note, and are more annoyed by a film of air between their tapered ends its persistent hoverings than by its mod- quickly brings them to the surface. They erately painful bite—an insect about an are held together by a sticky substance eighth of an inch long whose abdomen exuded by the female when they are laid. and legs are black and thorax is dark- They are held so firmly that a raft may brown, densely covered with golden be violently shaken in the water with- scales—they can assure themselves that out separating them. Drifting together, they are meeting the common domestic the rafts form stars or triangles or rows mosquito of this Dominion. Its habitat is that line the water's edge like rows of the whole of New Zealand. It may, or miniature canoes. They adhere to drift- may not, live in other countries. Its ing blades of grass, chickweed, water range is from the seacoast to the inland cress and other plants. mountains. Wherever human habitations The rafts may be found in every type have been established it may be found. of breeding-place. They may be in clean It is independent of climate and seasons. or dirty creeks that flow slowly, in It may be abundant in a place one week. drains, street gully-traps, barrels of Then it disappears, to come to light liquid manure, drains near commercial again, suddenly and unaccountably. In buildings, gutters on roofs, tarpaulins some districts at least individuals of the in railway yards, fire buckets on railway species breed and bite all the year round, platforms, in buildings, drinking vessels but some in the coldest weather seek in fowl yards, stable drains, flower vases shelter in cellars, stoves, pigpens, stables in cemeteries, pickle bottles, and tins on and buildings, lying quietly close to the porches, coppers and washtubs, in walls with legs spread widely. No sooner washhouses, old tires, disused cars, flow- has the warm weather come than they erpots, old boots in dumps, puddles in abandon their shelter and begin to breed. ruts, neglected water tables, lakes, la- This pestilent insect, Culex pervigilans, goons, and tanks. A female prefers on the mosquitoes' official register, has water rich in organic matter, but Mr. come under the observation of D. H. Graham has found the eggs in many Graham, of Auckland, who has disclosed kinds of water, from clean tank water the facts just stated and a good deal to liquid manure. more of this mosquito's domestic affairs. The usual practice is to lay the eggs He has seen a female selecting a floating between midnight and daylight, prefer- leaf or stick as a place to rest upon when ably in the proverbially darkest hour she lays her milky-white cigar-shaped immediately before the dawn. Only once eggs. As soon as the first egg reaches has Mr. Graham seen a mosquito lay her the surface of the water others follow at eggs in daylight ; it was at 7 :45 o'clock intervals of about four seconds. A boat- in the morning. He once saw the simul- shaped raft is formed of the eggs, from taneous emergence of grubs from all the 78 to 294 in number. The great lightness eggs on one raft. When an eggshell of the rafts, their shape and the surface bursts open, the end of the cap, shaped 16 THE MID -PACIFIC

like a saucer, falls back on a hinge, and comes forth, its tiny wings character- the grub emerges head downwards. On istically clothed along the veins with the occasion noted, first the cap at the scales. lower end of an egg fell away. There Another mosquito observed by Mr. was the same process on most of the Graham is plentiful in shrubberies and other eggs. For five minutes the lower in gullies, particularly where the sun- surface of the raft was a struggling light strikes through the foliage. It has mass of grubs pushing downwards, head been reported from Auckland to Nelson, first, from the openings uncovered by and is a frequent intruder in Auckland the caps. On that raft there were 256 houses. Unlike the previous species, it eggs. From these, 240 grubs emerged bites in the daytime only, preferring successfully, seven failed to extricate early morning and late afternoon, except themselves, and nine eggs failed to open. on dark days, when it bites all the time. Mr, Graham does not give the grubs It flies very quietly, and, unlike the their popular name, "wrigglers." He finds previous species again, it does not hover that, by holding on to stones and debris, about before biting. It settles on peo- near a bank, they maintain their posi- ple's legs much oftener than on the face tions even in streams that flow at the and hands. A persistent attacker, it re- rate of a mile and a half an hour. He turns again and again after it has been has found them in wheel ruts on clay driven off. When settling, it shows a roads, although motor vehicles and marked preference for dark material. horse vehicles splash through the ruts. This seems to be the black and white Close observation has shown that most mosquito that some North Island farm- grubs in a wheel rut survive the passage ers blame for causing their cattle to of a car through it. No puddle is so seek open country to escape attack. small or foul that mosquito grubs cannot Drovers state that when driving sheep be found in it. Rubbish that holds water past swamps, they and their sheep have provides places for almost incredible been attacked vigorously. The sheep numbers of grubs. In the summer, the have been bitten so severely on nose and grub stage occupies from eight clays to ear that they have stampeded. Dairy fourteen days. Active grubs have been farmers at Mercer. Auckland province, taken from troughs where 15 degrees of burn cow-dung to prevent attack on frost were registered for three days in cows during milking. They believe that succession. Adults have developed from these mosquitoes bite cows in preference grubs taken from ice-covered water. to the milkers, and that the attacks are Brief spells of low temperature do not vigorous enough and severe enough to retard development unduly. The grubs diminish the yield of milk. can live in water with a good proportion A third species, deep black, larger of salt. The sudden addition of two than the others, often may be seen rest- parts of sea water to one part of stream ing on the trunks of trees and under the water kills them immediately, but they eaves of huts in the bush. It hibernates survive in water gradually brought up under dead leaves of the nikau and of to that proportion of salt. They live for tree-ferns that cling to the stems, and several days in soft mud, and soon re- in many week-end cottages in the Waita- gain activity when rain falls. They are kere Ranges. When the owners of the soon killed by oiling with kerosene or cottages, after a brief absence, light fires light lubricating oil. They die within in the cottages, winter or summer, many an hour under a film of oil. The grubs individuals of this species are disturbed pass into the chrysalis stage. Life is from their shelters in curtains, drapings, spent in that stage for from two days to and corners. The grubs of the species five days, and then the perfect mosquito differ from grubs of the other species THE MID-PACT -PIC 17

Flocks of sheep in Nev., Zealand often stampede to escape the vicious attacks of the black and white mosquito. in being able to remain below the sur- their heads for some time, and then face of the water indefinitely. Many gradually fell over. In that position places have been searched in vain to dis- they rapidly protruded and retracted cover the natural breeding places of brushes that fringed their mouths, caus- mosquitoes belonging to this species. ing scintillations of reflected light as if Grubs in captivity hid under leaves and debris at the bottom of their vessel. On they were luminous.—The Otago Daily sinking to the bottom, they stood on Times. Is THE MID-PACIFIC

iona t Na er sp Ja THE MID-PACIFIC 19 r„,m1 Canada and the United States A Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo Luncheon Meeting, Nov. 24, 1933

Chairman: Alexander Hume Ford, Di- because both as a whole and individually rector, Pan-Pacific Union. she has been interested in the work of Speakers: Professor F. J. A. Davidson, the Institute of Pacific Relations and in University of Toronto ; Dr. C. E. Mc- the work of this particular Club. No later Clung, University of Pennsylvania, and than a month or so ago we sent one of visiting professor from Rockefeller our most distinguished men, an ex- Foundation to Keio University Medical cabinet minister, to the meeting at Banff. School. Apropos of this choosing the most un- Chairman: We have several guests of likely person for any particular job, may honor with us today from Canada and the I say that it has become rather a tradition United States. Professor Davidson is in Canada, too, and we have even gone from the University of Toronto and is further, especially in the universities, to accompanied by Mrs. Davidson. Prof. justify our sometimes doing the unex- Davidson is known to many of you be- pected. I recall at my own university that cause of his fight against communism in there was a group of men who fell in Canada. He is an authority on languages, this category. For example, the professor and we are going to hear from him in of biology, and a very good professor of the latest Canadian. Mrs. Davidson is biology too, was nevertheless more noted one of the world's famous women artists for his knowledge of Persian than of in oil, and her paintings have been ex- biology. Much midnight oil did he ex- hibited in London, Paris, Cairo and in pend on that subject. and when his leave many other places. Dr. McClung is the of absence was allotted to him, he pro- head of the Department of Zoology in the ceeded to Persia where he astonished University of Pennsylvania, and has been people by acclaiming to them in their sent to us by the Rockefeller Foundation. original language of Omar Khayyam. He was born in California, is an authority Then we had a professor of economics on the animals of western America, and and the author of some quite important has been president of the leading zoo- hooks. Nevertheless this man was I think logical society of America. He is now much better equipped with a knowledge of here on research work, and is accompa- etchings and engravings, and even knew nied by his wife and by his assistant, Dr. something of Japanese prints. Then there Irene Corey. was a professor of German who was a Professor Davidson: Needless to say I specialist at performing on the flute, and am delighted at the privilege of addressing one one occasion, when we had a commit- you on this occasion, but I must frankly tee meeting in a classroom used by one confess I am at a loss to understand why of the oriental professors, there happened such an honor should have devolved upon to be some Japanese writing on the black- me, unless it be in deference to the old board. Some member of the committee British custom of choosing for a par- asked the professor if he could read it, ticular purpose the most unlikely indi- but after regarding it for a little while he vidual. said, "No, I cannot read it. but if I had I must offer you the greetings of my flute here I could play it." Canada. Canada is ignorant that I am do- So it comes naturally to a Canadian ing this. but I feel sure she will approve, professor to attempt the unlikely, and 20 THE MID-PACIFIC that is what I propose to do on this oc- agreements. It is thought in some quarters casion, very briefly, of course. I propose that they mean the British Empire wishes to say a few words about the economic to exclude trade with other countries. situation of Canada today, but before Nothing could be further from the fact. touching on this subject I should like to Since these agreements were concluded, justify my choice. Canada has also concluded agreements We are all interested in economics to- with France, Austria, Germany, and is day, in fact, who is not an amateur negotiating with the United States and economist ?—perhaps that is why such a other countries. It was a question of low opinion of economists prevails. I am what might be termed setting an example sure, looking round the world today, one in the way of trade between different might ask what has economics done for countries. We have also the psychological us—like posterity. effect of the experiment which is going When I was a professor in three dif- on in the United States. We have no ferent universities, though not at the same NRA of our own, but we are watching time, of course, one of my pleasant duties with sympathy and interest the experi- was to advise students on their future ment of the American President. But at careers, to give them what is called vo- the same time I should like to tell you a cational guidance, and it fell to my lot story which illustrates the mental attitude more than once to advise certain students of people at this time. who seemed adverse to tackling the prob- On Fifth Avenue, New York, some lems of zoology and so forth, to enter workmen were hoisting a safe to about the upon the study of economics. Many of seventeenth story, and the careful work- them did so, and they were generally a men placed a sign on the pavement— huge success. Some became members of "Danger below." A wag came along and parliament or members of the Congress, noticed the movement of this heavy object and some held high posts in the govern- upward. On the sign he wrote "Safe ment. It was regarded as a snap course. above." In Canada we are coming through the That rather illustrates the feeling of depression. Last December we reached some of us about this great experiment. the bottom of the trough—and there was We feel that danger below is quite true, nothing much at the bottom. Then we be- but that the safe may he in a precarious gan to climb up, and about the first of position. April a decided improvement was noted, One of the greatest causes at the hack in fact we are now thinking of making of our partial recovery in Canada is our that day a national holiday ! Since that Scotch thrift. The majority of the peo- date no less than 275,000 people have ple born Canadians are of Scotch descent, gone back to work. Our trade balance for and Scotch thrift is notorious. I am re- the year ending in September was $120,- minded of the experience of a native of 000,000. Retail trade has increased by Glasgow not long since, who, when walk- 15.6 per cent from the month of August ing down the street, observed in the win- to the month of September. There is in dow of a liquor shop a bottle of whisky, the volume of business an increase of 30 and in front of it a label marked 6d. per cent within one year. This does not After very nearly succumbing to a heart mean that things are brilliant, but it shows attack, he entered the shop and demanded a decided improvement, and the causes of the bottle. The woman in charge said that this improvement are not far to seek. the label marked 6d had fallen from an We have, in the first place, experienced upper shelf, and had nothing to do with the result of the much criticized Empire the bottle of whisky, but the Scotchman Trade Agreements. Some people have an said that there was the article and its erroneous impression of those trade advertised price and he demanded it. THE MID-PACIFIC 21

Cutting grain on a 4,000-acre Canadian farm before tractors came into general use.

After some dispute he summoned a police- floated in England is at a premium. The man, and the arm of the law gave his loan before that was subscribed to only by decision that the Scotsman was right. Canadians, though many Americans wish- So the woman had to wrap up the bottle ed to subscribe. But it was purely a do- and let it go for 6d. As he went out mestic loan, and the many cheques which the policeman remarked that the woman came to our treasury from America we did not seem over-pleased about the affair, were unfortunately obliged to return. and the Scotsman replied : "That is noth- I have one suggestion to make. Since ing to the pleasure she will have when I this Pan-Pacific Club has been such a return the bottle for 2d." success, I put it to the founder that he Such thrift as that is coursing in our should found a Pan-Atlantic Club. We veins, and you cannot wonder that we need something on the other side to keep have established economies in Canada us in order as well as on the shores of the which have had certain very definite ef- Pacific Ocean. Another idea occurs to me fects on our recovery. There were some- in that connection. If a Pan-Pacific and thing like a billion dollars in Canadian Pan-Atlantic Club, what is to prevent the savings banks. But people after a time fusion of the two. Then of course comes get tired of having money there and start the question of precedence—the question spending it. So trade begins in a small of whether it should be a Pan-Atlantic way, and that has been the case with us. Pacific or Pan-Pacific Atlantic Club—but I should like to add a word on credit. this problem I leave to you. because I have noticed in certain journals Dr. McClung: I sympathize entirely that our credit has been criticized in rath- with Dr. Davidson's feelings. I cannot er an unfriendly way. The recent loan of understand why I was asked to speak, but $225,000,000 was oversubscribed in having heard him I can understand why twenty-five clays, and the previous loan he was asked. There is always some poetic 22 THE MID-PACIFIC

Logging is one of the greatest industries of British Columbia. Heavy flumes carry the logs down for miles to the nearest railway or sawmill. THE MID-PACIFIC 23

justice in inviting a man to a luncheon to live, and the scientists have been too and then making him pay for it by speak- busy finding out these things to consider ing, but I never could understand why what they mean. We have produced an- the poor guests had to listen to him. other world with our social conditions What I am going to say happens to utterly changed. Agricultural countries have been suggested to me by a visit to are becoming industrial countries, and Honolulu, where I first discovered Mr. everybody is trying to do the same thing. Ford. They told us he discovered Hono- In spite of the prophecy of Malthus that lulu by accident, that he stopped there to in time there would not be enough food have his laundry done and then stayed to keep us alive, we are producing too over. I did not stop for that purpose, but much food and do not know what to do the first thing I found was the Pan- about it. Pacific. We learned there about the work It seems to me the only thing we can of the Pan-Pacific Union and what Mr. do is to turn our attention to funda- Ford is trying to do in the Orient. mentals. In the early days we had to I should think there would be no doubt work hard to get enough to live on, but about the value of that work. The basic that is now largely done for us, and we principle is to get people to understand are today having a campaign for shorter each other, in the belief that they will days of work. It is now a question of then have less trouble. But there is some whether there is any value in such leisure doubt about that, for you get families unless we can find a good way of using who know a lot about each other and have it. As a biologist working with animals a good deal of trouble. Then there is and seeing how they manage to get along, Europe with its many countries living to- the human family is going at things in the gether for some thousands of years and wrong way. People must face the facts having no peace, while the United States as they are. There is certainly some ob- and Canada, who do not know much about jective of the human race. We have de- each other, apparently get along very well. veloped from the primitive types to the But there must be some virtue in a highly specialized forms we are now, and knowledge of each other, more a question the fundamental problem is to know of understanding and not mere knowledge. what we are here for. We are not here We have been speaking of the details of merely to preserve ourselves. Scientists finance and social relations, but there is have disposed of most of those ancient a lack of any objective, and any concep- beliefs. It is a life not in preparation for tion of where we are going and how we something else but is a life to be lived are going to get there. Scientists have in here. That is the thing which is funda- a few years utterly changed the social mental and to which we should turn. system of the world, have discovered things that annihilate time and space, dis- I think such an enterprise as the Pan- covered methods for making one indi- Pacific Union will fall into this larger vidual as efficient as fifty other individuals scheme and help us to play a better part were. We have an entirely different life than we are able to do now. 24 THE; MID-PACIFIC

Ecuadorian rivers, cascading down the mountain slopes between banks green with ferns, bamboo and palms. THE MID-PACIFIC 25

Butterflies Under the Equator By W. JUDSON COXEY On staff of Philadelphia Academy of National Sciences. Iranniantmuniinuntin naininiaiiaannilnunnnitaunncendl A

