June 2015 1
Rob Greenaway & Associates
Fonterra – Studholme Ocean Outfall Recreation Effects Assessment
Fonterra – Studholme Ocean Outfall | Recreation Effects Assessment RG&A 2
Fonterra Studholme Ocean Outfall Recreation Effects Assessment
Prepared for Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd by Rob Greenaway & Associates www.greenaway.co.nz
June 2015
Version status: Final
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Contents
1 Introduction and summary ...... 4 1.1 Study focus ...... 7 1.2 Method ...... 7 2 Setting description ...... 8
3 Access and land status ...... 11
4 Setting management and agency data ...... 16 4.1 Department of Conservation ...... 16 4.2 Canterbury Regional Council ...... 17 4.3 Waihao-Wainono Water Users Society ...... 19 4.4 Waimate District Council ...... 20 4.5 Central South Island Fish & Game Council ...... 20 5 Activity descriptions...... 22 5.1 Marine recreation ...... 22 5.2 Freshwater recreation ...... 26 5.3 Hunting ...... 27 5.4 Other terrestrial recreation ...... 27 5.5 Activity summary ...... 29 6 Potential effects of the proposal and recommended mitigations ...... 30 6.1 Contaminants and pathogens ...... 30 6.2 Marine and riverine ecology and birds ...... 30 6.3 New infrastructure ...... 30 6.4 Construction ...... 3 1 6.5 Mitigations ...... 31 7 Conclusion ...... 33
8 References ...... 34
9 Appendix 1: Department of Conservation land unit records ...... 35
10 Appendix 2: Daly 2004 ...... 37
List of Figures Figure 1: Activity summary ...... 6 Figure 2: Study area with photo locations ...... 8 Figure 3: Public access – WAMS output ...... 11 Figure 4: Central South Island Fish & Game Council lands and Te Houriri Reserve ...... 12 Figure 5: 4WD access south of Poingdestres Rd (Waihao Box Wildlife Management Reserve) ...... 12 Figure 6: DOC GIS output ...... 13 Figure 7: WDC Planning maps 22 and 23 ...... 14 Figure 8: Waihao Mätaitai Reserve. MPI NABIS output ...... 1 5 Figure 9: CRC Navigation safety bylaw 2010 – Waihao River mouth ...... 18 Figure 10: Sport and recreation activities with the highest participation levels ...... 22 Figure 11: Marine setting. LINZ chart NZ64 detail ...... 23 Figure 12: Marine fishing activity (Allen et al 2009) ...... 24 Figure 13: Shore fishing - Draper et al (2008) ...... 25 Figure 14: WDC Lake Wainono Track guide ...... 28 Figure 15: Construction-period sign locations (red) ...... 32
List of Tables Table 1: Activity by month ...... 29
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1 Introduction and summary
Fonterra Ltd is proposing to expand its existing milk processing plant at Studholme near Waimate. This will include the construction of two new milk dryers and boilers, and larger dry- store facilities. This report focuses on the requirement to install a marine outfall to discharge wastewater and some stormwater from the plant. A pipeline of between 600-700mm diameter is proposed to run from the existing wastewater treatment plant site at Studholme, which is also to be upgraded, directly east along Meyers Road for approximately 3km to the ocean. The pipe will be buried under the Waihao Arm and the beach profile, and will not be visible from the shore, and will extend for up to 600m along the bed of the sea (including diffuser) (see Figure 1). A maximum discharge of 24,000m3 a day is anticipated. The pipe will carry treated wastewater from the plant as well as stormwater from some hard surface areas which requires treatment. Human waste from the plant is treated separately and disposed of via a subsurface irrigation system at Studholme. Clean stormwater from roofing areas is captured and discharged via a wetland system to a local creek. The wastewater is largely derived from condensate which is extracted when dry milk powder is produced (‘condensate of whey’ or COW water), but will also include process system cleaning products, including soaps and strong acids and alkalis. A biological wastewater treatment system will be installed to remove the majority of organic and nutrient components from the wastewater and to buffer pH levels, resulting in “a discharge of significantly higher quality than at other similar facilities” (Sneddon et al 2015).
This study indicates that the area – spanning from Wainono Lagoon in the north to the Waihao Box in the south – is primarily a locally popular recreation setting supporting a range of terrestrial, freshwater and marine recreation activities. These are located in Figure 1. There are several regionally important activities carried out, including gamebird hunting and birdwatching (mostly associated with Wainono Lagoon), and camping. An annual fishing competition is held at Hook Beach, north of Wainono Lagoon, but the fishing resource is quite similar throughout the coastal area. Analysis of the risks posed by the discharge of the treated wastewater on marine and freshwater ecology and birds (Sneddon et al 2015), and on human health (Stott & McBride 2015), indicate little potential for any adverse effects in and around the coastal marine setting. This assessment therefore finds that, with the outfall in operation, the setting will retain its recreation values and potential. There may be the chance of snagging fishing gear on the pipeline, but this would most likely result if the marine structure proves to be an attractant for fish and fishers – since it will most likely encrust with marine life (Stott & McBride 2015) and be an unusual feature on an otherwise largely homogenous seafloor – and this should be considered an acceptable trade-off. A pipeline sign at the rear of the beach will indicate its location. Public reporting of wastewater monitoring data will help allay perceptions of adverse effect on marine water quality. Construction activities will have the potential to disrupt recreational use of the immediate beach area for up to nine months. Recommended mitigations can reduce inconvenience by ensuring visitors are well-aware of the activity. These include public notifications, appropriate on-site signage, ceasing construction over the hunting and whitebaiting opening days, and providing for a public open day at the outfall construction site. Sneddon et al (2015) indicate little potential for adverse effects on birds and recreationally-taken freshwater fish during construction.
