&)ud�U}/1/ NAZI EUTHANASIA, 1939-1945
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HEATHER er
"The rosethat does not bloom will be pulled upand tossed in the fire, and the gardener will chop down the tree that bears no fruit." - Walter Gross, 1933
he history of National Socialist rule in Germany is, in many ways, a history of atrocities.Hitler and the men and women who supported him sought to fashion a new ethnic identitybased on self-sacrifice,unwaver ing allegiance, and the radical exclusion of undesirable groups. In the process, the Nazi machine systematically annihilated millions of individual lives considered to be of no, or negativevalue to the Volk. While much atten tionhas been duly paid to the destructionof Jewish lives in the Holocaust, new scholarship has emerged over the last two decades to shed light on the concurrent program of Nazi euthanasia, which aimed at cleansing the ethnic body politicfrom within. In the quest to create a strongand healthy racial state, it was not only necessary to rid Germany of foreign elements like Jews and Gypsies, but also to cleanse the Aryan ranks of the unfit - those mentally or physically handicapped individuals whose existence threatened the strengthand health of the Volk as a whole. As Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf, ''.A stronger race [must] drive out the weak" and replace "the so-called humanity of individuals" with "the humanity of Nature which destroys the weak to give his place to the strong." 1 In a society that demanded that the interests of the Volk be placed above the interests of al!)Iindividual, destroyingthose who could neither care for themselves nor contribute to society became a kind of moral imperative - an act of devotionfor the greater good.
‘8
Through
indoctrination
and
distancing
ence
possible
created
specifically became
on ing
into
had
he
der
the
lives
the
crept
died
early
Europeans
to
life
gained
ogists Nazi
and
human
might centration
individual
the
to
euthanasia”
4
at
tion
handicapped
and
1940 cree,
(14),
played
a
society
the
inclination
the
name
signed
and
the
maintenance
accepted
starvation
radical
What
racial
prior
mass
not
en
Phillip
Viewed
of
power
advocates
The
into
issued
and
from
only
hands
an gassing
increasing
by a
life.
natural
approximately
create
masse
the
of an
concrete
of
on
August
environment
themselves
scale.7 the
to
euthanasia
on
science
grew
was
and
three
devoted
to
be
camps
relative
action.
examination
CPF
But Bouhier
on
1900
of
administrative
that
a
and
an
within
of
for
October
patients
the
of
subconscious
toward
seen
higher
diets
a
peculiar
of
at less
Hitler’s
1933-1945.
tendency
of
physicians
the
association
out
principle
hierarchy
medical
This years.6
followed
during
devastating
the
of on.
194l.
influence
institutionalized
movement,
program
euthanasia
public
and
HEATHER
as
In
to
value
and
devaluation
the
of with
“worthless”
program
cause?
from euthanasia
front,5 another
Furthermore,
who
transformation
the
euthanasia,
5,000
personal
1,
of
to
Einsatz,gruppen
the
limited
lethal
Thousands
of
their
staff
1939
of
basis
recruiting
in
factors:
“free-floating
Hider’s
the
hands
were
of and
headquarters
It
the
among
for
the
of
visceral between
an
the When
they
children
was,
loss
worth
which
example
Nazis
participation
in
asked
injections
to
many
began
in
the
nurses
reality
above stationary,
age
cnnsidered
context
of
perpetrators
and
the
of
the
lives
any
of
a
posed
1941
rathei
patients
which
destruction
German
individual
Hitler
government-sponsored
more
in
doctors
the
based
the
COOPER and
predated
was
their
life
rhetoric
war
outbreak
theoretical
Germans’
in
institution.4
and
of
factors, in
sweeps,
which
of
in
of
responsibility;”6
halt
of
the
T4
tendency
suffered
that
a
German
theory
established
the
intellectual
and
died
compartmentalized
institutions an
a
unpleasant,
readers
which
backdated
70,000
question,
on
“incurable.”2
other
in
peculiarly
in
fall
to
order,
psychiatrists
administration,
integral
transformation
could of
millions
to
this sacrifice,
one’s
life
special
the
during
of
the
of
grant
the
of
into minds:
discussions
create
charged
in
atrocities,
the
“life
was adults
Idifing
Nazis
how
essay
to
which
euthanasia
1939
euthanasia
be
World
ability
practice which
at
“mercy
war
devalue
response facet
the
the
centers,
while
were
Nazi
not
or unworthy
carried
one
which
mechanisms
the Were Tiergartenstrasse
attempts
by
Under with
met
centers
and
Dr.
had
euthanasia
period
and
peculiar
difficult
in
War
of
to
bureaucracy
decades,
training
disregard
could
sacrificed
had like
of
the
a
September,
Karl
of
death[sj”
their
anthropol
was
a
contribute
put
individual
a
racial individual
program; tasks
but
Germans
pre-exist
its
out
of
the secret
program
eugenics
I.
thought
the
between
of
already
healthy
of
to
merits
justify
an
When
Brandt
made
tasks.
deaths
not
many
to
on
direc
“wild
life”
and
and
con
sci
and
for
end
or
the
for
de
in
an
to to I9 a to in of of of al — hi for ex the the not has un life, and that gen con offer ques racial to neces model eugen was various utilized to given women Lifton’s system relating a address Michael their between from racial obviously Germany in Euthanasia others examining which as in in that continuum author is training future historiogra and is and the a have environment attempted hope in sought different caner discussions By destruction individual valuable examining I Friedlander adults From Nazi Finally, eugenics, perpetrators a the and through an many each responsibility from an Extermination men or essay in sewed the to have euthanasia by along have and sources which of valuable with I one some information program and the and Friedlander, to context power. for 1939-1945 this deny which Solution, Nazis.° perpetrators of Reich.’° which Genocide: devalued to stage created for in provides in the theoretical of trials, central administration administration the and is similar Ethics Burleigh, context Final above, rise Henry perpetrators, present children one Nazi
euthanasia CPF employed historians undesirables 1933 Third ways and T-4 bureaucracy indoctrination oudine program concerned of the of of introduces the euthanasia conducive particularly the as from them under was possible and Nazi questions the the Burieigh books, the Lifton, frequently it presented commit, and post-war questions transform administration. and of basic to Euthanasia, work the psychology of from been before Nazi his the within Origins exclude victims, Doctors the mentioned was to two T-4 in separates the to possible which science primarily the has decades, evidence that systematic The Nazis handicapped of and The same mechanisms to them shape is a Nazi followed. considers Nazi mechanisms the euthanasia of research how tojustif)ç organization, violence a environment and prior two books the the he than their What racial program The operations Lifton into an sought psychiatry that and work The and And and the placed did program in last Nazi which know answer in administration 100,000 in with perpetrators, Reich, exclusion. euthanasia eradicate movement, when that first of possible All His culled we the limited of T-4 distancing life?” to been How argues Germany killing” Friedlander’s Exclusion: study psychological victims, was partial sources. interest works of documentation almost in euthanasia the Third euthanasia. here, over RobertJay it and what has euthanasia which radical Solution, more changes origins then crimes. the hygiene of euthanasia of topic: still establish outhne and perpetrators the of of organized and 1945. of Solution and topics. those Deliverance, Nazi how it the to upon stafi and and administration of the which race this Final Radical the their of forming outhnc the about and and in yet, Most Historical Final unworthy to of for made extermination. increased T-4 “medicalized merits murder these the and exclusion, perpetrators, order the tentative common 1939 “life asked considerably the touched a aminations ready the medical a derstand the tions the testimony face and, to derstand erarchy Burleigh, science, that basic phy has erations atic text sitated place ics in programs ing to of psychohistorical ways for Death 20 positive advocated of and sterilization, Ploetz the nature, Nazi of an similarly cess nation’s counter-selective ensured of would 1904 the Despite for was German tribution to lection, justify less and cists Darwin’s meaning responsible the our “aggregates society individual’s production species, Nazi increase in determined of failures Other Alfred applied The ideal hook Race nation, nor later their German cleansing the eugenics and expense. national their concerned eugenicists was fmm What racial cripples of theories first by euthanasia Schallmayer of and entitled total scientists credit must Ploetz hereditary actions, for