On the eastern slope of the Andes at clouds. Evidence of its activity is shown altitudes of from 1500 to 5000 feet, occur by pumice dust many feet deep. Some of the rarest and most striking forms of its eruptions have occurred within fifteen butterflies found in Ecuador, which, de- years, and huge round boulders, flung spite its small area, abounds in different from the flaming crater, are sprinkled all species of these lovely creatures. In this over the landscape. zone sometimes is found the curious At the foot of Tungurahua is the old Papilio cuterpinus, without tails, which Spanish town of Balms, for several hun- closely resembles a large yellowish-red dred years the gateway to the Oriente. Pierid; and the brilliant blue Morpho Nestled six thousand feet above sea level, butterflies, so largely used in jewelry and this interesting place enjoys a delightful art work, also are represented in a half climate the year round. The surrounding dozen species. The least common of these steep mountain sides are clothed with —Morpho fruhstorferi—really is not blue rank vegetation, and in the gardens are at all, but has a chalky white upper-sur- flowers in profusion. Through the gap faced wing which flashes in the sunlight of the Pastaza comes a steady breeze, a like burnished silver. In search of these warm gentle draft from the hot Amazon and other insects for the Academy's col- valley. lections, I made my fourth trip to Ecua- A few miles below Banos the Rio Pas- dor, that wonderland for the naturalist, taza plunges over an old lava flow which this time visiting the Oriente, the Balms- years ago filled the valley to a depth of to-Mira region along the Rio Pastaza. several hundred feet—a sheer drop of An early morning start from Riobamba 190 feet. Travel now is by horseback on is made by automobile. The weather is a narrow trail cut into the walls of the perfect, with a few clouds half veiling canyon like a shelf. At times we are five Chimborazo's summit. Our road skirts hundred feet above the muddy rushing the buttresses of this huge extinct vol- waters, while far above us the heavy for- cano. At eleven thousand feet a heavy ested slopes are bathed in dense fog. The fog is encountered. Just above us are farther we travel the greater the variety snow patches, the only vegetation a few of tropical foliage, large tree ferns and spare grasses. But when the sun bursts abundance of air plants, ferns and mosses. through, these meadows swarm with hun- Most conspicuous are the orchids cling- dreds of the small yellow and orange sul- ing to the rocks above our heads—many phur butterflies, Colias dimera, which ap- species, some in full bloom. On one small, pear as if by magic. sloping valley thousands of terrestrial Soon, from the high sandy cliffs, we orchids flaunt their showy white and pur- overlook the fertile valley of the Rio Pa- ple flowers. Scores of humming birds tate. The country becomes more arid and dart through the air, flashes of living rugged. Towering mountains are all color and among the bamboo clumps and about, the main range of the Andes, but taller trees larger birds add gay and bril- unfortunately the snowy smoking summit liant notes. Butterflies are becoming of Tungurahua is hidden behind dense more abundant. 26 THE MID-PACIFIC

A stop is made at the Rio Blanco. I rousing welcome from my kind hosts, the follow this stream several miles up, to Brink brothers. the base of the Yunguilla Hills, in search The Hacienda la Mascota is a mile back of the lovely blue and mother-of-pearl from the main trail to Mira and five hun- butterfly, Morpho sirene, shown in Mr. dred feet above the Pastaza, a comfort- Poole's charming frontispiece to this is- able house, near the junction of three sue of the Year Book, and found only in rivers. The main trail follows the general this locality, and during the month of course of one of these and crosses the April. The way is steep and rough, other two by means of primitive cable through a dense forest of giant trees fes- suspension bridges. Many of the floor tooned with creepers and air plants ; tree boards of these bridges are missing, and ferns with huge, gracefully drooping lacy the rushing torrent seems dangerously fronds. Across the stream is a cleared close as the pack animals move one at a space having only low clumps of bamboo, time across the swaying structure. the food plant of this butterfly, and also The altitude here is about 4500 feet, much used to thatch the roofs of Indian warm during the day in the sun, but at huts hereabout. In consequence of this night blankets are necessary. In the val- lessening of its food supply, this species leys sloping down from the heavily for- has become quite scarce of late years. ested Mt. Abitagua is found the very rare Suddenly the sun comes from behind a silver-winged Morpho fruhstorferi, a but- cloud and we see a medium-sized butter- terfly most difficult to capture since it fly that looks white in the distance. It is likes to fly high above and along the sailing down the mountain side, and keeps courses of mountain streams where a well above the feathery tops of the bam- foothold is difficult to secure. These boos. As it slowly nears us, we glimpse lovely insects emerge during April, in the the marvelous coloring—the upper wing height of the rainy season. Many of the most brilliant and rare surface flashing the iridescence of an tropical butterflies seldom are seen by the azure mother-of-pearl. The most start- collector while he is traveling a lonely ling effect, however, is when the insect trail through a primeval forest. At such floats overhead, with the sunlight shifting times it is well to carefully approach any through its wings. Now the under-sur- decaying animal or vegetable matter, for face suggests translucent gold. Each slow interesting specimens may there be so waving of the wings alternates mother- intent upon a savory meal as to make of-pearl, gold, and white. Soon others of capture comparatively easy. its kind are in the air. I cannot catch The Rio Topo tumbles over huge boul- them with my short-handled net, but am ders between high banks green with tree content. I have seen the flight of this ferns, bamboo and royal palms. Many lovely creature in its tropical mountain orchids are growing out of the precipi- environment ; I have shared another of tous bank, their delicate lavender blos- nature's jealously guarded spectacles. soms continually bathed in the spray. The Many interesting vistas were observed most common species of the large blue butterfly in this region is the Morpho up and down the Rio Pastaza, equalling julanthiscus, whose bright blue wings in beauty any mountain scenery I ever often measure six inches across. At times had seen. Clouds were beginning to work I have seen as many as six specimens in their way down the mountain sides and swift dashing flight over the river, the soon the rain came in torrents. Late in sun reflecting the brilliant metallic color the day I reached my destination, the fully a thousand feet with each flap of the Hacienda la Mascota on the Rio Topo wing—a sight to be remembered. near its junction with the Rio Pastaza. I They seemed to have a regular course was soaked to the skin but received a up and down the river, and would fly just THE MID-PACIFIC 27

Some rare forms of butterflies delight in flying high above and along the courses of mountain streams. out of reach of my net. I noticed, how- most of them small, but very interesting, ever, that when their courses intersected and some representing new species. I they would fly at each other in a most think no "light trap" ever was operated pugnacious manner. This gave me an in this locality before. idea. I fastened a piece of bright tin on In spite of the showers during the day, the rim of the net, and soon caught a I collected many fine specimens of butter- number of them, as they swooped down flies in the short intervals of sunshine. to investigate ! All were males. During Following each warm rain would come a my stay at La Mascota I captured only new crop of those freshly emerged. The one female of this species, which is larger trails were hard going, but soon my wind than the male, but with the blue area of improved to such an extent that I was the wings much reduced and replaced by able to make three round trips each day a black band having two rows of white to the mouth of the Topo without fatigue dots. The females seldom leave the shel- —five miles for each trip. Fragile and ter of the dense forest. fair as was my quarry, like most collect- Every night during my stay at La Mas- ors in any field I had to work hard to se- cota we would operate the thousand- cure results. candlepower carbide lamp, with varying Occasionally, on the main trail to Mira, success. The powerful light was focused I would pass a group of Jivaro Indians on a sheet stretched between the porch walking up to Bafios from their villages posts, and this bright field would attract many miles in the interior, and bringing the moths. Yet in the course of five to market bird quills filled with gold weeks there were only two rainy, warm washed from the river sand ; bundles of nights when they fairly swarmed about, vanilla beans, and live parrots. These In- 28 THE MID-PACIFIC dians are a small race, well formed physi- make for a damp place in the sunlight cally, and reasonably clean, due to their before any extensive flying. The deli- habit of frequent bathing in the rivers. cate black-winged Heliconius batsei, a They are a proud people and never were species rare in collections, was fairly com- conquered by the Incas or the Span- mon, flying about the edges of the trail iards. Even today they do pretty much and above the bushes in the ravines. Its as they please in their own part of the spots of white and rose upon the primary Ecuadorean Oriente, adjoining the Peru- wings are so closely mimicked by the vian border. As warriors they are deadly female of a Papilio that the two are hard accurate with the blow gun and poison to distinguish when in flight. Black or dart, and one of their customs is to shrink brown, with red bars upon the forewings, and preserve the heads of enemies they seems to be the prevailing color scheme have killed. of the butterflies of the Topo region. Always I found these little fellows shy The return ride up the trail to Barios and inoffensive. They would scurry by like was made under perfect weather condi- small brown shadows, nearly naked and tions. Leaving La Mascota early in the enjoying health and freedom of move- morning, the entire day was spent col- ment, and my efforts to photograph them lecting butterflies as we went along. Stops met with scant success. At sight of a were made at Hacienda La San Fran- camera they would vanish into the brush. cisco, the Rio Verde and the Rio Blanco, Offers of coins did not interest them. all of these localities contributing liberally Perhaps bright calico or mirrors would to our catch. The climb was about two have done the trick, but of these I had thousand feet, and it was interesting to none. note how the different species changed with the altitude. Morph° fruhstorferi Game is fairly plentiful in the Topo flies only at about four thousand feet ele- region. There are tapirs, monkeys, deer, vation, while Morph° siren(' flies at five bears and several kinds of large rodents. thousand feet. Jaguars and pumas are recorded from Several weeks were spent at Riobamba, here, but seldom seen. In some of the where I dried and repacked the six thou- rivers are fish resembling our fresh water sand butterflies and moths which were trout. brought back from the Rio Topo region. Along the Topo trail were my favorite Later I visited Huigra, four thousand collecting spots, and between showers feet up in the Western Andes. Some rare these always would yield a few interest- and interesting mountain butterflies were ing specimens—butterflies never take collected in the surrounding cloud forests, wing when the sun is not shining. Here, up to an altitude of seven thousand feet. often, were fine swallow-tailed Papilios, I returned to Philadelphia with a total of sipping moisture from the wet sand. 8,500 specimens, many of them species When freshly emerged, they invariably new to the Academy's collections. THE MID-PACIFIC 29

:I typical Chinese store where dried herbs, among other articles, may he bought.

• ICJIA711171 • 99 99 • Medicinal Herbs from China Pan-Pacific Science Program, Friday, November 17, 1933, Honolulu ..q • • •

Chairman: John F. Voorhees, in rector of the Honolulu Chinese Cham- charge I:. S. Weather Bureau. ber of Commerce, interpreting). The Speakers: Young Kum Hoy, herbalist, theory of Chinese medical practice is formerly in the service of the Dowager based on four conditions : the color of Empress of China. the skin, eyes, tongue; the sound of the Given K. Tang, Chinese herbalist, patient's voice; discovery of symptoms trained in Canton and in Honolulu in answer to questions ; and the pulse. schools. There are eight major pulses, forming Chairman: I will introduce first Young combinations of 28 varieties of pulses, Kum Hoy, who took his doctor's degree such as floating pulse, sinking, slow, in China when he was seventeen or quick, soft, stiff, etc. ; these pulses being eighteen, and then served many years taken in three different pressures on under the Dowager Empress of China. each hand. He says he has lived 77 years, but is only 63 because attendants did not count Dr. Young exhibited a number of Chi- the time they were serving with the nese herbs and medicines, among which Dowager because they wanted to serve ginseng and deer horn are the most as long as possible. expensive. Dr. Young- also recited long Young Kum Hay: (Chock Lun, a di- passages in Chinese, which had been 30 THE MID-PACIFIC

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memorized from Chinese medical books, ments. This method is also used in Japan on the eight pulses. and northern part of China. I believe Herbs have been used by the Chinese many Japanese also use it in the Terri- people for more than 4,700 years. The tory of Hawaii. I sell lots of this herb to first person to learn about the use of Japanese. herbs was a Chinese king by the name of These three methods have been handed Shin Nung in 2,800 B.C. or thereabout. down through more than 4.000 years. At that time there were not many wars, Later doctors worked on these methods the chief troubles to the people being and improved them. Coming down to pestilential diseases and illness. The king early Han Dynasty of 200 B.C. (called pitied the people and so he actually ex- the "Golden Age of Medicine in China"), perimented on herbs by tasting them him- we find many famous doctors, one of self. He then taught his people how to whom was Chong Cheung Kin. He im- use them. proved the old books and introduced the The next king, interested in medicine, diagnosis of diseases by feeling the pulse. Hwong Ti, who lived about 2,700 B.C., During the later Han Dynasty about was a great philosopher. His principal the date of Christ's birth, Wah Tao, an- desire was to have his country free from other great doctor, introduced methods war and his people free from diseases. of operating. He operated on many peo- He appointed a committee headed by the ple successfully and was finally put into minister of interior, Kee Bock, who was prison for life and died there. He was also a great philosopher. The committee imprisoned because a minister of the Han experimented in different kinds of herbs Dynasty had a headache and called Wah and their effects on human bodies. Their Tao to cure him. Wah Tao told the findings were recorded in books, a few of minister he had a tumor in his brain which, handed down from that time, are which needed an immediate operation. studied today. They also discovered the His plan was to open the minister's skull science of curing different sicknesses by and remove the tumor. The minister, three methods : the first by administering however, believed that Wah Tao was try- herbs boiled in water ; for instance, rhu- ing to assassinate him. While in prison t barb for aperitive, cloves to arrest vomit- Wah Tao wrote many hooks on methods ing, ma hwong (ephedrine) for circula- of operating on human bodies and brains. tory stimulation, and for asthma and hay Dying, he gave these books to the warden fever. The second method, employing a of the prison, who had been kind to him. long silver needle, is called acupuncture. The warden took the books home to study The needle is inserted in the patient's so he might become a skilled doctor. How- body in different places and at different ever, his wife, knowing of the cruel fate depths to cure various kinds of diseases, which had befallen Wah Tao, did not especially rheumatism, kidney trouble, want her husband to become a doctor. So and colds. This method is used today, I she burned the books while he was out. believe, by Japanese and people in the Her husband returned just in time to northern part of China. save the last few pages, containing meth- ods of castrating animals such as horses, The third method is by cauterizing ; cows, pigs, and the caponizing of chickens. that is, placing the herb, nangai your, on These methods of castrating animals are the affected part of the body and burning used in China today. and can he seen in it with Chinese punk until the herb is entirely consumed. The principle of this the market places. method is to draw out the poison from the After the period of Wah Tao, the pro- patient's body. It is also used for rheu- cess of vaccination was discovered. In the matism, ringworm, poison bites and stings, beginning they used the serum from a and practically many of the common ail- person having smallpox, inoculating it in 32 THE MID-PACIFIC a healthy person, from whom the serum I believe Chinese herbs are simple could then be used to inoculate many vegetation. They contain no poison: that others. The inoculated person was thus is, for internal treatment. I have brought prevented from a dangerous attack of a few of the common herbs used by the smallpox. During my childhood I was Chinese which are also extracted for use vaccinated in this way. Another method in occidental medicines. used in vaccinating was to blow pus into Rhubarb, grown in China and Tibet, the patient's nose which would then be is used for its aperient, purgative and spread all over the body. It was very astringent actions. Cloves, grown in dangerous, however, and not often used. China, South America and the West In- Vaccination was introduced into Eng- dies, is used for its stimulating and car- land by Lady Mary Montagu in 1721 minative actions in flatulence, dyspepsia, A.D. For 30 to 40 years it was practiced and to arrest vomiting. Licorice, grown only on prisoners. Edward Jenner dis- in China, has demulcent and expectorant covered the successful use of cowpox actions and is used to cover the unpleas- serum on human beings in 1798. ant and bitter taste of other medicines. From the time of the Han Dynasty to Ma Hwong (ephedrine), grown in China, the Yuan, Ming and T'sing Dynasties, has mydriatic, diaphoretic and antipy- there were many famous doctors who en- retic action, and circulatory stimulation. larged the knowledge of medicine and It is used for asthma, hay fever, and wrote many books. So our practice to- poisoning by narcotics. Peppermint, day is farther advanced than in ancient grown in China and southern Europe, times. We have herb schools where it has aromatic, carminative and nervine takes four to six years for graduation. actions and is used for flatulence, chol- The students who enter these schools must be graduates from at least high era and diarrhea. Nux vomica is grown schools. in southern Asia and northern Aus- There are small dispensaries and hos- tralia. Its actions are tonic, spinant, pitals in different parts of China. For cardiac, respiratory and muscular. It is the convenience of poor people they are used for neuralgia, paralysis, and chronic open from eight in the morning until constipation. These dried lizards, the noon with free service, in the afternoon skin of which makes a tonic for kidney a charge of about 40 to 80 cents for troubles. We have no chemical analysis examination. of this tonic. VOLUME IX. JANUARY-MARCH, 1934 NO. 1

JOURNAL

OF THE Pan-Pacific Research Institution

A Periodical Record of Investigations Bearing on Problems of Food Production, Distribution, Conservation and Consumption, as well as on Public Health, and Race and Population Problems as Related to the Countries Bordering on the Pacific.

