NASA Student Reading About Galaxies
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Unusual Orbits in the Andromeda Galaxy Post-16
Unusual orbits in the Andromeda galaxy Post-16 Topics covered: spectra, Doppler effect, Newton’s law of gravitation, galaxy rotation curves, arc lengths, cosmological units, dark matter Teacher’s Notes In this activity students will use real scientific data to plot the rotation curve of M31 (Andromeda), our neighbouring spiral galaxy. They will use Kepler’s third law to predict the motion of stars around the centre of M31. They will then measure the wavelengths of hydrogen emission spectra taken at a range of radii. The Doppler equation will be used to determine whether these spectra come from the approaching or receding limb of the galaxy and the velocity of rotation at that point. They will plot a velocity vs radius graph and compare it with their predicted result. A flat rotation curve indicates the presence of dark matter within Andromeda. Equipment: calculator, ruler, graph paper (if needed) Questions to ask the class before the activity: What is the Universe composed of? Answer: energy, luminous matter, dark matter, dark energy. What is a spectrum and how so we get spectral lines? Answer: a ‘fingerprint’ of an object made of light. The spectrum of visible light is composed of the colours of the rainbow. Absorption lines arise from electrons absorbing photons of light and jumping an energy level or levels; emission lines occur when electrons fall down to a lower energy level and emit a photon in the process. What can a spectrum tell us? Answer: the composition of an object such as a star, its temperature, its pressure, the abundance of elements in the star, its motion (velocity). -
Messier Objects
Messier Objects From the Stocker Astroscience Center at Florida International University Miami Florida The Messier Project Main contributors: • Daniel Puentes • Steven Revesz • Bobby Martinez Charles Messier • Gabriel Salazar • Riya Gandhi • Dr. James Webb – Director, Stocker Astroscience center • All images reduced and combined using MIRA image processing software. (Mirametrics) What are Messier Objects? • Messier objects are a list of astronomical sources compiled by Charles Messier, an 18th and early 19th century astronomer. He created a list of distracting objects to avoid while comet hunting. This list now contains over 110 objects, many of which are the most famous astronomical bodies known. The list contains planetary nebula, star clusters, and other galaxies. - Bobby Martinez The Telescope The telescope used to take these images is an Astronomical Consultants and Equipment (ACE) 24- inch (0.61-meter) Ritchey-Chretien reflecting telescope. It has a focal ratio of F6.2 and is supported on a structure independent of the building that houses it. It is equipped with a Finger Lakes 1kx1k CCD camera cooled to -30o C at the Cassegrain focus. It is equipped with dual filter wheels, the first containing UBVRI scientific filters and the second RGBL color filters. Messier 1 Found 6,500 light years away in the constellation of Taurus, the Crab Nebula (known as M1) is a supernova remnant. The original supernova that formed the crab nebula was observed by Chinese, Japanese and Arab astronomers in 1054 AD as an incredibly bright “Guest star” which was visible for over twenty-two months. The supernova that produced the Crab Nebula is thought to have been an evolved star roughly ten times more massive than the Sun. -
THE 1000 BRIGHTEST HIPASS GALAXIES: H I PROPERTIES B
The Astronomical Journal, 128:16–46, 2004 July A # 2004. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. THE 1000 BRIGHTEST HIPASS GALAXIES: H i PROPERTIES B. S. Koribalski,1 L. Staveley-Smith,1 V. A. Kilborn,1, 2 S. D. Ryder,3 R. C. Kraan-Korteweg,4 E. V. Ryan-Weber,1, 5 R. D. Ekers,1 H. Jerjen,6 P. A. Henning,7 M. E. Putman,8 M. A. Zwaan,5, 9 W. J. G. de Blok,1,10 M. R. Calabretta,1 M. J. Disney,10 R. F. Minchin,10 R. Bhathal,11 P. J. Boyce,10 M. J. Drinkwater,12 K. C. Freeman,6 B. K. Gibson,2 A. J. Green,13 R. F. Haynes,1 S. Juraszek,13 M. J. Kesteven,1 P. M. Knezek,14 S. Mader,1 M. Marquarding,1 M. Meyer,5 J. R. Mould,15 T. Oosterloo,16 J. O’Brien,1,6 R. M. Price,7 E. M. Sadler,13 A. Schro¨der,17 I. M. Stewart,17 F. Stootman,11 M. Waugh,1, 5 B. E. Warren,1, 6 R. L. Webster,5 and A. E. Wright1 Received 2002 October 30; accepted 2004 April 7 ABSTRACT We present the HIPASS Bright Galaxy Catalog (BGC), which contains the 1000 H i brightest galaxies in the southern sky as obtained from the H i Parkes All-Sky Survey (HIPASS). The selection of the brightest sources is basedontheirHi peak flux density (Speak k116 mJy) as measured from the spatially integrated HIPASS spectrum. 7 ; 10 The derived H i masses range from 10 to 4 10 M . -