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Temporary adverse effects will be less than those associated with the 2014 repair of the Waihao Box by Environment Canterbury due, largely, to the location of the works and the area requiring access closure.
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Figure 1: Activity summary
Gamebird hunting
Eeling
Camping
Power boating, water skiing
Whitebaiting
River fishing
Picnicking
Bird watching
4WD
Walking (dashed = low use) Surf casting (dashed = low use) Proposed outfall
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1.1 Study focus
This study focuses on only the construction and operation of the ocean outfall structure associated with the redevelopment of the Studholme dairy factory. There are no effects of interest to recreation and tourism as a result of any other development associated with the proposal.
1.2 Method
This study is based on: . A site visit (Section 2), . Literature review (Sections 3, 4 and 5), . Communication with Fonterra and its consultants with regard to outfall design, construction and operation, . Public consultation processes carried out by Fonterra in the Waimate community (described in the main AEE report) and several conversations with local recreation activity coordinators (indicate as ‘pers. comm.’ in text). . Discussions with the authors of the reports on potential human health risks and effects on marine and riverine ecology (Sneddon et al 2015 and Stott & McBride 2015), and review of their findings.
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2 Setting description
The wider study area, upon which this Figure 2: Study area with photo locations report is based, extends from the Wainono Lagoon to the Waihao Box. This includes: 1km . Wainono Lagoon – although this is well away from the development area, recreational users of this setting can access it via Poingdestres Road, . The Waihao River Arm, which extends from the Waihao Box to the Wainono Lagoon, referred to in some texts as the Waihao River ‘Dead Arm’, 3 . The small waterways which feed 1 into the Waihao River Arm, 2 including the lower limits of the Waimate Creek and Sir Charles 5 Creek, 7 6 . The Te Houriri waterway (see Figure 4), 4 . The reserves and legal roads in this coastal area identified in Section 3 of this report. There are three main visitor nodes in this setting: . The Waihao Box, which includes a camping area with a toilet, picnic facilities and other recreation structures, as well as the historic Waihao Box, 10 9 . The road end at Poingdestres 8 Road, which is used for informal camping, although no facilities are provided, . The Wainono Lagoon and the Fish & Game Wainono Reserve and their associated wetlands, with a coastal access route to the east. The nine photos on the following pages show the main recreation settings and some of the local recreation signs. Signs include restrictions on the use of only paddled craft in the northern end of the Waihao River Arm and Wainono Lagoon at the Poingdestres Road bridge (photo 1) and advice from Fish & Game regarding the Wainono Reserve (photo 2, with the text: This reserve is owned and managed by Central South Island Fish and Game Council. 9 hunting stands are balloted annually for the opening weekend of each game season. Hunting during the remainder of the season is permitted only by arrangement with Fish and Game.
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Camping is not permitted on the reserve.. Many signs are in place at the Waihao Box camping area for: personal safety; local history (Environment Canterbury (ECan), and the Department of Conservation (DOC)); navigation safety (ECan); tsunami hazards (Waimate District Council and Civil Defence); whitebaiting (DOC); set net fishing regulations (Ministry for Primary Industries); and freedom camping (Waimate District Council). A centennial memorial to the Waihao Box1 and a picnic table are provided. A portaloo was in place in October 2014. There are no recreation facilities at the end of Poingdestres Road, apart from undeveloped tracks and the signs shown, and the mature pine trees which provide shelter for freedom campers.
1. Poingdestres Road Bridge, Waihao River Arm 2. Te Houriri waterway
3. Wainono Reserve 4. Coast east of Waihao River Arm
5. Waihao River Arm at Poingdestres 6. Freedom camping at Poingdestres
1 See: http://www.odt.co.nz/regions/north-otago/138289/plaque-unveiled-simple-wooden-box
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7. Fishing at Poingdestres 8. Camp at Waihao
9. Waihao Box 10. Waihao Box
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3 Access and land status
The Walking Access Commission’s online Figure 3: Public access – WAMS output Walking Access Mapping System (WAMS) describes the public access opportunities in the study area (Figure 3, excluding hydro areas). This includes Crown land leading north and for a short distance south of the end of Poingdestres Road (the DOC administered Wainono Lagoon Foreshore Conservation Area), legal road (formed and unformed), conservation land (the Waihao Box Wildlife Management Reserve), and recreation reserve at the Waihao Box. The ‘Wainono Lagoon Track’ appears on the WAMS output as a red dashed line in Figure 3, which overlies the same track indicated in the 1:50,000 Topomap base map, and which is more clear in Figure 4. This track extends from the coastal end of Hook Beach Road to the immediate north of Wainono Lagoon and is shown as ending at Poingdestres Road in the WAMS output, but approximately 500 metres further south in the 1:50,000 Topomap. On the ground this track is evident south of Poingdestres Road as a 4WD track along the high point of the beach (Figure 5).