INDEX

Plantation Strategy 2 The National Recovery Act in Hawaii ------8 Pineapple and Health 10 Philippine Pina Cloth Industry 11 The Pan-Pacific Science Council in Manila 16

AT PRESENT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT HONOLULU, HAWAII BY THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION More frequent publication as acceptable material is contributed. 2 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Plantation Strategy By H. P. AGEE, Director, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Experiment Station

(Excerpts from a paper submitted at upon firmer planes of understanding when the Fifty-third Annual Meeting of the approached as comparative sociology and Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. as comparative psychology. This "method This scholarly paper is arousing consider- of comparison," he said, " . . . is the great able comment since its principles may be method of research in all those depart- applied equally well to other human af- ments which can not be readily managed fairs, as well as that of plantation manage- by method of experiment." ment.) This paper, then, will develop the idea The word strategy is gradually finding of comparative strategy, if only in the its way into discussions of plantation unfinished way that characterizes the affairs. It is a term that promises to be pioneer attempt. Comparative strategy, useful. It supplies a name for a very as a subject, is as broad as human affairs. vital part of our activities, that of well Players of games, explorers in science, coordinated planning to take full advan- masters of war, captains of industry, in tage of our resources and opportunities. being concerned with it, will become con- It applies particularly where the resources cerned in some degree with each others' are evaluated to be effectively combined. affairs as a means to reach an apt under- In presenting the general subject for standing of their own. consideration, this paper divides it into Generalship in all lines of activity will two parts. The first part deals abstractly be found to have much in common, so it with strategy and attempts to set forth is not strange that one finds, on the part the fundamental meaning of the term. of a number of individuals, a tendency The second part of the paper attempts to translate the problems of the plantation to show how the principles as set forth in into analogies with the military campaign. the first part may be considered in appli- As an example of strategy on the sugar cation to the problems of the sugar plan- plantation, we may cite recourse to har- tation. vesting, ahead of its regular schedule, The art of sugar production has its drought-stricken cane last year and this finer points that are yet to be developed. . year on the islands of Hawaii and Maui. These are to be better understood when We shall not stop to speak of the ad- we know more of the relation of strategy vantages of this, nor to explain why this to industry. The full significance of this is a strategic measure. This will become relationship is not to be realized until, as apparent as the subject is developed. a comparative study, we carry our subject The systematic use of pre-harvest cane into its various fields of application. samples to designate those fields which When we seek a basic understanding of may be given preference in harvesting on a subject there is real need to study it account of superior juice quality, clearly comparatively. Years ago, in writing of constitute another example. biology, Le Conte brought this out rather Another instance is that of a plantation clearly when he said : "Anatomy became that operates under abnormally low water scientific only through comparative anato- supplies and meets this difficult situation my, physiology through comparative phys- by recourse to short-cropping on account iology, and embryology through com- of the water economy thus afforded. parative embryology." He felt that so- Still another instance is that of planta- ciology and psychology were to be placed tions that are normally short of water in JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 3 late summer and relieve this shortage by in doing so we are becoming militaristic harvesting crops of short lengths after in our viewpoint. June. Yet, to understand strategy even as we This year we find a plantation placing may deal with it in our everyday affairs, its off-season in midsummer in order to we turn inevitably to the battlefield and divert its fluming water to much-needed the chessboard, where, admittedly, all that irrigation. takes place is closely related to strategy These are instances of resourcefulness or its influences. that properly fall within the scope of in- Johnstone, of the University of Edin- dustrial strategy. Yet strategy goes much burgh, who lectured on military science, further, for we shall find that all phases tells us in his book on the "Fundamentals of sugar production may well be con- of Strategy" that strategy "deals with sidered and interrelated on the basis of movements and positions of armies up to the strategic values that obtain through- the time when the next movements will out our activities. . . bring about the collision. Grand tactics are those next movements of the units of PART 1: THE MEANING OF' STRATEGY the army. Fighting tactics include the Human affairs are subject to the in- methods which a unit employs when it has fluence of chance, of precedent, or preju- had its task assigned to it, and has come dice, of strategy. Strategy is often mis- to grips with the enemy. Minor tactics construed to apply largely, if not en- are the activities of a unit through all its tirely, to ruse or artifice. Strategy may, movements and stationings." upon occasion, employ a ruse, but funda- There are borderlines, difficult to define, mentally strategy is something else. between policy and strategy, and again "Strategy is the art of using available between strategy and tactics. An authority resources to attain a definite objective." tells us that "policy and strategy are That, with the change of a word or two bound together by an indestructible link." to give it a general application rather than On the plantation we irrigate in order a purely military one, was von Moltke's to produce sugar. Irrigation is not an ob- definition. jective, but a means to an end, a step Strategy is discussed nowadays in rela- toward our objective. It rains : we omit tion to many of our affairs, and while irrigation in favor of the more economical borrowed, it is true, from the military, substitute, the alternate leads equally well it is not uncommon to hear of it in con- to the main objective. nection with a whole range of subjects We apply potash to produce sugar. We that are far removed from warfare and find that our soil contains more potash the deployment of troops. than the cane can use. If we are positive We speak of "the strategy of a political of this we omit potash in favor of the campaign," we hear of "strategy in foot- cheaper substitute. The objective is to ball," there is a book called "The Strategy produce sugar profitably, not to use com- of Great Railroads," another "Chess plete fertilizer as an expression of "good Strategy." The other day I picked up a farming." If we are doubtful about the pamphlet on the "Strategy of Ping Pong," natural potash of the soil, we weigh this and if this seems ridiculous, we can site doubt, weigh the probable cost of loss in a more sublime application, for a book- sugar against cost of potash needed to list of a certain publishing house includes make sure. We decide perhaps upon pre- "Strategy of the Devotional Life," and cautionary use of potash in moderate "The Strategic Value of Prayer." amount. These sundry applications are men- We apply fertilizer, we hoe weeds, that tioned merely to indicate that we may the cane may grow and produce sugar. discuss strategy without the feeling that These are means to an end. When the 4 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

cane attains a certain age, weed control activity, without exception, has to follow continues without expense by reason of the very same fundamental principle the shade produced by the cane itself. The which Steinitz discovered as governing in sooner and more liberally we fertilize, the the game of chess. And if this principle sooner does this shading take place, and can simplify our search for combinations, the sooner does the expense of weed con- though their number be millions, it must trol cease. But the fertilizer, it is argued, have the power also of guiding our search makes the weeds grow too. Here the for suitable and efficient action." strategist, remembering the principle of "This fundamental and universal prin- "full strength," that of concentrating at a ciple may be briefly expressed as follows : given point, at a given time, the force the reason for a masterly plan is always a necessary to attain the purpose in hand, valuation. effectively combines liberal fertilization "To value, to valuate, to judge, to esti- and effective control of weeds for the mate a thing does not pretend to exact brief essential period, rather than loosely knowledge. But knowledge by estimate, to attack the issue for a longer time at by judgment, by valuation, though not greater expense. The strategy of weed exact, according to the principle of control is not, however, a simple issue, Steinitz, is still an effective guide. . . ." and more needs to be said about it. . . . The foregoing statements have been We learn from Lasker's "Manual of emphasized with italics, of our own plac- Chess" that Steinitz's investigation "starts ing, to designate their importance. They from the principle that a plan must have are not to be passed by lightly. Their a reason." He felt that "a plan, being a brevity and simplicity should not cause prescription or rule for successful action one to overlook their profound signifi- on the chessboard, could not be based on cance, their great breadth of application. the reason ascribed to it during his time, We have here a statement of underlying namely, the genius of the player, the principles that enables us to say : Strategy creative fancy of a master, but another is plan of action based on values. reason . . . , namely, a valuation. He felt Lacking precise values, the next best this, and this sentiment led him to write recourse is plan of action based on esti- his theory. . . . The world did not com- mates. Since so great a part of the values prehend how much Steinitz had given it commonly used falls short of absolute . . . yet his thought was revolutionary, precision, it may be said we deal largely because, of course, it is not limited to the in estimates of greater or less refinement. chessboard—the royal game, after all, is Plan of action that omits consideration of slight importance—but it extends to of values does not escape the fact that every activity directed toward meaning values exist, and assert their presence, and purpose . . . Chess . . . is no exception even though they have been disregarded. to a thousand or a: million other games This leads us to the point of saying that that have been or could be invented. What values rather roughly estimated are better is true of chess must hold by analogy for than values ignored. The greater the ac- other games. And games being, at least curacy in estimated evaluations, the great- in intent, a remodelling of Life, simplified er the reliability of their guiding influence. to be sure, but still resembling it in es- False values sometimes enter into our sentials—there has to be an analogy be- reasoning by grace of some time-honored tween games and Life. At last, then, position they have held. In point of every activity directed by rules and having strategic planning such values are to be a meaning and a purpose, such as, for in- dropped in favor of estimates that tend in stance, a dispute between persons taking the right direction, however roughly. (An different sides of a question and applying example of faultiness in values in com- logical rules in their argument, every such mon use in sugar production is that of JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 5 dividing cost of water to different fields of time, research is, in a sense, perhaps on the basis of the number of man-days in a rather peculiar sense, a contest employed in irrigation. This custom against time. It is a contest where haste ignores the well-known fact that some of is not to make waste, but when the neces- these man-days employ four acre inches sary precautions of accuracy of method, of water, others twelve to fifteen. Plans and careful review of findings have been of water utilization, based on such values, adequately established and amply secured, may be faulty plans.) research must, in final analysis, take full If we accept the statement that strategy and reasonable consideration of the time is plan of action based on values, we factor. It is a race, a very careful and bring about a great clearing-house of un- painstaking race, to gain new information derstanding. We know without further in a reasonable tangible length of time. discussion why strategy applies to all af- It is not enough that the investigator fairs based on plan and reason, we know be interested for an indefinite period. strategy in all things is fundamentally the This is not research as we desire to have same. All the foggy explanations of it, for that, seemingly, is effort without strategy begin to clear ; all the varied objective. forms of strategy lose their mystery and In discussing the subject of this paper, arrange themselves in their well-ordered a recent visitor in Honolulu, Dr. George relationship; all the definitions of strategy 0. Burr, of the University of Minnesota, adjust their differences, and lead, like the said : "I am interested in your definition roads to Rome, to a common center of of strategy, 'plan of action based on val- enlightenment. ues,' because that is what research is." Research, then, as plan of action based Values pertain throughout human af- fairs ; strategy is the business of dealing on values, is primarily concerned with ob- jective. We may hold in mental reserve, in values collectively, comprehensively, as the ultimate objective of fine research, understandingly ; and therefore strategy has important and interesting application "the unknown objective," the prize of great value to be discovered along the to all that we do. way, the Western Hemisphere that blocks Part II: The Application of Strategy the path that seeks the shorter route to on the plantation includes the following India. Research shall be characterized by divisions—Values in Irrigation, Values in an alertness to find prizes, great or small, Fertilization, Sugar Production : A Con- wherever they may occur, and likewise in- test Against Time, The Theory of Con- fluenced by the conviction that they are test, Positional Values, The Evaluation not likely to be found in aimlessly sailing of Values, Values in Planning, Values in about the sea. We should be prepared to Variation, Crop Length Values, Interplay swerve the direction of our undertaking of Values, Weed Control Values, Values toward the newer, seemingly richer, ob- in Cane Varieties, Basic Cost Values, jective that looms upon the horizon, if it Strategy Under Quota, Values in Re- clearly indicates a tangible degree of search, Recapitulation. The last two divi- promised value ; but we should be on sions are given here in full. guard against the mirages that keep us VALI.MS IN REMkRCH.—Research is turning one way, then another, to the det- undertaken to gain new information. It is, riment of progress. in a way, a contest to move the boundary "Unswerving resolution," applied to the line of human knowledge a little further attainment of objective, is to be tempered into the unknown territory. But since the or conditioned under the viewpoint as new information or new knowledge that stated, in its application to research. The we seek has particular interest for us only objective in research, then, may be reck- if it is gained within some tangible length oned as a "sub-objective" (if we are will- 6 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

ing to use the term), as a step toward the dustry's need to know more about its af- further goal; but, when all is said, this fairs for the sake of the economic use designation, in the last analysis, is to be that can be made of this information. applied to all human knowledge in that Enough splendid work has been done each bit of it may be counted as an aid to by our individual plantations to establish attain a little more that lies beyond. the fact that the Hawaiian sugar planta- In research we want objective, we want tion is concerned to know more about its action based on values, we want plan of affairs. The "intelligence department" of attack, yet in difficult circumstances we the sugar plantation, the "G-2"* of sugar want to remember the dictum of a famous production, is in the future to be more general : "Time spent in reconnaissance is and more an integral part of each individ- never wasted." Still, the skirmish, the ual plantation, to work upon the individ- reconnoitre, is to have a purpose, an ob- ual requirements, the pertinent values of jective. the plantation unit. The investigator seeks information ; it may be specific information to be applied The central organization in the form of in a specific way, it may be general or an experiment station should, logically, fundamental information, the application deal with the broader and more general of which must await developments, await phases of investigation that can be more the discovery of ways in which it can be advantageously, or more economically used. As has been said before : "We make handled on the basis of the group activity progress as we gain more information operating through a central staff. This about the cane plant and its environment ; staff should outline what it considers to likewise we make progress as we find new be the requirements of the industry in ways to use the information that we major projects of research, and the inves- have." tigators assigned to these should have the A faulty thing about research in agri- necessary freedom from other demands culture and plant life generally, in the to carry them on to logical end-points. United States (we omit consideration of The plantation personnel should have in- foreign fields), is that it is rather loosely terest in these projects and the potenti- planned. This is not so much a criticism alities they hold, and the station personnel as it is the echo of self-criticism on the should have interest in the general back- part of some of America's leaders in re- ground of values that the plantation uses search who are striving to build for this or needs to have available for its use. type of research a background of well- At this point I would read into the coordinated planning. paragraph what has been said on the Can we do less for our local sphere of "evaluation of values," and I would apply interest ? Can we as a center of some of the idea as far as it may appropriately the world's best agriculture, outline extend to the affairs of the industry. clearly, comprehensively, economically, a There we have in prospect a framework relation of research to that agriculture? for the whole range of information that If so, the research cannot be considered is needed. There, in stated facts and esti- as a thing apart from the agriculture. mated values, we would undertake to We have the field of action which is to codify what we know, what we estimate, be based on values. Where these values what we guess, about sugar cane agricul- are uncertain and questionable ones, re- ture, and then we indicate as lacunas the search or investigation, of one form or dark areas on which we are unwilling to another, is the means to strengthen them venture the guess. to the point of making them real and use- Thus there develops the setting that by ful. This investigational activity needs to *T5. S. Army designation for "intelligence" be an industrial activity based upon an in- activities. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 7 the very nature of its values reveals or in measures of self-defense and pursuit of indicates our requirements in research. food. Theie is nothing new about strat- Our knowledge lines up as assets on one egy, save thousands of new ways in which side, our ignorance, as liabilities, takes the it may be used. As to the age of it, Keith hostile position. Remembering the prin- Henderson pictures a prehistoric time ciples of contest, we seek the weakness in when the ice of the fourth glacial period that position as "the target for attack." is descending upon Europe. Some species REcAPITuLATIoN.—In recapitulation, it of animals are finding their way south, may be said that underlying strategy others are perishing, never to be seen there are simple fundamental principles again. Mousterian Man, that borderline of far-reaching importance. It is held type between brute and human, if he is to that the superior plan is not something to be conceived in the mind of man, but that survive, must find shelter in the caves, it exists as a result of stress or lack of and to do this he must contend for their balance in the interplay of forces that possession with the great bears of that have pertinent bearing. "The reason for a period. Drawing upon his imagination, plan is a valuation" or the resultant of in- Henderson reconstructs the strategy that terrelated values, and "the reason for a must have been resorted to by primitive valuation is again—values." man in meeting his vital problem to exist. The chess player, the military general, Another writer, Crile, tells us that "the the man of affairs, the planter, the engi- young of monkeys, whose survival de- neer, the scientist, are on common ground, pends upon adaptation to continual alert- in that the superior plan of each is to be ness, receive from their parents a careful sought from positional values of pieces training in strategy." upon the board of the individual game of Having departed from the simple oper- his respective calling. Each, if he has the ations of the primitive school and having acumen that makes him a strategist, will built around us a vast complexity of in- be aided by his special training and ex- terrelated values in our pursuit of food, perience to determine and estimate his shelter, happiness, our native strategy values, and to visualize the plan that continues to function; but (rare cases ex- these values reveal to him. He selects but cepted) it does not automatically measure does not create his objective, and he dis- up to the complexity of forces we have covers, not in his mind, but from his eval- put about us. uations, the plan by which that objective We educate ourselves in all the sepa- may be attained. rate specialties of this complexity, but we There will be those to say that men stop short of specializing in the art of have always dealt with values in their combining its separate phases into a uni- planning. It must be conceded that this form, smoothly working whole. We make is partly true but only true in part. occasional, possibly frequent, applications Some values very positively govern our of strategy to many fields of effort, but in actions. Others, less obtrusive, may or what others than war and a few games do may not be overlooked. The values that we make open recognition of the need of must be sought, painstakingly determined strategy and a thoroughgoing attempt to or wisely estimated, are the ones so often apply it to our affairs ? disregarded. The difficulty with the world today is If strategy is plan of action based on patently not a lack of material resources, pertinent values, directed toward a logical nor the better things that science and en- objective, we must be prepared to admit gineering can give us. Is it that with all that in some degree strategy is a common these things about us we have been for- possession of man and animal. In primi- getful of the example set by the monkeys tive circumstances, strategy is displayed and have not troubled to teach either our 8 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

youths or ourselves the art of using avail- There is lack of clear comprehension of able means to attain the objectives that we the meaning of strategy. Some authorita- have in view ? Does not all that we may tive writers on the subject omit to tell us do begin and end with positional values what strategy really is. It is not generally of the pieces on the board and plan of ac- known that strategy in all things is tion based upon these values ? founded on common principles universally Undoubtedly we may use strategy with- applicable. A realization of this will be out thinking in terms of strategy, but it is helpful, in various lines of activity, to de- likely that a knowledge of these terms of velop and carry out what President thought will result in better strategy, bet- Roosevelt has termed, "the well grounded, ter capacity to attain our ends. well rounded plan."