1. Introduction
THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 122:109È150, 1999 May ( 1999. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. GALAXY STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS: STAR FORMATION RATE AND EVOLUTION WITH REDSHIFT M. TAKAMIYA1,2 Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and Gemini 8 m Telescopes Project, 670 North Aohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720 Received 1998 August 4; accepted 1998 December 21 ABSTRACT The evolution of the structure of galaxies as a function of redshift is investigated using two param- eters: the metric radius of the galaxy(Rg) and the power at high spatial frequencies in the disk of the galaxy (s). A direct comparison is made between nearby (z D 0) and distant(0.2 [ z [ 1) galaxies by following a Ðxed range in rest frame wavelengths. The data of the nearby galaxies comprise 136 broad- band images at D4500A observed with the 0.9 m telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory (23 galaxies) and selected from the catalog of digital images of Frei et al. (113 galaxies). The high-redshift sample comprises 94 galaxies selected from the Hubble Deep Field (HDF) observations with the Hubble Space Telescope using the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 in four broad bands that range between D3000 and D9000A (Williams et al.). The radius is measured from the intensity proÐle of the galaxy using the formulation of Petrosian, and it is argued to be a metric radius that should not depend very strongly on the angular resolution and limiting surface brightness level of the imaging data. It is found that the metric radii of nearby and distant galaxies are comparable to each other. -
Galaxies NGC 4038/9
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CERN Document Server A Multi-transition CO Study of The \Antennae" Galaxies NGC 4038/9 Ming Zhu1,E.R.Seaquist1, and Nario Kuno2 ABSTRACT For the Antennae interacting galaxy pair, we have obtained high quality, fully sampled 12CO J=1–0 and 3–2 maps of the regions surrounding the nuclei and the area of overlap between the two galaxies. The maps possess an angular resolution of 1500 or 1.5 kpc, so far the highest resolution maps available at both the J=1–0 and 3–2 transitions. In addition, 12CO J=2–1 data have been obtained for the positions of the two nuclei as well as in part of the overlap 12 region with 2000 angular resolution. The CO J=1–0, 2–1, 3–2 emission all peak in an off-nucleus region adjacent to where the two disks overlap. Use of the conventional X factor yields 4 109 M molecular gas mass in the overlap ∼ × region. It is difficult to understand how such a large amount of molecular gas can be accumulated in this region given the relatively short lifetime of molecular clouds and the limited period of time for this region to form. Line emission at 13CO J=2–1 and 3–2 is detected at selected points in the two nuclei and the overlap region. Both the 12CO/13CO J=2–1 and 3–2 integrated intensity ratios are remarkably high in the overlap region. This is the first published case in which such high 12CO/13CO J=2–1 and 3–2 ratios are found outside a galactic nucleus. -
April Constellations of the Month