or of CPF what the those producing which devotion understood early eretins, steps of the euthanasia. and their profit primary state.’2 tens by society reproduction subservience He that who and efficiency forces also ‘negative’ Protection they Eugenics of their same their and The HEATHER toward with resistance PRELUDE could and in society coined of of from does natural would strengthening of are hold did? fitness. In and Riddle the advocated were work William this thousands healthy that contribution the principles function separate collective horn both those not humanity 1895 They of late and creating self-sacrifice or true the as handicapped period encourage and protected taken selection with of the of of be At each ‘positive’ biological to with in term nineteenth that Ploetz Ljfe, offspring. were, for healthy the Schailmayer silenced the Weak, notions was themselves terms Psychiatry TO negative creating to health of year, incurable in perceived the derive human a welfare interest same “racial zoologist to, COOPER man hierarchy the deaths rathei to and EUTHANASIA: published which genetically national biological inferior from of or when offspring.’5 matters contribute by when of and name He from time, and and hurden eugenics hereditary survival the hygiene” development.”4 hereditary positive and from of scientific the primarily to a argued were seemed efficiency Ernst he before began biological early the he dire the individuals of genetic deny body’3 of deaf of modern the wrote materials” the on compatible wrote: the eugenics. thousands of individual selection, two measures Haeckel threat eugenics to twentieth to book, that society; and to defects physical their traits to racism, the valued 1939 concerned the Schafimayer describe that and see elements of foreshadow foundations medicine dumb, genetic fittest. to were responsibility regeneration the and The the etc. whose the argued Yet Inspired specifically such of counter-se alone. like the marriages and to and the centuries. successes foremost Efficiency capacity the reduced “law neither that eugeni health forced with health at a value Nazis moral value were pro In con that was the the of of of by a a 2I a in as an the did this will vic was had that that psy as after these value dying by of during should worth such the life survive. Life without striking German Burleigh certainly Germans would-be “cease and Germany years if in euthanasia it be by population the out suggest our applied. published the on intended their the human already of “release,” in might suffering” two to but neither be date. humanity” to disease, 1914-1918 approv a Germany’s of WWI could Worthless the would resources forced and to Michael represented to completely euthanasia from individual of called as just in adulthood? general were obviated, handicapped carried treatise of broken.”9 merits watching strong it change “have an arguments
to 1939-1945 circles, be were almost war seemed a be be that only to the the address healthy which turned to rates, who of the terminal the limited society to sacrifice. we subject Hoche as a hierarchy their the concept incurable and “not institutions raised could used that a said on continued viewed could 1920 casualties that
“indescribable ©PF that morphia.’6 influential with and Destruction have in just worth insisted their degeneration with get numbers, witnessed then of his the an couch topical were were psychiatric totally the morality” to mortality of devastating of perhaps Bonhoeffer the thousands war order worth mean considered In vast In died they burden suffering faced all ... and have
the civilian Euthanasia, would dose and language for in involved lives very of of in that Binding themselves a in a exaggerated most would the Karl In we insane and euthanasia war higher agents which and acknowledge sacrifices.22 were if simply mercy individuals While because an Hoche relative weak of with which I
in JVazi loss “a liberate fact, as whose patients both peacetime to person of neglect.2° heroes, of of on ravages artificially “cretins” to in Ferrnession the these who must live relieving for this hundreds lives. approval knowledge or act value.”7 the century’s of seem to Alfred military and malnutrition incurably chairman of the therefore, of euthanasia inhuman alive was, suffering an the lived the call 72,000 they from of normal exigencies humanity of It the in will decided felt and through into when and, individuals Hoche’s demands principle applicable kept of almost
much die Exclusion: disease, that take who for environment negative victims emphasizing any this, twentieth necessity nearly against alive to the the are immediate of psychiatrists ansvcred.’ an finally and terrible die” of only Hoche’s population How into could contrast, Association, Binding with the the to eradication nonproductive advocates It concept ing kept the patients the that one indescribable who war, discussion. terms, with hungei was and incurable millions In unprecedented believed permitted of institutions being
of Radical euthanasia [were] willing of nor of Karl the created their weighed be Binding Later Accounting the of be war meet end but those be live consider similar the and After Many 1920, already Psychiatric Binding and estimates result suffered chiatsic did. implementing “clash[ingl the to losses only cancer.’8 to not provoked ever-growing standard to burden tims for less made perpetrators ly
2
formity,
and be
chorea, phrenia,
consistencies that
cannot the producing
the
compulsory
couples,
to able.28
to
hysteria,
role
patients and and
of
as
ered able
cupational in
expenditures the
free
euthanasia ity
to ity
dening,
some
man
end
tasks
director
and chiatrists
a
educate
which
considered Binding
realizing
negative
became
as
Prevention
sterilization
food
having
followed. society in
the
the
labor
of
The
mental to
But
incurable
Armcd
asylums
a
form
they
The
the
be
work,
measure the
hereditary
office
or
uncontrolled risk
were
manic-depression, and
and
eugenicists
at worthless
by
sterilization
adequately
equated
degeneration
additional pool
the
were
therapy
severe
solution and
1
their
in
program.25 one of Gutersloch,
racial
value.”27
sterilization
health.
that 920s,
insisting
between
staff
with
increase
on
or
increasingly
The
work,
which and
hereditary,
work,
public
of
and,
to
of
of
Hoche
to
of
asylums
cases capable
their
Offspring
up
hygienist
alcoholism.30 offered
shortages, institutions
one’s
blindness the
a
Sterilization
lives
advance
worth
created
following
200,000-400,000
HEATHER
to
and
feared
therefore,
ranging
inferior
new
treated
burdens.
to
Given
its
on
about reproduction
program,
criteria
diseases
the
heard
this
In
suggested,
could
80
of
occupational
ability
organization
factory
program
productivity
fell,
including
of
would
concept the
a
labeled
reproduction
the
percent
crisis
that
an
Ignaz
with
means
hereditary
beyond
racial
the
in
and
performing.23
elements
from
which
in
patient
meantime,
“repay
the
for
for
VoUc.
environment
inherently
posed
this
to
Law
Genetic After a
initiated labor.24
burden
be
not
Hereditary
deafness,
deciding
example
their
contribute
declining
Kaup’s
to
basic
“degenerates”
“not
hygiene,
of
for
of
essay,
felt
of
congenital institutions
the
In
only
named
labor
prevent the
people.n
COOPER
and to
therapy
institutionalized
individual
as
outnumbered
being
classifying
degenerates
what
epilepsy, after
own
The
only
more
manual
the that
Health
money
of
but
sign a
occupational
in
involved
that inferior.
1910
which
of
Burleigh
became
severe
July
create
birth
healthy
nation’s
in
maintenance
those
amounted
full
Diseases, 1939
it
reported completely
to
their
Hermann
the
basic
became
of
is
The which
feeblemindedness,
faced.
vision
society
of
spent
labor
significance
hereditary
Courts, necessary
worth,
1933
patients
patients
because
the
hereditarily
rate
when
hereditary
diseases
genetically
Such
care
government
would health
critical
skill
sterilization
offspring,
estimates
the
gene
euthanasia
those
on
was
and
among of
patients
under
widespread
by
therapy
with
to
placed
productive
sets,
Simon,
in
genetically individuals
worthless
individuals
them.”26
a
to
according
a
of
pool,
health
and
eventually
and
weaving
responsible
to
which
to
the
“work
wave
who
Huntington’s
include
one’s
of
were
their
physical
note
the
make
compatible the
ifi
came that
were
but
provided
worth,
on
productiv
programs 1920s
incurable
an
program
program
were
from
of
Law
officials
were
colony”
healthy
As
physical
schizo certain
consid
alleged
society
in
but
asylum
also capac
to
by
up
desir racial
in
were,
to
doing
with
close
lead
state
Ger
gar
de
psy
un
for
for
re
oc
the
for
the
the
to
a a
23
a
of
to
of 1-
es
the
un
list the
von
the
car
war
and
psy
in
con
what
them
secret
in
oper
Berlin
the
Itiffing
a
by
radical
Brandt
on
decide
was
of
in
profes
of (RividI).
assigned
in
eugenics
ofren
wrong
to
on
of
programs 45
life possible?
stage
process
1-4
similar
specifically
destructive
administra
direction
classify made
never generations
Karl
Richard
be
program
the
development
relied
A
Hider’s
to responsibilities
the
to
were
Brack
and
leap the
the
Both
medical
final
point
changes
of
courts 4. Interior
outbreak
and
participate
in
II.
utterly
future
which
law3’
to
would
that
used
program
the
and
tasks
compartmentalizing
the
established
organization
the
next
1939,
individual
1939-19
it
random
responsibility”33
under
various
camps,
understanding
the and
of
health
euthanasia
By
radical
a
was
from
of
euthanasia
In
program
officials.