Figure 4 shows freehold land held by the Central South Island (CSI) Fish and Game Council and the Te Houriri Reserve. The latter is made up of two titles, one adjacent to, and one in the bed of the Houriri waterway (indicated with a red arrow). The long and narrow title (7433m2) is a Fenton Entitlement established under the Ngāi Figure 5 viewpoint Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, “for the purpose of permitting the holders to Public road occupy temporarily land close to Conservation land waterways, so as to have access to Public reserve Marginal strip waterways for lawful fishing and gathering Crown land of other natural resources” (section Esplanade reserve 355(2)). The second title, in the bed of the waterway (5212m2), was created under the same Act as a customary fishing entitlement2.
2 New Zealand Gazette, 4 Nov 2004, No. 143 p3591
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Figure 4: Central South Island Fish & Game Council lands and Te Houriri Reserve
CSI Fish & Game Council freehold
Te Houriri Reserve
Local purpose reserve (F&G)
F&G Hunting exclusion area
Figure 5: 4WD access south of Poingdestres Rd (Waihao Box Wildlife Management Reserve)
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Fish and Game lands include freehold title held for hunting purposes and a small (8000m2) local purpose reserve (camping and recreation purposes)3 between the legal road and waterway near the eastern end of Meyers Road (indicated with a purple arrow in Figure 4). This reserve, called Reserve 3838 in the Gazette notice, includes the bank of the waterway, gravel roadway and some terrain which is grazed. It does not appear in any of the mapping systems or references searched for during the preparation of this report. The Department of Conservation online GIS maps indicate three conservation areas in the study area (Figure 6), as well as the Wainono Lagoon Track as it appears in the WAMS output (track not shown in Figure 6 as it overlies other features). The Wainono Lagoon and Wainono Lagoon Foreshore Conservation Areas are both identified in the draft Canterbury Conservation Management Strategy (CMS) (DOC 2013) as Stewardship Areas and as ‘priority ecosystems’ (Vol 2 map table 6.20 p87).
Figure 6: DOC GIS output
Wainono Lagoon Conservation Area
Wainono Lagoon Foreshore Conservation Area
Waihao Box Government Purpose Reserve Wildlife Management
The Waimate District Council District Plan 2014 identifies the Wainono Lagoon as an Outstanding Natural Landscape / Feature and a Significant Natural Area (Figure 7). The latter status extends into part of the Waihao River Arm. The Waihao Box is also a Significant Natural Feature. The status for all these is for the purpose of ‘wildlife and wetlands’ (Plan
3 NZ Gazette 31 Aug 1911. p2669 ‘Reserve 3838’
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maps 22 and 23). The Recreation Reserves at the Waihao Box have designations for the purpose of recreation (points 88 in Figure 7). The study area includes the Waihao Mätaitai Reserve for customary fishing, formed in 2012 and including:4 Figure 7: WDC Planning maps 22 and 23 (a) Wainono Lagoon: The main water body of the Wainono Lagoon and the creek that runs south out of the Lagoon to the mouth of the Waimate Creek; (b) Waihao River: The main stem of the Waihao River that runs east from State Highway 1 (“SH1”) to its mouth (Waihao Box), the part of Buchanans Creek east of SH1 that runs into the Waihao River and the coastal channel (the Dead Arm) that runs north from the Waihao Box to the mouth of the Waimate Creek; (c) Waituna Stream: The main stem of the Waituna Stream that runs east from SH1 into the Wainono Lagoon; and
(d) Hook River: The main stem of the north and south branches of the Hook River that run east from SH1 into the Wainono Lagoon. These boundaries are shown in the Ministry for Primary Industries National Aquatic Biodiversity Information System (NABIS) in Figure 8. There are no other data of interest to recreation in the NABIS dataset.