The National Recovery Act in Hawaii

A plan of cooperative attack on eco- February, 1906. In 1911 I lived here al- nomic problems which he believes will most a year. On my latest arrival, a year command the natural adherence of all and a half ago, my first reaction was one parties was outlined by Lt. Col. Allen W. of pride that I belonged to a race that had Gullion, new NRA deputy administrator taken the lead in the building of this mod- for Hawaii, in his first public address on ern city in which beauty, permanence and December 19 over a KGU-KGMB joint utility have been the triune ideal. program, Honolulu. "My later and deeper reaction, on Col. Gullion forecast an association in longer residence and closer insight, was Hawaii that will divorce the national re- also one of, pride, but it was a pride that covery program from factional issues, had enlarged and flowered from a racial racial strife or industrial conflicts. He pride into a community pride. Many of was introduced to the radio audience by the people of Hawaiian blood became my Governor Lawrence M. Judd. personal friends and I learned to value Col. Gullion's plan for territory-wide highly their many fine qualities—hospital- codification, based on broad advisory ity, generosity, tolerance, love of beauty. schemes which will include representa- "With interest and with growing ad- tives of all interested groups, contem- miration, I studied the great Oriental plates : populations here. Their diligence, their 1. Immediate action by various chairmen of sobriety, their devotion to family, are an island boards, calling for submission of tenta- example to any people. I have sympa- tive codes for each industrial group. thized with the problems of the new 2. Territorial codes, framed by representatives Americans, the young Hawaiian-born citi- of each island, based on these tentative codes. zens of Oriental ancestry—alert, clean, 3. Hearings for each code before it is adopted, at which all interested groups may present crit- borne upward above discouragement by a icisms. decent self-respect and the wings of hon- 4. A general territorial set-up, in which the orable ambition. NRA deputy administrator will preside at hear- "These three groups, Haole, Hawaiian, ings and disputes, to which representatives of and Oriental, have lived side by side in all groups concerned will be invited. peace when general history would have Gullion's address follows substantially : led us to expect internecine conflict ; they "I have faith in these islands and shall have maintained a patient self-control in now, very briefly, give a reason for that crises which, in older lands and more faith. My first visit to Honolulu was in homogeneous civilizations, have often JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 9

been passed only with riot and much are serving. Despite the fact that the bloodshed. service is uncompensated and voluntary, "In giving a reason for my faith in there should be at least one man on the Hawaii, I have sufficiently indicated my labor board who eats his bread in the social approach to my new duties. My sweat of his brow, and the consumers' political approach is neither Democratic board should contain at least one woman, nor Republican. It is very simple. For 18 who, on the bread-winner's meager salary, months I have studied the constitutional clothes and feeds her children. relation of Hawaii to the remainder of "Irrespective of whether certain main- the U. S. There is no doubt that this ter- land codes will be held to be applicable ritory is an integral part of the U. S. It here—and these are matters upon which has cheerfully borne its share of the fed- we are hourly expecting instructions—our eral burden in peace and war ; it is en- first and immediate steps are clearly indi- titled to its share of federal benefits. cated. This is what to do: The NRA That's all the politics this job needs. chairmen on each island will call upon "My economic approach may be briefly each trade or industry group on his island stated. I am free from any affiliation to form a trade association for the pur- with and from any partiality for, either pose of submitting a tentative code for industry or labor. NRA does not enter that industry. Hawaii as the champion of employer or "Based upon these tentative island of employee. It is here for the prosperity codes, a territorial code for each industry and harmony of all. If it does not help will be framed by representatives from bring normal general prosperity it will all the islands. These territorial codes have failed. If turbulent discord results will be operative throughout the territory. from its activity, NRA may hardly be Before a territorial code is finally called a success. adopted, each industry and business af- "In the discharge of my duties I am fected, large and small, citizen and alien, fortunate in having two able and honor- will be afforded full opportunity to be able advisers, Dr. A. L. Dean and Mr. heard. The deputy NRA administrator Harold Dillingham. In Washington, the will aid in the formation of the codes and national administrator has established a will conduct the hearings. labor advisory board and a consumers' ad- "If any industry, through inertia or for visory board. I shall appoint similar any cause, fails to propose a code, it will boards of three members each for our eventually find itself subject to a code work here, and I now invite suggestions prescribed for it by the president. Let from labor and from consumers as to the each industry take the initiative at once ! composition of such boards. The board "At the proper time I shall make pub- members will serve without compensation, lic the president's regulations as to com- just as Dr. Dean, Mr. Dillingham, and I, pliance and enforcement." 10 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Pineapple and Health By WILLIAM H. MOLLER, Singapore (Specially written for the "Philippine Journal of Commerce")

This is an interesting theme for those Health and beauty undeniably go to- Europeans who are living in the tropics, gether. Doubtless the grape-cure has because the pineapple is a tropical fruit. become fashionable. The expensive experiments in Euro- Many explicative treatises by judicious pean hothouses (i.e., Dresden, Germany, doctors have been written about this mat- etc.) are of no importance at all, as a hot- ter. It is, however, a mistake to think that house plant never has the same quality only grape-cures can bring this result. (aroma, fruitsugar-percentage) as a fruit The reason why grape-cures are specially grown under the open skies and natural good is that the grapes have a very high conditions. percentage of juice which, as "drink" One would think that the pineapple cure, can be taken without overloading the fruits which the progressive European stomach. knows to be among the best imported In this case the full-ripe pineapple can fruits should be in its native land a be- compare favorably with the grape without loved fruit and foodstuff more than any considering, besides, that pineapple as a other. It is, however, a fact that every- pure tropic fruit is of a much higher thing which humans can obtain in abun- value, primarily as blood purifier. dance and cheap, is little appreciated. A medium size pineapple, freshly The reason is perhaps the common ig- pressed, gives at least two large glasses of norance of the value of fruit as food. As juice, which can be produced in a primi- long as fruit is only looked upon as a tive way with the hands. If the mash is luxury or delicacy, we shall not know put through a sieve, the juice will be real national health. found to be nearly clear. The value of grapes for bodily health A"pineapple-drink-cure" is much less is much better known than that of pine- expensive than a "grape-drink-cure." For apples. In upper Italy (i.e., Meran) whole a pineapple-drink-cure here in Singapore, places have been converted into Grape- the so-called Sawarak pineapple is the Spas, certainly not to their disadvantage best to use. They can be obtained in large nor of that of their visitors. A cure like quantities from the local markets. Pine- this takes from three to four weeks, dur- ing which time one consumes as many apples should be transported with much grapes as possible (mostly the juice of care, for not only are they among the freshly pressed grapes) together with a most valuable fruits but are among the diet which differs greatly as regards to most delicate as well. quantity and nature of meals partaken A good pineapple must be neither too up to that time. ripe nor too unripe, which is a little bit Those who once have known a thor- difficult to see for the uninitiated, as the oughly conducted grape-cure have be- color of the peel deceives in most cases. come convinced adherents to it. Purer In a little while, however, one will be able and fresher blood and a much better to find the right fruits by the acquired general condition is the result. taste. Many women go to the Grape-Spas Fruits that are not perfect must be re- for the improvement of complexion only fused; i.e., too ripe( gold-brown), too un- (the powder-puff takes a back seat), not ripe (very white and without sugar-mark- to mention the so much desired slim line. ings), or badly transported (waterclear JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 11

bruises), as these often spoil the taste of believed that should it be eaten in speci- the whole fruit and for this reason are fied months, it is provocative to malaria. worthless from the health point of view. But just the opposite is the case. Pineapples which are too large are mostly The disposition of a person, that is, the worthless, as it is very seldom that they condition of his blood, is the decisive fac- indicate the right ripeness. tor for susceptibility to malaria. But with The juice of two or three freshly just a pineapple drink cure, the blood will pressed-out pineapples, drunk at those be exceptionally improved. times at which the body, owing to the Healthy, strong blood (number of the adopted diet, is fully absorbent, will show red blood corpuscles) is the best equip- wonderful improvement in the human ment against all forms of illness. The health. The freshly pressed-out juice natural cure for nearly all forms of illness must not be allowed to stand for long as puts a purer and improved blood as a it shows symptoms of fermentation after first requirement, which is certainly one-half hour. nothing new. The conclusion to be derived The pineapple juice enjoyed at the hereof should not be difficult. right time not only adds to the blood im- The result of a pineapple-drink-cure, as portant substances, but it cleans the body already stated, does not depend only on also of all assimilation arrears, which is the kind or the quantity of the consumed very essential and does not always happen juice, but on the kind and quantity of the without a crisis (Halcrisis). Therefore, foodstuffs partaken as well, which last it is advisable to obtain the advice of an must be adjusted dietetically to the drink- experienced person, especially if it con- cure, and therefore depends in the first cerns a person laden with morbid matter. place on the correct adjustment of diet The pineapple has in its native country and drinkcure. most unjustly been relegated to ,a back Real health is often to be obtained place as a human food. It is there cheaply, if really wanted.

Philippine Pina Cloth Industry By TROADIO MILLORA On Staff of Philippine Journal of Commerce