April Constellations of the Month Leo Small Scope Objects: Name R.A. Decl. Details M65! A large, bright Sa/Sb spiral galaxy. 7.8 x 1.6 arc minutes, magnitude 10.2. Very 11hr 18.9m +13° 05’ (NGC 3623) high surface brighness showing good detail in medium sized ‘scopes. M66! Another bright Sb galaxy, only 21 arc minutes from M65. Slightly brighter at mag. 11hr 20.2m +12° 59’ (NGC 3627) 9.7, measuring 8.0 x 2.5 arc minutes. M95 An easy SBb barred spiral, 4 x 3 arc minutes in size. Magnitude 10.5, with 10hr 44.0m +11° 42’ a bright central core. The bar and outer ring of material will require larger (NGC 3351) aperature and dark skies. M96 Another bright Sb spiral, about 42 arc minutes east of M95, but larger and 10hr 46.8m +11° 49’ (NGC 3368) brighter. 6 x 4 arc minutes, magnitude 10.1. Located about 48 arc minutes NNE of M96. This small elliptical galaxy measures M105 only 2 x 2.1 arc minutes, but at mag. 10.3 has very high surface brightness. 10hr 47.8m +12° 35’ (NGC 3379) Look for NGC 3384! (110NGC) and NGC 3389 (mag 11.0 and 12.2) which form a small triangle with M105. NGC 3384! 10hr 48.3m +12° 38’ See comment for M105. The brightest galaxy in Leo, this Sb/Sc spiral galaxy shines at mag. 9.5. Look for NGC 2903!! 09hr 32.2m +21° 30’ a hazy patch 11 x 4.7 arc minutes in size 1.5° south of l Leonis. -
"Glory" John Legend and Common (2015) (From Selma Soundtrack)
"Glory" John Legend and Common (2015) (from Selma soundtrack) [John Legend:] [Common:] One day when the glory comes Selma is now for every man, woman and child It will be ours, it will be ours Even Jesus got his crown in front of a crowd One day when the war is won They marched with the torch, we gon' run with it We will be sure, we will be sure now Oh glory Never look back, we done gone hundreds of miles [Common:] From dark roads he rose, to become a hero Hands to the Heavens, no man, no weapon Facin' the league of justice, his power was the Formed against, yes glory is destined people Every day women and men become legends Enemy is lethal, a king became regal Sins that go against our skin become blessings Saw the face of Jim Crow under a bald eagle The movement is a rhythm to us The biggest weapon is to stay peaceful Freedom is like religion to us We sing, our music is the cuts that we bleed Justice is juxtapositionin' us through Justice for all just ain't specific enough Somewhere in the dream we had an epiphany One son died, his spirit is revisitin' us Now we right the wrongs in history True and livin' livin' in us, resistance is us No one can win the war individually That's why Rosa sat on the bus It takes the wisdom of the elders and young That's why we walk through Ferguson with our people's energy hands up Welcome to the story we call victory When it go down we woman and man up The comin' of the Lord, my eyes have seen the They say, "Stay down", and we stand up glory Shots, we on the ground, the camera panned up King pointed to -
Preliminary Catalogue of Isaac Roberts's Collection of Photographs of Celestial Objects
ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN. Nr. 4154. Band 174. 2. Preliminary catalogue of Isaac Roberts’s collection of photographs of celestial objects. By Dorotha Isaac-Roberts. The Isaac Roberts collection of celestial photographs The number of the copies of the forthcoming paper comprises 2485 original negatives of stars, star-clusters, being very limited, the observatories and astronomers, official nebulae and other celestial objects together with many posi. or amateur, who are specially interested in photographic tives on glass and on paper, taken by the late Dr. Isaac astronomy will please send in their names to the address Roberts or, under his incessant supervision, by his assistant given below, early in 1907, in order that the various parts W. S. Franks, F. R. A. S., at Dr. Roberts’s Private Obser- of the complete catalogue may be sent to them in course vatory, Kennessee, Maghull, near Liverpool (1885-1 890) and, of time. from 1890 to 1904, at Starfield, Crowborough, Sussex. Positives- on-glass reproduced from the Isaac Roberts Of the above mentioned negatives, negatives will be lent for the purpose of micrometric mea- I) 1412 were taken with the zo-in Reflector (focal surements, if, application be made and provided that the length = 98.0 ins) and with an exposure of the plate of documents be returned after completion of the measurements. ninety minutes in general. In the preliminary catalogue given below, the numbers 2) 648 with the 5-in Cooke lens (f. 1. = 19.22 ins) of Dr. Dreyer’s New General Catalogue of Nebulae and which was mounted on the tube of the zo-in Reflector; or, Clusters of Stars and of Dr. -