4 NZ Gazette 98 16 August 2012, p2738
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Figure 8: Waihao Mätaitai Reserve. MPI NABIS output
Mätaitai Reserve
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4 Setting management and agency data
4.1 Department of Conservation
The draft Department of Conservation CMS for Canterbury (DOC 2013) locates the study area in the Coastal Land and Marine Place. Within this area, the following outcomes are expected for recreation within ‘Coastal wetlands, spits and barriers’: All public conservation lands within the Coastal Land and Marine Place are being protected, restored and often managed in conjunction with adjoining lands as the last remnants of the indigenous lowland coastal ecosystems of Canterbury. … Coastal recreational use is increasing in ways that enhance public understanding and appreciation of coastal ecosystems and species and their vulnerabilities within Canterbury, and avoids adverse effects on those ecosystems and species. Any vehicle use avoids wildlife disturbance, vulnerable ecosystems and historic sites. Visitor encounters with aircraft are rare. The CMS notes these outcomes and recommends classifying the Wainono Lagoon Conservation Area (conservation unit J40014) as a wildlife management reserve by 2024 (sec 2.4.22 and p72). Access for mountain bikes (non-motorised) only is proposed for the ‘Wainono Lagoon conservation units’ on the ‘track south from Hook Beach Road to the Waihao River mouth’ (p72). This would preclude the 4WD access which currently occurs in this area, although Figure 3 shows legal road extending adjacent to the Wainono Lagoon Foreshore Conservation Area for approximately 2500m north of Poingdestres Road and for 1000m to the south. The draft CMS describes little about the recreation values of the study area, but notes an eel fishery in the Waihao/Wainono catchments (p62), and notes the meeting place at Wainono of Edward Shortland and Bishop Selwyn in 1844, and the Waihao Box, as ‘historic sites and values’, and that (p63):
In 2012 Wainono Lagoon became a ‘flagship project’ under the Canterbury Water Management Strategy with initial funding and community commitment towards protection and restoration of the lagoon and its tributaries. The Canterbury CMS (2000) sought wildlife management reserve status for this lagoon but as at 2013 this has not been achieved. The activities of the Waihao-Wainono Water Users Group is noted as a local community group working in the ‘coastal margin area’ (p66) (see Section 4.3 of this report). Wainono Lagoon is identified as a ‘significant landscape’ (Table A9.2). The operative Canterbury CMS (DOC 2002) notes in its land unit data sheets that the Wainono Lagoon Conservation Area is used for fishing, boating, shooting gamebirds and bird- watching, but has no visitor facilities. The Waihao Box Government Purpose Reserve Wildlife Management Area is described as being used for fishing, boating, whitebaiting, game bird hunting with no visitor facilities (see Appendix 1). Since 2002, it appears that various visitor facilities have been installed at each site (as per the photos in Section 2 of this report). No data sheet is available for the Wainono Lagoon Foreshore Conservation Area. Benn (2011) carried out an extensive literature review for the Department of Conservation to identify the ‘instream intrinsic values of the Wainono Lagoon-Waihao River catchment’. However, only a little reference was made to the recreation values of the catchment. Benn noted (pp 58-59):
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Although a number of recreational activities are undertaken in the Wainono- Waihao catchment, most of these activities are ranked as having low to moderate values. The most popular activities undertaken relate to angling, hunting, and walking. Various forms of fishing are undertaken in the Waihao River and Wainono Lagoon e.g. (trout fishing, whitebaiting, eeling and floundering), and waterfowl hunting also occurs here. Wallaby hunting occurs in the surrounding hills. Wainono Lagoon, Gunns Bush, and Kelceys Bush are popular places for bird watching.
4.2 Canterbury Regional Council
The Regional Coastal Environment Plan for the Canterbury Region (2005) identifies the Wainono to Waihao River Mouth area as a Significant Natural Area, but does not describe that coastal setting as an area with minimum water quality class management requirements for contact recreation or for shellfish gathering (Schedules 4 and 5 of the CPS). Water quality classes are established to “set water quality standards and control the discharge of contaminants and water within the parts of the Coastal Marine Area defined in Schedule 5 that contain areas of degraded water quality or which need classifications to reflect existing or potential uses of the areas” (Policy 7.2). The Waihao Box and the outlet from the Waihao River and the Wainono Lagoon are identified as “Protected Recreational, Cultural or Historic Structures” (Schedule 5.12). The CPS has the following resource overview for South Canterbury (section 3.11): Description
• Steep gravel beaches with alluvial cliffs along the coastline from Tuhawaiki Point southwards to the Waitaki River. • Tuhawaiki reef is an important marine habitat and there are a string of coastal lagoons and wetlands such as Wainono that are significant habitats for a large number of bird species, including waders and water fowl. • The Waitaki River delta is important for fish species and birdlife.
