INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY
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THE BULLETIN OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY f1.25 FREE TO MEMBERS OF AIA
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The 2002 conference at Heriot-Watt University, Asturias in Spain, where cider at 30p a litre is 4IS was most successful produced vast quantities, coal mining is still Edinburgh, one of the that in INDUSTRIAL the Association has held, with 147 attending the very active and it is a big bagpipe-playing area. Saturday's annual dinnen and a record 8l staying Next up was David George on Carlisle's ARCHAEOLOGY on for the following week's programme of engineers, the best known being Cowan Sheldon, NEWS Lzs. lectures and visits. who supplied cranes to the world's dockyards, shipyards and railways. Third and last speaker Winter 2OOz Roger Ford was Dr Brenda Buchanan, discoursing on John McAdam the road surfacing man, who finally Honorary President Proceedings commenced with the now traditional made good at the age of 60. After the break there Prof Angus Buchanan was a panel on Scottish lA each member giving 13 Hensley Road, Bath BA2 2DR Friday seminar; this one organised by Dr Miles - presentation, general Chairman 0glethorpe of the Royal Commission for Ancient a short followed by a Mike Bone and Historic Monuments of Scotland (soon to be discussion. One of the ooints raised was that Sunnyside, Avon Close, Keynsham, Bristol 8531 2UL renamed). The seminar reached an outstanding volunteer input was being detened by the dead Vice-Chairman conclusion with a presentation on 'The iconic hand of imposed regulations. Prof Marilyn Palmer ln the afternoon we were offered a choice of School of Archaeological Studies, The University, power of the malt whisky distillery', accompanied Leicester LE1 7RH by a tasting of three 10-year-old malts, by three field trips. A tour of the Forth bridges and Secretary courtesy of Glenmorangie, and was, surprise, the planned village of Charlestown and its David Alderton surprise, received with considerable enthusiasm! limekilns was the first of several of this year's 48 Quay Street Halesworth, Suffolk lP19 8EY ln the evening delegates were invited to a conference trips under the expert guidance of Treasuret Mark Watson Historic Scotland. There was a Richard Hartree reception in the Department of Civil and Offshore of Stables Cottage, Sibford Ferris, Banbury 0X15 5RE Engineering, at which a portrait of the eminent trip on the newly opened Falkirk millennium lA Review Editor Scottish railway engineer John Miller (1805-83) wheel (which raises canal boats between the Dr David Gwyn was unveiled by Professor John Archer; Principal Forth & Clyde and Union canals, restoring a link Nant y Felin, Fford tlannllynfri, Pen y Groel severed about 40 years ago) followed by a walk Caernarfon LL54 6LY and Vice-Chancellor of the university. In a break tunnel guided by lA News Editor with tradition, this was followed by the Rolt through the Union Canal Dr Peter stanier Memorial Lecture, delivered by Professor John Guthire Hutton. The third choice was Emily Cook's 49 Breach Lanq Shaftesbury Dorset SP7 8LF Hume, 0BE, on 'lndustry as Culture', which tour of the fascinating oil shale landscape with its Aff iliated Societies off icer included a synopsis of Tom Rolt's life and career, massive 'bings' of waste processed shale. These Prof Ray Riley constituted the orelude to an excellent annual 8 Queen's Keep, Clarence Parade, Southsea, Hampshire with emphasis on his writings. PO5 3NX John Hume was in the chair again first thing conference dinner - the food at Heriot-Watt was Sales Officer on Saturday morning, delivering the introductory more than satisfactory throughout the week, with Roger Ford lecture on the industrial archaeology of a wide choice of menus at every meal. Barn Coftage Bridge Street, Bridgnorth, Shropshire amusing Ray Riley, wvt5 6At Scotland's central belt. He emphasised that, prior After an introduction by Sunday morning saw Roger Holden give the first Librarian and Archivist to industrialisation, the agrarian life was so John Powell poverty-stricken that it wasn't possible to survive, of a further set of rnembers' contributions. on the cJo IGMT, lronbridge, Telford, Shropshire TF8 7AW let alone prosper in central Scotland, due to the subject of self-acting mules. We then admired Conference Secretary very poor quality of the soils. some of John Watts' slides of buildings around Tony Parkes Salisbury that have sadly been demolished, while 60 School Lane, Hill Ridware, Rugeley WS1 5 3QN This was followed by members' contributions, Paul Sowan showed some of the deliqhts of Recording Awards Officer the first of whom was David Penett, talking on Dr Victoria Eeauchamo 3 Parsonage Court, Parsonage Crescent, Walkley, Sheffield 56 5BJ Endangered Sites Officer Dr Mike Nevell Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL Honorary Vice-Presidents 5ir Neil Cossons John Hume Stuart B Smith Council Members Dr Robert Can Dr Paul Collins (co-opted) Barry Hood (co-opted) David Lyne Dr Mary Mills Peter Neaverson Liaison Officer Simon Thomas AIA Office, School ofArchaeological Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LEl 7RH 8 0116 252 5337, Fax:0116 252 5005 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.industrial-archaeology.org. uk
COVER PICTURE The Grahanston Foundry monumental iron gateway, shown at the 1886 Edinburgh Exhibition and now restored and re-erected at the entrance to the works of Canon Phoenix at Falkirk Delegates crossing a replacenent twinJeaf lift bridge over the canal at Spier's Whai Notth, Port Dundas, Glasgow Photo; Laurence Draoer Photo: Rodney Hall
2 INDUSTRIAL AR.HAEOLOGY NEWS I23 Ittlaclay's Thistle Brewery at Alloa, closed but intact and awaiting redevelopment Photo Peter Stanier
Discussing the shale oil tndustry amrd remarns of the Subterranea Britannica's study weekends, engine factory the Monklands Canal the ranging and crushing plant at Tarbrax from Williamson's tunnels in Liverpool to 5ummerlee ironworks site, now a heritage park Photo Rodney Hall underground war rooms at Dollis Hill. Finally, The third alternative trip included a foray across Professor Alan Crocker spoke about William the Forth to Alloa and Tillicoutry with Mark River Devon at Cambus in the midst of a vast McMurray, a wireworker from Glasgow who Watson. Sites visited included Maclay's Thistle complex of whisky warehouses lt is open to became, in turn, a papermaker, stationer and Brewery which has been closed for some time pedestrians and was duly crossed and newspaper proprietor. These contributions were and is due for redevelopment. All the plant photographed from all angles, followed by the presentation of the AIA Awards remains in the building and our guide was We were treated to two excellent lectures in (reported on page 7) by our President Angus Duncan Kellock, the former head brewer. lt was the evening The first was another contribution Buchanan at the AGM of the Association, The 'Open Day' in Clackmannan and this was one of from Miles 0glethorpe on recording the archives official conference proceedings ended at the buildings on display to the public, as was the of the iron and steel and coal industries, lunchtime, original beam engine house of a colliery adjacent particularly Gartcosh and Ravenscraig. RCAHMS The most popular of Sunday afternoon's trips to the site of Devon lronworks, which has has managed to record ten coal mines from the (even bribery was suspected in the swops) was to survived with its massive beam The building, 300 or so that formerly existed Michael Moss Loch Katrine to enjoy a cruise on the steamship complete with the beam, has been successfully followed with a talk on Clyde shipbuilding His Sir Walter Scotl which now exceeds 100 years converted to a country park rangers'office while first slide showed the very Iast boat to be Luckily the weather co-operated and a good time retaining much of the open space of the interior launched from John Brown's yard. Amazingly, this was had by all Meanwhile, Mathew Hume and After passing textile mills in Hillfoots country, an Tony Parkes took a tour to Shotts and Coatbridge 'extra' laid on by Mark, after he had persuaded (the'iron burgh'on the Lanarkshire coalfield), thecoachdrivertonegotiateadifficultbend,was including the now-derelict Cummins diesel a three-rib cast iron bridge of c1 810. lt is over the
R f. & J. Alexander's cotton thread mill of 1 849, Glasgow, converted to the Great Eastern Hotel by additional top storey and entrance alterattons, | 90/ 9 five Sisters shale oil bings Photo Peter Staniel Photo Colin Bowden
INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 123 3 complex yielded an astonishing 50,000 plus photographic records, many of which came from other yards. He also showed records of engine drawings from Robert Napier's yard. Monday was the only day on which the weather turned sour - after a dry morning the heavens opened to produce the torrential rain which had, on the previous day, caused extensive flooding in Aberdeen and even washed out parts of the 49. The trip to Wilsontown (remains of many bell-pits here) and the World Heritage Site of New Lanark particularly suffered, as the 20- minute walk up to Bonnington power station on the Falls of Clyde, then back again, took place in severe weather conditions. This was another guiding stint for Miles Oglethorpe, assisted by Stephen Boyle. The weather was much kinder on the alternative excursion to Glasgow, led by Mark Watson and Eric Watt. The tour included Templeton's Carpet Works, the People's Palace and St Andrews suspension bridge of 1856 at The summit at last. Anival at the top level of the Falkirk Millennium Wheel. Conference organiser fony Parkes is on the left Glasgow Green, the Great Eastern Hotel (a former Photo: Laurence Drapel doss house in a cotton mill of 1849), the Forth & Clyde Canal at Port Dundas and the aqueduct and locks at Maryhill (of Taggart fame), derelict Clydeside shipbuilding sites, the 1930s Hillington Industrial Estate and the Luma Building where light bulbs were tested. The final call was to the workshops of Heritage Engineering, a firm which restores, reconstructs and reproduces a wide range of industrial machinery and artefacts, from all kinds of engines to tramcars, gateways and cast-iron fountains. The downpours only started when the group was under cover at this last stop. Tuesday, in marked contrast, dawned clear and sunny and this weather continued for the rest of the conference. One of the trips on this day was to the Borders with Mark Watson, concentrating on what remains of the woollen textile mill industry at Hawick (with a visit to Dangerfield Mill) and Selkirk, a hilltop town with mills by the river below. The tour returned via Inverleith, Peebles and the Auchendinny paper mill. The other choice was a guided visit to Falkirk with fhe restored St Andrews suspension bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow Green Photo: Rodney Hall Carol Whittaker and Geoff Baker. This excursion passed the morning at the enormous three square miles complex of BP's Grangemouth refinery which is the terminus of the Forties oilfield pipeline. Here are carried out all processes from catalytic cracking to distillation of oil residues as well as being a major redistribution deepwater port, Two power stations function within the complex and they also sell to the national grid. Having enjoyed a hotel lunch, delegates went on to the Carron ironworks. established in 1759 as Scotland's first major industrial concern. As Canon Phoenix, they now manufacture kitchen sinks which include a version that is unmarkable, unmeltable and almost unbreakable. This sells so widely on the international markets (including the