The pineapple Ananas camosus (Linn.- samis ; and in others, partly for the Merr.) was introduced into the Philip- fruits and partly for the fibers, such as pines from Mexico by the Spaniards at in the Provinces of Samar, Occidental an early date, and in some islands, par- Negros, Tayabas, Sorsogon, Bulacan, ticularly in parts of Palawan, it has be- Leyte, Cebu, Iloilo, and Capiz. come thoroughly naturalized. The pine- A comparison of our soil and climate apple plant is now widely scattered with those of pineapple-growing coun- throughout these islands, where in many tries in other parts of the world, and a places it grows and flourishes without consideration of the behavior of the any attention. In some places it is cul- pineapple in the Philippines, give assur- tivated for its fruits, such as in the ance that with proper care the pineapple Province of Bukidnon, where large will succeed equally well in many parts pineapple plantations have been estab- of the Archipelago. lished as a source of supply for the Phil- Textile fibers, much valued for their ippine Packing Corporation, a large fineness, are obtained from the leaves of pineapple cannery, at Bogo, Oriental Mi- the pineapple. When grown for fibers, 12 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION pineapples are closely crowded in plant- when dry. The sharp spines on both ing, the object being the production of edges are cut off, and the fibers are ex- long leaves. It is customary to take off tracted by removing the pulp with or the fruit before maturity, so that the without the aid of some kind of labor- leaves may be more fully developed. saving device. Foreman says in his "Philippine One of the extraction methods prac- Islands" that the weaving of piña and ticed in the Philippines is by the use of a sinamay was taught to the natives by a broken plate, large seashell, etc. With Spanish priest about the year 1595. At any of such materials, the pulp is present it is only in the Provinces of Ilo- scraped off from the leaf until only the ilo and Capiz where pineapple fibers are fibers remain. This is a very slow and extracted and woven into cloths on a the most primitive method of extracting fairly commercial scale. The industry is the fibers. also found, although on a minor scale, in Another method is by the employment the Provinces of Batangas, Rizal and of an ordinary bolo. In this, while one Bulacan, and, probably, in some other hand is pressing down tightly a leaf with places where the pineapple thrives. the cutting blade of the bolo, the other According to Volume V of the 1918 draws or pulls the leaf, thus removing Census, there were only three piria-cloth the pulp. This process is not only diffi- establishments, all being located in Ca- cult but also wasteful, because many livo, Capiz Province, and capitalized at fibers are taken off with the pulp by the 974 pesos. The value of raw materials sharp bolo. used by these concerns was 2,769 pesos, A third procedure in use is by burying and the output was valued at 4,860 pesos. the leaves in the ground until the pulp As these figures represent only the value decays, and then washing the fibers. This of the piña cloth produced in one town, means of extraction is seldom used. it is readily seen that the total produc- The most advanced piria-fiber extrac- tion of piña textiles in the Philippines tion process in vogue in the Philippines must necessarily be much more than that is done with the aid of a simple crude amount. labor-saving device, which can easily be It is believed that the retardation of constructed by any one. Only two boards the development of the industry may be are needed, one long and the other short. attributed to the fact that the production The long board is fastened strongly to of piña fibers, although very simple, is two posts at each end. The short one exceedingly tedious. For this reason only must be sufficiently heavy and should a few people are engaged in extracting rest firmly and immovably on the long the fibers for the market. In the words board. In the long board, along which of Charles Richards Dodge, Special the short one rests, is sunken a rectan- Agent of the U. S. Department of Agri- gular iron bar extending beyond the end culture, who in 1893 investigated the of the short board. Between the short possibilities of introducing the industry board and the iron bar there is a nar- in Florida and other parts of the United row opening. Through this aperture the States, "naturally such tedious processes leaf is drawn or pulled hard, ' then could never be employed were the in- thrown back and drawn again. This dustry established commercially." drawing of the leaf through the opening The work of extracting the fibers be- is repeated until all the pulp is removed. gins with the cutting of the leaves, which After the pulp is entirely removed the is done close to the trunk. When pre- fibers are washed until all the greenish paring the fiber of the pineapple the substance disappears. This washing leaves must be manipulated in the green may take considerable time, and some- state, as nothing can be done with them times a wooden comb is necessary to JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 13 remove this greenish coloring. After purposes. The following excerpts are washing, the fibers are spread in the sun taken from his comprehensive work : on bamboo poles until thoroughly dry. "The fiber of Ananas sativa is very fine and soft, the filaments being flexible and very resis- According to Spon, the Chinese tant. They yield readily to treatment in the method of cleaning the fiber is as fol- alkaline bath and are easily subdivided, espe- lows : "The first step is the removal of cially when subjected to trituration. the fleshy sides of the leaf. A man sit- "The isolated fibers are very fine, of a toler- ting astride a narrow stool extends on it ably regular diameter from one end to another, but of very different size. The interior canal, in front of him a single leaf, one end of which is very perceptible in the largest, is not which is held beneath him. He then, so in the smaller ones. They are very flexible, with a kind of two-handled bamboo curling and twisting readily under mechanism. plane, removes the succulent matter. An- The points are rarely sharp, and gradually be- other man receives the leaves as they are come slender. They are rounded at the end, or, rather, blunt. planed, and with his thumb nail loosens "It is claimed for pineapple fiber that constant the fibers about the middle of the leaf, immersion in water does not in the least injure gathers them in his hand, and by one it, and the natives of the East Indies increase effort detaches them from the outer this property by tanning it, though it is probably skin. The fibers are next steeped in at the expense of strength. In tests of strength pineapple fiber exhibits superior tenacity. The water, washed, and laid out to dry and fiber from Singapore bore a strain of 350 bleached on rude frames of split bam- pounds against 260 pounds for New England boo. The processes of steeping, wash- flax. This last-named has been proved equal ing, and exposing to the sun are re- and in some respects superior to best English peated until the fibers are considered hemp. In the Journal of the Agricultural So- ciety of India (Vol. III, p. 182), there is a rec- properly bleached." ord of a rope of pineapple fiber, 3/4 inches in The pineapple furnishes a fiber which circumference, standing a strain of 5,700 pounds for fineness and strength rivals any in before breaking. existence. Dr. D. Morris, at one time as- "Piria is considered to be more delicate in texture than any other known to the vegetable sistant director of the Royal Kew Gar- kingdom. It is woven from the untwisted fibers dens in England, states that the fiber is of the Ananas leaf, after they have been reduced finer and stronger than that yielded by to extreme fineness, and after the ends have any other plant. Although very fine, the been glued ( ?) together to form a continuous process of bleaching, by destroying the thread. adhesion between bundles of fibers, ren- "Wild pineapple fiber is extracted from the Bromelia sylvestris, and while it is fine and ders it so much finer that it can be spun silky, and very white in color when properly like flax. In the East Indies, where the prepared, it is not as good a fiber as the pre- pineapple was introduced as early as ceding. This species is found abundantly 1600, the fiber is extensively used in the throughout the tropics, and there are no col- manufacture of the delicate fabric called lections that do not contain superb samples of its fiber. Specimens brought by me from Paris, "piria," as well as for cordage, according presented to the Mexican commissioner gen- to Dodge. In the Rungpore district of eral, are among the finest I have seen, averag- India, the same authority says, the fiber ing 4 feet in length, the fiber being soft, white is much used by the shoemakers for and brilliant. twine. "The wild pineapple abounds on the rocky hills of the West Indies and particularly Ja- Charles Richards Dodge gives an in- maica, where the plants are used as hedges and teresting account of the qualities and fences. Its leaves are steeped in water by the uses of the pineapple fiber in his "Report natives, and, after beating with a wooden mallet, on the Leaf Fibers of the United States," yield a strong fiber. It is in common use for cordage on the island of Santo Domingo, and is submitted in 1893 to the U. S. Depart- favorably mentioned by Dr. Parry in his report. ment of Agriculture. He also describes "The leaves from which the fiber is obtained a certain kind of wild pineapple fiber are from 1% to 3 inches in width and 5 to 8 utilized in some countries for textile feet long. They are quite thin and are lined 14 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION with a fine, tough fiber, which some authorities The weaving of piña cloth is done in consider a superior substitute for flax. In por- the ordinary hand loom. In a few out- tions of Mexico the Bromelia is cultivated for its fiber, which is described as very fine, from 6 to of-the-way places, the weavers still use 8 feet in length, and from its fineness and tough- a sort of primitive loom, called in the ness commonly used in belt-making works. It Visayan dialect "sicad." Piña fibers are also finds application in the manufacture of woven into cloth either exclusively or in many articles, such as bagging for baling cot- combination with other textile materials. ton, wagon sheets, carpets, etc., besides form- ing a valuable material for making cordage, The usual arrangement is to make the nets, hammocks, and similar articles of common warp of either silk or fine abaci. and the use. In Mexico, the leaves were formerly sub- woof of piria. The pure piña cloth is a jected to the slow and laborious process of hard delicate, silky fabric, much used in mak- scraping, but, I am now informed, are cleaned ing exquisite dresses, embroideries, cen- by machinery, as there is a considerable demand for the product. terpieces, handkerchiefs, etc. "On the Isthmus of Tehauntepec it is used Of late there has appeared in the mar- by the natives in the fabrication of thread, cord- ket piña cloth, called "Piriatex," which age, mats, bagging, clothing, and for hammocks, is suitable for men's suits. The fabric, and the fiber is sometimes made into paper. produced in Iloilo, appears glossy and It is also manufactured into cloth by the Span- iards for hammocks. Specimens of Bromelia durable. A piece of this cloth about six fiber from British Honduras were brought to meters in length, sufficient for one suit- the notice of the Royal Society of Arts in 1857, ing, is being retailed at around 5 pesos. and from examinations then made it was ascer- It seems that some linen yarns enter tained that each fiber contained from five to into the material. twelve or more filaments held together by gummy matter capable of being dissolved by Piña cloth weaving is carried on prin- proper processes. Specimens had been passed cipally in the towns of Banga, Calivo, over the comb or hackle of a flax mill, and had Ibajay, and New Washington in Capiz been pronounced by the most experienced flax Province, and in Jaro and Dumangas in spinners of England to be greatly superior to Russian flax, and approaching the best descrip- the Province of Iloilo. The cloth is ex- tion of Belgian in capability of application in the ported to Manila and foreign countries finest textile fabrics. in limited quantities. "It is said that the more mature the plant the There appears to have always been a coarser and longer the fiber, so with this very small demand for piña cloth in the knowledge it is an easy matter to select just the quality of fiber desired. The plants are Philippines. Piña is a very fine and dur- armed with spines or thorns used by the na- able textile, but on account of its exces- tives for needles and pins—though these disap- sively high price it is considered here pear in cultivation. as an object of luxury. Only moneyed "Microscopically the fibers of Bromelia differ people, it seems, can afford to buy it as from those of Ananas. The interior canal is much more apparent and the walls thinner. The it is more expensive than silk. fibers often present great inequalities in the The production of piña cloth in the diameter of the same specimen as well as in the Philippines is inappreciable indeed. thickness of the walls." There is no organized capital exploiting For cloth-making purposes, the fibers, the industry in this country. It is only after they are sorted as to fineness, are intermittently and sporadically woven knotted together in the same manner as by some women whenever they find that the abaci fiber or the knotted hemp there is a demand for the product in called locally "sinugot." The knotted the market or when orders are placed fibers are then spun on spools by means for certain quantities of piña cloth. of a spinning wheel. The native spin- The buyers of Philippine piña are the ning wheel is generally made of bamboo United States, Hawaii, Italy, China, or rattan, attached to a wooden support Japan, and Canada. with an iron peg where the wheel ro- The biggest problem of the industry tates. It is usually run by hand. here as elsewhere is quantity production JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 15 of the fiber at economical cost. The ma- esting possibilities is the "further proc- chine question enters largely into the essing of the many different fibers found problem, and a contrivance to fill the here for textile purposes, and develop- need has as yet not been found. True, ment of an organized weaving industry machinery has been employed in some that will profitably employ the un- countries to produce the fiber, there doubted talent in textile design and fab- being several inventions for the pur- rication shown by the product of the pose, but there is not a machine in- small handlooms found in so many of vented which can produce the fiber eco- the homes." Hammond observes : nomically and on a commercial scale. "One cannot travel about the Philippine As the leaves are small, a quantity Islands without being impressed by the possi- bilities of the textile fibers here. Abaca, ma- would need to be cleaned at one feeding guey, as well as the beautiful pifia, and many of the machine, to make it pay. The other materials are abundant. Van Buren machine, which is employed "In many of the localities visited, notably the for extracting sisal hemp, its capacity Ilocos Provinces, southern Luzon, and the being about 150 to 200 pounds of dry southern coast of Panay, there seems to be a fiber per day of ten hours, was tried by hand loom in almost every household. The tex- tiles produced on these looms appeared not only Dodge and Munroe for cleaning pine- strong and durable, but they also, in most in- apple fiber in Florida. It was found that stances, were most attractive in design and com- "while it turned out a superb product, position of figure and color. Without doubt it would be wholly inadequate for the there is inherent in the Filipino people an ar- work from the commercial standpoint, tistic talent which, it seems to me, might, under sufficient encouragement, be most profitably as only two or three leaves could be fed commercialized. in at a time." "Research work in an effort to produce a tex- Concerning this phase of the problem, tile wholly or partly from native products seems Dodge says : "Estimating 10 leaves to well worth the expenditure of considerable ef- the pound, there would be over 22,000 fort here. Possibly the fabrics or even the yarns would have to be composed partly of cotton or leaves to the ton, which would produce other fibers, and without doubt the native fibers from 50 to 60 pounds of fiber. The San- would have to be processed to a point consid- ford and Mallory machine referred to erably beyond present practice to produce such (by Spon), which is claimed to be ca- a textile, but a sustained and scientific effort to pable of cleaning 5,000 to 8,000 leaves produce a textile at least suitable for domestic requirements, and possibly of such novel charac- per day, would at this rate clean only 12 teristics as to command a substantial export pounds of fiber in a day, which would market, seems justified by the abundance in make the product somewhat high- which fibrous plants occur in the Philippines." priced. Were the fiber used in the man- (Italics are ours.) ufacture of delicate fabrics, there is no Dr. Juan T. David, who was sent to doubt that it would command a price the Lowell Textile Institute, as govern- considerably higher than the product of ment pensionado, states that no doubt the other leaf fibers described in this was entertained by his professors that report." piña could be spun in the flax system In spite of this drawback, however, and the yarns woven in power looms. the industry is capable of considerable In short, the needs of the industry expansion, were organized capital to go may be stated in three words : research, in for it at all hazards and develop it organization, and capital. The piña tex- consistently and persistently. In "A Sur- tile industry might be benefited by the vey of Economic Conditions in the Phil- recent enactment of the Philippine Leg- ippines" submitted to the Governor- islature appropriating 680,000 pesos for General of the Philippines by Lyman P. the promotion and development of Phil- Hammond in 1928 it is pointed out that ippine industries. In the meantime, to one of the industries which offer inter- make any piña cloth business worth 1 i JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION while it is necessary to establish a production and to undertake an educa- strong export organization with suffi- tional or advertising campaign in the cient financial resources to enable it to United States, which is practically the have some reasonable control of a steady sole market for the product at present.

The Pan-Pacific Science Council in Manila

Dr. H. H. Steinmetz, president of the order of sacks given by the Spanish Pan-Pacific Science Council in Manila, government to the Philippine Islands. recently visited the Honolulu Science "A second practical result happened in Council and spoke at the weekly Friday the field of nutrition. As you know, it is science dinner of the valuable work be- difficult to get milk in the Philippines. ing done by the group in the Philippines. Dr. spoke, at our first meet- "Although only three months old, our ing, of soy bean milk from Manchuria. group, which has Friday dinner discus- A firm has recently been organized in sions as you have here, I see two results Manila to exploit this possibility. of our meetings that are very practical. "My own particular interest is medi- "In one case the Department of Agri- cine, and I am now on my way to Vienna culture asked a group of young men to to make a special study of the early tell of their work in the preparation of diagnosis of cancer. The British govern- fibers, hemp in particular. At that meet- ment requires its men employed in India ing it was shown that the most useful to have a secondary interest because purpose of hemp was in the manufacture when retired from service after 35 years of sugar sacks. It was found that the the men with only a primary interest sacks prepared for sugar and copra by rapidly deteriorate, mentally and moral- the Japanese in Davao were too stiff and ly. I have often thought that the stimu- hard to be suitable, and that it was lating effects of learning what other men necessary to continue buying jute sacks are doing through these science council from India. The head of the department discussions, is one of the greatest benefits stated that through experiments they that can come to us. I congratulate you had learned a safe process of treating on having Mr. Alexander Hume Ford as the fibers to make them as useful and your leader. He often says scientific durable as those from India. men are timid and need a press agent. "The Spanish Consul in Manila who I know it is true that the government happened to be at this meeting then scientists are doing many things in stated that he had just received a letter health lines of which the public know from his government asking him to in- nothing. All through the Pacific we can vestigate the matter of sacks. He later popularize the work of these men, not reported the facts brought out in the for the sake of the men, but for the sake discussion, and the result was a large of the public." mv et, BULLETIN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

An unofficial organization, the agent of no government, but with the good will of all in bringing the peoples of the Pacific together into better understanding and cooperative effort for the advancement of the interests common to the Pacific area.

CONTENTS

New Series No. 167, January, 1934

Aims of the Pan-Pacific Union 2 Filipinos Base Hope for Peace in the Pan-Pacific Union - - 3

Pan-Pacific Associations of China and Japan Entertain Senator Quezon of the Philippines Association 3

Quezon to See Roosevelt about Pan-Pacific Idea - - - - 4

At the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo 5 Health Camps in New Zealand 8 Brief Survey of Labor Legislation of New Zealand During the Years 1868-1932 11

Governor of Hawaii's Family Visits Philippines 16

OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

HONORARY PRESIDENTS Franklin D. Roosevelt President of the United States J. A. Lyons Prime Minister, Australia The Prime Minister... New Zealand Chiang Kai Shek President of China Dr. A. C. D. de Graeff Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies The Prime Minister Canada Prince I. Tokugawa Former President, House of Peers, Japan His Majesty, Prajadhipok King of Siam A. L. Rodriguez President of Mexico Don Carlos Ibanez President of Chile M. Pasquier Governor-General of Indo-China HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Frank W. Murphy Governor General of the Philippines John W. Troy Governor of Alaska OFFICERS IN HONOLULU Director—Alexander Hume Ford Honolulu HONOLULU Published monthly by the Pan-Pacific Union 1934 'i,.> AIMS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

From year to year the scope of the work before the Pan-Pacific Union has broadened, until today it assumes some of the aspects of a friendly unofficial Pan-Pacific League of Nations, a destiny that both the late Franklin K. Lane and Henry Cabot Lodge predicted for it. The Pan-Pacific Union has conducted a number of successful conferences ; scientific, educational, journalistic, commercial, fisheries, and, most vital of all, that on the conservation of food and food products in the Pacific area, for the Pacific regions from now on must insure the world against the horrors of food shortage and its inevitable conclusion. The real serious human action of the Pan-Pacific Union begins. It is following up the work of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference by the establish- ment of a Pan-Pacific Research Institution where primarily the study and work will be along the lines necessary in solving the problems of food production and conservation in the Pacific Area—land and sea. Added to this will be the study of race and population problems that so vitally affect our vast area of the Pacific, the home of more than half of the peoples who inhabit this planet. The thoughts and actions of these peoples and races toward each other as they are today, and as they should be, for the welfare of all, will be a most important problem before the Union, as well as the problem of feeding in the future those teeming swarms of races, that must be well fed to preserve a peaceful attitude toward each other. The Pan-Pacific Union is an organization in no way the agency of any Pacific Government, yet having the good will of all, with the Presidents and Premiers of Pacific lands as its honorary heads. Affiliated and working with the Pan-Pacific Union are Chambers of Commerce, educational, scientific and other bodies. It is supported in part by government and private appropriations and subscriptions. Its central office is in Honolulu, because of its location at the ocean's crossroads. Its management is under an international board. The following are the chief aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To bring together from time to time, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought and action in the Pacific area, that they may become better acquainted ; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative effort for the advance- ment of those interests that are common to all the peoples. 2. To bring together ethical leaders from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and ways to advance international justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstanding may be cleared. 3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems, including those of race and population, that must be confronted, and, if possible, solved by the present generation of Pacific peoples and those to follow. 4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the encouragement of all scientific research work of value to Pacific peoples ; in the establishment of a Research Institution where such need seems to exist, or in aiding in the establishment of such institutions. 5. To secure and collate accurate information concerning the material resources of Pacific lands ; to study the ideas and opinions that mould public opinion among the peoples of the several Pacific races, and to bring men together who can under- standingly discuss these in a spirit of fairness that they may point out a true course of justice in dealing with them internationally. 6. To bring together in round-table discussion in every Pacific land those of all races resident therein who desire to bring about better understanding and coopera- tive effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific for their common advance- ment, material and spiritual. 7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relationship. To aid and assist those in all Pacific com- munities to better understand each other, and, through them, spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of interracial cooperation. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 3 Filipinos Base Hope for Peace in the Pan-Pacific Union

When Manuel Quezon, president of the "Therefore," he added, "we feel that Philippine Senate, arrived in Honolulu the promotion of friendly relations in the en route to Washington, he stated, in an Pacific through the Pan-Pacific Union interview with the Honolulu Star-Bulle- tin, that the Filipinos are ready to take would be our best protection. With the their chances as an independent nation growing importance of the Union the and are ready to take this responsibility Philippines may well be regarded as the immediately, placing much of their hope Geneva of the Pacific. for protection in the rapidly growing "We have established headquarters for strength of the Pan-Pacific Union. the Union," Mr. Quezon pointed out, "in "Defense of the Philippines requires offices in the legislative building. Now we heavy fortifications and the expenditure of heavy sums of money which can not are endeavoring to have the next confer- be expected from the United States ence of the Union over in Manila to fur- after the islands secure their independ- ther cement friendly relations with other ence," said Mr. Quezon. nations."