• The mouths of the rivers are used for recreation and holiday settlements. Issues • Coastal erosion that is occurring at a rapid rate, limiting use of the coastal strip and leading to the loss of wildlife habitats in coastal lagoons and wetlands. • Industrial discharges causing localised reductions in water quality Environment Canterbury prepared a series of reports and databases on the recreation values within the rivers and lakes of the Canterbury Region to support the preparation of the Canterbury Natural Resources Regional Plan (ECan 2011). Two reports are relevant: the Inventory of Recreational Values of the Rivers and Lakes in Canterbury (Sutherland-Downing and Elley 2004); and the Inventory of Instream Values of the Rivers and Lakes in Canterbury (Daly 2004). The latter present a synthesis of the former and also presents a range of data relating to many values of the waterbodies considered. As both were based on existing data and were essentially desktop studies, they come with a long disclaimer5. The Inventory of
5 “The inventory report and underlying databases have been compiled using existing sources of information. The accuracy of these sources has not been field checked. The information presented does not necessarily represent or reflect the views of Environment Canterbury. Information in this inventory report and underlying databases should not be relied on for statutory processes without either field checking or reference to the original reference documents cited in Section 5 and consideration of databases held by other parties which have not been represented. While Environment Canterbury has exercised all reasonable skill and care in assembling this information, Environment Canterbury accepts no liability in contract, tort or any other heading of liability for any loss including consequential,
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Instream Values takes its data for describing recreational and visual amenity values (wild and scenic) from the Inventory of Recreational Values. The Canterbury Natural Resources Regional Plan refers to these studies to advise Policies WQN1 Natural state water bodies and WQN2 High naturalness water bodies (none of which feature in the study area). The recreational use value assessment relies on a measurements of frequency and intensity of use. Both are subjective assessments considering the lack of empirical data. The use of the intensity measurement assumes a rating against the location’s social carrying capacity which implies in many areas that the social carrying capacity has been met. There are no data to suggest that this ‘intensity’ assessment is correct. The complete findings from the Inventory of Instream Values (Daly 2004), as they relate to recreation values for the lower Waihao River (Crowes Road to Wainono Lagoon) and the Wainono Lagoon (the only waterbodies in the study area considered in Daly (2004)), are shown in Appendix 2. Recreational activities identified in Daly (2004) at the Wainono Lagoon were: walking; bird- watching; drift boating; rowing; trout fishing; whitebaiting; other fishing; and waterfowl hunting. Activities in the lower Waihao River were: walking; bird-watching; swimming; paddling/wading; power boating; drift boating; trout fishing; whitebaiting; eeling; other fishing; waterfowl hunting; small game hunting; four wheel driving; and trail biking. The Canterbury Regional Council administers the regional Navigational Safety Bylaws 2010. The following rules apply to the study area, and reference is made to the locational graphic in Figure 9: . 11.1 – Open Speed Areas for Rivers: Waihao River (a): The Waihao River, including the Dead Arm [Waihao River Arm], within 400 metres of the landward end of the Waihao Box Outlet, including for waterskiing and towing. (b) The Waihao River
Figure 9: CRC Navigation safety bylaw 2010 – Waihao River mouth
financial direct or indirect loss, damage to property or personal injury arising out of the provision of this inventory report and underlying databases. This includes any loss arising from the use of this information by any person who sources it from Environment Canterbury or any loss arising from the use of information that has been incorporated into a third party’s report or statement and whether or not the information is accompanied by any general terms and conditions as required by Environment Canterbury.”
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between the area described in (a) above and the confluence of the Waihao River and Willowbridge Creek between 1 December of any year and 31 March of the following year and between the hours of 10.00 am and sunset. . 11.2.16 Waihao River Area (B) Reserved Areas - No Personal Water Craft, No Waterskiing Area The Waihao River Area (b) between 1 April and 30 November of any year is reserved as a No Personal Water Craft, No Waterskiing Area. . 11.2.18 Waihao River (Dead Arm [Waihao River Arm]) and Wainono Lagoon: Wainono Lagoon and the Dead Arm [Waihao River Arm] of the Waihao River upstream of Poingdestres Road are reserved as a Paddled Craft Area.
4.3 Waihao-Wainono Water Users Society
The Waihao River - Wainono Lagoon Management Strategy (Waihao-Wainono Water Users Society Management Committee, 2008) describes the purpose and history of the society (p2): The Waihao-Wainono Water Users Society was established in 1999 and has about 60 members, encompassing farmers, residents and local runanga. The Group obtained legal status in 2007, becoming an Incorporated Society. A primary objective of the Waihao-Wainono Water Users Society is to formulate a management strategy for the catchment. To that end, a management committee comprising 18 individuals was elected in 2006 and given the mandate to formulate a management strategy. The Society’s activities are coordinated by Environment Canterbury (particularly the Resource Care and Engineering sections of the council), and assistance is also provided by the Department of Conservation, Fish and Game, Waimate District Council, and Federated Farmers. The Society aims to conserve the water in this catchment and to address any issues that may jeopardise the future quality of the waterways and the lagoon. They also seek to educate people on the effects and use of surface and groundwater. The Waihao River - Wainono Lagoon Management Strategy describes some of the recreation values of the area (p3): Wainono Lagoon is of particular importance to fisheries and wildlife due to its extensiveness, diversity of habitats and the important link it provides between coastal wetlands. This coastal wetland is the most significant wetland between Lake Ellesmere and the Karitane Estuary in Otago. It is a water body of national importance, and represents about a quarter of all saline/estuarine wetland areas in South Canterbury. The significance of Wainono Lagoon to wetland bird species is demonstrated by the number of species present, being 57. The lagoon also has recreational values with some 350 shooters hunting there during the waterfowl season. Takata Whenua hold both a practical and spiritual relationship with the waterways through their wahi tapu, wahi taonga and mahinga kai values. The waterways are also highly valued for their amenity, landscape and recreation values. The management plan describes four goals, three of which relate to water quality, quantity and ecological values. The fourth goal and related objectives are (p4): To provide for an environment that enhances recreational, educational, economic and cultural opportunities Objective 12:
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The location and requirements of appropriate access points are clear to all users, and access is negotiated with adjoining landholders at appropriate sites, to ensure the protection of environmental and natural values and human safety. Objective 13: Facilitate the development of recreation and picnic areas with appropriate facilities. Objective 14: Maintain the educational value of the Waihao-Wainono system. The Strategy does not identify where developments for recreation will occur.