1-4
the
Yet Office
nonetheless
make
were
administration
DEATH:
the context of
women
rather,
it
various
not the
the
first
the
Hefelmann
concrete
was
followed
under
in
IPF
local
While
development
its
a
time.
delegate
development
and
Nazis
did,
primarily
diseases
Ministry
was,
was
informed
bureaucracy
sweeping
by
living.”34
that Central
of
once
Tiergartenstrasse
the
but
Hans
It
program
those
placed
the
so
“free-floating
into
Euthanasia,
men
devaluation
was
any
at
in
historical
extermination
to
would
handicapped.
to
Operations
of
critical
Reich
sterilized overseeing
did
significance
for
worth
for
program.
the
euthanasia
a
the
EKdF),
outside
the
program
reported
events
handicapped, for
the
T-4
Waei
if
atrocities
the
Braek
sterilization
Bouhler
how
“incurable”
“not
whom
located
government
for
similar
madman.
was
ghettos,
by
program
one.32
the
euthanasia
program
the
forcibly
discussions
of
functionaries
were a ask,
stand
with
of possible
toward
and
that
Führer
the
government-sponsored
it
necessary
be
Understanding
the
Philip
of
Victor
a
euthanasia
environment
is
and
of
authority
ADMINISTRATING
who
both
the
experts
deemed
must
euthanasia
way
property of
of
for
therefore,
existing
exclude
an
exclusion,
almost
the Exclusion:
of
made
KdF,
could
acknowledging
euthanasia
considers
the
1939
to
confronted
euthanasia
one
to
lives
annihilation
the euthanasia
whims
Germany
theoretical
for
Nazi
movement
and,
is
in
to
horrors
cooperation
the
for
granted
of
patients coordination
one
medical
in
Bouhier,
Jewish
radical
The
the
and
creation
creating
community
Now
order
of
seem authorities
from
in
The
one
the direction
the
of
of
Radical
of
without
had
prior
by
in
on
patients
conditions and
out
The
seized
the
Philip
When
headquarters
publicly
they
children’s
Chaneellory
then
head
fates
lower
a
1939,
hereditary
administration
the
der
ried
the
tablished.
to
and As
decree
at
tasks tive
destruction
transforming 4
exclusion
responsible
followed.
chiatry
tinuum
decades-long
driven movement
consider scientific
centers
that possible.
in
sionals
the and
decision
ated relied
these select of
24
plete
statistical
forms
data
of
under Werner
patients.42 each
the ing
and
sued
fate
the
three sia
Scientific
made
children
port
they in
have
and personnel
hydrocephalus,
newborns
report
governments of
1941,
about
tasks
thanasia
selecting, of
men
orchestrated
tions
Hegener
Severe
their
was
recovery
feeble and
ease
patients
of
institutions
midwives
The
collection.45
appropriate
questionnaires did
of
It
a
crippling
The
doctors
and
the of
and
and,
and
a
prospective
the
circular
was
all
necessary
Heyde,
the
selection.
charge new
and
report.39
as
adult
purposes
programs
Hereditary Processing
auspices
adult
These
minded first
of
established
transporting,
children
child
to
the
suspected
distributed
they
early
Richard
reported
CPF
chosen
informed
and
Office
report
the
order
appointed
requiting
faced
euthanasia
stage
handicaps.
one
to
in
and
euthanasia
who
concerned.45 came
deformities,
were
eases
in reporting,
Institutions
who
Triplicate
On
their
state
only
of
are
victims
under will
HEATHER hundred
was
on
the
Ftiedtieh in JIb,
von
all
a
of
for
Ailments,
institutions
suffered of
the
hierarchies
forwarded
in
September fine,
to
cared
to
the
Brandt
hundreds was
jurisdiction
Serious
reveal
minors,
governments
In
and
program,
issued
euthanasia.36
that
having
while
Hegener’s
and
by
the
Reich
the
himself35
Even
the
most
euthanasia
and
or
program
selection,
not.
Karl
copies
killing
authotities,35
for
or
choose on-site
were
midwives
members
Nietsehe month-long
the
from
age
he
of
the requiring
Genetic
making
Committee
teachers
up
eases,
idiocy,
paralysis.
on
In
in
to
of
of
Brandt.
degree continued
their
21,
generally
of
T-4
not patients
of
to
in responsibility
order
From
the
various
a
patients.
shifting
1939
those
staff
utilized
COOPER
requiring transport,
3
program
long-term
which
the the
they An
1939
front mongolism,
judgments
approval,
informed
drafted
institutions
with
Diseases,
and
of
were
to
doctors,
their
but
to
selected
RMdI
Once
age
memhers
examination
Doctors
eases
imprisonment
were the
for
which
in
Department
hereditary
responsibility
assumed
doctors
to
collect
organization
“mentally
such
When
a
received
called
of
the
the
central
Reich
was
oversee
questionnaires
similar
them
murder,
in
the
given
basis.”4’
which
to
issued
his
17,
of
midwives,
T-4
children’s
conditions.37
children’s
which
Scientific
as
on were
collecting
information microcephalie,
review
T-4
committee
who
on
the
signature
report
who
to
to
Committee
that
compartmentalized
2-3
headquarters,
October
2RM
ill,
means
ailments.
the
was
to
of
and
was
report a
who
IV
purpose
also
for
he
Philip
supported
responsible
weeks were
epileptics,
report
decree
they
the
the
general
composed
the and
of felt
Registration death
for
reports
not
failure
and
was
information
required
of
to
reports
sealed
process
In
all RMdI
9,
discussed
known
each
were
euthana
Bouhler,
births
on
satisfied
adult
to
students
Doctors
send
medical
report
capable
to
July
for
of
l939 records
clinics
com severe
opera
to
their
were
them
these
and
state
case
the
for
for the
the
is re
on
of eu
to
of
of
to
to of 25 a on re se for or Dr. the the pa and sign asy per pro next with even some — with of of forms, in costs.47 experts of chorea; Statisti experts, lunatics diagno patients an Herbert in perform 200RMs relatives, euthana each based panel hundreds shipments diagnosed name the blue speed “spreading all institutions arrange time form 3,5O0. sterilization epilepsy, most of Dr. four a not Schönbrunn has medical race, judgment patient’s chief in 159 of the Thus, to asylum thought the to schizophrenics, the address fill-in-the-blank the often largely the dead.”49 as that month, become over criminal and as and might medical the to of as received final for children’s could so, of least as patient a he for per eliminate on length with Huntington’s had if 1939-1945 completed more at were condition the under confined information: teams to reveals eugenics who or returned staff expert that corner of experts mentally 194 program forwarded the Nictsche, a themselves. made schizophrenia, forms were inexperienced so an T-4 the forms citizenship according whether The
confined PF or designated were are 400RIvIs offenses killed by capacity received responsible head and selection on job emphasis 500 the from decided patients following institutions with he paid August of for established and the employment, been marked who for Linden and was experts, were what all visited, Euthanasia, Heyde continuously regarding T-4 the encephalitis, made euthanasia of do that history43 added one institutions Dr. doctors had reported were as birthplace, which and who to those single-page before eventually center.53Junior the suffering Drs. 3,500, an keeping productive expert criteria been experts junior report were Nazi diseases their and in from lOORMs and who nature in questionnaires hospitals with and for asylum.” regularly fifteen to the only each the testified required were name, were had were questions with or killing patient Then 1941, the with to experts informed the was the of junior a time selection, was ajunior state of them: and “not RMs who a of Thus By who epileptic. to ten in and classified inclusion along visitation years, patient Photostats over at hereditary accuracy or specific a required church-affiliated These 300 guardian, which Exclusion: from tasks criminal feeble-mindedness, patient those team work, or of five were a decisions unfamiliar factor a signal 1933, among exclusion.52 transfer Egffing-Haai of patients were questionnaires patient, from statement decades. processed completion, questionnaires legal not T-4.3’ shroud RMdI. basic to asylum, Pfanmdller, questionnaires 2,000, at answer reported.° the of than speed chosen of by the at capacity, of from described Radical to to whether totally they sign critical those patients paralysis, than Most also whether could Upon the The burial several categories + up patient’s analyses more center questionnalres detailed 200-300 designate a kin, addition, feeble-minded, dispatched sia Hermann of for the of red to reviewed garding cal Linden chosen ganized which as patients while ductive more of address the address nility, for who Institutions more program last asylum of sis, lum, in were cases, spaces tient. it sonnel with 26 before progressively gravely ual rid for within method months the tients. tual death defence no a rival of were after not them numbers dated of for required lists for Another of interpreted parents the of rent the be their since dren’s ferred second visitation transfer transfer Germany patients sleep” instance, head tried. the the to the murder The killing new contained Relatives setting at After the going to and child inform all Children before the program, existing to ill, trip.56 of Transport the treatment.56 prior of the consented. physician patient’s final were notice traditional setting, to of Parents facilities and administration subsequent killing and patients from
the PF so and centers killing to who of killing parents’ and prepare was preferred high of T-4’s relatives the to Patients that stage died.66 a written were Reich.”62 their given the make were its institutions, was special being possible the were a parents for trip but were doses
death, HEATHER of cure center, they designed “living at centers.60 front were and names of In not children.57 sent receiving Made therapies children their permission generally In the Patients, them also each cremation.63 in of to were in the killed the a told might could of center some wards consulted After order the chosen which at he ink were twisted informing opportunity of organizations, his burdens.”65 ran Luminal medical euthanasia more of ccntec compliant to that generally that moved for the transfer on The where by was or be be cases, institution, 50-100 had feel waiting generally Inc., the transferred where to designed usually time that their for drug, slow her for their possible readily “natural” manipulation surrendering left calm for