USA) that they cannot produce them fast enough ! 0f the original factory, only the turreted gatehouse still stands, known to the locals as 'Thunderbird One'. After a fascinating conducted tour of the whole process, delegates admired a magnificently restored and re-erected cast iron gateway, made for the International Exhibition of Dangerfield Mill, Hawick, showing the wool spinning nules made by Platt Brothers & Co. Ltd of 1ldhan in 1873 Photo: Colin Bowden
4 INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 123 ntrw ENGNNffiR]tNG Preseruing Our Heritage For Future Generations
Our dedicoted 35 sirong teom provide turnkey solutions in the Heritoge including Mechonicol Engineering Architecturol Melolwork Timber Engineering Technicol Consulling Conservqlion Workshops
Receni projects :2001 /2002
restorotion of world's ohest working sTeom engrne A detail of the fireproof floor and ceiling supported by I conugated iron arches in the Great Eastern Hotel (18,/ns 5m timber woterwheel construction cotton nill), Glasgow newcomen engine technicol osessment Photo: Petet Stanier design & build of lorgest cost iron structure erected in the lost 80 yeors Scottish Industry Science and Art of 1866 by 22-24 Catmyte Avenue, Gtosgow, Scot ond, G32 8HJ Grahamston of Falkirk, and never subsequently +0044 +0044 sold! This and the Falkirk millennium wheel were Tel l4l 763 0007 Fox l4l 763 0583 probably the most memorable objects seen at this [email protected] www.heilogeengrneedng.com year's conference. lncorporating Walter MacFarlane & Company Ltd That evening Alan Brotchie talked about the lA of transport in Fife which includes tramways, bus garages, turnpike roads, tolls and mileposts, wagonways and plateways and Charleston with a chimney 180 metres high. The other trip Salthouse and Sylvia Clarke. harbour. This was followed by veteran speaker took us 'doon the watter' by Calmac ferry to In the evening Guthrie Hutton told us about Sylvia Clarke who explained the Greenock water Rothesay on the lsle of Bute, taking in en route the two canals and the millennium Falkirk link, supply system constructed by Robertlhom. the incredible Caledonian Railway terminus while Graham Priestley gave the last lecture of Wednesday offered a tour of Fife, shepherded station at Wemyss Bay. Here the 'Royal Scot' the conference on the watermills along the Water by John Crompton and Tony Jervis, to see tourist train happened to be stabled, hooked onto of Leith. This is Edinburgh's river which at one Burntisland harbour, Kirkaldy, Dysart harbour, the a named 37 diesel in matching LMS maroon. A time supported 76 separate mills along its 23- village and limekilns at Charlestown and picnic lunch was taken in the sunshine at mile course. This was one of the sites visited on Longannet power station, the largest of Kilchatan Bay, followed by a tour of the island on Thursday, our last day, together with the pretg Scotland's three remaining coal-fired stations a gloriously sunny day. Our guides were Ted little port of Newhaven, Leith docks and shore, Prestongrange and Prestonpans, RCAHMS's headquarters (where some very rare and valuable documents were on view), and the Granton centre, which is the main storage and conservation headquarters for Scotland's national museums, holding a wide and varied selection of machinery, domestic appliances, steam engines, etc. Lunch and a bar were laid on for us at the 5cottish Mining Museum at Newtongrange, where we also partook of a lightning tour as well as the permanent exhibitions. All conference delegates were issued with an extremely useful bound guide to all the tours, compiled by Carol Whittaker, with help from Denise Brace, Graham Priestley, Ted Salthouse, Mark Watson, Miles 0glethorpe and John Crompton. Forth & Clyde 2002 all added up to a superbly interesting and varied conference programme, and congratulations and sincere thanks are due to the organisers, particularly Miles Oglethorpe, John Compton and Carol Whittaket and, on the domestic side, Tony Parkes. It's around here somewhere! Searchino the woods at the Wilsontown ironwork site Photo: Tony Killick
INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 123 5 AIA Conference 2OO2 Seminar: lndustrial Heritage and National ldentity
Obseruing the fact that this was the first time threat to the industrial heritage, and in order to Ship in Glasgow), as an example to show how since devolution that there had been an AIA address this and associated challenges, she had British identity permeated across the globe annual conference north of the border, the organised an international conference and through the imposition of British merchant Scottish organisers opted to give the pre- workshop to take place in Baile Herculane from shipping regulations. conference seminar a specific theme. Having 25 to 28 September 2002. Shane Gould, Sandwell Borough chosen to examine 'national identity', they were John Crompton (National Museums of Archaeologist, demonstrated (using Boulton & able to acquire a grant of f1,000 fron Historic Scotland) delivered a paper on the role of industry Watt's Soho Foundry) how industrial heritage can Scotland, and invited a number of speakers to in the evolution of Scotland's national museums, be used to spearhead urban regeneration. Colin pafticipate, including two from overseas. refening to the recent formation (in 1998) of the Mclean of the Heritage Lottery Fund provided an new Museum of Scotland, and the important outline of the support the HLF has given to Miles Oglethorpe place industry has within it. He also referred to projects of national importance in Scotland, the emergence of site-based industrial museums particularly those relating to industrial heritage. part Following an introduction by Dr David Breeze in Scotland during the 1970s and 1980s, and The last of the seminar commenced with (Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments at Historic noted that one of the challenges facing the new a paper by Peter Yeoman of Historic Scotland Scotland), proceedings commenced with Eusebi 'National Culture Strategy' and National Audit of describing the importance of industrial heritage Casanalles (director of the Catalan Museum of museums will be to reverse their decline and to Scotland, and referring to a review cunently Science and Technology and President ofTlCClH). ensure an appropriate status and respect for under way designed to ensure that the nationally- After providing a brief outline of Catalan history Scotland's industrial heritage. important remains of the key industries of he explained how industrialisation had been the Professor Marilyn Palmer of the School of Scotland are adequately protected. Mark Watson basis of the re-emergence of Catalan identity. This Archaeology at the University of Leicester (also of Historic Scotland) talked about the work is manifested in the truly astounding wealth of considered industrial heritage as being a of the TICCIH Textiles section aimed at producing industrial architecture in Catalonia, and is further significant force within democratic society, a list of important textile sites throughout the reinforced by the Catalan government's referring to a recent review of the historic world, one of the purposes of which is to provide commitment to its industrial heritage, and in environment by English Heritage (Power of Place, guidance for lCOM05 and its deliberations when particular by its support for 1 6 separate industrial 2000). Although industrial archaeology had now dealing with future World Heritage inscription museums under the care of the Catalan Museum been embraced by heritage professionals, she cases. A list of potential candidate sites was of Science and Technology. lrina lamandescu (of stressed the importance of the contribution of the tabled and feedback requested. the Romanian Ministry of Culture and Religious volunteer sector both in the past and the future. Finally, Miles Oglethorpe of RCAHMS Affairs) described a very different situation in Keith Falconer; a Scot who has for many years delivered a paper on the resurgence in the Romania, where a struggle is taking place to overseen RCHME's (and latterly English Heritage's) importance of the malt whisky distillery one of ensure official recognition of the importance of industrial recording programmes, emphasised the the most Scottish of Scottish industries. Ihis was industrial heritage. Concentrating on the Banat extent to which the English industrial experience done in an increasingly chaotic environment region in the south-west part of the country she had been a very British phenomenon, both in terms whilst he was also attempting to ply the audience stressed the multi-national roots of the industries of the industries themselvel and the organisations with samples of three whiskies kindly provided by there, citing examples including coal, iron, railway (e.9. AIA and CBA) that had emerged to promote Glenmorangie plc. Sadly, after this there was too engineering, and hydro-electricity. As has been the recording and conservation issues of recent little time and lucidity for discussion at the the case elsewhere in Eastern Europe, the rapid decades. Christopher Mason of the Clyde Maritime seminar itself, but it proved to be a very pace of recent economic decline poses a major Trust refened specifically to the 6/en lee (The Tall interesting and unusual day.
