“An Applied Science of Air Barriers"

TSP Inc.

Turner and Design, LLC, 1 BUILDING AIR LEAKAGE REQUIREMENTS

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 2 Building Air Leakage And Air Barrier Requirements

State of Vermont Energy Code 2015

Residential: Whole Building Air Tightness - Less Than 3 at 50 Pa pressure difference (ASTM E1827 or E779) Vermont Residential Building Energy Code 2015

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 3 Building Air Leakage And Air Barrier Requirements State of Vermont Energy Code 2015

Commercial: Materials – Air permeability not greater than 0.004 cfm/ft2 at 75 Pa pressure difference (ASTM E2178) Assemblies – not greater than 0.04 cfm/ft2 at 75 Pa pressure difference (ASTM E 2357, ASTM E E1677, ASTM E238)

Whole Building Air Tightness - Not greater than 0.5 cfm/ft2 at 50 Pa (ASTM E779) Vermont Commercial Building Energy Standards 2015

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 4 Building Air Leakage And Air Barrier Requirements Other Entities: UVM: Whole Building Air Tightness - Not greater than 0.15 cfm/ft2 at 75 Pa (ASTM E779, ASTM E1827) USACE: Whole Building Air Tightness - Not greater than 0.25 cfm/ft2 at 75 Pa (ASTM E779, ASTM E1827) : Whole Building Air Tightness – 0.6 ACH at 50 Pa, less than 140,000 ft3 (ASTM E779, ASTM E1827)

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 5 Building Air Leakage And Air Barrier Requirements

My Recommendations: Whole Building Air Tightness - Not greater than 0.25 cfm/ft2 at 75 Pa (ASTM E779, ASTM E1827) -OR- Whole Building Air Tightness – 1.0 ACH at 50 Pa, (ASTM E779, ASTM E1827)

Depending!

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 6 MATERIALS THAT ARE AIR BARRIERS

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 7 What makes a material an Air Barrier

 Testing the material ◦ ASTM ◦ ASTM E2178–13: Standard Test Method for Air Permeance of Building Materials - 0.004 cfm/ft2 at 75 Pa pd

◦ ASTM E2357–11: Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage of Air Barrier Assemblies 0.04 cfm/ft2 at 75 Pa

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 8 ASTM E-2178 tests

ABAA defines an air barrier material as one that has been tested and has an air permeance less than 0.02 L/(s•m2) @ 75 Pa (0.004 cfm/ft2 @ 1.57 lb/ft2). Keep in mind that air permeance is the amount of air that migrates through a material, whereas air leakage is the air that passes through holes or gaps.

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 9 Typical Air Barrier (Membrane Type) Air Permeability

Carlisle Coatings & Fire Resist 705 FR-A

Air Permeance (ASTM E2178): 0.00016 L/(s • m2) @ 75 Pa [0.000032 cfm /ft2 @ 1.57 psf] Permeance (ASTM E96 - desiccant method): < 0.572 ng / Pa•s•m2 [[< 0.01 US Perms] Water Vapor Permeance (ASTM E96 - water method): < 0.572 ng / Pa•s•m2 [< 0.01 US Perms]

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 10 ASTM E2357 Testing

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 11 ASTM S2357 Testing

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 12 ASTM E2357 Testing

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 13 Common Air Barrier Building Materials

 List of materials That generally meet ASTM E2178 ◦ Spray Polyurethane Foam, ◦ Self Adhered Membranes ◦ Fluid Applied Membranes ◦ XPS – Foam board Insulation ◦ Gypsum Wall Board ◦ Poured Concrete ◦ Was Wood Boards (Zip System)

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 14 Wall Assemblies Components That Are Not Air Barriers  CMU Blocks  Brick  EXP insulation boards (Expanded Polystyrene )  Open cell foam insulation  All kinds of fluffy insulation

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 15 Wall Materials considered Air Barriers by the State of Vermont