failed, COOPER risk that records Dr. to until relatives euthanasia, contacted they the intensive purpose. or relatives “for wrists.59 somewhat starvation, assigned more for Other to program patients informed an children the a location Pfanmuller occurred of their no parents consulted identified period visit a the for the reasons if undisclosed it were which transfer to child death method hope and intensive was the doctors the of fears special staff Charitable him received Patients In therapy institutions a and institutions might of took observed risk of of the they to necessary would “lapsed that personal informed number within the elimination from or connected existed who or and patients.6’ about the the later; of of 10 institutions patient’s was of overdose.64 pediatric place preferred case had their her therapies location. be adult Eglfing-Haar, days were preference as truth, a complications be informed accompanied starvation hours into taken, in notification where “healed” Foundation consent before at in to of belongings for contacted with them in child to were one or often with the he patients. the the contin Shortly sudden the transfer doctors of wards a of more, using trans many could Most case, a were The was time they that told she few chil pa cur ac the that ar se list of for to in 27 to by an for for the few 150 this was and car and con dose who stok each their Son were teeth after noth a those more could to could Foun at phase others where to of doctor clothes by Patients beyond, for them a personal chamber and watching the the 20 they feel Germany and walls, small images open they first which supposedly After “great letter taken a so room in bodies the it that children to Their the confiscated patients responsible and tiled from that considered time; asked teeth their ten. so where Hartheim, the chamber or Charitable into from so had given their certificate in complete chests gas was sometimes beds. heaving.”75 one and responsibility gold the flooo chamber, confiscated
separate 1939-1945 because gas during than generally The room also marked that remembered a the “semi-collapsed, and any death, dead established were their condolence their death preserve the any gas which so release tiled undress Anywhere from Patients chests at a to, numbered euthanasia to to death into a a were were the to 70 Grafeneck, and died, the was had
centers after PF Care.69 up process were method of under released doctors of and led on It records their against use. with witnesses order been interest occasionally into shown they dragged ceiling.70 list that in examination sites, it received killing patients
then Euthanasia, Patients killing operation asleep to own women cause minutes centers led patients relatives had the different instructed open, to an time.76 in labeled, organizations, were its being advocates pressed lever medical to of to fall some five were and naked Institutional Some complete objective scientific to
and Wad whether Brandenburg, death very were one for simply into pile, in 72 killing the wide At were death a front The humane addition, care a of for their at of at bodies see men a stamp Hadamar. fictitious They led while in Six In prior death. more they later. the four a turn “simply room” as arrival attached returned transferred that T-4’s pipe. them. victims their and put cause patients to child’s to for terribly could be then of through after gassed only of time.73 sure
death. Exclusion: wards. upon cases, were listed locations research.74 unconscious this, considered be four-digit were autopsy poisoning Foundation before deloused staff their “shower this went were However, a either peephole victim a overhead their who for at mouths make room their another the suffering.”60 other and were photographed payments as Bernburg, which that reasonable showerheads extracted ventilation, although the property of an had might the to so
pediatric a Radical by In could was patients of of aside be their generally Following who Patients in were Adults did monoxide more.”77 belongings fact, time Charitable 1941, set sedative the bathed euthanasia row through allowed hours through with ing a bon were physician-in-charge they anthropological patients of disguised of time checked be could sidered the and effects collecting the dation mouths that of nenstein, valuable died be died.67 undressing incurable by known the consider 28 lowing felt and giving focused person or the patients. to introduced patients spite tion, using something from murder at tions spirit T-4 cremated, fying center suspicions so all the batch timing Hadamar, sudden 1941 ideal with sexes, ficial toms, proximately patient’s a cr5, compartmentalize the time, the that these that same information “restless” administration who its The which Berlin. a Each and a halt of them causes cause Ministry sedatives person the of who and ages, list prepared of “special less they on the and of and who In T-4, details relatives.86 extracted killing program condolence order of medical instructions death and regarding themselves” the the killing a other the handed the of organized
caused PF of death In were critical and ground of sixty-one 3kg similar were but rather who his instructing task Registry death of 1942, handicapped. merits to deaths diet” maybe had ward notifications for a cases, conditions. of was relieved center or the children notices relatively disposed staff incapable them of before
out HEATHER prior gold illness patients bonemeal been than tasks program down the with her the for nature, letters Interior based possible “wild of had and were drugs patients now Office seen than nature teeth had directors our to death, the to an and them no of arranged, them and could the became demerits responsibility lose that chosen of euthanasia,” generic that more killed at Pneumonia, responsibility as doctors was act fat, its so action” the of They on as of shift to causes bones it was used the were of one as distinct rather that the own consciousness of date. be could needed, workY4 meat, gas discuss wild not starvation, a of to Hadamar on at responsibility. bodies.86 used formal a and murder.87 decided fact time. sent a letter the no given how of Bavarian
they COOPER the chambers Special that of because matter Hadamar the euthanasia map Wild than occur bread, from single using death, recorded.8’ that the condolence person to Many from cremated which for to were for did initiative Alternatively, for medication because program fill and euthanasia on collect need Nurses which could on of Registry the different the at example, Furthermore, the not the or it asylums area each their and there; trained its were institutions any who calming to followed colored a for organized carbohydrates body Different program patient’s burn public “for consequences, method be another they the gradually two would of eventually T-4 corresponding age urn who patients of department administered unavailable in kept Office orally, individual the tasks, held to had urn.83 was with continued to were selection provided in they to pins this the regarded gave Hider’s serve.86 receive asylums eight at nurses both still relatives of be efforts killing in already a most listed “impaired” a in or so way, bay.82 of might simply conference to eliminated starvation sent injections die.85 Germany mill.79 managed which by for that sexes. bodies plan different in so institu August for issuing nurses doctors within a them, of as public in center injec it symp those to Once to been large noti each that send De fol as the the the Ap the “an the do the At of at a
a
29
to
at
or
at
of
se
be
the
gas
dis
the
this
bu
out
also
one per
kill
who
just
mass
been disas
his
single
man
moral
bring
trans
cham
eutha
assem
by
the
institu
for
operate
but
mecha
killed
actions.
of
to
no
of
Nazi
created
Different
prepared
line
were
hand,
of at
visited
gas
have
the
worked of
human
from
disposal
Those
carried
greeted
and
the
their
addition,
reporting,
and
on
one
time because
the
they
often
may
which
tasks. responsibility
years actions,
manned
possible
released
of
staff
of
perpetrators
process
Hadamar
In
patients
to
fellow
the
the
them it
the in
neither
killing
Doctors
that
process
necessary
939-1945
point
five
to
“assembly
for
was
had
tasks
100
another.
real
their
of
1
for
members
On
had
patients
as
the
which
at
from
the of
room,
of
made
one
were
before
work.93
technical
disassociation
to of
who
very
by
physicians
in at
—
center
transportation,
staff
who
at
a
patients.
records
researchers
significance
only
ePF
60
physiciansY° questionnaires
task
process
fate
and
women
of
maintenance;
those
perpetrators
process.94
people
was
and
responsibility”
not
the
means
the
responsible
processed
killing
responsibility
of
other
it
death
process
patient
and
experts
tasks
process
compartmentalized
significance
approximately
few Euthanasia,
examination
Different
individuals’
As
contributed
individuals
and
larger
only
assistant tasks
facility
ultimate
were
Each
The
perpetrators
a
men
moral
for
the
hand,
of
killing protest
how
see
marked larger
meaning
handle
two
larger the
of
bureaucratic principle
of
necessarily
Nad
and
to
stated,
notifications
them.
to
any
expert.
specific,
to
Approximately
or
the
the
full
for
the
“free-floating
100,000
the
the
compartmentalization
other
not
part
in
workers.91 to
possible
selection.
completed
of
one
the
of
patient
staff
room,
individual
death
the
killed
duties, the
it
consider
them
as
25
number
crematotia.
senior
one
eclipse
of
be
already
were
ignore
headquarters
administration
well-known
steps
Berlin.39
a
to and
neady
the
two
to
On from
and
and
compartmentalized
the
or
As
Exclusion:
small
in
only
describes
of only
by made
level the
small
questionnaires,junior
perpetrators
noted,
T-4 responsible
T-4
a
to
placing
met
on
might
bodies
of were
at
assigning
blinders”
by
the
with
felt
deny,
undressing
were
had
environment
different
The
some
nor
have
the
ivhich
orders.”
compartmentalization
deaths
in
to
review
unsettling
focus
chamber
finally
at
at
and
this the
transport,
an
Radical
administrative
themselves
is
relatively A
the
for
killing
operations.
to
“moral
completed
example
all
The
Friedlander the
It
and
institution
administration
actions
headquarters
line
centers
this
an
tanced
responsibility
the
sociation,
following ings.95
is
created her
perpetrator
reaucmcy
petrators
tendency
with
into
autopsied
one
them ber,
port,
departments tions patients
institution
by nized lection,
murder.”92 bly
aged
bodies,
T-4
nasia physician-in-charge
about involved ing
3o
voted
in
cians
new
a
hygiene,
medical
during
during program
medical Politics,
“liberating’ litical
in
eugenics,
hygiene;
sixty practiceY°
for
the
1,000 universities.98
pology
studies
influence
1935
under
cared
service
eugenics indoctrination
their
tion,
signed
to
Nazi
biological
Germany
this
protect
the
importance medical
Most
had
attend
As
to
participation
educators Physicians’
a One
euthanasia
doctors
for
field.’05
the
a
the
were
to
medical
to partial
By
headed
the
profession
seminars
degeneracy,
time by
already
were
joined
and
the
the
eradicate
in the
Nazis
life
of
Training
of
1932,
1930s
promotion
and
the
a
1936,
had
fundamental
German
exams
Kaiser health
Vo&,
the
when in By
As racial to
three-week
the
relatively explanation
that
ethnic
by profession
in
MAKING
joined
willingly
the on trained
racial
“genetic
is
one
over
Ordinance
discussed,
1936,
physicians
each
principle
heyday
5,000
the
how
in
Walter
was
and
itY6
their
HEATHER
the
hygiene,
doctors
National
required of
continued
Staff
Wslhelm
and
of
the
forty
importance
scientific
community
state.