ATI o-^' gSoc\ '
AIAtAr,n*..i
ANNOUNCING THE THREE FIELDWORK AND RECORDING AWARDS FOR 2OO3
The AIA Fieldwork Award scheme exists to encourage recording of the physical remains of the industrial period to high archaeological standards. The awards are open to both amateur and professional held workers, and have been operating successfully for over a decade.
Work submitted may already have been published or, if not, entrants may be encouraged to publish.
As well as the main award there is also the Initiative Award for innovative projects, e.g. those from local societies; and to encourage the future industrial archaeologists, a Student Category.
THE CLOSING DATE FOR ENTRIES IS lST MAY 2()()3
Successful Entries will be notihed in August The successful authors will be invited to attend the AIA annual conference in Cardiffto collect their award in early September
Further details from: Fieldwork and Recording Awards, AIA Liaison Oflicer, School of Archaeological Studies, The University, Leicester, LEI 7RH
6 INDUSTRIAL AR1HAEoL)GY NEWS 123 Fiefdwork and Recording Awards 2OO2
There were 13 entries for this year's award relevant beyond its immediate geographical immediate danger of being washed away by the induding two student entries. All were of an considerations. sea.'Today the wind-engine tower has been rebuilt exceptionally high standard with only seven The Student Award went to Claire Banatt, Tom and can be used as a lookout point for visitors; the points separating the top seven entries. lt was for Cinderley, Michael Hill, Philip Marini, J. Minns and J. pan house has been covered with grass so that the this reason that in addition to the main awards, Walter from British Engineerium for 'Saving the public can view it and interpretative boards have four Highly Commended certificates were also Survivor: the British Eolienne Boll6e.' 0nly 40 of these been erected to explain the archaeology and history awarded. Keith Falconer presented the awards to unique turbine type wind engines originating in Le of the site. Ihe report covers the background to the the main award winners who gave presentations Mans survive out of 400 or more erected in France sitet a description of the excavations and their at the Edinburgh conference in September. prior to 1930. Only four were ever exported, one to findings, the history of the Newark Coal and Salt Spain, Belgium and two to Sussex. Virtually all were Work Company, and the eighteenth-century Victoria Beauchamp used to pump water. The 'survivor' was owned by St industrial landscaoe between St Monans and Hugh Charterhouse, Parkminster, West Sussex. Jhe Pittenweem. The Main Award went to GLIAS (Greater London site consisted of the wind engine, pump and pump 'Ihe Charcoal-Fuelled lron Working Industries of Industrial Archaeology Society) for the GLIAS house, holding tank, water pipe work and fence. Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire' was initiated Database. Iheir brief was 'to duplicate the lRlS Each comoonent was located so as to maximize the to record the surviving remains of the most system in software' but they have also added the efficiency of the water-pumping system. Recording important and best preserved sites and to provide up means of storing a photographic, bibliographic and the INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 123 7 Scotland and A new Liaison Officer has been presented to the 94hp National gas engines, one of England, Wales, Prickwillow Drainage Engine which can be run. The collection lreland. All entries must have been After four years with the AlA, lsabel This small but very well includes large and small examPles published in the 18 months Prior to Wilson left us at the end of Museum. laid out and planned museum has a of steam engines from local builder the year of the competition. September to take up a new basic collection of some fine diesel J. l. Headly, early printing presses There will be three awards: for position as a trainee solicitor in a powered fen drainage pumps, but and scientific equipment from PYe newsletters, journals produced on a criminal justice practice in Leicester. these are augmented bY a more and other firms who gave the regular basis and occasional We wish her well - but hope none of wide reaching collection of tools, impetus to the development of the publications. Judging criteria will us see her in her professional qualitY, documents and general information modern'Silicon Fen'. include academic capacity any longer! on the need for drainage: one telling David Aldefton readability, layout, style and She was replaced on 1 October point is the line showing high spring illustrative content. by Simon Thomas, who will be tide level at King's Lynn, which is up The co-ordinator of the award working for the Association every Regional News building has scheme is Peter Neaverson, formerly morning from the School of near the rafters. The vacancies been ingeniously adapted with a editor of lndustrial ArchaeologY Archaeology and Ancient History at Where would your quarterlY // ramp accessible to wheelchairs Review; the other judges are Peter Leicester University - no change to Newsbe without the regular round- making its way up to a viewPoint Stanier, editor of lA News, and the email address [email protected], or up giving a flavour of activities and where the main engines can be Michael Messenger of Twelveheads the telephone number 0'l 16 252 news from around the regions? This readily inspected but without public Press. 5337. highly valued service relies on a access, important when theY are Simon is a graduate of Leicester body of dedicated being run. AIA Chairman, Mike small Essay Prize University. He began his career as a correspondents who have supported Bone, presented the award to Les The purpose of this award is to business analyst and learnt Spanish us well over the years. Readers will Walton, chairman of the trust which encourage the writing of original while helping to set up a chain of notice a few vacancies have now runs the museum, on 10 August this essays which enhance the retail stores in Spain. He has also arisen and your editor would be year. understanding and scope of run his own lT contracting business pleased to hear from volunteers to 0n the same day, the first of the industrial archaeology. Essays and has very quickly come to terms fill these spaces. Edwina Alcock, new Initiative Awards, sponsored by deal with general themes or with the AIA databases. His main who has been a most reliable should an anonymous donor, was overviews, not fieldwork rePorts interest is in the develooment of a correspondent for North West presented. This award is aimed at which should be submitted for the voluntary cycling project for people England for many years, has had to encouraging sites where the size of AlAs Fieldwork and Recording with disabilities, which aims to stand down and we are looking for the project is daunting, but being Award. provide a range of cycles for people a replacement there. overcome with courage, There will be two awards: a who cannot ride a normal upright All correspondents need your perseverance and hard work, too general award and a student award bike. We are delighted that Simon help! For example, Graham Books often with little encouragement open to anyone on a full time course has taken up the position of AIA (Northern England) is based in from public bodies. This award went in higher education. Entries from Liaison Officer and know that Cumbria, and Chris Shepheard to the Cambridge Museum of both AIA and local society members members of AIA will enjoy meeting (South East England) is in SurreY. Technology at Cheddars Lane are strongly encouraged. Students him. They would be delighted to receive where, though there is still much to may submit essays or dissertations Marilyn Palner news from societies or individuals in do, the building and chimney have produced as part of their course the region outside their own been made sound, and the giant will endeavour to publish President's and counties, or even offers from work. AIA Hathorn Davey double acting any entry in lA News or lndustrial potential successors. On the bright lnitiative Awards for compound engines run regularly, Archaeology Reutew as appropriate. side. in this issue we welcome a first under steam from a 1923 Babcock Judging criteria will include 2001 report on Wales from Pat Frost, who and Wilcox boiler which is a academic quality, originality of Rather belatedly, the President's is a consultant archaeologist based museum piece in itself, with hoPes thought or topic, illustrations (if Award for the site visited by the near Shrewsbury. of restoring one of the1895 boilers 2001 Conference which best any), layout and style. designed burn refuse in explained an aspect of industrial to The co-ordinator of this award destructor cells. The steam engines NEW AWARDS FROM archaeology to the general public scheme is Marilyn Palmer; Professor were later augmented with two THE AIA of Industrial ArchaeologY at Council has approved two new Leicester University; the other annual award schemes to judges are Professor Ray Riley, encourage research and publication University of Portsmouth, and Dr in industrial archaeology. These David Gwyn, editor of lndustrial awards will be presented for the Archaeology Review. first time at the Annual AIA Further information and Conference in Cardiff in September application forms to accompany 2003. entries fort both awards can be obtained from the AIA Liaison Publications Prize Officer, School of Archaeology and Ancient History, UniversitY of The purpose of the award is to Leicester LEI 7RH. encourage high standards in local society publications concerned with industrial archaeology but excluding ,aocrAlI'r&o those solely concerned with transport or business history. A local society is defined as being based on -NIA"o" .o' fhe Prickwillow pumping station near Ely was the winner of the 2001 President's Award district or region in '4lar a town, county, rnc$F" Photo: Jim Hawkins 8 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 123 NEWS Rotherham and the significant remains below ground on our visit to Forbo Nairn was that it today and our guide knew nothing parts Walkers on both sites. They are both of they weren't making anything like about it. a large area now dubbed 'New York this. What we saw was 'mosaic' Linoleum has had a hard and The Walker family were farmers and Riverside' where there are plans for linoleum being put together by hand unfashionable time for many years nailmakers, and then ironfounders, extensive