4.4 Waimate District Council
Waimate District Council District Plan issues are discussed in the text associated with Figure 7 on page 14. The Waimate District Sport and Recreation Plan (WDC 2006) identified five ‘key planning initiatives’ for increasing physical activity levels in the District. One of these was ‘investigation into the development of rural walkways and mountain bike trails’. This recommendation resulted in the formation of the Waimate Trackways Incorporated group with a vision to develop a network of walking and cycling tracks in the District. Nine tracks have been developed and/or promoted, including the ‘Wainono Lagoon Track’ as shown in Figure 3 (and in Figure 14 on page 28) from the WDC walking brochure.6 Waihao Box is identified as a permitted area for freedom camping by the Waimate District Council. Users are required to have self-contained units for toilet, shower and grey water storage.7 The end of Poingdestres Road is not identified as a camping area (freedom or otherwise).
4.5 Central South Island Fish & Game Council
Fish & Game is responsible for managing gamebird hunting on public and private land in the study area. The freehold CSI Fish & Game Council land to the south of Wainono Lagoon is described as the Wainono Wetland Reserve; and the desired management outcomes are defined in the Council’s 2012 management strategy for the area. This defines the purpose of its ‘reservation’ (p3):
Like many regions coastal South Canterbury's wetland habitats have been drained or modified. The purchase of land adjacent to the region's largest coastal wetland provided an opportunity to return drained pastures to a wetland habitat. Isolated from Lake Wainono by stop banks, open water areas contained within the wetland are not affected by levels of the lake. This creates alternative waterfowl habitats, especially important when Lake Wainono drains to the sea for extended periods. Although small, the Wainono Wetland Reserve provides a link in the chain of wetlands stretching 250km from Lake Ellesmere, Te Waihora, in North Canterbury to the Karitane Estuary in Otago. The land purchase has also enabled Fish and Game to provide waterfowl hunting for licence holders. When water areas are at optimum level, nine hunting positions8 are available on Wainono Wetland Reserve. An annual ballot for hunting stands on the reserve is advertised through local newspapers in March of each year.
6 http://www.waimatedc.govt.nz/community/sport-and-recreation/waimate-trackways-group 7 http://www.waimatedc.govt.nz/visiting-waimate/accommodation/freedom-camping 8 Only eight are referred to by F&G online: http://centralsouthisland.fishandgame.org.nz/local-hunting-regulations-5
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Hunting is excluded from an area of the reserve which is maintained for grazing (within the red-dashed area in Figure 4 on Page 12). The management strategy indicates that nine hunting stands are marked out in the Fish & Game Reserve and the Te Houriri Reserve each year with a ballot for access on opening weekend available in March, with access for the rest of the season by permit only. Other recreation activities in the area are described as including bird watching and photography, walking, sight-seeing, breach-combing and gathering firewood. Gun dog trials have been held in the reserve and schools groups have studied local wetland values.
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5 Activity descriptions
This section identifies and locates the recreation activities carried out in the study area. These activities are summarised in Figure 1 on Page 6.
5.1 Marine recreation
There does not appear to be any quantitative data to describe the level of marine recreation at the local level in and around the study area. The following data are available to describe the value fishing and boating at the national and regional levels. Various estimates are available for the number of marine fishers in New Zealand. Kearney (2002) reviews various studies which have given a wide range for the level of participation. These include estimates based on surveys carried out between 1996 and 2000 ranging from 9.7% to 39% of the population (Reilly 2002 in Kearney 2002). At the national level, reliable relative data (if not absolute)9 are provided by the Active NZ Surveys carried out by Sport New Zealand (previously SPARC – Sport and Recreation NZ) (SPARC 2009a, 2015). The data from the most recent studies (2007/08 and 2013/14) are based on a stratified (by time and location) national respondent set of just over 4,400 and 6,400 adults aged over 16 respectively. The 2007/08 results showed that 19.3% of all New Zealand adults aged 16 years and over (633,768 people) had participated in fishing at least once; 16.6% had participated in marine fishing (539,515 adults aged over 16) and 5.7% had participated in freshwater fishing. This made marine fishing the 7th most popular form of active recreation in NZ in 2007/08 (Figure 10), while freshwater fishing was ranked 21st equal (with rugby union) (SPARC 2009b). The 2013/14 results have only just become available in summary format and do not yet provide a breakdown by marine and freshwater activity. However, fishing participation was
Figure 10: Sport and recreation activities with the highest participation levels (SPARC 2009b)
9 SPARC (2009a) notes: “The Active NZ Survey is a nationally representative survey of all New Zealand adults. The findings in this profile are not directly comparable with other sources of information about fishing. This is because methodological differences (e.g. the way data is collected, the definitions used) contribute to differences in findings between different data sources.“
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shown in this more recent survey as now the fifth most popular activity nationally, having over-taken by jogging and running. Active NZ survey data are available for each regional sports trust organisation (RSTO) area, which in Canterbury includes the West Coast. This means that any regional data are not representative of South Canterbury. However, for the Canterbury-West Coast RSTO, fishing participation was lower than the national average at 13.5% of the adult population compared with 19.3% for New Zealand. At the national level, 3.8% of the population reported going diving in 2007/8 and 2.4% went sailing or yachting (SPARC 2009c). The Active New Zealand survey only considered physically active, non-motorised pursuits and so did not review motor boating participation. Kalafatelis & Magill (2013) completed a national survey of recreational boating activity for Maritime NZ with 1500 respondents. The results do not appear to have been filtered for marine activity only. This indicated, at the national level, that 24% of New Zealanders aged over 18 own or use a vessel for recreation boating purposes (57% male and 43% female). Boating has not been reported as an inshore activity in the study area.