the
of
While
the
year
it
dehumanizing
race
drawn medical
doctors
the
doctors
young’°3
particular
euthanasia
participate
and
was
course
components
“worthless”
racial
of
Gross,
in
nation
Nazi
courses
Training
may
questions
premier
eugenics
and
in
By
hygiene
required
instilling
who
BIOLOGICAL
many
possible
eugenics
racial
Socialist
of
Institute there
to
which
after
and
circles
be
party’°t community
1942,
hygiene,
a
on
nurses
students
trained
before
the and
came
from
year
of
in
offered
knowledge
can
care”
universities
recent
nurses
in
program.
research
was
graduation
racial
race
COOPER
for
under
Nazi
and
and the
that
young
lives
had of
the
Physicians’
approximately
a
from
for
education,
were
be
its
went
to
“medicalized
By
that
doctors
medical
psychiatry,
racial
by
values
considered
prior handicapped,
hygiene
Anthropology
no
‘undesirable’
all
medical to
racial
Indoctrination
by
either
be
wholeheartedly.
party,
hygiene
1940,
consideration
1900
embraced
l934.’°’
receiving
centers be
doctors
of
definitive
through
physicians
By
considering
involved
and
and
science,
WARRIORS:
to
the
“biological
of
and
in
teaching
hygiene
professors
gone
which
45
on.
League, were
or
graduation
developments individual
skills
and
individual.97
was
medicine,
various
for
The
nurses
percent
an
received
killing”
practiced
half
By
ptior
specialized
answer
concepts
to
in offered
elements.”52
and
medical
racial
offered
incorporated
in obligatory
under
seemed
had
Office
the
gained
medical the the
the
by
which of
its soldier[s]”
who
Much
as
to
formats.
operation
of
trained
principles
the
sacrifice historians
creation
1920s, training
science
and
lectures
euthanasia
to
well
and
at and
the
dozens
medicine
all
had
of
education
of
this
to
was in
German
doctors
training
growing
anthro
of
school
physi
Racial
age
course
as
racial
during
actual
place
racial
sworn
these
ques
over
The
and who
de into
the
po
and
and
of on
of
de
of
of of
3’]
an
of
of
of
be
or
be
the
the
the
but
the
the
the
Of
that
and
and
talks
con
with
in
racial
begin to
in
Klein,
eutha
for
proper
indoc
for
under
assured life,
actively
had
doctors
racially
were
in
The
and
primary
deny
language
youth
“beings’,
medicine.
degraded
including
of
staff
that
worthless,
race” the
or and
to
should
created
only
to
as
‘travesties
as oath
have
were
of
Alfons
virtue
frequent
their might
demonstrated
imbedded
and
but
a
protect
year,
Nazi
required
lives
the
nation
efforts
obedience
lectures
able
a
that
as
to
nurses
indoctrination
handicapped
that
medical
recalled as
of
[and]
they
involvement
education
valuable servants
not
of
given
only
nurses the would
traditional
their
of
1939-1945
that
genetically
the
lectures
necessity
were imaginable.”2
state
oath
handicapped.
and
of latei
that
program.
that
was
similar
was
and
life’,
the
not
by
and
students,
their
of
people
shaven-headed
of
it
or
an
animalistic
so
to
handicapped
the
the
sound,
handicapped
nurses
In and
of
context
took.
its
if
program
Such
regarded
“a
instructed
obedient staff
of
of
care
handicappedjuxtaposed
nurses
PF
an
obligation
the recalled
in
the
Nazis
films
930s
and
humane
of
the
put
as
training they
I
during
sworn
training
million
Doctors
the
the
suggested to merits were
larger
see
subject
in
well-being
and
euthanasia
be
being
patients
the
of
the
the
20
indoctrination
on
Euthanasia,
to
represented added
lives
most
and
the
unworthy
roles
medical
the
center,
deformed.
the
genetically have
the
the
painted
hygiene
in
measures
images
were
doctors
of
by
to
a an
were
euthanasia.
could
in
the
and
‘life
for
under
effort
doctors
referred
their
may
of
Yazi
whose
footage
films
principles
given
with
Itiffing
burden
with
seen
was
incurable documentary
racial
institutions.
Trained explain
without
participant prior
many
nurses
dehumanization
nurses
psychiatrists
money
to
in
and
physically
eugenics
films
medicine
the
promote
many
‘idiots’,
training
those
and
nurses
the those
with
that
were
These
consciences,”
made
of
the place
component
necessary
of
n
1933,
the
education
and
Some
participation
and
these which
was
center Another
grass”
exaggerated
Hadamar
as
spirit.””° significance
Exclusion.
and
was
to
elimination which
took
negative Furthermore,
personnel,
euthanasia
meaningless
emphasized,
which of
incurable
an
[theirj
handicapped
Policy rights
practiced
the unlikely
their
eugenics
cases,
in
Führer. of
and
in
be
dangerous,
early
the
nurses
killing uses
“secure
‘existences’,
experience the
of
the
of
Medical
and Doctors
to
seriousness
the hygiene,
who
As
which
to
personnel.’°9
of
the
people.”°6
some
and
of relieve
and form Radical
medical
good.’°7
seems
fundamental
Racial
economic
expend criminals
during
of
virtually
handfuls
the
early
operation.”’
at
It
method
In euthanasia
was
to
A
As
of
of
“to
those
positive
the
racial
recognize
come
standard.
environment
for
“the hygiene,
that principles
program.
participated
der support
the
supervisor on
nasia
fered
‘creatures’,
tinued
humanity
of bestial,
that human
eating
medical
feeble-minded,
doctors picture
wishes fice
continued
greater
“not stand to
duty given
trination. inferior
responsibilities
case. denied
take
transport
children insisted ligation
to
sumably
had
“technical Poles,
case,
sponsibility
the
tributed. who
their was,
tors
use
euthanized
of
of
and
nurses,
tors
them
ment
considered
an
moral
for
“gangrenous influence
called
euthanasia
Other
her
forms,
organized
end
utter
of
to
the
repeatedly
saw
place
He
The of
committed
in
Huber’s
specific
In
in
and
door.
to
be
responsibility
a
imperative for
oaths
and
itself;
to
that
of
addition
euthanasia
at
insisted Vol/c
larger
their
which
language
reversal
of
deny,
received.
including
T-4
Irmgard
responsibility”
fulfill
I
Eglfing-Haar
on
later.”9
“a
the
patients
for
immoral
patients
other
likewise,
do
PF
program
and
she
duties
were
a
moral revolutionary
actions
mass
those
appendix”
administration
war.
than
seemed
the
not
the
distancing or
her
that
and
could
to
not
of
T-4
because
of
that
ignore
also
lives
feel euthanization
It and murder.
Huber,
HEATHER
a
Pfanmuller
a
were
were
who
values,
into
assigned DISTANCING
As
responsibility
for herself;
that
facilitated
and
for
falsehood
medical
as
focus
was
Edith
staff
itseW”3
“find
destroyed sworn
incapable
she
any
the
choosing
distinct
of
and
the
the
took
to
was
spared
evil.”6
served
already
the
mechanism
his
separated
the
on
it
put
the
larger
of
the
professional
guilt.