Pan-Pacific Associations of China and Japan Entertain Senator Quezon of the Philippines Association

Manuel Quezon, president of the Phil- seems to me that in these days govern- ippine Senate and a leader of the inde- ments are always talking of friendly and pendence movement, Vicente Singson En- cordial relations but at the same time carnacion, secretary of finance for the they are preparing to fight. Philippines, Senator Elpidio Quirino, and "In my opinion," he continued, "there other members of the Philippine Inde- is only one way to stop jealousy among pendence Mission en route to Washington the nations, and that is by getting the arrived in Shanghai on November io and people together and establishing among were guests at a Pan-Pacific luncheon at Ladow's Tavern. Senator Quezon, who themselves friendly relations. In this is also honorary vice-president of the way I believe the Pan-Pacific Union will Pan-Pacific Union in the Philippines, ex- render a great service. We hope that the tended a short greeting to the gathering. cordial relations established among the "I am happy to have this opportunity peoples of this great ocean will help our to greet members of the Pan-Pacific own governments to become more Union and their guests," he said. "It friendly with one another." 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN Quezon to see Roosevelt about Pan-Pacific Idea

According to the Japan Times & Mail, rector of the Pan-Pacific Union, and other of Tokyo, November 15, when Hon. leaders of the movement in Japan. Manuel Quezon, Senate President of the Several matters were brought up for Philippines, sailed for America Tuesday, discussion that were of mutual interest to on the President Hoover, he went as an both the Japan and Philippine Associa- "Ambassador of Friendship." He carried tions. As President of the Manila Carni- an official letter of "suggestion" to Pres- val Association, Senator Quezon re- ident Roosevelt, that as honorary head quested the Director of the Pan-Pacific of the Pan-Pacific Union in America, Union, and Viscount Inouye, to aid in fill- he approve the plan of the Pan-Pacific ing a Pan-Pacific Exhibition building on Union to invite the presidents and pre- the Carnival grounds, an exhibition that miers of Pacific nations who are also hon- might serve as a nucleus of the Perma- orary heads of the Pan-Pacific Union to nent Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum visit Hawaii during the period next sum- that is to have its beginning in the spa- mer when President Roosevelt is making cious basement of the Legislative Build- his promised visit to Honolulu. ing in Manila. The letter was signed by Alexander Senator Quezon happening to pick up Hume Ford, Director of the Pan-Pacific one of the elaborate programs of the Union. Senator Quezon gave his assur- Pan-Pacific Association of Japan, noticed ance that he would see Mr. Roosevelt that its headquarters and secretarial force personally, to urge him to approve the are located in the Diet Building. In- calling of an informal gathering of presi- stantly he offered kindred accommoda- dents and premiers in Honolulu, but tion and service to the Pan-Pacific Asso- added that if he could persuade the presi- ciation of the Philippines, including a dent to go a step further and visit Manila, stenographer who would record verbatim he would do so. the addresses delivered at the Manila The main address to the Pan-Pacific Pan-Pacific Club, so that they might be Union over, Viscount Inouye, president given in full to the press as is done in of the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo, then Tokyo. introduced Senator Quezon to an audi- Not only was room in the Legislative ence of the whole world when the Fox Building offered, but Senator Quezon in- Movietone recorded two picture talks that timated to Director Ford that if he would were shipped on the President Hoover, return to Manila about February when and will be shown in all the theaters of the Senator returns from Washington, America while the Senator is crossing the he would lead a membership cam- continent. paign and try to do for the Pan-Pacific The first talk was on the calling of a Club of Manila what Prince Tokugawa friendly unofficial conference of presi- and Viscount Inouye are doing for the dents and premiers in either Honolulu or Tokyo Club. Manila. The other talk was to the people Senator Quezon expressed his strong of the United States, explaining his views desire to send a Filipino Trade Commis- and stand on absolute independence for sioner to reside in Japan, a plan heartily the Philippines. supported by the Pan-Pacific Association After the Pan-Pacific Club gathering, of the Philippine Islands. He also urged Senator Quezon had a quiet conference that Manila be used as the Geneva and with the President of the Pan-Pacific travel center of the Orient. Being the far Club of Tokyo, Viscount Inouye, the Di- eastern terminus of travel, it would draw PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5

travelers from America to both Japan and It seems more than likely than, on his China. return from Washington, the Senator He invited Mr. Juju Kasai, a director will assume the active presidency of the of the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo, to visit the Philippines, and promised that Pan-Pacific Club of Manila and act as the Manila Pan-Pacific Club would send toastmaster at its weekly meetings. He a return party to visit Japan. He also in- hopes to bring back greetings to the Ma- vited Mr. Herbert Hunter, who was nila club from President Roosevelt, and present, to bring Babe Ruth and his perhaps news that he may some day be American baseball team to Manila. Sen- a guest of the Pan-Pacific Association of ator Quezon also gave assurance that he the Philippines. would have the hearty help and coopera- tion of his fellow honorary head of the Senator Quezon and, his party left on Pan-Pacific Association of the Philip- the Hoover last night for San Francisco, pines, Governor General Frank Murphy, via Honolulu where a banquet will be ten- in building up a powerful organization in dered him by the Pan-Pacific Union, of the Philippines and in making Manila the which Governor Judd is honorary head in Geneva of the Orient. Hawaii.

At the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo Luncheon Meeting November 14, 1933. nor-General, the Hon. Frank Murphy. Chairman: Viscount Tadashiro Inouye. When we learned that Senator Quezon Speaker: Hon. Manuel Quezon, Presi- and members of his mission to Washing- dent of the Philippines Senate. ton were passing through Japan we sent a Chairman: For eleven years, since the wireless message to the President Hoover, inception of our organization, we have and upon his kind acceptance of our in- tried our utmost to foster friendship and vitation we decided to hold a special mutual understanding among the na- meeting today. We are very grateful to tions bordering on the Pacific Ocean. him for accepting our invitation and giv- The friendly intercourse between the ing us an opportunity of welcoming him United States of America and Japan for and members of his mission. the last sixty years has been an outstand- It is very interesting to recall our his- ing example of peace on the Pacific toric intercourse with the Philippine Is- Ocean, and today we of Japan are eager lands. Long before the coming of the to promote closer friendship with the Spaniards, Japan had the most intimate United States. We are happy to see relations with the Island of Luzon and the America's peaceful and civilizing influ- Philippines. I sincerely hope that by the ence felt in the western shores of the cooperation of our sister organization in Pacific Ocean. She has done wonderful Manila our friendship with America and services in the cause of humanity and the Philippines will continue to grow in civilization in the Philippine Islands. future years. Today we are glad to welcome for the Senator Quezon: I wish to apologize first time the president of our sister or- for having come so late. When I received ganization in the Philippines, in the per- the invitation of Viscount Inoyue to be son of Senator Manuel Quezon. We are the guest at this luncheon, I inquired of interested in learning of the recent suc- the captain of the President Hoover as to cessful inauguration of the Pan-Pacific what time the boat would arrive in Yoko- movement there, thanks to the splendid hama, and on being informed that it would efforts of Senator Quezon and the Gover- be here at 10 in the morning I decided 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN that I could be present at this luncheon. conferences of the Pan-Pacific Union. I Late yesterday, when I received the tele- cannot speak for the Philippine govern- gram suggesting that I take the train to ment, but I can say for my people—and Yokohama, I again inquired of the cap- in so saying I am also speaking for the tain what time the boat would be in, but members of the Philippine Legislature— he said it had been delayed and could not that we shall do everything in our power arrive before 1 o'clock. I tried to get to make such conferences a success. accommodation on the train, but it was The Philippines form the best place for impossible. That explains why I am so the parleys of our Association because late. they cannot possibly arouse jealousies I am very happy and grateful to be from any quarter, and therefore there will your guest today. For nearly twenty-five be less objection for the discussion of our years now our friend, Mr. Ford, has en- inter-Pacific problems there. gaged in the task that only a man with Of course it will be in the interest of generous sentiment, high ideals, and an the Philippines if they could be made the iron will, dare undertake. For years he center for the Pan-Pacific Union. The was practically alone in this undertaking, Filipino people want to be independent, but with the zeal of the crusader he went and America is committed to the policy of on and now he has made so many converts granting them their independence, so much that not only does he have a host of asso- so that the last Congress has already ciates but also friends. Like all true enacted a law with this avowed purpose. apostles of the cause, Mr. Ford is for- The Philippine Legislature, however, has getting himself, so now that his life's not approved of it, on the ground that work is beginning to bear fruit, he would certain of its important provisions may, let others get the credit therefor. I say in effect, prevent the granting of inde- this because from what Mr. Ford has been pendence, or, if granted, make this inde- saying lately' here in Japan you would pendence incomplete. I shall not detain think that I have been doing more for the you with a lengthy discussion of the pro- Pan-Pacific Union than all the other mem- visions of the law. I shall merely state bers of the association put together, in- that it provides that ten years after the cluding our director and founder. establishment of a new government which Moreover, I have also noticed that he is will be known as the government of the willing to let the Philippines and Japan Commonwealth, the United States will re- play the role that his own dear Honolulu linquish its sovereignty over the Philip- has played in the days when the Pan- pine Islands and recognize the indepen- Pacific Union was, we might say, in its dence of the same, but the President of infancy. He will let Manila be the meet- the United States may, if he so chooses, ing place of Pan-Pacific Union parleys, permanently retain for the United States and Tokyo the publisher of the organ of military and naval reservations in the the Pan-Pacific Union. I hope Japan will Islands. During the ten years of the life accept Mr. Ford's suggestion of publish- of the government of the Commonwealth, ing here our magazine, as the Philippine the trade relations between the United Islands are eager to become the Geneva States and the Philippines will be re- of the Pacific. stricted as far as the Philippine exports While Mr. Ford has overestimated to the United States are concerned, to the what we are doing in the Philippines to extent that, in our opinion, some of our foster the purposes and aims of the Pan- main industries would be ruined, (espe- Pacific Union, he is absolutely right in cially sugar) which have been built up on saying that the Pan-Pacific Club of the basis of its free exportation into the Manila is very anxious that our capital United States. We fear, therefore, that city be made the meeting place for the instead of being economically stronger, PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 7

the Islands will be economically weaker, ments, however powerful, that will boldly if and when independence is granted, un- assert their right to conquer, simply be- der the provisions of the said law. It is cause they have the power and the will. our contention that either we should be And any nation, no matter how small and granted independence as soon as we may weak, may properly hope to be let alone establish the Philippine Republic, which in the full enjoyment of its independent cannot take more than two or three years, life, if it should follow a wise, just and or, if for economic considerations the friendly policy with all the other nations, granting of independence is to be post- especially with its neighbors, a policy that poned, the trade relations between the will give no excuse for any nation to United States and the Philippine Islands interfere with its domestic and interna- should be in the interim such as would tional affairs. permit our main industries to survive and Herein, then, lies my optimistic view be placed on a competitive basis with of the future of my country. The Filipino similar industries in other parts of the people, in a way, are the most fortunate world when independence is granted. people on earth. Situated in the Orient, With reference to the United States we are Orientals by race and in many of military and naval reservations in the Is- our ways, customs and traditions. Chris- lands after independence shall have been tion by religion for several centuries, we granted, we feel that this would be in- have absorbed the best that there is in .compatible with the full and complete in- Occidental civilization. We therefore are dependence of our country. similar in some respects with the Ori- There are, however, a number of in- entals, and in other respects with the fluential Filipinos who think that Ameri- Occidentals, and we can thus understand can military and naval reservations in the both of them well. The Philippines are in Islands would be in the interest of the truth the melting pot of the Occident and Filipinos themselves because they will be the Orient, the place which belies the for the protection of the Philippine Re- theory of Kipling that West is West and public. Frankly, I do not share this view. East is East and never the twain shall To successfully defend the Philippines meet. East and West have met in the will require the fortification not only of Philippines, and each has given the other the islands but of Guam and besides a very the best of its own. I am confident, there- powerful American navy in the Pacific. fore, that we shall know how to win the This of course will not be seriously con- friendship and sympathtic interest of all templated by the American people after the other nations. they have granted us independence so the This is one of the reasons why the Pan- military and naval reservations of the Pacific Union recently organized in Ma- United States in the Philippines may only nila has been received with such universal cause misunderstanding not only with the approval. We are, more than any other Philippines but also with other nations of, people living in the Pacific, interested in or having interest in, the Orient. the promotion of good will and happy in- If the Philippine Islands are ever to tercourse among the Pacific nations. It is become independent, the Filipino people for us a question of life and death that must make up their mind that they shall amity amongst us shall prevail and mutual have to take full responsibility for their respect for our respective rights be the life as an independent nation. Peoples norm of our interrelations. aspiring to be free and independent must You see then why we want to make the take their chances, as other peoples have Philippines the Geneva of the League of done, some with success and a few with the Peoples of the Pacific. We shall thus failure. Fortunately, in our day and be able the better to foster our friendship generation, there are no longer govern- with every one of the Pacific countries, 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN and to contribute to the friendly relations Let us hope that the first general con- among them. ference of the Pan-Pacific Union will be I am now formally presenting to you held in Manila soon. Speaking for my the invitation that the Philippines be made people, I can assure you that you will be the place for the parleys of the Pan- wecome if you should honor us with your Pacific Union. Our country is the most neutral ground for all the peoples of the participation in the conference. We have Pacific. As I said before, there the East a Governor General, Hon. Frank Murphy, has found the West, and both Orientals with a world-wide vision. He is a states- and Occidentals will meet in a common man and a humanitarian. He is enthusi- ground congenial to both. If we could astic over the aims and purposes of the succeed in making Manila the Geneva of the Pacific we would have, I think, found Pan-Pacific Union. He will, I feel sure, the best guarantee for the security of the do his utmost to make such a conference a future Philippine Republic. great success.

Health Camps in New Zealand By ADA G. PATERSON, M.B.Ch.B., L.M. Director, Division of School Hygiene, Health Department, Wellington, New Zealand

(Data, Third Pan-Pacific Women's Con- failure to progress is due to latent tu- ference, Honolulu, August "6 or 8 to 22, 1934.) berculosis. Nowadays we can be more When considering the best provision optimistic with regard to these, pro- for children, the cry all over the civil- vided we can take early means to pro- ized world is "back to Nature," it being tect them. Comparatively few people recognized that the beneficent agents which she employs are mighty in the would die from tuberculosis if all cases prevention and cure of disease and in were recognized and placed under suit- the restoration of sick and depressed hu- able treatment in the early stages ; in man beings to sound health. There is a fact, in all cases hope is the essence of subtle alchemy in the part played by treatment. sun and air upon the tissues whereby The children with whom we are con- the damaged are repaired and the weak cerned, however, are not suffering from invigorated. Modern life, however, tuberculosis. They are suffering from takes increasing toll of our bodies and poor vitality, which often precedes it. minds, and even the children today have We want to get them soon enough and to meet a nervous strain unknown to an make them strong enough to resist ill- older generation. ness. There is no condition where good Vigorous as the majority of New Zea- nutrition is more imperative, but when land children are, school medical sta- tistics nevertheless show that approxi- found hand in hand with poverty it is mately some seven per cent suffer from unattainable. To give such children the defective nutrition. This does not neces- chance to grow strong is not only hu- sarily mean that these children have an mane, it is in accordance with common inadequate food supply, but it does indi- sense, and even from cold financial con- cate that a definite number do not attain sideration is desirable. The cost to the to physical well-being, and of this group State of prevention is much less than there is undoubtedly a percentage whose the cost of cure. It is also a much more PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9