Figure 11: Marine setting. LINZ chart NZ64 detail
5kms
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Figure 11 shows the inshore marine setting in the study area has not been surveyed, like much of inshore Canterbury Bight beyond port areas. The note referred to in the LINZ marine chart NZ64 (Figure 11) (2003 updated to 2014) states, “Due to the exposed nature of the coast, certain inshore areas remain unsurveyed.” Other areas of surveyed coast to the north and south show the sea bed reaching 10m depth just over 1500m from the shore. Biosecurity New Zealand released a review of coastal social values in 2009 (Allen et al 2009). This indicated that, at the national level, there is only a very coarse understanding of the distribution of marine recreation. The study considered beach recreation, surfing, diving, boating and seafood gathering, but, in the main, only proxy information was used to identify where these activities occur – such as the presence of a surf living saving club to identify swimming locations or a yacht club for sailing. This resulted in broad descriptions of activity patterns which are better described using more specific data sources (such as those discussed elsewhere in this report). Allen et al (2009) showed activity data for only inshore fishing at river mouths north and south of the study area (Figure 12) (ie, all other activities such as swimming, shell fishing and surfing were shown as not occurring in the study area). The Spot X national surfcasting (Draper & Airey 2012), fishing (Draper et al 2008) and boat fishing (Airey 2012) guides identify few fishing opportunities in and around the study area. The national surfcasting guide recommends (Draper & Airey 2012) fishing from the shore at
Figure 12: Marine fishing activity (Allen et al 2009)
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only the Rangitata and Rakaia river mouths in South Canterbury. There are no boat fishing recommendations between Banks Peninsula and Oamaru in Airey (2012). Draper et al (2008) identify shore-based fishing opportunities at Hook Beach Road and a the Waihao Box (Figure 13). There is no descriptive text given for the Waihao Box (it is noted as only an ‘additional’ fishing site). The text for Hook Beach Road (site 1 in Figure 13) includes (p252):
Target species: Red cod, rig and kahawai. Figure 13: Shore fishing - Draper et al (2008) Tide: All tides Months: Summer and autumn Rig: Surfcast with a running rig Time: All day, best dawn and dusk Wind: Light southwest Fishing tip: This is a long, flat and featureless beach, so there will not be areas that shine above the others, unless you can find a hole. Hook Beach is the site of the annual – mid- December – Hook Beach surf fishing completion staged by the Canterbury Combined Fishing Club, with generally 100 participants. Species caught include seven gill shark, elephant fish, skate, kahawai, red cod, trout, flounder and crabs.10 The event manager up to 2014, Ken Barker (pers. comm.), advises that the Hook Beach area is suited to the event due to good access and the availability of parking on adjacent private land. The fishing at Hook Beach is, however, not any different to any other point along the local coastline, and individuals will have a variety of preferred fishing spots. Enderby & Enderby (2007) in their national diving guide give no recommendations for activity in this area of South Canterbury – the closest sites are Banks Peninsula and Oamaru.