Kloster,
This
examination
had
acted
individual.”4
no
task
was
done
and
training
in
full
the
them.
and
opinion
the
handicapped
it,
chief
and
institution murder.
from,
who
a
connection
allegiance
by
already
patients
process
the
The the
of
and
standing
of
program
compartmentalized
seems
“I
its
more
significance
as
national
these
by
euphemisms,
distancing
a
recognizing
did
In
a
tubercular
themselves
COOPER
personally
division refusal
Nazi
nurse
or
nurse
emphasized
a
that
transport
junior for
MECHANISMS
was
a
“higher
In painful
ethic
insignificant
to nothing
brought
room oaths
of
for
1933
of
many
prepared
in
doctor’s
post-war
to
have of
In
“to
not body
at
at
were
at
disassociation
death
expert
front
Hitler,
of
that
murder
this
Hadamai
one
of
and
kill
all
mechanisms
ultimately
lecture,
fate.
the
Russians
echelon” from
was
oversaw
been
of
the labor
to
the
and
devalued,
their
became
mandates
between
context,
that
valueless
of of
—
any
former
the
the
final
for
them
testimony,
connection
there
or
in
Russians
the
the
r.1
nature
the the
supereeded
to
one
and
other
kiffing
patient
the
men to
Russians
Walter
actions.
a
which
decision
reality
the door.”
and
denied
of
killing
conviction
She
the
for
exercised
of already
a
took
obligations.
larger
destroying
responsibility
the
life
the
that
authority’25
medical
and
new
of
forces,
murder
his
an
goals
that
Poles
felt
and
selection,
perpetra
Gross
they
[that]
perpetra
required
tasks,
of
a
between
Doctors,
centers,
environ
specific
and
any
women
allowed
context
kind
an by
variety
in In
might
and
killing
Poles
of
near
pre
con
more
that
the this
ob
her
the care
was
the
had
re
of
the
the
it
In of
33
in
of
or
on
In
an
for
se
but
the
dis
the
the
un
and
Ail
and
pro
Inc.,
lives
have
tasks
Insti
in to
which
killing
hiring
to
eutha
for
select
one
of
“thera
truth
refused
selected
life,
patients,
powerful
the
when
insisted for
on
setting
organiza
or
also
of
the
euthanasia
even
their
theoretical
he
a
the
for
payment
Cooperative used
Homes,
an
positive
know. who
perpetrators,
handicapped
Brandenburg
operated
as
by
Patients,
relating
task
of
in
most
may
victims, the
Grafeneek
simply
possible
taking
Hereditary
of
to in
product
of and
at
for
of
shorten
ft
at
the
or
the
irritation
“treat”
the
death”
Reich
“purely
Sonnenstein
treatment,”
only
to “murdei”
depending
to
final Foundation
tasks
cleansed.’26
1939-1945
were
Nursing
nature
see,
as
“killed,’
Severe collecting
medical
façade
the
for working
that
the
made
employed
or
certificates
physicians
identity
a
a
to
duty
the
documents
of
in
physician
and
be
name
registering
manned
such
“mercy
of
impossible
they
departments
destruction physician
as
Transport
a
“special
described orders
that
Meyer,
the
a
to
on
orchestrating
in
is
for
have
my
false
disassociation
for
PF
for
deaths,
as
death
Ludemann’s
the
who
system,
act a
T-4
treated
stand the
Dr. that
to
unable
suggests
Charitable
was
not
beneath
and
were
falsehood
to
likely
kill
be
Erbel,
or
more,
for
leading
Buehenwald
their
this
would
that
Hospitals
became
Euthanasia,
existed
actions
their
Ernst
to
to
was might
were
at
calling
under
identities
Registration to
and stokers
who
really
the
Endruweit,
Mennecke
duty
Arendt
Dr.
fact
on Homes,
seems
that
“It
their
State
out
compartmentalized
responsible
the
were
they
What’s
responsibility Under
Nazi
in
their It responsibility
my
Irmfried
orders
signed
death
contributed
euthanasia
murdered,
of the
purpose
by
for Schneider
Klaus
the
“murder”
said,
patients patients
who
Foundation
of
acknowledged
for
Scientific
was
Friedrich
and
deny
ash
offices
to
and
have
Dr.
on
Nursing
Hannah
he
carried
euthanasia
moral
it
issued and
Jllger;
insistence Baumhard,
evident
euphemisms
the
to disguise
“Disinfection”
Whether
Dr. Office
those already
Bader.’28
is
the
into
also
whether the
Dr. at;
and
reality
Hence,
of
that
war to
goals.
for
were
organizations
The
focus Exclusion:
name
patients
Ernst
Dr.
significance
for
that
referred
wife,
than
a
became
disassociation.
the
Charitable
was
may
of
from
persons,
wartime.
transporting
bones
in
euthanasia
tasks
but
belief
full
front
to
his perpetrators
false
darker
patients
he
Committee
program.
actions.
against
became in
of
a
wonders
Thus,
to
language
of
Hospitals
After of
rather
eases,
for the
the
Care,
the
Accounting
perpetrators
Radical
became
director
stood
one’s
“cleansing”23
insane
and
Committee to
oneself
it”
set
pseudonyms
program Some
with
One
Bernberg,
The
Reich
hid
organization’s
letter or
a care
documents.’25
State
thousands anything
these
the
a it
admit
especially
clung
center, tion tance
the
and
campaign which
more Hadama;
institution
the
Central program.
ments
Reich perpetrators, patients
contributed
tutional
der
for
cret
The asylum
llfe
py,”
nasia grams
as processing
allowed to
euthanasia
all putting
of
ing
In work.”2’
34
hygiene
training offered
the
only thousand
monition
Moses
policy
before
to
what
transformation
pain
duty
from
Nurses
est
carry
as
granting
nasia
sin
This
manipulation
order,
the
destruction
rations
arguments
was
an
This
In
to
of
the
their
transformation
out,
would
of
doctor
by
medical
which
Hider’s
movement
inclination
and
and
“release”
1932,
those
not
handicapped
had
paper
exclusion:
placing
profession worthy
line which
act
in
viewed evolution
mercy
gations
to tention
Everything
one
much
tients, They
istering
but were
suffering”3’
indoctrination
their
help
CPF
doctors
as
to
eventually
been
of
expressed
replaced
Julius
of
day
they
suffering
for
of
a
has
eommunit);
should fateful
kill
of
refuse
thought easier
cut
who
deaths,
to
(Minderwertige)
of
killer, by
“worthless
ill
eyes
euthanasia
language
them.’32
drugs
take
euthanasia,
and
toward
realized
their
attempted
ethics,
will
men saw
medicine
people
HEATHER
the in
of
that
Moses,
might
are
is
for
be
created
children
the to
the
wartime:
appointment
“murder”
examining
German
lose
die leading
National-Socialists
but
it
will race,
astonishment
from
everytvhere
but
was
thrown
eod
This
them
by
doctor
as
road
euthanasia
which
of
in
in
hut
be
lives”
they
win in
its
then
in
which
a
a
could
to
considered
the
the
to
medical
Theresienstadt, Jewish
CONCLUSION
- incurable
matter
the
by
ethical an
which
disturbed
reasoning
and
the
which
a deal
to
the to
away.
understand
will are
—
suffering
medicine
war
a
really
after organized
Nazism
with
care
environment
euthanasia
the
cause
context
little
stand
adults.
upper
the
would
and
in
happy
become
could
of
The
as
norms
in had
physician
of
the
COOPER
role for
staff,
1939. at
the
incurable
famished
until
ease
annihilation
Chancellog
diseases
1932
“releas
unnecessary
by
by
those
haod
same of
the
as went
only
was
always
to
phrase
of
soon
earlier
played
was
the
and murder
a
their and
the
[..j’
A sheer
now
their
accept
sick
an
murderer.n
but program
matter
into
the
way
partial
making
who
fransfonnation
back
leading
in
[sng]
and
the actions
patients. and
include
earlier
watch
without
as
have
patieots
the
pain
and
emphasized
not “to
German
by sentimental
which
with
a
the
the
against
of
creation
had
politician, emaciated,
of
concrete
physician
unfortunate
the he to
explanation
grant
before
been
made
pain.”29
nearly
holiest
importance fact
was
eugenics
all
possible.
their
to
they
some
paying
issued
him reservations
...
by
T-4
all
“the
diseases,
medical
the and
made
that
a
Hitler’s
If
admin
this
it
his
patients
of
were
mercy
stuff
one
bureaucracy,
obli in
program
will
of
this
the
of
less
unforgivable
the
at Will
saw
the pa One
a
distancing
and awful
is
its
so
One
what
has
hundred the
creatures
warning
mindless
asked
doctor’s
radical
radical
original
clearly
death.”
racial
eutha
been
starve
about
earli
pre
year
was
for to
35
in
in
be
of
the
de
the
the
life
led
un
un
are, pro
state
and
mea
Nazi
Nazis
of which
wrote
enter
might
decree
wrote, means
the
persist
an
eugen
psycho
bureau
l945.’ the
orches scholas;
must
still commit,
in
womi
subservi
congeni
a
have
gases.”37
the
him,
in
in
of
Holocaust ensure
of
The racial
the
to
a
recognized
the
sterilized
euthanasia’s
and
radical
easily Legalization
the
that
arid
to
who
Carrel
economically
was
symbol
similar
regarding
like
were
the
individual
evil”
legalization
until
world
of of
justify,
a
a
euthanasia
Nazi
for
famously
as
proper
model
of
questions
world.
were
signed
how
of
to
and
death”
were,
the
1907
the
a
American
not nations
creation
were
imagine
the
Alexis
context,
into
cooperate
cooperate
into
The
women
our
Just
for
with
1939-1945
the
to
death
the
to
was
they
Germany
was
Harvard
deny
Hitler
this
die.”°5
Arendt
demanded
individual
people
for
Euthanasia
other
advocacy
euthanasia
is
“sweet It
and
of
many
1945,
women
at
could
helpless,
to
to
discussions
worth
and
that
it
winner
drawn
As
somehow “banality
a
the
between
Lords
from
so
the
is
worked.