redevelopment, funded by - in Greenwich 100 years ago inlaid and it is amazing that it is still made in the village of Grenoside north of the Single Regeneration Budget linoleum made up of hundreds of at all, so I am in no way castigating Sheffield. They moved most of their (SRB). little squares was put together by a Forbo Nairn for abandoning the business to Rotherham lrom 1746. Two of the family's elegant machine which was 50 feet high and process developed in Greenwich. no doubt because its better of houses survive, the brick Ferham weighed 400 tons. One of the They stress that lino is a traditional communications and greater access House of 1 761 and the stone Clifton reasons I am writing this piece is product, made with natural to markets, and set up one of the House of 1783 which is now that I am aware that several of the ingredients, clean and largest iron and steel concerns of Rotherham Museum. After breaking other members present just didn't environmentally friendly. lt is eighteenth early the late and away from the Methodists in 1751 believe me when I said this. gradually making a comeback (just nineteenth centuries. lt had iron ore the family were Independents Linoleum was the invention of recently I was proudly shown a and coal mines, iron furnaces and (Congregationalists); they built a Frederick Walton - one of those 'Walton Marmoleum' covered rolling mills at the Holmes about a chapel at Masbrough in 1762-4 and orolific Victorian industrialists bathroom floor by one of my mile west of Rotherham, a foundry a larger replacement in 1777, and a whose ingenuity was apparently trendier friends). Surely those and a steelworks at Masbrough just college for training ministers, boundless. ln the 1 860s he set uo a intricate Victorian patterns will soon across the Don from the town, and Rotherham Academy, in 1795. The manufacturing complex for plain make a comeback too. other works downstream at 1 777 chapel survives as a carpet linoleum in Staines. where I would Mary Mills Thrybergh Forge and Conisbrough. warehouse, and in its graveyard is recommend the excellent best The Walkers are the Walker family mausoleum, as Spelthorne Museum which has remembered cannon, produced Historic pottery kiln for well as graves of the Walkers and records and many detailed pictures 1774: outside from one is other leading Rotherham of this works. I guess that Staines- restored Rotherham town hall, and others industrialists. made linoleum was much the same Building has now been completed are on HMS Victory and other at There have been many as that made in Kirkaldy today. on the latest phase of the Farnham naval sites and museums. Their problems, including vandalism and Walton came to Greenwich because Building Preservation Trust's other products ranged from sadirons fire, in the way of caring for the he had fallen out with the restoration project at the Farnham (flat-irons) and cooking pots to chapel, graveyard and mausoleum. management at Staines. He also Pottery in Wrecclesham. bridges. They helped Thomas Paine Rotherham Council has been trying seems to have had some sort of lhe historic kiln, usually referred with his designs for iron bridges, to help but its available funds are relationship with the steel magnatq to as a bottle kiln, but actually a and Rowland Burdon with the great very limited. A voluntary group, the Henry Bessemer, who had previously double trruin flued parallel updraught Sunderland bridge 1793-6. In of Friends of Masbrough Chapel and occupied the Greenwich site. Walton type, was built at the end of the 1 795 they made three-arch iron a the Walker Mausoleum, has now displayed at the entrance what he nineteenth century by the Harris Bridgehouses, footbridge for been set up to raise funds, seek claimed was the first piece of steel family. lt is the finest example of its Sheffield, which was washed away publicity, maintain the site and produced in a Bessemer converter - type left in Britain and is the only Great Sheffield Flood of by the improve public access. In the longer this is now stored by a disbelieving remaining original kiln on the site. 1 864. They began the production of term, if funds can be found, the site Science Museum! Ihe brick work was restored by decorative cast iron stovegrates, might be bought and used for public The Greenwich works was a specialist bricklayer and the which became important an purposes, including a display about eventually taken over by Michael attached building was erected by a industry nineteenth-century in the history of the Walkers. For Nairn & Co. (which has since local contractor. The Trust hopes that Rotherham and Sheffield. information about membership, become Forbo Nairn) and closed the building will ultimately be used After a difficult period following please contact the Treasurel Eileen down soon after the Second World as a visitor centre with displays the Napoleonic wars, and losses in Hyland, 21 Heather Close, War. One of the enormous machines setting out the history of the pottery making the 1819 Southwark Bridge Rotherham 560 3AD. from Greenwich was taken to and that visitors will be able to look London, their in they closed Derek Bavliss Kirkaldy and installed in the North into the kiln through the upper Rotherham businesses in the 1820s Factory. This is the factory we loading bay to see how it was once and moved to Tioton in the Black Linoleum from visited, although there is no sign of filled with pots. Country but successor firms, many set up by their managers and Greenwich to Kirkaldy foremen, played a large part in the At this year's AIA Conference a party Rotherham foundry and wrought visited the Forbo-Nairn Linoleum iron trades. works at Kirkaldy. I was very much Little is left to see of their looking forward to this since I had industrial activities. At the Holmes done research on linoleum the site of the works was reused by manufacture for my book on the later firms; the weir and parts of the Greenwich Peninsula. A more goit (watercourse) for the furnaces detailed account of the works was survivg as does the arch of a bridge published in Bygone Kent, uol.20, across their now vanished private N0.3, March 1999. canal to the Don. At Masbrough the One of the largest sites on the Cupola Works, a stone and brick Greenwich Peninsula was the lnlaid building now used by a scrap metal Linoleum Works. This dated from firm, has been confirmed by Tony around the start of the twentieth Munford, Rotherham's Archivist, as century and had made vast almost certainly a Walker building, quantities (about 20 miles a week) though its exact date and use of intricately patterned linoleum. A visitot inspects the newly conpleted kiln restoration project at the Farnhan Pottery remain uncertain. There could be Perhaps the biggest surprise to me Photo: Farnham Ruildino Preservation Trust INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 123 9 NEWS This project is part of a longer The annual dinner in Pantycelyn Hall geological explanation of the strata Jallow-Rutherford. term plan to safeguard the future of was followed by an auction of mine clearly visible in this area. 0n then Clifford has recently agreed to the whole of the historic pottery share certificates from various to board a canal boat and cruise to donate all his life's work to his local buildings. The Trust also hopes to collections which had been Park Head. Here tea and coffee were records office, the Walsall History create a regional centre for the purchased by a member, with 200/o laid on whilst the boat ascended the Centre, where it will remain as a ceramic arts, and a number of of the proceeds going to the society. flight of locks prior to entering the public archive. Whilst this includes workshops units are already in use This caused much hilarity as any original very small mainline tunnel over 30,000 negatives and the many by craft potters. movement at all was interpreted as that goes right through Castle Hill, prints from his successful The Trust has received grants a bid! in oarallel with the later wider exhibitions over the years, he is from a number of sources including The conference was a great 'double track' Netherton Tunnel. determined to continue to oroduce Farnham Town Council and the success, with 220 participants. The After this traverse, the boat joined new work to add to the archive. He Suney Historic Buildings Trust, but only drawback was that a lot of the the'tourist circuit' from the Black is just concluding one new project much further work needs to be done trips were full up, with people who Country Museum through the and is beginning two fresh ones and before the project is finally booked later being unable to secure vanous caverns. all three have a strong lA content completed. a place. Book early for next year! After sampling the delights of whilst retaining his unique artistic More details of this conference can this museum, the party next visited appr0acn. Centenary below the be found in the regional report for the Holy Austin rock houses at For further details of the Wales in this issue. Kinver, recently restored by the exhibition, call Clifford on I 01922 Thames Roger Ford National Trust. Back to Telford for an 459669 or e-mail him at 2002 A celebration on 4 August excellent annual dinner, followed by cl iff [email protected] marked the completion of the Mills Archive Trust a superb discourse from that well- Greenwich Foot Tunnel 100 years known Black Country character Vic The Mills Archive Trust is a new South Yorkshire Society before. Designed by Sir Alexander Smallshire. Next day was scheduled charity aimed at developing and marks 70 years Binnie for London County Council, for Hack Green secret nuclear maintaining an archive and resource A day school on 'lndustries in South there were only stairs and no lifts bunker at Nantwich, which was on library specialising in traditional is being held at Grenoside until 1904, in a year when 4 million red alert with all its life-support Yorkshire' mills, powered by wind, water, Community Centre on Saturday 10 people used the tunnel. The tunnel is systems turned on. Thanks go mostly muscle or other sources, and milling May 2003 as part of a programme 1,217 feet long, formed with cast- to the Taggs for a well-organised which includes millwrighting and iron segments bolted together and of events to mark the 70th place and enjoyable weekend for Paul the of the mill in social, anniversary of the South Yorkshlre lined with concrete and white Sowan's society. technological and architectural Industrial History Society and its glazed tiles, making