cheerful process for the individual and Otaki was made available for philan- more economical with regard to time and thropic purposes. Funds raised by the happiness. The results of health camps sale of Christmas stamps paid for the show clearly what can be done by a transference of an open-air hospital simple routine, permitting plentiful sun- (Anzac and Suvla wards of King George light and fresh air, good food and a V Hospital, Rotorua) to Otaki. The cheerful round of work, rest and play. health department handed over for ad- Such a regime works like a charm, and ministration the completed premises, children who have once enjoyed the which are well adapted for the purpose, benefits of camp life are nearly always to the Health Camp Association, which found to have begun the journey toward in turn is responsible for general camp permanent health. arrangements. Those who know Otaki In New Zealand the first health camp, realize what health-giving opportunities about twelve years ago, was held at Tu- there are in residence by the sandhills rakina, Wanganui district, under Dr. near the shore and bush, with plentiful Elizabeth Gunn, on the property of and sunshine and sea air. with the very generous assistance of Mr. This camp has now been open con- B. P. Lethbridge. The health camp tinuously for over a year, and Dr. Helen movement is extending throughout the Bakewell, school medical officer, reports Dominion, drawing annually new dis- as follows : "During the period, Febru- tricts within its scope, and very prac- ary, 1932, to February, 1933, 529 chil- tical assistance has thus been given to dren had been admitted; these figures undernourished and delicate children include a camp of 55 children from the during the past year. special classes at Wellington. The mini- The Community Sunshine Association mum length of stay has been fixed at six in Auckland has held monthly health weeks, but this period has been pro- camps for children at Motuihi Island, in longed indefinitely according to the Auckland Harbor, for 28 months con- physical condition and home circum- tinuously, many hundreds of children stances of the child. The children ad- benefiting thereby. In the summer vaca- mitted have been recommended by pri- tion a sunshine camp for delicate chil- vate practitioners, headmasters, or social dren was held once more at Waiheke welfare organizations, or are cases Island, school nurses being in charge. selected by the school medical and nurs- The Waikato Children's Health Camp ing staff. Though intended primarily for Association again held its annual camp children showing some physical dis- for approximately 200 children at Wai- ability, as malnutrition, debility after kato Heads. The Bryant Home unosten- sickness or operation, minor degree of tatiously continues its splendid work in chorea, tendency to chronic asthma or accommodating delicate children in bronchitis, and for tuberculosis contacts, beautiful and healthful surroundings on it was found desirable to extend the the seacoast at Raglan, Auckland district. scheme somewhat to include children The Raukawa Children's Health Camp whose poor home surroundings and in- at Otaki is under the management of adequate diet rather than their actual the Wellington Children's Health Camp physical condition required adjustment. Association, Inc., a voluntary organiza- This was especially necessary during the tion which has for its object the provi- winter months. sion of facilities for the running of "With regard to the types of case, mal- health camps for the benefit of children nourished and debilitated children have suffering from poor vitality. Owing to done well ; those admitted for conval- the generosity of Mr. Byron Brown of escence after tonsillectomy have made Otaki, an area of some 60% acres at excellent progress, and more, I think, of 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN these might be admitted for a longer met by public subscriptions, valuable period, especially when they have had assistance being given by such volun- to be discharged from hospital 24 hours tary organizations as the Red Cross after operation to homes in insanitary Society, St. John Ambulance Associa- areas and to inadequate diet. Asthma tion, Returned Soldiers Association, cases, contrary to expectation, have done Smith Family, etc. Substantial assist- extremely well ; six children with defi- ance in defraying the cost of running nite asthmatical symptoms have been ad- the camps has been obtained also from mitted at different times and from dif- the sale of health stamps during the ferent areas, and after the first 24 hours Christmas and holiday season. A 2d. they have shown no further symptoms health stamp provides id. postage and during the period of their stay. Of eight 1d. contribution to health. The health cases of mild chorea, two did well, but stamp appeal in England, on the conti- though others put on weight very cred- nent, and in America annually brings in itably the nervous symptoms did not im- a large sum, which is devoted to anti- prove at the same rate. For this group tuberculosis efforts. In New Zealand our a more gradual adaptation to life in the slogan is "Health Stamps for Health children's community, with the added Camps." stimuli of the sunshine and sea air at The staffing of health camps has been Otaki is apparently indicated." to a great extent voluntary or semi- In Canterbury the Sunlight League of voluntary. Health camp organizations New Zealand, represented by Miss Wild- have been most fortunate in obtaining ing, conducted a most successful camp much devoted and capable assistance for 25 girls at Okain's Bay. free of cost. In addition, unemployment In Otago a very successful health committees in various centers have ar- camp was held at Waikouaiti in charge ranged for domestic and outside assist- of Mrs. Marshall Macdonald, assisted by ance at camp from men and women who school nurses, and for Southland chil- are awaiting the opportunity of suitable dren a health camp was held at Pouna- permanent employment. The health de- wea for some 45 children under the partment assists through the medium of supervision of Dr. Abbott, school medi- the school medical service. The selec- cal officer, and the school nurses. From the Dominion's standpoint, the tion of children is in most centers made value of such camps is undoubted. I by the school medical officer, and school 'iave tried to explain that they attend nurses during the progress of the vari- to the stitch which, taken in time, saves ous health camps help not only in the nine. It is as cheap to keep a child one preparation and conveyance of children week in camp as one day in hospital ; it thither, but as members of the staff in insures also a much happier and stronger residence. The education department in child. several instances selects and pays the The expense of establishing and main- salaries of certified teachers for health taining health camps has been largely camp's. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11 Brief Survey of Labor Legislation of New Zealand During the Years 1868-1932 By MILLICENT KENNEDY, M.A.

(Data, Third Pan-Pacific Women's Con- 1894, in successive editions of "The ference, Honolulu, August 6 or 8 to 22, 1934.) Labor Laws of New Zealand," which has At a very early stage in the economic now grown into a substantial volume. history of New Zealand, legislative enact- ments designed for the protection of the THE FACTORIES ACT wage earner, and the amelioration of In many ways one of the most impor- social conditions generally were placed on tant acts is the Factories Act, passed in the Statute book. It is not surprising 1891, and amended in 1892, 1894, and that such acts as the Trade Unions Act of 1896, before codification in 1907, and 1878 and the Master and Apprentices Act again in 1908, and 1921-22. Until recent of 1865 found places amongst the laws of times factory production was of minor this country so early in its history, since importance in New Zealand, when com- experience in the older countries in a pared with that of the agricultural and more advanced state of economic devel- pastoral industries ; nevertheless, even in opment had proved the necessity for a the "eighties" and the "nineties" it was certain amount of state regulation of the apparent that some of the evils experi- terms of the wage contract. But legisla- enced in the early stages of factory de- tors of New Zealand were not content velopment in England were in existence merely to follow in the wake of their in New Zealand. more conservative brethren overseas ; and Conditions Preceding Passing of 1891 we find the State, in its endeavor to im- Factory Act and Other Enactments prove social conditions generally, not Affecting Labor. only regulating industry by a rapidly During the lean years between 1885- growing code of labor laws, but also ven- 1891 manufacturing industries were pass- turing into the economic field itself when ing through difficult times, and the grim it considered such participation in the spectre of unemployment hovered over public interest. The establishment of the the erstwhile prosperous colony. In 1889 Government Life Insurance Department the whole colony was shocked by the in 1869, and of a Public Trust Office in revelations of sweating, and low wages in 1873, and in later years the establishment many town industries. As a result of the of a State Fire Insurance Office are ex- agitation which ensued, the Government amples of this. was forced to set up a commission to en- It is in these words that the New Zea- quire into the truth of the charges made. land Yearbook, 1932, introduces Section The commission declared that it could 37, which deals with "Legislation Spe- find no traces of "sweating" in the tech- cially Affecting Labor." It is impossible nical sense of the word, but a minority in a treatise of this nature, to deal fully report did not agree with this view, and with these laws which have provided, in admitted that conditions were unsatis- no small degree, for the protection of factory in various respects, particularly the worker of this country. A mere list in the employment of women and girls. of the measures passed is impressive. For Incidentally, this report greatly strength- this reason a brief summary of all the ened the trade union movement in New enactments has been appended. More de- Zealand, a movement which was develop- tailed information can be obtained in suc- ing very rapidly at this time. cessive issues of the Official Yearbook, An important measure affecting labor and, beginning with a modest reprint, in passed during this period of stress was 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN the Electoral Act of 1889, which estab- "The Truck Act of 1891 ; Workmen's Wages lished the principle of "one man, one Act, 1893 ; Contractors' and Workmen's Liens Act, 1892 ; Wages Attachment Act, 1895 ; vote." Threshing Machine Owners' Liens Act, 1895, The maritime strike of 1890, which and Wages Protection Act, 1899, have all been caused great distress throughout the consolidated by the Wages Protection and Con- country, proved to the trade unions that tractors' Liens Act of 1908. Reinforced by the they were not sufficiently strong to obtain amended sections in the Bankruptcy Act, Com- panies Act, and Public Contracts and Local their demands by direct action, but, at Bodies Contractors' Act, they give as complete the same time, public interest and sym- protection to the wage earner as may be de- pathy was aroused. The whole force of sired. the trade-union movement was swung Conditions of Employment—"The conditions into the political struggle, and the elec- of employment in various occupations present- tion of 1890 saw the Liberal-Labor party ing special problems have given rise to such measures as the various Coal Mines' Acts, and returned to power, pledged to make sections in the general Mining Act, the Servants' sweeping changes in the law of the coun- Registry Offices' Acts, the Shipping and Sea- try. The enactments which followed men's Acts, the Kauri Gum Industry Act, In- were designed to prevent the recurrence spection of Machinery Act, Scaffolding Inspec- of industrial strife in the future. tion Act, and Licensing Act. Social Welfare Affecting Labor—"The inclu- Important Features of the Act.—The sion among the Labor Laws of the Accident Factories Act, with its various amend- Insurance Companies' Act, and sections of the ments, has certainly contributed towards Judicature Act, is evidence of the importance the harmony which has existed between attached to social welfare. In the same way, employer and employee in the factories the Workers' Compensation Act, 1908 (consoli- dated 1922 and 1926), and the Death by Acci- and workshops during the past forty years. dent Compensation Act, 1908, supersede the The chief interest of this measure lies in acts designed to make the employer liable for its wide definition. "A factory includes injuries due to negligence or default. Accidents every workshop employing two, and in are now recognized as a legitimate charge upon some cases, one, hand. The minimum age industry, to be safeguarded like other risks by means of insurance. of employment is fixed at fourteen years ; Trade Unions—"The legal status and privi- holidays, hours, overtime, the working leges of trade unions are assured by registration week, factory conditions, are all carefully under the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitra- prescribed." The system of giving out tion Act, but, in addition, the Trade Union Act work is regulated, and hence a recurrence of 1878 was amended in 1896 and consolidated of sweating is prevented. As the whole in 1908. The Crimes Act, 1908, brings together the amendments to the Conspiracy Law, 1894, act depends upon vigilant administrations, and to the Criminal Code Act, 1893, by which inspectors with wide powers are provided trade unionists are protected from conspiracy for, so that the act has become thoroughly charges, and the responsibilities of masters to- effective. wards their apprentices are defined. Holidays—"Sections in the Banking Act de- SHOPS AND SHOP ASSISTANTS ACT, 1892 fine holidays, and these are reinforced by the The Shop and Shop Assistants Act of Labor Department, and Labor Day Act, and 1892 is the foundation of a similar series the Legislature Act, creating additional statu- tory holidays, to which the Arbitration Court of precautions regarding the work of may add by its awards. women and young people in shops and Workers' Dwellings—"Finally, there are in- offices. It was also consolidated in 1908 cluded the Workers' Dwelling Act and sections and 1921-22. of the Lands for Settlement Act, giving power The following extract from "New Zea- to purchase land for workers' dwellings. land in the Making" (Dr. J. B. Condliffe) Labor Department—"The creation of a well- organized department, whose duty it is to ad- gives some idea of the wide application minister these laws, and to report on labor con- of New Zealand's labor law : ditions, took place earlier in New Zealand than Wages—"The wages of workmen are pro- in other lands. There is some complaint from tected by several acts. time to time that the ever-increasing complexity PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 13 of regulations is harassing industry ; but there other body representing any number of is little of the bitter and almost incredulous such unions ; for the making of indus- criticism with which such regulation was at first greeted. Generally speaking, the labor trial agreements and the filing of such laws and their regulations have been adminis- in the supreme court, for the formation tered with common sense. There can be no of industrial districts, the election of reasonable doubt that they are adequate to boards of conciliation, and the setting up safeguard the high standards of working con- of a court of arbitration. ditions demanded in New Zealand." Amendments (in brief form) to 1925.—In 1898 THE INDUSTRIAL CONCILIATION AND an amendment was passed empowering the ARBITRATION ACT, 1894 Court in its awards to prescribe minimum rates of wages. An important amendment in 1903 The enactments passed during the prohibited any employer, worker or union of period 1890-98 form the nucleus of the workers or union of employers from taking labor code at present in force in this proceedings to defeat any of the provisions of country, although in some cases admin- an award during its currency. In 1905 an amendment provided for the pun- istrative experience has found defects ishment by fine of any employer or worker in the working of certain sections of bound by an award, who took part in a strike these acts, and rendered subsequent or lockout in that industry. An additional pen- amendments necessary. The most im- alty was added in 1908. A further amendment portant of the labor laws passed during in 1911 empowered the Court to make an in- dustrial agreement into an award. It also pro- these years was the Industrial Concilia- vided that recommendations of Conciliation tion and Arbitration Act of 1894, which Councils shall become in effect industrial agree- was designed for the peaceful settlement ments if none of the parties in a dispute dis- of industrial disputes by conciliation agrees with such recommendations. The law as and arbitration. it existed in 1925 was consolidated in that year, previous consolidations having been effected in It is difficult to say who originated 1900, 1905, 1908. the act, because quite a number of The success of the Court in its early years is sources for it have been mentioned in not disputed, and it no doubt stimulated the different works on the subject ; but it is formation of unions and they soon began to said that the author of this world- rely on its workings. As the employers found famous innovation was the Hon. W. that the scope of the Court's powers were steadily increased, they were alarmed at its Pember Reeves, the first minister of interference with the conduct of their busi- labor in the world. The essential fea- nesses; but the freedom from strikes was ture of this measure, which distinguished marked for many years, and was a great gain it from the acts of other countries, was both to employer and employee. that it aimed at compulsory, instead of Later Developments and Amendments optional, arbitration. to 1932—It is generally conceded that The act was modeled largely upon a when this act was first passed it was not bill which had been introduced earlier anticipated that it would be extensively into the South Australian Parliament by used, nor that it would have any seri- Mr. C. C. Kingston, but Mr. Reeves, who ous effect upon the economic situation of sponsored the New Zealand measure, in- New Zealand. The measure was passed sisted upon its most vital nature—com- primarily to abolish sweating conditions, pulsion to enforce the Court's awards. and to compel employers to disgorge The bill was rejected many times be- some of their allegedly enormous profits cause of its compulsory clause before it to their employees. Gradually, however, was finally passed into law in 1894. the employers combined, and developed Provisions—It provided for the regis- the process of passing on costs until tration of "industrial unions" of socie- they filtered through to those outside ties of workers or employers in the vari- the jurisdiction of the act. ous industrial districts, and as "indus- Meanwhile the industries of the Do- trial associations" of any council or minion had divided themselves into two 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN sections, the sheltered and the unshel- 12% per cent, according to amount of tered, the former including the manu- salary. facturers, distributors, professional and The same act makes provision for the commercial men, the latter the farmers amendment, suspension or cancellation and manufacturers of farm produce, of contracts of apprentices entered into who are largely dependent upon over- under the Apprentices Act 1923, such seas markets, and cannot pass on costs action to be dictated by a stipendiary to the same extent as can the sheltered magistrate, providing that he is satisfied group, who depend upon the home mar- that, owing to financial stress, the em- ket. Now the arbitration act applied ployer cannot be reasonably expected to chiefly to the sheltered group, the farm- carry out the terms of the contract. ing section having been excluded princi- The most important amendment affect- pally through their own action. ing laboring conditions, however, is the Opposition to Act from Farming In- 1932 Industrial Conciliation and Arbi- dustries—In 1927 a bill was introduced tration Act. In order to appreciate the into Parliament to exclude the farming significance of this amendment it is nec- industry and certain associated indus- essary to understand the compulsory tries from the jurisdiction of the court. clause, which Reeves deemed so impor- The bill met with opposition and was tant. If no agreement were reached not proceeded with. An amending act when the dispute came before the con- was passed, and it was also arranged ciliation council, both employers' and that a national industrial conference be workers' representatives were compelled held in 1928. The amendment provided to take the dispute to the arbitration that no new awards relating to the farm court. The 1932 amendment provides industry were to be made for a period, that, where no agreement is made by owing to the fall in the price of farm employers' and workers' representatives products abroad. at council proceedings, the dispute may The conference duly met, and after be forwarded by mutual consent to the full discussion came to unanimous agree- court for decision, but if the parties fail ment on a number of matters particularly to agree to this course, the award lapses affecting farming and farm industries. thirty days after the breakdown at The enactment of 1927 was reenacted council proceedings. In order that agree- in 1928. ment upon the question of taking the dispute to the court may be arrived at, FINANC1 ACTS, 1931 AND 1932 three assessors must be appointed by As the level of prices continued to fall employers and workers, respectively. during the years 1928-32, it is natural These assessors must be unanimous in that the labor laws enacted during those their verdict, otherwise the dispute can- years should concern the adjustment of not be forwarded to the court. It is salaries and wages. In 1931, the Finance obvious that should the employers or Act reduced salaries and wages in the employees not wish the dispute to be public service by 10 per cent. Part II heard, neither party need appoint the of the same act empowered the arbitra- assessors, as they are protected by the tion court to amend, by general order, thirty days' clause. Compulsory arbitra- awards or industrial agreements with tion has virtually ceased to exist ; and respect to rates of remuneration. it is significant that since the passing of this act the court has not met. In 1932 the National Expenditure Ad- The farming community and the em- justment Act included provisions for a ployers have little to fear from the act further reduction in salaries of civil as at present defined. It will be inter- servants, ranging from 5 per cent to esting to watch future developments of PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15

this important phase of the labor law worker's right at common law ; but of New Zealand when the country suc- since, naturally enough, better condi- ceeds in making an economic recovery. tions are laid down by the statute than UNEMPLOYMENT ACT the worker is entitled to at common law, Before concluding this brief survey it is unusual to find in these days litiga- of the laws affecting labor in this Do- tion under the common law affecting minion, it is necessary to mention the master and servant. It sometimes hap- latest efforts on the part of the govern- pens, however, notably in workers' com- ment to ameliorate conditions of the pensation cases, that appeal is made at worker, or rather the unemployed common law instead of under the act, worker. In common with other coun- since there are no statutory limits to the tries unemployment has assumed serious damages which may be obtained at com- proportions. mon law. An Unemployment Act was placed On reviewing the long list of achieve- upon the Statute Book during the 1930 ments in the field of labor legislation, session of Parliament. Amendments re- one cannot but congratulate this young ferring to the taxation provisions of the country upon the interest displayed by act were passed in 1931 and 1932. The successive administrations in the welfare act as amended makes provision for the of the worker. May future generations payment by the workers of New Zealand justify this faith in the people, and con- of an unemployment levy, such levies to tinue to uphold the high ideals which constitute the Unemployment Fund. the pioneers of this country set before An Unemployment Board has been them. established to assist in the administra- EARLY LEGISLATION. tion of the act. The main functions of 1865 Master and Apprentices' Act. the board are : 1867. Person Act. (Protected servants and ap- 1. To make arrangements with employers or prentices from ill-treatment by employer). prospective employers for the employment of 1877. Shipping and Seamen Act (regulated con- persons who are out of employment. ditions of life aboard ship, wages, etc.). 2. To take steps, in accordance with the Act, 1878. Trade Unions' Act. to promote primary and secondary industries in 1882. Employers' Liability Act (legislating in New Zealand. the matter of industrial accidents). 3. To make recommendations for the payment 1889. Electral Act. ("One man, one vote.") of sustenance allowance out of the Unemploy- For further information upon the Acts sum- ment Fund. marized below, see "The Industrial Situation in In order that the Board may effectively New Zealand" (by F. W. Rowley) from which carry out these functions, it is empowered the list has been compiled. 1891. The Truck Act (provided that all wages to establish labor exchanges, or to coop- should be paid in full in coin of the erate in the management of labor ex- realm). changes established under the Labor De- 1891. Employers' Liability Amendment Act. partment. Although the act authorizes the (Extended definition of "Workman" to payment of sustenance allowances, the whom Act was to apply, and especially funds are usually devoted to the subsi- included seamen.) 1891. Factories' Act (described in Survey). dizing (or refunding in full) of wages of 1892. Shops and Shop Assistants' Act. men for whom work has been provided 1892. Contractors' and Workmen's Liens Act. under the various relief schemes. Women (Gives right to workman or contractor have also been included under relief to liens on the property of the principal schemes. on which work might be done.) 1892. Servants' Registry Office Act (Manual CONCLUSION workers to be paid weekly.) In conclusion, it must be noted that in 1893. State Farm. (Levin State Farm provided no case do the provisions laid down by work for unemployed, who were then any particular labor law cancel the numerous.) 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