States
devaluation
that
“humanely
were
decades,
that
the
epF
and
of
men
before
of
after
supplied
the
Yet
Within
wish
45,127
stall
its
taboo.
spoke
Germans
and
be
that
been
that
Prize
for and
unfit
1945.
impossible
program
came
human
generations.
the
privilege
in
sadistic,
Voluntary
year
men
perhaps
into
to
who
United
But
of
the
Euthanasia,
theoretical
against providing
ideas
House
have
lived
community
politic.
sacrifices
interests
nor
the
“the
Nobel one
Yet
should
from
suggested
of medical
sick
century;
alone
future
Lennox
almost
The
1939
ordinary the
annihilation
precisely
lives.
and and
the
us
institutions
staff
of
unthinkable
allowed
Just for
wandering
body
Nazi
of
not
euthanasia
of
who
euthanasia
nations degeneration
was
radical
ifi.
WG.
hierarchy
from
and
scientific
formed
transformation.
fears seems
society
before
race”
of
which
perverted
was
destruction
been
its
investigations
it
Germany.
Nazi
incurable
twentieth
and
ethnic
convince
transforming
1899,
in
science
other racial
and
separates
normal.”34 of
scale
to
bills
acknowledge
handicapped
those
to
the
had
the
and
program
the euthanasia of
in
of
the
of
handicapped.
radical
thousands
to
doctors,
Vo&
and
human
neither
of
the
of mechanisms
terminally
Eichmann
Exclusion:
for
Germany,
French-American
of
indoctrination
what
mass
anti-Semitism
of
physicians
American
proposals they
the
fear
step
Germany
distance,
the
a
that
small
in
the
unique
actual
the
the
and
the
truth
of
making
and
subsequent
half
were
possible
with
the
citizens
of
campaign
in
tens
in eugenics
on
McKim
first submitted
terrifyingly this
an
path
of
not make environment
for health
government
British of
meaning
tvas first of
T-4,
and radical
physicians
cleanse
with
question
to
1935,
the
an Radical
and
distancing
many
and
it
the
into
those
and
of
made
Certainly
to
death
to
the
trouble
were
for
the
From
Clearly,
the
In
of
if
mindless
administrators,
criminals
to
ostracism
terrible
the
euthanasia
ordinary
1935,
Duncan
“improving
in
cracy
logical
created safety
1-4 ent
struction
which
seemed perversion
credited the gram
sures merits
took
tally
euthanasia
Society need
for
disposed
that
In
One of
order
fit.’36
ics W.
the and
“The terribly precedented
prise?
trated that
atrocities
about many mechanisms
36
Destruction
(1987):
Destruction
Noakes,
Destruction Destruction
(Berkeley:
Harvard
York:
(Cambridge:
on York:
Press,
Destruction
(Chapel
of
MiflhinCompan
[Hereafter
1,
generations
terrible
community
and
Nazi
Nazism 1939. 27 26 23
24 21 Basic
22 25 Cambridge ‘ IS I6 ‘° ‘
‘
6 deny
1989), 210-Il. 2 4
2
Genocide
1012.
Document
Sheila
Document Hill
Burleigh,
Ibid., University
Burleigh,
Document
Burleigh,
Document
Ibid.
Document
Burleigh
Ibid.,
Burleigh
Sheil
of Michael
Robert RobertJav
of
Michael
Zygcuunt
of of Friedlander,
In
Ibid.,
Ibid.,
Document
Henry
University
Adolf
Document
legacy
of
1919-1945:
Noakes].
Books,
llirthless
Il’orthless
lthethleos
Worthless
Foreign
Cambridge
&
Worthless
163.
responsibility
faith
30-33.
86-87.
(Cambridge:
London:
that
faith in
14.
151.
eIPF
Hitler,
Friedlander,
Proctor,
University
and
and Burleigh
Ethics Death
of
Death
Burleigh,
1986), 1971),
Bauman,
Germany
Potig
Press,
730,
Weiss,
716,
Life,
NOTES
of
Lfo 719,
718,
followed.
Life; 716,
L)/i, Ufton,
740,
Lj/i
Weiss, 716,
that
The
Wipperman,
Wipperman,
A
California
Mein
and
and
and
The
Questionnaire
HEATHER University
its
its
Documentary
its its
15.
132.
Excerpt
Hitler’s
1988),
its
Excerpt
Excerpt Origins
War
Excerpt Racial
Race
failure
Excerpt
Extent and
Extent
Deliverance,
Deliverance,
Extermination, Extent Extent
The
Cambridge
Death
Extent
Press,
“The
Modermtv
Kampf
University
for
The
and
Hygiene
Wolfgang
did
Nazi
27-28.
of
Hygiene:
and
order
and
and
and
Press,
mass
Ongins
Racial
and
and
from
Race
from
1994);
from Nazi
from continues
Press,
The
The
from
trans.
not
Form. Reader
form.
Doctors:
Form. Form.
Form.
and
and Deliverance:
II.
II.
for
for
Racial
Racial
of
University
Genocide,
1987),
Binding
Extermination.
Hygiene
Binding murder
Binding
Binding
116;
of
Michael
Medicine
1991),
heed
tVippermann,
National
Binding
the
euthanasia
Ralph
euthanasia,
North
In
In
In
In
(Exeter:
In Mxo
?,.frdical
Holocaust
State,
Noakes,
State,
Noakes,
Burleigh,
Noakes, Noakes,
COOPER
Noakes,
79.
to
Julius
32.
67.
Carolina
Genocide: Manheim
&
Efficiency:
‘Euthanasia’
&
&
Movement
& stand
Burleigh,
Press,
Under
of
30-32.
32.
&
University
Killing
Hoche’s
Hoche’s
program Hoche’s
Hoche’s
998.
Hoche’s
signed
999.
(Ithaca,
1001. 998.
Ed.
the
998.
Death
Moses’
The
1997).
the
as
From J.
Press,
and
handicapped.
The
Ethics
(Boston
a
Nazis
Racial
Noakes
and October
in
in
1920 issued
harrowing
1920 New
1920
1920
the
Eugenics
of
1920
Euthanasia
Germany
Deliverance,
Germany,”
1995),
1932
and
Psychology
Exeter
State:
(Cambridge
York:
book.
book, &
book,
book,
on
and
book,
Extermination:
1939,
New
of
61;
October
warning,
Gmnanr
c
Press,
Cornell
G.
Itiizelm
to
Permission
Permission
Permission
Permission
1900-1945
warning
112..
32.
of dated
Permi.ssion
York:
The
the
Osith
Pridham.
Genocide
Final
& 1997),
9,
1933-1945
Schailmayer
September
University
Houghton
scientific
2,
Reflections
1939.
London:
but
for
for
for
for
Solution
no.
for
to
(New
(New
Vol
1021.