an internal Roger ford history. The Archive is based on the diameter of 11 feet. forerunners. Further details are extensive collection owned by the The Hand of Time available from Chris Morlev, I Mills Section of SPAB and other 0114 246 2629. Ribble Link opened Members Staffordshire have orivate collections. in will 'Hand After being proposed over 200 years Internet use will encourage the chance to see the of Time' in lA News Dunkirk Mill Centre ago, a 4-mile link has been finally public access without the need to exhibition. first reviewed join The Dunkirk Mill Visitor Centre has opened at Preston to the travel to the Archive, and with the ll7, when it is shown at the in been opened near Nailsworth in Lancaster Canal with the rest of the aid of a Heritage Lottery Fund grant Borough Museum & Art Gallery Gloucestershire. lt is a result of co- waterways system. the Trust is developing an online Newcastle under Lyme from 30 between the developers catalogue which will be freely November this year until l2 .lanuary operation mill, Stroud District Council, NAMHO 2OO2 available for use at 2003. The photographs, which of the depict five contrasting abandoned Nailsworth Town Council and the NAMHO's 2002 conference took www.millarchive.com . lt is intended were taken by Stroudwater Textile Trust. Thanks to place at Aberystwyth Universig on that the Mills Archive will become industrial sites, Clifford Morris, an AIA member and the vision of the Town Council and 5-8 July. After being in the 'hot seat' the major source on UK mills and a Fellow the Royal Photographic the Trust, Nailsworth now has the as chairman since 1995. lvor Brown valuable resource for mills and of pictures are only working waterwheel driving was succeeded by Shropshire's Mike milling around the world. The Mills Society. His accompanied with poetry by Semba textile machinery in Gloucestershire. Moore, of bookseller fame. The host Archive wishes to establish contacts body was the Welsh Mines Society, with other repositories of mill- who had laid on an absolute related material in order to agree plethora of mine trips, catering to all common standards so data can be classes of participant from purely shared. Being a voluntary enterprise, surface walks to expeditions down the Trust is seeking adequate funds flooded levels. from potential benefactors as well Proceedings commenced with a as donated material. Keep up to reception on Friday evening in the date on the webiste, or contact Dr impressive National Library of Wales R.F. Cookson, I 0118 9418284; building adjoining the University [email protected] campus. David Bick, president of the WMS gave the welcoming speech. Subterranea Britannica The lecture programme followed this year's theme of 'Water power in visits the Midlands mining' and attracted many top Subterranea Britannica held a study quality speakers, including weekend based at Wolverhampton presentations from America, Austria University's Telford campus on 20- and Canada. The Saturday afternoon July 2002. Participants were 21 This detail of the old Great Western footbridge at the long abandoned Low Level station in gave a choice of two alternative taken by coach to see the Doulton Wolverhampton is one of the many striking photographs in the Hand of Time exhibition sessions to accommodate them all. claypit at Dudley, and received a Photo: Clifford Morris 1O INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 123 NEWS Ihe centre at the mill was open on toilet, opened in 1852 on Fleet several dates throughout the Street in central London. Public summe[ manned by experienced toilets were introduced to stoo the DOROTHEA and enthusiastic volunteers of the spread of disease through 'public Stroudwater Textile Trust. Much of fouling' and many of London's loos Dunkirk Mill has been converted to are graceful structures - tiled RESTORATIONS private housing, although there is underground chambers encircled by parking for disabled there. Normal iron fences and crowned with LTD access to the Centre is by parking at arches or pergolas. Many are now historic Egypt Mill and strolling padlocked and rusting, while others Incorporating Ernest Hole (Engineers) of Sussex along the cycle trail. Details of have found new life as cafes, flower future opening dates can be shops, theatres and nightclubs. CONTRACTORS AN' COIV SULTANTS IN TH E obtained on 8 0'1453 766273. GLIAS C O N S ERVATI O IV O F H I STORIC M ETALW O RK, MACHINERY AND WINDIWATER MILLS Railway archaeology 250 years of Lizard lights The first AGM of the Railway 22 August 2002 saw celebrations Recent Archaeology Society took place on contracts include designs for an atmospheric marking the 250th anniversary of 28 September in Manchester. The railway, and a replica steam locomotive, restoration of the establishment of the Lizard Society has e-mail address: 18C lead sculptures, repair and gilding of the Albert an lighthouse on the most southerly [email protected] . Memorial bronze decoration, conservation work on point in England. Twin lighthouse towers were erected in 1752, both Turbinia, Lion, Sans Pareil and Locomotion, and even Celebrating toilets with coal fires and controlled by an the restoration of an hydraulic catafalque! This year has seen the 1 50th 'overlooker' in a cottage between. anniversary of Britain's first public The towers have since been Over 100 lxan years expclicnce Northern Works: New Road, Whaley Bridge, via Stockport, Cheshire SK23 7JG. Contact: Dave Hodgson Tel: (0f663) 733544 Fax: (01663) 734521 Southern Works: Rrverside Business Park, St Annes Road, St. Annes Park. Bristol. BS4 4ED. Contact: GeotT Wallis Tel: (0f 17) 9115331 Fax: (01 17) 9771617 connected by a row of six keepers' 12 million candle power arc light cottages. Argand oil lights were used in the remaining east tower. fitted in 1812 and electric lights This was blamed locally for several were introduced in 1878, with seasons of bad oilchard harvests fhe twin towers of the lizard lighthouse on England's nost southerly point are 250 yea6 power generated on site. The west and Trinity House was petitioned! old this year Photo: Peter Stanier tower was abandoned in 1 903 and a OBITUARIES Emeritus Professor John Butt research at the newly created University of Geoffrey D. Hay (1992-2002) Strathclyde (previously the Royal College of (1e29-20021 It is a matter of sadness to record the death. on Science and Technology Glasgow), rose in he 23 June 2002, of Geoffrey Duke Hay, architect and Born in Hemsworth, Yorkshirg on 18 July 1929, the become Professor and head through ranks to member RCAHMS staff from 1954 1987. John Butt was one of a group of English economic of to of the Department of Economic History. He During his long and distinguished career with historians who moved to Scotland in the late subsequently took on wider responsibilities, substantial RCAHMS, Geoffrey did much to establish the 1950s-early 1960s, and with the becoming Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Social standards of graphic excellence and rigorous assistance of other orime movers such as John R. Sciences, Deputy Principal, and finally Vice building analysis which are at the heart of the Hume and lan Donnachie, helped to establish Principal. Inevitably, perhaps, he proved to be the Commission's field recording discipline. His industrial archaeology north of the Border. He was person history the ideal to write the official of greatest achievement perhaps the also President of the AIA in its early dayl and lA was University of Strathclyde in 1996. (HMSO, publications, publication of Monuments of lndustry featured strongly in his many of Outside the formal teaching environment, he Edinburgh, 1986), which contains many of his which lhe lndustrial Archaeology of Scotland exhibited a broad range of interests, notably jazz (1967), best drawings. In his retirement, he also worked Robert Owen, Prince of Cotton Spinnerc music, and sport. Indeed, in addition to tennit he (1971), closely with colleagues on a number of projects, An Economic History of Scotland ll00- was rumoured to have played soccer for Barnsley. and it is hoped that an exhibition of his many fine 1939(1975, with S.G. H. Lythe), and The History of However, many be for in the AlA, he will drawings, which are lodged in the NMRS, will be the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society(1981 , to the days remembered for his contribution early organised in the not-too-distant future. J. Kinloch) are perhaps best He with the known. British industrial archaeology his of and ieoffrey P. Stell was later elected to the Fellowship of the Royal editorship (with lan Donnachie) of the first Society of Edinburgh in recognition of this work, volumes of lndustrial Archaeology Review from and was briefly a commissioner at RCAHMS. 1976 until 1978. Whilst continuing to teach and carry out Miles Oglethorpe INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 123 11 REGIONAT NEWS Wales extraction and processing site on the Black Mountain in An extremely successful conference Carmarthenshire. Initial work will was held by the National concentrate on health and safety Association of Mining History work but it is hoped to carry out 0rganisations (NAMH0) at the further consolidation and survev University of Wales, Aberystwyth in work in the future. July 2002. The town of Aberystwyth Cae Sarah Lead Mine, near had itself played a large part in the Myddfai in Carmarthenshire, retains development of lead and silver the only Cornish Engine House in mining in Cardiganshire since the the National Park and one of only a sixteenth century with the harbour handful surviving in Wales. A providing an outlet for raw feasibility study is being carried out materials. The theme of the prior to seeking funding for the conference was 'The Application of consolidation and interpretation of Water Power in Mining'. Delegates this imoortant monument. had the opportunity to explore this Cambrian Archaeological theme through visits to mines in the Projects Ltd have been undertaking Aberystwyth hinterland and by Meadow Mill, one of the scheduled mill sites in the Greenfield Valley Heritage Park, archaeological excavations on the attending the two-day programme Holvwell Photo: Pat Frcst site of the W.R. Davies Garage, of lectures. Salop Road, Welshpool, prior to a During the conference Gwynfor housing development by Jennings Pierce Jones and Dafydd Walter Homes Following the Dafis reoorted on their recent work Ltd. demolition of the garage and in recording the industrial and removal of the concrete floor slab it domestic use of water at Votty and was found that a major part of four Bowydd slate quarries, near limekilns survived to a depth of 2.3 Ffestiniog, North Wales. Peter metres below ground level. To the Hughes presented a paper on Cwm south east of the kilns a dry dock, Dwyfor Copper Mine at the head of contemporary with the construction the Pennant Valley in Snowdonia, of the canal in the last decade of the where substantial structural remains eighteenth early nineteenth survive representing extraction and to century was also located. The kilns dressing technology. 