1894. Factories' Act. 1913. Workers' Compensation Amendment. 1894. Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration 1913. Labor Disputes Investigation Act. Act. (First in the world.) 1914. Regulation of Trade and Commerce Act. 1894. Shop and Shop Assistants' Act. 1915. Cost of Living Act. (Provided for Board 1895. Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration of Trade to enquire into cost of living, Amendment. and profiteering during war.) 1895. Servants' Registry Office Act. (Admin- 1916. Rent Restriction and Eviction. (To pre- istration placed in hands of Inspectors of vent profiteering in house rents.) Factories. 1917. Shops and Offices Amendment. 1895. Wages Attachment Act. 1918. War Legislation Amendment. 1898. Shearers' Accommodation Act. 1919. Housing Act. 1899. Wages Protection Act. (Premiums for 1919. New Shearer.? Accommodation Act. Accident Insurance policies not to be 1920. Shops and Offices Amendment. deducted from wages.) 1920. 1899. Employment of Boys and Girls Without Workers' Compensation Amendment. Payment Prevention Act. 1921. Factories' Consolidation and Minor 1900. Worker s' Compensation Act. (First Amendment. (Housing Amendment.) Workers' Compensation Law in New 1921-22. Shops and 0 ffices. (Consolidation and Zealand.) Amendment.) 1900. Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration 1922. Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Amendment. Amendment. 1901. Factories' Amendment. 1922. Scaffolding and Excavation Act. 1902. Workers' Compensation Amendment. 1922. Workers' Compensation Act. (Consoli- 1903. Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration tion and Amendment.) Amendment. 1923. Apprentices Act. 1904-5. Shops and Offices-Consolidation and 1924. Companies Empowering Act. Amendment. 1925. Weights and Measures. 1905. Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration 1926. Family Endowment Act. (Allowance per Amendment. child.) 1905. Workers' Dwellings Act (First Act.) 1926. Workers' Compensation. 1906. Scaffolding Inspection Act. 1927. Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration 1907. Shops and Offices Amendment Act. Amendment. 1907. Agricultural Laborers' Accommodation 1927. Shops and Offices. Act. 1908. Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration 1928. Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act. Amendment. 1908. Workers' Compensation Act. 1929. Rent Restrictions Postponement. 1910. Shops and Offices Amendment Act. 1930. Unemployment Act. 1910. Workers' Dwellings Act. 1931. Finance Act. 1911. Workers' Compensation Amendment. 1931. Unemployment Amendment Act. 1913. Footwear Regulation Act. (All soles not 1932. Finance Act. entirely composed of leather to be 1932. Industrial Conciliation and Amendment branded.) Act.

Governor of Hawaii's Family Visits Philippines

Mrs. Lawrence P. Judd, wife of Ha- Mrs. Judd's honor by Mrs. Manuel Que- waii's governor, with her son and two zon, wife of Senator Quezon, president daughters, was a recent visitor in Manila, of the Philippines Senate. carrying a letter of introduction to Gre- Letters were also given Mrs. Judd to gorio Nieva, secretary of the Pan-Pacific leaders of the Pan-Pacific Association of Association of the Philippines, the most China. The trip was made on a U. S. recently organized branch of the Pan- navy transport whose route did not in- Pacific Union. There was not time for a clude Japan. large Pan-Pacific gathering in Manila, but Mrs. Judd gave an account of her trip a dinner attended by wives of the heads at the first meeting of the Pan-Pacific of department bureaus was arranged in Club of Honolulu held in 1934, January 8. ADVERTISING SECTION 1

THE MID-PACIFIC

The Royal Hawaiian and the Moana-Seaside Hotels at Waikiki

The Territorial Hotel Company, Ltd., The Matson - Lassco - Oceanic Steam- own and operate the Royal Hawaiian ship Company maintains a regular, fast, Hotel, Moana-Seaside Hotel and Bunga- reliable passenger and freight service between Honolulu and San Francisco, lows, and the Waialae Golf Club. The Los Angeles, South Seas, New Zealand Royal Hawaiian has been voted the and Australia. Castle & Cooke, Ltd., are world's finest hotel by sixteen World local agents for the line, whose comfort, Cruise Steamers. Rates upon applica- service and cuisine are noted among tion. Cable address Royalhotel. world travelers.

Famous Hau Tree Lanai The von Hamm-Young Co., Ltd., Im- porters, Machinery Merchants, and lead- and Bunga- The Halekulani Hotel ing automobile dealers, have their offices lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach at and store in the Alexander Young Waikiki." Includes Jack London's Lanai Building, at the corner of King an and House Without a Key. Rates from Bishop streets, and their magnificent automobile salesroom and garage just $5.00 per day to $140.00 per month and in the rear, facing on Alakea Street up. American plan. Clifford Kimball, Here one may find almost anything owner and manager. Phone No. 6141.

ADVT. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC

the beginning it has made a special point of helping the builder of small homes, a feature which has developed until to- day its Small Home Service, consisting of assistance and advice of architect, drafting room, interior decorator, plumb- ing expert and building material spec- ialists, extends also to home owners who

A Home Developed by Lewers & Cooke, Ltd. wish to redecorate or remodel their homes. At the present time the Lewers Since 1852, Lewers & Cooke, Ltd., has & Cooke, Ltd. organization includes de- been the headquarters for building ma- partments of plumbing, paint, interior terials of all varieties and has been in- decorating, tools, hardware, and electric timately connected with the growth of appliances, as well as lumber and all Honolulu's prosperous community. From other building materials.

OAHU RAILWAY AND LAND COMPANY I

Leaving Honolulu daily at 9:15 A. M. given you three hours for luncheon and our modern gasoline motor cars take sightseeing at this most beautiful spot. you on a beautiful trip around the lee- ward side of Oahu to Haleiwa. You arrive at Honolulu at 5:27 P. M. The train leaves Haleiwa, returning to No single trip could offer more, and Honolulu at 2:52 P. M., after having the round trip fare is only $2.45. SEE OAHU BY RAIL ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 3

The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants

Tasseled sugar cane almost ready for the cutting and crushing at the mills. ADVT. 4 THE M1D-PACIFIC

Home of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd. Anyone who has ever visited the Ha- Ltd. ; Baldwin Packers, Ltd. ; The Mat- waiian Islands can testify to the useful- son Navigation Co. at Port Allen, Ka- ness of the "A & B Steamer Calendars" hului, Seattle and Portland ; and the fol- which are to be seen on the walls of prac- lowing-named and well-known insurance tically every office and home in Hawaii. companies : Union Insurance Society of The issuing of and the free distribution Canton, Ltd.; The Home Insurance of these calendars is a distinct public Company, New York ; Springfield Fire service rendered for some 30 years by & Marine Insurance Co. ; New Zealand Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., who are Insurance Company, Limited ; The Com- staunch supporters of all movements monwealth Insurance Company ; Newark that work for the good of Hawaii. Fire Insurance Company ; American Al- The beautiful new office building pic- liance Insurance Association ; Queensland tured above was erected recently as a Insurance Co., Ltd.; Globe Indemnity monument to the memory of H. P. Bald- Company of New York ; Switzerland win and S. Alexander, the founders of the General Insurance Co., Ltd.; St. Paul firm and pioneers in the sugar business. Fire and Marine Ins. Co. Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents The officers of Alexander & Baldwin, for some of the largest sugar plantations Ltd., are: W. M. Alexander, Chairman on the Islands ; namely, Hawaiian Com- Board of Directors ; J. Waterhouse, mercial & Sugar Co., Ltd. ; Hawaiian President ; H. A. Baldwin, Vice-Presi- Sugar Co. ; Kahuku Plantation Company ; dent ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice-President ; Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd. ; Mc- J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; D. L. Oleson, Bryde Sugar Company, Ltd. ; Laie Plan- Secretary ; J. F. Morgan, Asst. Treas- tation ; and also Kauai Pineapple CO., urer ; J. W. Speyer, Asst. Treasurer. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 5 CASTLE & COOKE

BREMEN OR MALOLO BERLIN °k MANHATTAN Wherever you travel . . . whichever route you prefer . . . Castle & Cooke's Travel Bureau will arrange your reserva- tions or accommodations and relieve you of all annoying detail. Information, rates, or suggestions are offered with- out obligation and you are invited to use the travel files and service of the bureau. Castle & Cooke Travel Bureau, Merchant St., at Bishop. Branches in Royal Hawaiian and Moana Hotels.

C. BREWER AND COMPANY, LIMITED

C. Brewer and Company, Limited, Honolulu, with a capital stock of $8,000,000, was established in 1826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Hilo Sugar Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Planta- tion Company, Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, KapaPala Ranch, and all kinds of insurance.

ADVT. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., Bishop and Halekauwila Sts., Phone 4981, dealers in crushed stone, cement, cement pipe, brick, stone tile, and explosives, have the largest and best equipped draying and storage company in the Islands, and are prepared to handle anything from the smallest package to pieces weighing up to forty tons.

The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd., with The Pacific Engineering Company, a power station generating capacity of Ltd., construction engineers and general 32,000 K.W., furnishes lighting and contractors, is splendidly equipped to power service to Honolulu and to the handle all types of building construc- entire island of Oahu. It also maintains tion, and execute building projects in its cold storage and ice-making plant, minimum time and to the utmost satis- supplying the city with ice for home faction of the owner. The main offices consumption. The firm acts as electrical are in the Yokohama Specie Bank contractors, cold storage, warehousemen Building, with its mill and factory at and deals in all kinds of electrical sup- South Street. Many of the leading busi- plies, completely wiring and equipping ness buildings in Honolulu have been buildings and private residences. Its constructed under the direction of the splendid new offices facing the civic Pacific Engineering Company. center are now completed and form one of the architectural ornaments to the city. The Universal Motor Co., Ltd., with spacious new buildings at 444 S. Bere- The City Transfer Company, at Pier 11, tania street, Phone 2397, is agent for has its motor trucks meet all incoming the Ford car. All spare parts are kept steamers and it gathers baggage from in stock and statements of cost of re- every part of the city for delivery to pairs and replacements are given in ad- the outgoing steamers. This company vance so that you know just what the receives, and puts in storage until needed, amount will be. The Ford is in a class excess baggage of visitors to Honolulu by itself. The most economical and and finds many ways to serve its patrons. least expensive motor car in the world. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 7 Honolulu as Advertised

The Liberty House, Hawaii's pioneer dry goods store, established in 18$0; it has grown apace with the times until today it is an institution of service rivaling the most progressive mainland establishments in the matter of its merchandising policies and business efficiency.

The Waterhouse Co., Ltd., in the The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- Alexander Young Building, on Bishop tion supplies the pure milk used for street, make office equipment their spe- children and adults in Honolulu. It cialty, being the sole distributor for the also supplies the city with ice cream National Cash Register Co., the Bur- for desserts. Its main office is in the roughs Adding Machine, the Art Metal Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku Construction Co., the York Safe and streets. The milk of the Honolulu Lock Company and the Underwood Dairymen's Association is pure, it is Typewriter Co. They carry in stock rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- all kinds of steel desks and other equip- ciation has had the experience of more ment for the office, so that one might than a generation, and it has called at a day's notice furnish his office, safe upon science in perfecting its plant and against fire and all kinds of insects. its methods of handling milk and de- livering it in sealed bottles to its cus- tomers. The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 125 Merchant Street, prints in its job depart- Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended ment the Mid-Pacific Magazine, and that to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and speaks for itself. The Honolulu Star- Benny Co., Ltd, 20 South Queen Street. Bulletin, Ltd., conducts a complete com- Men of almost every Pacific race are mercial printing plant, where all the de- employed by this firm, and the men of tails of printing manufacture are per- each race seem fitted for some particular formed. It issues Hawaii's leading eve- part of the work, so that quick and effi- ning newspaper and publishes many cient is the loading and unloading of elaborate editions of books. vessels in Honolulu. ADVT. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC

Twice a week the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company dispatches its pala- tial steamers, "Waialeale" and "Hualalai," to Hilo, leaving Honolulu at 4 P.M. on Tuesdays and Fridays, arriving at Hilo at 8 A.M. the next morning. From Hono- lulu, the Inter-Island Company dispatches almost daily excellent passenger vessels to the island of Maui and twice a week to the island of Kauai. There is no finer cruise in all the world than a visit to all of the Hawaiian Islands on the steamers of the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Interior View of Bishop Trust Co. Company. The head offices in Honolulu are on Fort at Merchant Street, where The Bishop Trust Co., Limited, larg- every information is available, or books est Trust Company in Hawaii, is located on the different islands are sent on re- at the corner of Bishop and King Streets. quest. Tours of all the islands are ar- It offers Honolulu residents as well as mainland visitors the most complete ranged. trust service obtainable in the islands today. The Company owns the Guardian Connected with the Inter-Island Steam Trust, Co., Pacific Trust, Waterhouse Navigation Company is the world-famous Trust, and the Bishop Insurance Agency, Volcano House overlooking the everlast- and is thus able to offer an all-inclusive ing house of fire, as the crater of Hale- service embracing the following : Trusts, maumau is justly named. A night's ride Wills, Real Estate, Property Manage- from Honolulu and an hour by auto- ment, Home Rental Service, Stocks and mobile and you are at the Volcano Bonds and the Largest Safe Deposit House in the Hawaii National Park on Vaults in Hawaii. the Island of Hawaii, the only truly his- toric caravansary of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu Paper Company, Honolulu's There are other excellent hotels on the leading book, stationery and novelty Island o f Hawaii, the largest of the store, is located on the ground floor of group, including the reecntly constructed the Young Hotel Building in the heart of Kona Inn, located at Kailua on the Kona Coast—the most primitive and historic Honolulu's business district. The com- district in Hawaii. pany maintains the finest stock of books, bridge supplies, glassware, pewter and novelties to be found in Hawaii. They The Bank of Hawaii, Limited, incor- are also agents for Royal Typewriters, porated in 1897, has reflected the solid, Calculators and Steel Office Equipment substantial growth of the islands since and Furniture. the period of annexation to the United States. Over this period its resources have grown to be the largest of any The Haleakala Ranch Company, with financial institution in the islands. In head offices at Makawao, on the Island 1899 a savings department was added of Maui, is, as its name indicates, a to its other banking facilities. Its home cattle ranch on the slopes of the great business office is at the corner of Bishop mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000 and King streets, and it maintains feet above the sea. This ranch breeds branches on the islands of Hawaii, pure Hereford cattle and is looking to Kauai, Maui, and Oahu, enabling it to a future when it will supply fine bred give to the public an extremely efficient cattle to the markets and breeders in Banking Service. Hawaii. ADVT. limber team in Australia.