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Les Parasites Hematophages Et Leurs Symbiotes These CAMPUS VETERINAIRE DE LYON Année 2021 - Thèse n° 004 LES PARASITES HEMATOPHAGES ET LEURS SYMBIOTES THESE Présentée à l’Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (Médecine – Pharmacie) Et soutenue publiquement le 21 juin 2021 Pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Vétérinaire Par CASSAGNE Clara Née le 19/12/1995 à Saint Martin d’Hères (38) CAMPUS VETERINAIRE DE LYON Année 2021 - Thèse n° 004 LES PARASITES HEMATOPHAGES ET LEURS SYMBIOTES THESE Présentée à l’Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (Médecine – Pharmacie) Et soutenue publiquement le 21 juin 2021 Pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Vétérinaire Par CASSAGNE Clara Née le 19/12/1995 à Saint Martin d’Hères (38) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2 Liste des Enseignants du Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon (01-04-2021) ABITBOL Marie DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Professeur ALVES- DE- OLIVEIRA Laurent DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Maître de conférences ARCANGIOLI Marie- Anne DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Professeur AYRAL Florence DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Maître de conférences BECKER Claire DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Maître de conférences BELLUCO Sara DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Maître de conférences BENAMOU-SMITH Agnès DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Maître de conférences BENOIT Etienne DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Professeur BERNY Philippe DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Professeur BONNET- GARIN Jeanne- Marie DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Professeur BOULOCHER Caroline DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Maître de conférences BOURDOISEAU Gilles DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Professeur émérite BOURGOIN Gilles DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Maître de conférences BRUYERE Pierre DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Maître de conférences BUFF Samuel DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Professeur BURONFOSSE Thierry DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Professeur CACHON Thibaut DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Maître de conférences CADORÉ Jean- Luc DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Professeur CALLAIT- CARDINAL Marie- Pierre DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Maître de conférences CAROZZO Claude DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Maître de conférences CHABANNE Luc DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Professeur CHALVET- MONFRAY Karine DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Professeur DE BOYER DES ROCHES Alice DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Maître de conférences DELIGNETTE- MULLER Marie- Laure DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Professeur DJELOUADJI Zorée DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Maître de conférences ESCRIOU Catherine DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Maître de conférences FRIKHA Mohamed- Ridha DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Maître de conférences GALIA Wessam DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Maître de conférences GILOT-FROMONT Emmanuelle DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Professeur GONTHIER Alain DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Maître de conférences GRANCHER Denis DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Maître de conférences GREZEL Delphine DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Maître de conférences HUGONNARD Marine DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Maître de conférences JUNOT Stéphane DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Professeur KODJO Angeli DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Professeur KRAFFT Emilie DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Maître de conférences LAABERKI Maria- Halima DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Maître de conférences LAMBERT Véronique DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Maître de conférences LE GRAND Dominique DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Professeur LEBLOND Agnès DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Professeur LEDOUX Dorothée DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Maître de conférences LEFEBVRE Sébastien DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Maître de conférences LEFRANC- POHL Anne- Cécile DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Maître de conférences LEGROS Vincent DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Maître de conférences LEPAGE Olivier DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Professeur LOUZIER Vanessa DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Professeur MARCHAL Thierry DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Professeur MOISSONNIER Pierre DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Professeur MOSCA Marion DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Maître de conférences MOUNIER Luc DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Professeur PEPIN Michel DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Professeur PIN Didier DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Professeur PONCE Frédérique DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Professeur PORTIER Karine DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Professeur POUZOT- NEVORET Céline DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Maître de conférences PROUILLAC Caroline DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Maître de conférences REMY