5imon are also of this date, the earliest of Timberlake reoorted on his which is the westernmost kiln, collaboration with David Bick in composed of stone walls bonded attempting to date hushing in with a white lime mortar and a upland Wales by sectioning feeder stone vaulted ceiling. The structure leats, hushing ponds and dams to Limekilns revealed in the archaeological excavations of the W. R. Davies Garage site at has undergone later alterations obtain Carbon 14 dates from their Welshpool Photo: Canbrian Archaeological Projects Ltd when it was turned into a storage infills. Work had been undertaken building. Only parts of the original principally at Cwmystwyth, Cerrig y kiln structure and fragments of its mwyn, Pen Dylife and Craig y mwyn 2001 ; work is currently being of a forum of locally interested loading cone remain. Three other resulting in a wide range of dates. undertaken on the Meadow Mill site bodies and individuals has resulted kilns were added to the east and Members had a variety of and work is to continue at Lower in a management plan being drawn these are extremely well preserved surface and underground trips to Cotton Mill later this year. The mills up for the Brynoer Tramroad, which as sub surface features. Two loading choose from including the are scheduled sites in Greenfield was constructed to convey raw cones were revealed in the central Merioneth gold belt, Dylife in Valley Heritage Park, utilising a materials from Trefil quarries to area of the site linked by a central Montgomeryshire, Cwmystwyth powerful water supply which fills Dyffryn Crawnon and on to brick vaulted entrance where the Bronze Age copper workings and three reservoirs still in use today Talybont-on-Usk and the lime would have been raked out lead and silver mines within striking and to which the public has open Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal. from the base of the cones and distance of Aberystvrryth. Perhaps acce55. Peter Dorling, the National Park stored prior to later transport along one of the most popular mine The Meadow Mill site includes Archaeologist has reported that the the canal. The two cones show explorations was the trip into the the ruins of three buildings that projects are mainly for the evidence of being relined during adit at Ystrad Einion to see the housed three seoarate industries. conservation and interoretation of their working life. The easternmost underground sixteen foot diameter The retaining wall of a dam abuts the route and projects totalling kiln consists of a single loading cone waterwheel inserted c1871 for the red brick remains of a around fl 00.000 have been accessed by a stone walled entrance pumping and drawing. The nineteenth century mill built on the identified. Significant grant aid has with red brick vaulting. This kiln conference papers will be published site of the 1 787 copper rolling and already been secured and a further would also appear to date to the in the near future. hammer mill, which supplied special bid made to the Heritage Lottery early part of the nineteenth century In north-east Wales, conserv- quality copper bolts and nails to the Fund. Limekiln conservation. and at the northern end of this kiln ation work continues at Greenfield navy. The site includes the remains tramroad drainage and the remains of a lean-to structure Valley, Holywell facilitated by the of the cl 868-74 tin plate works and interpretative projects are already that was used for storage, has been Heritage Lottery Fund, Cadw, 1 900-29 rubber grinding works. underway. revealed along with an access road Greenfield Valley Trust and Flintshire The Brecon Beacons National At Herbert's Quarry, the to the site as a whole. County Council (see lA News l2l). Park are currently undertaking work conservation of three limekilns, two The earliest kiln was partly Conservation work at Greenfield on three industrial sites that fall masonry and one concrete, is being dismantled in the late nineteenth Mill was completed in Summer within their boundarv. The formation carried out at this large limestone 12 INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 123 REGIONAL NEWS century and converted to a cellar for Brian Malaws of The Royal the eastern part of Conwy (i.e. the The good news comes from the a house which appears on the 2nd Commission on Ancient and Historic former counties of Clwyd and North Pennine Heritage Trust, who edition Ordnance Survey map. The Monuments in Wales is due to Powys). Post medieval and industrial have purchased the Brewery Shaft access/charging ramp for the kilns present a short paper on Post papers will similar! be presented at and the buildings around the top of was approached from the canal on medieval and industrial east and the three forthcoming seminars. the shaft, to compliment the rest of the south side and due to the northeast Wales at the East and Pat Frost their site at Nenthead. The shaft was proximity of the kilns to the Northeast Wales Archaeological originally adapted in the early 1840s canalside the structures were Research Assessment Seminar to be from an un-named sump to connect North of England actually sunk into the ground and held at Welshoool on 26 October. to the surface and the Rampgill This summer has seen the loss of the draw holes accessed by a The multi-period seminar is part of Horse Level to provide ventilation to two sites in the north of England. subtenanean ramp. The reason for the Research Framework for the the forehead of the Nent Force The Blue Circle cement works in this was to allow easy access up the Archaeology of Wales for which a Level. lts main use started when the Weardale which dominates the ramp which would have been too Steering Group has been Vielle Montagne Zinc Co. started to valley with its massive chimney steep if the kilns were built up from established to promote the use the shaft as a means of closed in early August. The site is to ground level. The kilns were development of a research producing compressed air for use in be cleared although the fate of demolished in the 1920s when a framework for the archaeology and the mines. A 70ft high tower was chimney, which is a local landmark, garage and forecourt were erected historic environment of Wales. The built over the shaft and water led has not yet been decided. on the site. The dry dock side walls seminar at Welshpool is one four into a 20ft high tank on the top of it The other site to go is the have been partly robbed but its full regional research assessment from Smallcleugh Dam. From here Blenkinsopp mine at length and width can be traced on seminars; the other three to be held drift the water fell 400ft in twin 9ins Greenhead in Northumbria on the the ground. The original wooden at a future date in Carmarthen, pipes tasking in air at the top trough This was originally a sluice gates and cast iron gate Bango; and Cardiff. The objective of A69. 'snore' holes. At the bottom of the nineteenth-century mine with a date fixings survive intact. To the north of these seminars is to interrogate and shaft the pipes entered a 14ft high stone of 1842 over the drift the dry dock traces of two ovens for interpret the archaeological receiver vessel. Here the air rose to entrance. The drift was driven by heating bitumen for caulking the resource in order to evaluate the top of the vessel and the waste Messrs. Foster and Dixon. who were barges were located and another strengths, weaknesses and biases in water was vented back up the shaft leasing the colliery from Col. J. B. rectangular building foundation the record. This will be used to in a l2ins pipe to an open collection Coulson. Coal oroduction in which probably represents a repair inform the development of a tank at the Rampgill Horse Level. quantity started in 1847. The mine workshop. The dry dock was research agenda and strategy for This rising column created sufficient worked the Little Limestone coal, in backfilled in the 1940s during the archaeology and historic back pressure to compress the air to a seam about 5ft 6ins thick. Again garage construction for the W.R. environment of Wales. The day 90 lb per square inch. The water the whole site is to be cleared by Davies Garage which replaced an seminar at Welshpool is period and then descended the shaft again in a October 2002. This will leave only earlier 1 920s garage. Ihe excavation thematic based and will deal with 9ins pipe to drive a large pelton one small drift working in the north work is due to be completed by the the counties of Flintshire, wheel working two compressors. Pennines at Ayle just north of end of October. Denbighshire, Powys, Wrexham and lhe shaft iself is 328ft deep Alston. and 12ft diameter and concrete lined throughout. Since acquiring REGIONAL CORRESPONDENTS the site, the trust have carried out conservation work including a new Please support your Regional Correspondent by sending relevant material which may be of interest to our readers. concrete collar for the shaft and repairs to the main building at the Region 6: WAIES Region 1 1: HOME COUNTIES Region 1:SCOTLAND top. A wooden extension has been Miles Royal Commission Pat Frost, Castlering Archaeology, 6 Oxfordshire, Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Dr Oglethorpe, built over the shaft top, allowing Ancient and Historical Castle Ring, Pontesbury Hill, Pontesbury B uck i n gha ms h i re a nd H ertfordsh i re on the visitors to view the shaft which now Monuments of Scotland, John Sinclair Shrewsbury Shropshire 5Y5 OYA Phil Morris, 7l Van Diemans Road, powerful lights suspended '16 Stanford in the Vale, Oxon, SN7 8HW has House, Bernard Terrace, Edinburgh Region 7: WEST MIDLANDS gNX down it. Further details of the EH8 Staffordshire, West Region 12:SOUTH EAST Shropshire, history of the shaft and the Nent Region 2: IRELAND Midlands, Warwickshire, Hereford and ENGLAND Force Level are available in the Michael Coulter, Department of Worcester Hampshire and lsle of Wight, Surrey, trust's latest book lfe Nent Force Environment. Historic