the
the
In
the
the the
the
3
the 3 371 a in J. In In in In Inc., — Hill, 1012. Reich United United United Control Belinda Mizum, 1939. to 21. George according 24. September Tribunal and Concentration 1023-24. Friedlander, Lfibeck 2 (Washington, Andreas Noakes, trans. of eds. under elimination. at transferred. 1028. 1992), Publishing, In ed. Asylum 230; be Case” Military stenhzed; Proceedings, Proceedings, Proceedings, Noakes, Experimentation,” Unification Inmates Hygiene, 1939. Asylum, to governments, Press, patient 1013. In Asylum the the the Noakes, 9, 124. were Tribunals Garland for more. of of In of staie 1939-1945 9, Racial Jewish Socialism,” “Medical Germany,” or Experimentation,” to Human Experimentation, National 4-5. 189. 9. American on 1: patients asylum. in and York: Noakes, Vol. 9, 9, 338-42. Neuendeuelsau University October the Strecknitz and criteria Military In of Vol. transfec
issued of PF of between 1994), Human Vol. Vol. Human National set 375,000 the (New Transcript Transcript Neuendettelsau Transcript of 1989), issued in Medicine to Oxford of to 1919, forms. Experiments and 200,000-300,000 Movement Press, 94. 60. 83. frojestetten Politics 44. 39-40. 26. 26. circular Trials Trials Trials Medicine, Na.ti Director During End Press, Mertdelsohn, Rights Euthanasia, Nuernberg institution Holocaust Transcript patients, RMdI In informing Oxford: meeting Ufton, Medical 1015-16. Friedlander, the Mendelsohn. Mendelsohn. German for reporting The & “The Racial transfer Genocide, to Genocide, Hygiene Genocide, 1946-April Genocide, In 9] Genocide, Genocide, Genocide, Medicine, to 129. 138. 1vlinistiy 734, In Human In University 99. Boeckh, of Nazi for 1941 of and Fatherland: al. Official Psychiatry al. al. Nuremberg Nuremberg University York Brandt. Nuremberg Vol. 9 Nazi Nazi forms Mizi Nazi Mcvi relatives Nazi informing before th € et. 269. Noakes, 10, of et et Code: Racial Racial uf of Dilling, of of Race of of of]’[azi to 188. Doctors, October Interior In Rudolf Karl Vol. Brack, (New Hopkins According according Brack, Brack, Brack, Deliverance, Deliverance, Deliverance, Document Letter ‘The 800. (1995): Dc Hurst Origins Origins 30. Origins Origins March Brandt, Origins Origins History Cleansing Letter Origins Description Brandt, Brandt, Health, Instructions 1940. “Nazi Reich Reporting 3 and and criminals and Doctors, Cambridge Hjgiene, ]‘furemberg Viktor against 7, Grodin The The Mendelsohn, The Exclusion: and al. The The 742, Tlte The Victor 735, Victor Victor no. 743, 737, 748, 549. 731, Karl of the Karl Karl Weiss, 724, 730, 400,000; war A. Social TheJohns 163. Death Death Nuremberg, et. of of 6, Death of v. t: v. lOll. 1011. example, Genocide, “Nazi as Racial Not: USA Mendelsohn. Proctor, 27; and of 10, the 85. Delius 1949-1953), My for ‘,\‘kindling, the to Nazi no. many [Hereafter of (Cambridge: Michael John of Document Document Document Friedlander, Ibid., friedlander, Document Burleigh, Trials Radical Friedlander, Testimony Document Affidavit Budeigh, Affidavit friedlander, See, Weindling, Document Document Noakes, Affidavit Psvchiaty Burleigh, Gtitz Noakes, Bauman, Proctor, America America Friedlander, Peter Document America Proctor, friedlander, Ufton, Paul Robert Doctors Friedlander, 1022-23. as 1017. 1006-7. law Ministrs; (Baltimore: ed. of 1-5. 4° and 4° of of 4° 56 4° of ° 5t 4° “ 4° 4° 48 4t 42 4° 4° 4° 4° 38 32 36 4° ° 29 28 St and USGPO, Nazi matter Origins Weiss, 1940 1982), Noakes, the States Council DC: States Camps, Interior Noakes, States Cooper 1870-1945 The The Contribution Noakes, Histoyy to Annas 38 of Meckler, of in Germans’: sing. Wsppermann, Documentary United the Noakes, Harvard The The matter In 9° 96 102 9° 9° 9° 9° 92 88 04 05 06 ° to sVari 83 82 9° 85 78 76 53 “SinaI 55 72 ° 69 68 65 ‘ 66 65 64 63 Noakes, States Moral Burleigh, Ibid., Ibid., Proctor, Claudia Friedlander, Ibid., 1989), Lifton, Ibid., Bauman, Fred Friedlander, Burleigh, Friedlander, Delius ?sicFarland-Icke, Ufton, McFarlaod-Icke, Burieigh, 1008. Burleigh, Burieigh, Document Friedlander, Lifton, Document Friedlander, Document Friedlander, See Affidavit Friedlander, My, Budeigh, Description Document Document Testimony lifton, Document Ibid., Friedlander, of Holocaust University His/op’ Solution:” Figure of the F. 176-77 The Choice 42. 82. 30. 101. 355. 57; and 15. 1027. 57. 75. America Racial Katz, 55. Koouz, USA Ethics Death Racial Death Death 163. Death Death of ed.Joachim My, Dilling, 749, 744, 746, Historicalalrtieks in of 6.4: 744, 749, The 727, The The and The Vie The Press, The The of Pauline The Hutsp’ Hsgiene, against Viktor “Implemenation and end 190-9 and and ondDeliverance,
State, HEATHER and Gas Account Letter The Origins Participant Origins Origins a Imftlesnentarion Account Letter Origins Origisu v Origins 227-28. 238. Origins 182-83. Description Origins Extermination, Deliverance, Deliverance, Karl 2003), Deliverance, gassing 269. Delicerance, Nazi I. (Princeton, chamber 151. Brack, Karl Kneissler, 79-81. Remak to of of of]Vazi of to of of of Brands, of]’fozi of relatives Cosunence Nazi Jtiozi of sVazi Js”azi relatives 126. J’/azi Nazi Brandt. given on recollection. a Official a 246; of burner the 240. 147. of 150. burner of (Englescood Genocide, 149. Genocide, Genocide, Genocide, Genocide. Genocide, of Genocide, Genocide, et. NJ: 124; Nuremberg Mass Destnscrion visit the after informing the informing Bmnss’yn (Cambridge, In al. Princeton Transcript Friedlander, at Bernberg to at Meodelsohn,
Murder, COOPER In Holocaust: 300. 97; war 300. 13. 97. Hartheim. 96. 95, Hartheim. Egelfing-Haar In 103-4. Meodelsohn, Cliffs, Document of Noaken, Rebekah by of of Trials the Vol. University psychiatric of death. MA a death. European NJ: The The the participant. 2, In In Vol. Transcript 1026. & Prentice-Hall, ed. McFariand-Icke, Noakes, Origins American Noakes, In 747, Vol. In Behavior London: asylum 9, Michael Jews Noakes, Press, Noakes, hospital. 125. Employee 9, of 13. (Westport 1026. Nazi 1026. In on of 1999), Military The of R. 1028. 1028. The Feb. the Nazi In 1969), Genocide, Marcus, Belkoap witness 214. Mines Budeigh jThd Proceedings, 16, & Tribunal Officials,” London: 138-39 1910. liars: 216. in Vol. to Press Vazs gas and 3 In in A 39 5 in & the the and 64. New York: Adoff for and Germany Chain,” Hadamar Sheed The Nazism,” 1988), 24. Gypsies, Company, 119. Klein, Michalczyk (New Mtchalczyk 1435-1630 90. El/oct (The and MO: J. Brutal and Hitler’s York: Pseudonyms, Jews, Evil Press, Permission Trial, in A(Tons of Trial, Blum of City, John of (New Hodge Medicine, Their ed.JohnJ. Germany, book, ed. Murder Medicine in Trial Hadamar Pltihpp Selection University 254. of 1939-1945 Hadamar and Banality (Kansas Lloyd in In 1920 Experimentation,” Issues, Mass Issues, and in ‘oVilliam the My, 1027. and Holocaust—The Reich,” on Scientific Janet In Oxford Nuremberg, Hides,
the ePF by 998. Human Defense, at Hoche’s Physicians pm. Hadamar. Defense, Phobia Michalczyk Third (London: trans. Noakes, Report and the at & Collaboration Contemporayy and Contemporayy the In A (Oxford: the 7:50 73-74. 98. 80. taken Irmgard for Trials 157-59. Noakes, and and for Euthanasia, The Center Elimination nurse Iialence, In 1941, Fraser 122-23. ed.JohnJ. 124; Binding Ljfei”Rarial 42. during Merkle, 36-40. Crimes Medicine, Genacide, Genocide, Genocide, R. 103. chief 192-94. of Jerusakin: J’[azi Trialj Science: ‘Euthanasia,’ 9,28-30. Form. Killing Xazi Evidence Historical Historical in recollection. Evidence author. of Wtsr Hygiene: from Issues, Pfanmueller, Ado(( 1994), Issues Yas,i 1994), and by Vol. of Racial of]’fai of of.Yasi 179-80. Huber, George 65. November RAe/is 156. Reiclis Genocide, Klein, Unworthy IV Klein, Origins Hadamar lVittgi 1-32. Murdeioizs Extermination, 26 Extent “Racial Extermination, Deliverance, Ward. Ward. Eichmann added Excerpt Herman 13 238-39. Euthanasia trans. Origins Origins Origins its & Vol. Third “Lj/i The & Third “Nursing Participant and and 1997), and Karl Doctors, “Sterilization, Hsgiene, Contemporaiy Hygiene, Alfons of,N’azi Dr. Irmgard Mfons 108-109. Wife, the the Exclusion: The The The Life, 716, The Italics 746, of to of of Mendelsohn, of and Proctor, [hereafter 101. Sheed Glass, Ethics Sheed Ethics Death Arendt, and Roof Hahn, “Nazi and Racial 276. 105. 112. In Racial 125. Kintner, Books, 16. Nadas; N. Origins Muller-Hill, 5.2: 1977), 61. M. 93. Traverso, 57. 1933-1945, W 33-34. MO: 143-44. 122. MO: Worthless The Ethics, 1945. Ethics, Basic Historical Heinrich of Enzo Proctor, Proctor, Daniel Radical Earl Friedlander, Burleigh, Document Ibid Arendt, Friedlander, Glass, friedlander, Hannah Mennecke Testimony Mcfarland-Icke, Testimony My Testimony Burleigh, Testimony Burleigh, Koonz, Susanne Proctor, Mcfarland-Icke, 1949), Books, Cits; City 35Koonz, t8Bauman IS ‘ 32 wKoonz, 3tBenno 34 IS 25 26 27 23 ° 09 07 ° 137 ‘° 1994), 133 ‘2oTable 129 Germany I24 122 tl3 2003), I0 “5Ufton, “6James ‘‘2flocument ed. York: Reic/c Medirine Medicine, ihlmwtn, Others, (Kansas Press, Penguin in lb Friedlander, Destruction September Trial), Limited, (New Third (Kansas Ward, in