 Plywood not less than 3/8” thick.  OSB not less than 3/8” thick .  Thermal barrier (continuous barrier, cavity insulation).  Open cell (EPS) foam with density greater than 0.4 lbs/ft3 and thickness greater than 4.5 inches.  Portland cement/sand or gypsum plaster not less than 5/8” thick.  CMU fully grouted. Vermont commercial building energy standards 2015

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 16 TESTING MATERIALS, ADHESION, THICKNESS DENSITY POROSITY

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 17 Testing The Air Leakage Through Brick

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 18 Thickness Testing -Fluid Applied

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 19 Adhesion Testing ASTM D4541

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 20 Adhesion Testing Self Adhered

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 21 Visual Successful Adhesion Tests

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 22 Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 23 Adhesion test SPF (ASTM D4541)

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 24 Location of Adhesion Failure, Thickness

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 25 Thickness Testing

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 26 Density Testing

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 27 AIR LEAKAGE WHOLE BUILDINGS TESTING COMPONENTS MOCKUP AND COMPLETE BUILDINGS

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 28 Typical Assembly Air Leaks

Courtesy of Building Science Inc Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 29 Fenestration, Hole Covers Maximum Air Leakage Rates of Fenestration Assemblies Leakage Rate Assembly CFM/ft2 Windows 0.2 Sliding Doors 0.2 Swinging Doors 0.2 Skylights with Condensation Weeps 0.3 Skylights 0.2 Curtain Walls 0.1 Storefront Glazing 0.1 Commercial Glazed Swinging Door 1.0 Revolving Doors 1.0 Garage Doors 0.4 Rolling Doors 1.0 High Speed Doors 1.3

Test Pressure Difference Varies Source: 2015 VT Commercial Building Energy Standard Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 30 Real Life Hole And Hole Cover

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 31 Garage Doors Leak at 0.4 CFM/SQFT

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 32 Mock Up Testing Components

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 33 AN AIR BARRIER IS NOT AN AIR BARRIER UNLESS ITS CONTINUOUS

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 34 Connecting Air Barriers at Penetrations

TAC Architectural Group

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 35 Connecting Air Barriers at Penetrations

TAC Architectural Group

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 36 Air Barriers that take on other functions

 Thermal  Vapor permeable and non-permeable  Water resistive  Retaining webbing

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 37 IF THE ADDED FUNCTION IS WATER RESISTIVE BARRIER …. THEN IT NEEDS TO DRAIN WITH AS LITTLE OPPORTUNITY FOR LEAKING AS POSSIBLE

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 38 Shingle Lap Starts at the Bottom

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 39 And Works ITs Way to the Top

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 40 Air Barriers, Vapor Barriers, Thermal Barriers Water Resistive Layer ?

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 41 Air Barriers Incorporated into Water Control Assemblies

TAC Architectural Group Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 42 Ship Lap Transition Strips with Fluid Applied

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 43 Building the Shingle Lap Connection

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 44 Air Barriers and By Default Water Resistive Barriers

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 45 Connect the Air Barriers

TAC Architectural Group Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 46

Air Barrier Not Connected to Foundation

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 47 Real Life Air Leakage At Foundation Wall

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 48 Waiting for a Solution

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 49 Alternative solution

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 50 Connecting Wall to Foundation

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 51 Use of Transition Strips

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 52 TAC Architectural Group Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 53 Connecting Air Barriers Roof To Wall

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 54 Transition from Self Adhered to Poly

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 55 Almost Connecting the Air Barriers

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 56 Almost Connecting the Air Barriers

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 57 Not All Conditions are Shown In Detail

WTW Architects

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 58 Almost Connecting the Air Barriers

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 59 Not Connecting the Air Barriers, Design Oversite

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 60 Not Connection the Air Barriers, Contractor Oversite

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 61 Not Connecting Air Barriers

Symmes Maini & McKee Associates

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 62 Connecting the air barrier of different trades

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 63 Real Life Air Leakage At Wall / Roof Junctions

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 64 An Air Barrier Is Not An Air Barrier If Its Not Continuous

STV Incorporated

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 65 STV Incorporated Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 66 Termination bars Can Be Water Dams

Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 67 Connection That Allows Water To Fall Down

freeman french freeman Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 68 Turner Building Science and Design, LLC, 69