Monuments and John Powell, lronbridge Gorge Museum Sussex and Kent Level and Brewery Shaft by Peter Buildings,5-33 Hill Street Belfast 1 Trust, The Wharfage, lronbridge, Telford, Chris Shepheard, Rose Cottage, 22 7AW Wilkinson, available at Nenthead. Region 3: NORIHERN ENGI-AND Shropshire TF8 Ridgeway Hill Road, Farnham, Surrey Also new this year at the Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Region 8: EAST MlDl-ANDs GU9 8LS Nenthead site is the power of water Wear Durham and Cleveland Derbyshire, Nottinghanshire, Region 13: WEST OF ENGTAND display. This is an interactive display Graham Brooks, Coomara, Carleton, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Some6et, Avon, Gloucestershire, using a series of large water wheels, Carlisle Cumbria CA4 OBU Northamptonshire Wiltshire and Dorset David Lyne, Somerville Road, Close, each driven in a different means Region 4: YORKSHIRE AND 10 Mike Bone, Sunnyside, Avon 'l Leicester LE3 2ET Keynsham, Bristol BSl8 LQ (overshot, undershot, etc) to power HUMBERSIDE different types of reconstructed North. South and West Yorkshire and Region 9: EAST ANGLIA Region 14: SOUTH WEST machinery such as stamps, blowing Hunberside Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and ENGLAND engines, etc. This provides great Derek Bayliss, 30 Muskoka Avenue, Essex Devon and Cornwall Bents creen, Sheffield Sl 1 7RL David Alderton, 48 Quay Street, VACANT entertainment for children as they Halesworth, Suffolk lP19 8EY can pull the levers to make the Region 5: NORTH WEST waterwheels work, leaving you time ENGLAND Region 10: GREATER LONDON to view the rest of the site Lancashire, Merseyside, Grcater Dr R.J.M. Carr, 127 Queen's Drive, undisturbed. Manchester and Cheshire London N4 2BB VACANT Graham Brooks INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 123 13 PUBLICATIONS Local Society and other periodicals received Books Received Abstracts will appear in lndustrial Archaeology Review. The following books have been received for review in lndustrial Archaeology Review. BW Monthly, July, August & September 2002 BlAGscope,53 & 54, Spring & Summer 2002 The Calder and Hebble Navigation, by Mike Taylo1 Stroud: Tempus Brewery History,107 & 108, Spring & Summer 2002 Publishing, 2002.128 pp, 199 illus. ISBN 0 7524 2755 5. f12.00. British & lrish Archaeological Bibliography,6/1, April 2002 Yorkshire's River Calder between Wakefield and Sowerby Bridge was Cumbria lndustrial History Society Bulletin,52 & 53, April & made navigable in the | 770s to the designs of John Smeaton. Soon aftet August 2002 with the construction of the Rochdale, Huddersfield and Huddersfield Cumbrian lndustrialist, 4, 2002 Narrow canals, the Calder became part of the Mersey-Humber trade route. Do.co.mo.mo - documentation and conservation of buildings, sites Trade was brisk for many years but by the 1940s the canal was in decline; and neighbourhoods of the modern movement Journal,26, the Halifax branch was closed and sunounding canals abandoned. However, December 2001 commercial traffic continued until 1981 when shipments to Thornhill Power Dorset lndustrial Archaeology Society Newsletter,2 & 3, January & Station ceased. lllustrations include photographs of canal boats, canal May 2002 furniture, activity on the many wharves, and maps, all recording the Focus on lndustrial Archaeology (Hampshire Industrial Archaeology experiences of those who worked on the waterway. Society), 58, June 2002 Friends of 5t. Aidan's BEll50 Dragline Newsletter,25, March 2002 Eight Centuries of Milling in North East Yorkshire, by John K. Harrison, GLIAS Newsletter, 199-201, April-August 2002 North York Moors National Park, 2002.295 pp, many illus. |SBN 0 9074 8087 Greenwich lndustrial History, 512-3, MarchJuly 2002 X. f18.50. Available (+ f4.50 p&p)from North York Moors National Park, Hampshire lndustrial Archaeology Society lournal, 10, 2002 The Old Vicarage, Bondgate, Helmsley, York Y062 5BP. Hampshire Mills Group Newsletter,5T & 58, Summer & Autumn 2002 Winner of the 2002 AIA Initiative Award this remarkable study is the lndustrial Archaeology North West, 111 ,2001 result of 30 years of research. lt covers sites, buildings and machinery, with lndustrial Heritage, 28, 5pring 2002 measured drawings and a gazetteer for over 150 water mills, 70 windmill Lancashire History Quarterly,6ll & 612,Spring & Summer 2002 sites. The geographic and economic background and history of milling are Manchester Region lndustrial Archaeology Society Newsletter,99 & covered from 1086 to the end of the nineteenth century. In this 1 00, May & August 2002 geographically diverse region different responses to the problems of corn The Milestone Society Newsletter, 1 & 2, July 2001 & January 2002 milling varied from the moorland dales to the estuarine lowlands. fhe Mundling Stick,8l2, Summer 2002. PHEW Newsletter, 94, June 2002 King Edward Mine: An lllustrated Account of Underground and SAVE Britain's Heritage Newsletter, April/May 2002 Surface Operations 1897-2001, byTony Brooks & John Watton, StAustell: Scottish lndustrial Heritage Society Bulletin,23, August 2002 Cornish Hillside Publications,2002.132 pp.,145 illus.|SBN 1900147 27 0 Society for lndustrial Archeology lournal (USA),31/2, Spring 2002 hardback. f20.99. ISBN 1 9001 47 26 2 paperback . f17 .99. Somerset lndustrial Archaeological Society Bulletin, 90, August 2002 A fully illustrated account of the establishment in 1897 and working of Suffolk lndustrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, TS, August 2002 the King Edward Mine as a surface and underground training mine for the Suney lndustrial History 6roup Newsletter, 124,126,121 & 128, world-famous Camborne School of Mines. Historic photographs include November 2001, March, May & July 2002 underground scenes down to the second half of the twentieth century. The Sussex lndustrial Archaeology Society & Sussex Mills Group book describes in a clear manner how underground mining and surface Newsletter,ll2-115,October 2001 - July 2002 mineral dressing equipment worked. Since becoming redundant, the historic Sussex lndustrial History, 32, 2002 surface buildings, have been refurbished to include a museum and a tin ore TICCIH Bulletin, 17 ,2002 dressing mill, complete with the original Californian stamps and restored WaterWords, (news from Hereford Waterworks Museum), Spring/Summer equipment such as a round buddle, round frame and sand table. The site 2002 opened as a museum earlier this year. The many historic photographs are Worcestershire lndustrial Archaeology & Local History Society well produced and the problems of early underground photography are also Newsletter, 22 Summer 2002 discussed. Yorkshire Archaeological 5ociety, lndustrial History Section Newsletter, 55, Spring 2002 Shipping of the River Forth, by William F. Hendrie, Stroud: Tempus Yorkshire History Quarterly, 714, May 2002 Publishing, 2002.128 pp, 200 illus. ISBN 0 7524 2117 4. f.12.99. Delegates at this year's AIA conference at Edinburgh with an interest in ports and shipping should find this publication appealing. Historic photographs from the nineteenth century to 2001 and informative captions describe the navigation, shipping and port facilities on both banks from Stirling to the mouth of the Forth. Large ports such as Grangemouth and Anne Jones Booksearch Service Leith are seen in contrast to places like the picturesque fishing port of Pittenweem. Shipbreakers were once a common sight, with yards at Bo'ness, ' Bryher' Barncoose Terrace Alloa and Rosyth in operation demolishing old ships, including such famous Redruth, Cornwall TR15 3EP liners as the four-funnelled Cunarder Mauretania, which is seen arriving Telephone 01209 211180 under her own steam. The Forth Bridge, shipbuilding, naval activities and lighthouses are also coverec. A selection of secondhand and out of print books for sale Industrial Archaeology:- Canals, Railways, Bridges, early Engineers, Steam and Engineering interest Short Notices Please phone or write for list Disasters on the Severn, by Chris Witts, Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2002. Free book search also available 160 pp, 116 illus. ISBN 0 75242383 5. f12.99. Details on request The lower reaches of Britain's longest river, once important for trade, are dangerous waters. The Severn is famous for its bore and its impressive tidal range and has been the scene of many an accident and mystery. The book 14 INDIJSTRIAL AR1HAE)L)GY NEWS 123 PUBLICATIONS covers the famous Severn Bridge Disaster of 1 960, when oil barges brought diggings, the mines and furnaces of the iron industry, transport down two spans and brought about the long railway crossing's closure and infrastructure, quarries and the free miners who are still getting coal today. demolition. This was in fact the second disaster involving the bridge. Oil the book can serve as a guide to the industrial archaeology and a location barges encountered many mishaps, grounding and sinking on voyages map and grid references to more than 60 sites are provided. between Avonmouth, Sharpness and Worcester, and even down channel to Swansea. Other incidents include serious floods along the river. PUBLICATIONS NEWS The Festiniog Railway from 1950, by Andrew Wilson, Stroud: Tempus Further news of lA interest is given here. Publishing,2002.128 pp,234 illus.ISBN 0 7524 2397 5.f12.00. The Festiniog Railway was opened in 1836 to carry slate from Blaenau British and lrish Archaeological Bibliography Ffestiniog's quarries to the shipping quays at Portmadoc. 0riginally powered With effect from Volume 6/1 the above publication has been re-designed by gravity and horses, steam had come to the line by 1863.After a period of and the cost reduced by over 50%. Institutional subscriptions have also been decline in the early twentieth century the Second World War saw the closure reduced by 20o/o. From early 2003 this powerful research resource will be of the line and it lay neglected and vandalised until 1 950. Steps to preserve online with access to a structured database of nearly 200,000 bibliographic the line became a reality by 1954 and today it is one of the best known of records dating from 1695AD to the present day. A trial version is already Wales' narrow gauge railways. The collection of photographs in this book available for 2000 and 2001, log on to http://www.biab.co.uk records the years of preservation and development along the line up to Subscribers to Volume 7 will receive both hard-copy editions plus full 2001, illustrating locomotives, rolling stock, stations and activities along the online subscriber access for the amazingly low price of f20 for individuals track during this half-century period. and f80 for institutions. Subscription address: biab, The British Academy, I 0 Carlton House Terrace, London SWI Y 5AN, or email: [email protected] lrish Sea Shipping Publicised, by R.N. Forsythe, Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2002. 