Denise DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Professeur RENE MARTELLET Magalie DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Maître de conférences ROGER Thierry DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Professeur SAWAYA Serge DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Maître de conférences SCHRAMME Michael DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Professeur SERGENTET Delphine DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Professeur THIEBAULT Jean- Jacques DEPT- BASIC- SCIENCES Maître de conférences TORTEREAU Antonin DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Maître de conférences 3 VIGUIER Eric DEPT- AC- LOISIR- SPORT Professeur ZENNER Lionel DEPT- ELEVAGE- SPV Professeur 4 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier le professeur Martine Wallon de me faire l’honneur de présider ce jury de thèse et d’avoir bien voulu consacrer du temps à la lecture du manuscrit et à la soutenance de la thèse. J’exprime ensuite toute ma gratitude à mon directeur de thèse, le professeur Lionel Zenner. Ses conseils avisés et ses critiques constructives m’ont permis de mener à bien ce travail. Nos nombreux échanges en visioconférence ont ponctué ces longs mois d’écriture et son écoute attentive et bienveillante m’a redonné confiance durant les moments de doute. Enfin, je remercie vivement le professeur Vincent Legros d’avoir accepté de participer à ce jury et de l’intérêt pour le sujet qu’il a manifesté lors de nos échanges de mails. 5 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier mes deux mouches du coche préférées, qui, non encore hématophages, n’ont réussi qu’à aspirer ma patience pendant ces longs mois de confinement. Elles m’ont néanmoins accompagnée tout au long de mon parcours et m’ont assuré un environnement favorable à la réalisation de ce projet. Un merci particulier à ma mère qui a relu et corrigé le manuscrit à de nombreuses reprises et à mon père pour avoir géré la logistique informatique. Bien qu’elles soient très loin et très occupées, je voudrai aussi remercier mes grandes sœurs qui ont toujours été là pour m’écouter lorsque j’en avais besoin. Après ma famille de sang, je me dois de remercier ma famille de cœur qui m’a suivie durant de nombreuses années, dans les hauts comme dans les bas. Je ne doute pas qu’ils verront d’un œil amusé que je qualifie nos relations de symbiose mutualiste, énième loufoquerie de biologiste. Vous me complétez et apportez les nutriments indispensables à mon esprit, et j’espère vous apporter à chacun l’équivalent en retour. Audrey, ton talent avec les mots et les doigts m’impressionnera toujours et m’inspire à cultiver mes propres talents. Claire, ta persévérance et ta patience sont mes modèles, un jour je te prouverai que tes conseils ont porté leurs fruits. Clément, tu es l’ange taciturne qui veille sur mes goûts musicaux et ma bonne humeur, l’Allemagne nous attend encore. Delphine et Cookie, vous êtes la bonne humeur incarnée, j’ai hâte de vous revoir. Fil, je chéris toutes nos discussions à cœur ouvert et cette sagesse percutante qui est en toi. Jérémy, ton imagination m’a permis de m’évader, le temps d’une soirée ou d’un après-midi, hors des quatre murs où j’étais confinée. Laetitia, ta gentillesse et ton empathie rayonnent, merci d’avoir enduré ce texte. Maelle, avec toi on ne s’ennuie jamais, tu es l’étincelle qui allume le feu aux soirées. Marion, ta joie de vivre et tes rires sont communicatifs. Olivier, tu m’as permis d’en apprendre plus sur de nombreux sujets historiques et as significativement enrichi mes lectures. Bien sûr, je ne peux pas oublier mes congénères de vétagro, tout particulièrement Antoine, Marine, Julie et Lise mais également Camille, Benoît et Marion. Nous avons été au front des cliniques plus ou moins ensemble, connu le feu des journées agitées, nous avons ri et nous nous sommes lamentés ensemble. Vous avez rendu les moments difficiles plus supportables, et pour cela, il n’y a pas de trop gros remerciement. J’espère que notre éloignement physique ne distendra pas les liens que nous avons tissés durant ces années partagées. 6 Table des matières Table des figures.................................................................................................................................... 13 Table des tableaux ................................................................................................................................. 14 Liste des abréviations ............................................................................................................................ 17 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 19 La symbiose ....................................................................................................................................... 19 Origine et définition ...................................................................................................................... 19 La symbiose, une relation omniprésente ...................................................................................... 20 Les modalités physiques ................................................................................................................ 20 La symbiose, pour quoi faire ? ...................................................................................................... 21 Mise en place et maintien de la relation ....................................................................................... 21 Evolution vers une symbiose mutualiste....................................................................................... 22 Symbiotes primaires et secondaires ............................................................................................. 25 Les parasites hématophages ............................................................................................................
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