By Gordonia Alkanivorans Strain 1B

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By Gordonia Alkanivorans Strain 1B UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA VEGETAL Dibenzothiophene desulfurization by Gordonia alkanivorans strain 1B Luís Manuel Gonçalves Alves Ph.D. in Biology (Microbiology) 2007 On the Cover - Photo of colonies of Gordonia allkanivorans. UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA VEGETAL Dessulfurização de dibenzotiofeno por Gordonia alkanivorans estirpe 1B Luís Manuel Gonçalves Alves ORIENTADORES: Professor Doutor Rogério Paulo de Andrade Tenreiro Professor Auxiliar da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Doutor José António dos Santos Pereira de Matos Investigador Auxiliar do Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação DOUTORAMENTO EM BIOLOGIA (MICROBIOLOGIA) 2007 Na presente dissertação incluem-se resultados que foram alvo de publicação com outros autores. Para efeitos do disposto no nº 2 do Art. 8º do Decreto-Lei 388/70, O autor da dissertação declara que interveio na concepção e execução do trabalho experimental, na interpretação dos resultados e na redacção dos manuscritos publicados ou enviados para publicação. Lisboa, 03 de Agosto, 2007 ------------------------------------------------ (Luís Manuel Gonçalves Alves) Para os meus pais, a minha esposa e o meu filho com carinho. "A ciência nunca está concluída, está cada vez mais próxima da compreensão total e rigorosa da natureza, mas nunca chega a alcançá-la.” Carl Sagan Abbreviations 2-HBP – 2-Hydroxybiphenyl HPBS – 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl) (2-hidroxibifenilo) benzene sulfinate 4,6-dmDBT – 4,6-dimethylDBT HPLC – High performance liquid (4,6-dimetilDBT) chromatography 4-mDBT – 4-methylDBT (4-metilDBT) Ile – Isoleucine Ala – Alanine IPTG – Isopropyl β-D-1- thiogalactopyranoside aa – Amino acid Lys – Lysine BDS – Biodesulfurization LRP – Lamas da reciclagem de papel (biodessulfurização) LB – Luria-Bertani broth bp – Base pair BT – Benzothiophene µ – Specific growth rate rDNA – Ribosomal DNA MS – Mass spectroscopy DNS – Dinitrosalysilic acid Asn – Asparagine DBT – Dibenzothiophene (dibenzotiofeno) NADH – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide DBTS – Dibenzothiophene sulfone OD– Optical density DCW – Dry cell weight ppm – Parts per million (partes por milhão) DO – Densidade óptica PCR – Polymerase chain reaction DSMZ – Deutsche Sammlung von rbs – Ribossome biding site Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH rpm – Revolutions per minute dsz – Desulfurization RPS – Recycled paper sludge DszA – DBT-monooxygenase Ser – Serine DszB – DBTS-monooxygenase SD – Standard deviation DszC – 2'-Hydroxybiphenyl- SDS-PAGE – sodium dodecyl sulfate 2-sulfinate desulfinase polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis DszD – Flavin-reductase SFM – sulfur-free mineral DMF – Dimethylformamide Thr – Threonine DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid tds – Thermal desulfurization Fig – Figure U – International units Val – Valine FMN – Flavin mononucleotide Trp – Tryptophan FP – Filter paper v/v – Volume/volume Gly – Glycine w/v – Weight/volume GC – Gas chromatography w/w – Weight/ weight HDS – Hydrodesulfurization (hidrodessulfurização) Resumo A crescente utilização de combustíveis fósseis levou a um aumento da emissão de óxidos de enxofre para a atmosfera, os quais são um dos principais causadores das chuvas ácidas. A legislação já aprovada prevê que em 2009 o nível máximo de enxofre nos combustíveis seja apenas 10 ppm, enquanto actualmente esse valor se situa nos 150 ppm. O processo de hidrodessulfurização (HDS) utilizado nas refinarias é baseado em técnicas físico-químicas muito dispendiosas, além de apresentar limitações na remoção do enxofre orgânico. Quanto mais estrita for a legislação sobre os níveis máximos de enxofre nos combustíveis fósseis, mais compostos recalcitrantes à HDS necessitam de ser removidos. Isto implica um aumento da intensidade do tratamento físico-químico e inerentemente dos seus custos. Como resultado, os compostos recalcitrantes à HDS representam uma barreira significativa para a obtenção de níveis de enxofre muito baixos nalgumas fracções petrolíferas. Diversas entidades governamentais e companhias petrolíferas já reconheceram a dificuldade de cumprir as regulamentações ambientais de uma maneira eficiente e económica usando a tecnologia convencional de HDS uma vez que as unidades de HDS para a dessulfurização profunda são extremamente dispendiosas de construir e operar. Por isso, é muito importante o estudo de novos processos de dessulfurização que possam de alguma maneira substituir ou complementar a HDS. A dessulfurização biológica poderá ser uma dessas tecnologias a implementar nos próximos anos pela indústria petrolífera. A alternativa ao tratamento físico-químico passa pelo recurso a processos biológicos (biodessulfurização) mais eficazes para a dessulfurização dos combustíveis fósseis, nomeadamente ao nível da remoção do enxofre ligado covalentemente a matrizes orgânicas. A biodessulfurização (BDS) ocorre em condições de funcionamento mais amenas sob condições de pressão atmosférica e temperatura ambiente, apresentando maior especificidade de reacção devido à natureza dos biocatalisadores, não requerendo 7 hidrogénio molecular e permitindo a manutenção no processo da emissão de CO2 a um nível baixo. Por estes motivos, a remoção de enxofre por processos biocatalíticos é hoje em dia considerada como alternativa ou como complemento do processo de HDS convencional usado na indústria petrolífera. Deste modo, na última década e meia tem-se verificado um aumento dos estudos envolvendo a utilização de microrganismos com a capacidade de remover especificamente o enxofre deste tipo de compostos. A grande maioria dos trabalhos de BDS foi efectuada com estirpes de Rhodococcus erythropolis, especialmente a estirpe IGTS8 a qual se tornou a estirpe referência neste tipo de estudos. Assim, foi obtido um excelente conhecimento da BDS de dibenzotiofeno (DBT) e compostos análogos em termos de fisiologia bacteriana, enzimologia e biologia molecular. No entanto este conhecimento resumiu-se inicialmente ao género Rhodococcus e só mais recentemente se começou a estudar bactérias pertencentes a outros géneros. Neste trabalho foi isolada e seleccionada uma bactéria a partir de solos contaminados por hidrocarbonetos, que demonstrou uma boa capacidade de dessulfurização de DBT. Este composto é utilizado como modelo na maioria dos estudos de BDS. A bactéria seleccionada foi identificada como Gordonia alkanivorans estirpe 1B após estudos de caracterização de microbiologia clássica, bioquímica e biologia molecular. Embora esta espécie tenha sido descrita pela primeira vez em 1998, nenhum trabalho de BDS associado a esta tinha sido publicado. O crescimento desta bactéria, num meio de cultura com glucose como fonte de carbono e DBT como única fonte de enxofre, permite a dessulfurização deste composto formando-se 2-hidroxibifenilo (2-HBP) e libertando-se o enxofre na forma de sulfito. A taxa de dessulfurização específica obtida foi de 1,03 µmol g-1(biomassa) h-1 para uma taxa específica de crescimento de 0,019 h-1. Esta bactéria tem ainda a capacidade de utilizar outros compostos tiofénicos, tais como o benzotiofeno, tiofeno, 4-metil e 4,6-dimetil- dibenzotiofeno. 8 Foi identificado e sequenciado o operão de G. alkanivorans estirpe 1B, responsável pela capacidade de dessulfurização de dibenzotiofeno, sendo constituído por três genes. As sequências nucleotídicas obtidas apresentam uma semelhança na ordem dos 85 a 90% em relação às sequências dos genes homólogos de Rhodococcus erythropolis IGTS8, permitindo concluir que G. alkanivorans estirpe 1B utiliza a via metabólica 4S. A principal vantagem desta via metabólica é não ocorrer diminuição do potencial energético do composto dessulfurizado, facto importante para a dessulfurização de combustíveis fósseis. Tendo em vista a utilização de fontes de carbono alternativas obtidas a partir de resíduos agro-industriais na formulação de meios de cultivo, foi estudado o efeito da presença ou ausência de alguns iões metálicos que compõem o meio de cultivo utilizado no crescimento laboratorial desta bactéria. Para os iões metálicos estudados, apenas a ausência de cobre e de zinco no meio de cultura diminuiu a quantidade de 2-HBP produzida. No entanto, a ausência de zinco reduziu a biomassa produzida, indicando que este ião pode ter uma importância relevante para o metabolismo de G. alkanivorans estirpe 1B. Crescimentos da estirpe 1B, em meios de cultura contendo sulfato ou DBT como fonte de enxofre, permitiram verificar que o ião zinco apenas estimula o metabolismo bacteriano na presença de DBT. Isto sugere que o ião zinco tem um papel importante no sistema enzimático envolvido na dessulfurização. Estes resultados foram confirmados após estudos envolvendo células de G. alkanivorans estirpe 1B pré-crescidas na presença ou ausência de zinco. De facto, no ensaio com células pré-crescidas com zinco, foi possível obter uma produtividade específica de 2-HBP de 2,29 µmol g-1(biomassa) h-1, valor este 7,6 vezes superior ao obtido no ensaio com células pré-crescidas na ausência de zinco. A produtividade obtida na ausência de zinco sofreu um incremento de 70% quando as células pré-crescidas foram incubadas com 1 mg l-1 de zinco. Estes resultados permitiram verificar a necessidade de aumentar a quantidade de zinco inicialmente utilizado no meio de cultura (0,5 mg l-1) para 10 mg l-1 de modo a maximizar a taxa de dessulfurização de DBT. 9 A aplicação industrial da BDS depende do custo inerente à produção de biocatalisadores, o qual ainda é muito elevado para permitir que este processo seja viável em termos económicos.
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