160 pp, 231 illus. lSBN 0 7524 2355 X. f16.99. Railway Archive This book approaches the history of shipping services in the lrish Sea Lightmoor Press has published the first edition of Railway Archive (ISSN through the use of publicity material to give an insight into the way the 1477 5336), a new journal for British railway history aimed at the general shipping companies viewed both themselves and their customers. Using enthusiast, historian and modeller. lt is produced to the same standard as original guide books, posters and pamphlets (some in colour), as well as the acclaimed Archive, the quarterly journal of industrial and transport photographs, the author considers lrish Sea trade from Swansea in South history now in its ninth year of publication. Editors Neil Parkhouse and lan Wales to Campbeltown in the west of Scotland, and from Cork to Pope believe there is room for a quarterly railway journal that is prepared to Londonderry and the lsle of Man services. Some famous companies include look at all aspects of railway history. lt is intended to publish three issues a Burns & Laird, British & lrish ferries, Sealink, P & O and Stena. year. As with Archive, it is packed with photographs and maps reproduced Major articles from the Manchester Region lndustrial Archaeology to a good standard. lssue No.1 includes articles on Birmingham Moor Street, Society Newsletter,1998-2002. 24 pp, illus. f2.50 incl. p+p from David railway photographs of E. Pouteau, exchanging tablets, locomotives George, 30 Kingsway, Worsley, Manchester M28 7FD. designed by committee, the North Staffordshire Stoke Works and railway Six articles have been reprinted in this A4-sized compilation: 'lndustrial postcards of Glamorganshire. Subscription for three issues (one year) is Archaeology of Greater Manchester' (1998), by A D George; 'Mill Architects' f26.00, including p&p, from Lightmoor Press, 47-49 High Street, Lydney, (1998)and'The End of Swan Lane Mills, Bolton' (2002), by Roger Holden; Glos. GLI 5 5DD. Editorial address is'The Bucklands',80 Tutnalls Street, 'The life and works of Daniel Adamson' (1999) and 'Francis William Crossley, Lydney, Glos. GLI 5 5PQ, 8 01 594 843927, E-mail: [email protected]. 1 839-1 897' (2001 ), by Bernard Champness; and 'Edward Bury (1 794-1 858)', SUIAG by Michael R Bailey (2000). A history of It is never a bad thing to reflect on past achievements and the list is Newtown: The growth of an industrial suburb in the nineteenth distinguished in Southampton University lndustrial Archaeology century, by Derek Brumhead, New Mills Local History Society Occasional Group, 1968-2001: A History (2002) which has been compiled by Edwin Paper 12, 36 pp, 12 photos. f3.50 incl. p&p from Editor NMLHS, Ron Weston, Course, with help from Laurie Wing and others. The booklet traces the 'The Thorns', Laneside Road, New Mills, High Peak, Derbyshire 5K22 4LU. history of 5UIAG (as it became known) from its foundation in 1968 until Newtown, an industrial suburb of the early cotton textile town of New 2001 when its name changed to the Hampshire lA Soclety. Short chapters Mills, grew up around a second generation of steam-powered cotton mills set out the development of the Group, the surveys undertaken by members, beside a canal. Early maps ands photographs show the developments here. and activities such as study tours and the rescue and restoration section The role of communications, canal and turnpike and railway, with the high- (known as the'heavy gang'). Past officers are listed and as far as possible level road bridge linking New Mills with its satellite, receives particular all monthly lectures are recorded, and an impressive list is given of the attention. Group's publications. Many other societies can only aspire to these achievements. Details can be obtained from Dr E.A. Course, 18 Craven Road, Walks from Welsh Heritage Railways, by Dorothy Hamilton, l-lanrwst: Chandlers Ford, Eastleigh, Hants 5053 2HD. Gwasg Caneg Gwa|ch,2002.142 pp,27 maps,16 illus.ISBN 0 86381 771 8. f4.50. Available for f5.50 from the publisher at 12 lard yr Orsaf, Llanrwst, Dyffryn Convvy, LL26 OEH. Some 26 walks from ten heritage railways are described in this pocket- THE BOOK HOUSB sized book, each with a sketch map, directions and with some historical The leading industrial archaeology booksellers since 1963 - or between stations and background. The walks are circular from a station books on all aspects of technology & transport range from 2 to 7 miles in length. They are based upon the Vale of Rheidol, rssugo SEARCH sERVrcE Talyllyn, Fairbourne and Barmouth, Ffestiniog, Welsh Highland, Snowdon Lrsrs - FRss Mountain, Llangollen, Bala Lake and Welshpool and Llanfair Railways as Official stot:kists for Newt:omen Society Transactions well as the Great Orme Tramway. The Book House. Ravenstonedale. Kirkby Stephen, Cumbria CA17 4NQ Work the Woods: Dean's lndustrial Heritage, by Chris Monis, in Te\: 015396-23634 Fax: 015396-23434 Longhope: Tanners Yard Press, 2002. 72 pp, illus. lSBN 0 9542096 0 5. f1 1.99 e-mail : mail@the hookhouse.co.uk incl. p&p from the publisher at Church Road, Longhope, Gloucestershire Open daily except Sunday & Tuesday: 9am-5pm GLl7 OLA. at conferences The graphic yet informative images in this book are a visual celebration or visit our bookstall many IA of the Forest of Dean's industrial past. Subjects include pre-Roman iron INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 123 15 DIARY 20-24 JANUARY 2OO3 17 MAY 2003 5-11 SEPTEMBER 2OO3 FIRST INTERNATIONAL !NDUSTRIES OF SOUTH AIA ANNUAL CONFERENCE lnfornation for ffie diary shald fu CONGRESS ON YORKSHIRE IN SOUTH-EAST WALES sent directly to tlrc Editor a son CONSTRUCTION HISTORY at Grenoside, a day school to mark at Cardiff, with a full programme of as it is available. Dates of and Tield visits. at Madrid, aiming to promote the 70th anniversary of the South lectures, awards and last dates for rcceipt of only but make a construction history as a legitimate Yorkshire Industrial History Society Advance notice arc given below. ltens field of study and to determine its and its forerunners. Details from note in your diary. nornally appeat in successive role in the future. Registration forms Chris Morley, S 0114 2462629. 24-26 SEPTEMBER 2OO3 issues up to he date of the event and further information available on !N 29 MAY 1 JUNE 2OO3 ARCHAEOMETALLURGY sent in www.aq.upm.es/ - Please ensure dehils are the congress website: MONTREAL INDUSTR!AL EUROPE you wkh your event to be advisd. construction-history/ HERITAGE: A CONTINENTAL at the Museo Nazionale della 'Leonardo 5 APRIL 2OO3 AND TRANS.OCEANIC Scienza e della Tecnologia A full diary can also be viewed TURNTABLE, 1 850-2OOO da Vinci', a conference to share - SERIAC www. i n du sti a l a rch arrllqy. org. uk \. I the South East Region Industrial at Montreal, the 32nd annual information on all aspects of the Archaeology Conference, at conference of the Society for history of iron and copper University of Greenwich, Royal Industrial Archeology. Details on SIA metallurgy in European countries, Naval College, Greenwich. Hosted web site wvrnru.ss.mtu.edu/lA/sia.html, from origins to the early eighteenth by GLIAS. Advance notice only. No or contact James Bouchard, 8 century. Topics include mines, further details available. (514\ 251-5148, Fax: (514) 251- ancient ores and refractories, 51 26, E-mail: [email protected] . foundries, forging, metal finishing, 12-13 APRIL 2003 CALL F0R PAPERS. You are invited history of metallurgy, and AIA IRONBRIDGE WEEKEND to submit a proposal for the paper conservation science. Abstracts of the annual Affiliated Societies sessions on Saturday, 31 May 2003 prospective papers to be submitted Weekend at lronbridge. Advance no later than 1 5 November 2002, to: by 16 December 2002. Further notice only. Details and booking Louise Trottier, Canada Science and information from website: form will be mailed with the next lA Technology Museum, 2380 www.fast.mi.it./aim/archeo.htm or News. Lancaster Road, P.O. Box. 9724, at Associazione ltaliana di 10 MAY 2003 Station L Ottawa, 0N, CANADA KI G Metallurgia, P.R. Morandi 2 - 20121 SWASWRIAC 5A3, a (613)991-6705. Fax: Milano, ltaly, 8 + 39 0276397770, the South West and South Wales (613)990-3636; E-mail: Fax: + 39 02 76020551, E-mail: Region Industrial Archaeology [email protected] , from whom [email protected]. INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS Conference, at the Town Hall, Devizes, details can be first obtained. (formerly AIA Bulletin ISSN 0309-0051) Wiltshire. Advance notice onlv. t55N 1 354-1 455 Editor: Dr Peter Stanier Published by the Association for lndustrial Archaeology. Contributions should be sent to the Editor Dr Peter Stanier, 49 Breach Lane, Shaftesbury, Dorset SP7 8LF. News and press releases may be sent to the Editor or the appropriate AIA Regional Correspondents. The Editor may be telephoned on 01747 854707 or e-mail: a ia n ews@sta n i er49. freeserue. co. u k. Final copy dates are as follows 30 March for May mailing 30 June for August mailing 30 September for November mailing 30 December for February mailing The AIA was established in 1973 to promote the study of lndustrial Archaeology and encourage improved standards of recording, research, conseruation and publication. lt aims to assist and support regional and specialist suruey groups and bodies involved in the prcseruation of industrial nonuments, to rcprcsent the interests of lndustrial Archaeology at national level, to hold conferences and seminarc and to publish the resulB of research. The AIA publishes an annual Review and quanerly News bulletin. Further details may be obtained fron the Liaison 0fficer, AIA Office, School of Archaeological Studies, University of Leicester. Leicestet LEI 7RH. 7 0ll6 252 5337 Fax:0116 252 5005. Ihe views expressed in this bulletin are not necessarily those of the Association for Industrial Archaeology. 16 @ Association for Industrial Archaeology, November 2002 Registered in England under the Companies Act 1948 (No. 1325854) and the Charities Act 1950 (No. 277511) Registered office: The Wharfage, lronbridge, Telford, Shropshire TF8 7AW n-^),.-^) Lr. TD. D-iF+ c^^,iaat I i-ir^l alrnlfa'l E^',,m n^rGA+