The NZ Coastal Policy Statement (DOC 2010) does not identify any surf breaks of national significance in the study area, or in Canterbury. The Wavetrack New Zealand Surfing Guide (Morse & Brunskill 2004) identifies the nearest surfing sites at Oamaru and Timaru. The Canterbury Regional Council monitors recreational water quality for popular marine and freshwater swimming sites throughout the region. Within the study area, the only sites monitored are on the Waihao River (discussed below). The closest monitored marine swimming site is at Timaru.11
10 http://www.oamarumail.co.nz/sport/successful-hook-beach-fishing-competition/ 11 http://maps.ecan.govt.nz/WaterQuality/
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5.2 Freshwater recreation
National angler survey data are available to describe the level of angling on the Waihao River (Unwin 2009). There are no results for angling in other waterways in the study area in the 2007-08 national angler survey. The Waihao River, below the forks, received 640 angler days (±300) in the 2007/08 season, 1100 (±590) in 2001/02 and 650 (±290) in 1994/95. This indicates it is moderately popular, but the relatively high margins of error suggest it is likely to be used repeatedly by a low number of anglers. The River received too few respondents in Unwin (2013) to be reported on. Kent 2009 describes fishing for sea-run brown trout as available from the Waihao Box to Bradshaws Bridge on Bradshaws Road approximately 3km upstream from the coast. The CSI Fish & Game web pages give similar advice.12 Environment Canterbury monitors water quality for swimming on the Waihao River at Bradshaws Bridge; the only monitored site in the study area. The suitability for recreation grade for 2013/14 was assessed as ‘good’ but requiring a warning for potential contamination after rainfall. However, the following warning was in place in late 2014:13 Waihao River at Bradshaws Bridge: Recent monitoring (14/11/14) indicates that the percent river bed cover of potentially toxic benthic cyanobacteria mats is moderate, with mats observed to be detaching and accumulating at the rivers edge. River users are advised to avoid the area, in particular, where mats are accumulating on-shore. River users are advised to avoid the area.
Kelly (1988) reported about the local whitebait fishery (no more recent published data on whitebaiting has been located) (p28): The Waihao River has a boxed outlet to the sea, which is commonly called the Waihao Box. The section of river between the mouth and the Bradshaws Road bridge supports the most popular whitebait fishery ion the district. On an average day, 50-60 whitebaiters will fish the lower river. “During long weekend and public holidays numbers may swell to 300. (G Allenson pers. comm.). The whitebaiting season is between 15 August and 30 November from 5am to 8pm (or 6am and 9am during daylight savings).14
Ministry for Primary Industries signage at Waihao Box indicates set netting occurs for flat fish (black flounder), yellow-eyed mullet and eels. Eeling is a use of the Te Houriri Reserve and the Waihao Mätaitai Reserve (see Figure 4 and Figure 8). Water-skiing areas are set aside in the Waihao River (see Figure 9 on page 18) but the Waihao River Arm is reserved for paddle boating only (see section 4.2).
12 http://centralsouthisland.fishandgame.org.nz/content/local-fishing-locations-access-3 13 http://ecan.govt.nz/services/online-services/monitoring/swimming-water-quality/Pages/river-warnings.aspx 14 http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/activity-finder/fishing/whitebaiting/whitebait-regulations-all-nz-except- west-coast/
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5.3 Hunting
SPARC (2009a) report that 4.4% of the national population hunt for species other than deer and pig, making it the 25th most popular form of outdoor recreation in New Zealand. The CSI Fish & Game Council web information for local hunting options states:15 LAKE WAINONO AND WAINONO WETLANDS Lake Wainono is near the township of Waimate and some 35 km south of Timaru. Adjacent to the coastal shingle beach barrier, the lake at its normal water level (1m above sea level) covers about 350 hectares. The beach barrier, lake, and surrounding wetlands provide habitat for some 57 different bird species, many resident and others migratory. Lake Wainono is a ‘Conservation Area’ managed by the Department of Conservation (DOC). Hunting is permitted and a permit to carry a firearm is required. This can be obtained free of charge from the DOC Raukapuka Field Centre in Geraldine. Within the Wainono Wetlands area, eight hunting stands are balloted each year. There is no ballot system for the lake and many of the existing stands are reserved for traditional hunters. Other than possibly during opening weekend, there is still plenty of opportunity for visiting hunters.
Access to the lake and wetland: • North side – via Hook Beach Road and then a 4WD track along the beach • Middle – via Wainono Lake Road; a track opposite Waimate turnoff on SH1
• South side – via Foleys Road and then Poindestres (sic) Road over the Dead Arm Bridge to the beach and then a walking track along the beach past Maori Lake [Te Houriri] and the Wainono wetlands.
The 2014-15 hunting season for the Central South Island for waterfowl ran from 3 May to 27 July. The Wainono Lagoon area is a closed area all year for black swan.16 Hunting will occur throughout the study area and on both private and public land, focused around bodies of water for ducks and pasture for shelducks.
5.4 Other terrestrial recreation
Recreation opportunities identified in Section 4 occurring largely on-land are: . Walking and beach-combing along the coast and particularly the Wainono Lagoon Track, . Freedom camping at Waihao Box (permitted by the WDC) and at the end of Poingdestres Road (not permitted), . 4WD and trail bilking along the coast (permitted by the location of legal roads), . Bird watching throughout the study area but concentrated around the Te Houriri Reserve area and Wainono Lagoon, and . Educational activities around Wainono Lagoon.
15 http://centralsouthisland.fishandgame.org.nz/local-hunting-regulations-5 16 http://centralsouthisland.fishandgame.org.nz/sites/default/files/CSI%20regs%202014-15.pdf
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The Waimate District Council promotes the ‘Wainono Lagoon Track’ as shown in Figure 14 (from the from the WDC walking brochure17) as part of the actions of Waimate Trackways Incorporated.18 This track is on either legal road or the DOC-administered Wainono Lagoon Foreshore Conservation Area.
Figure 14: WDC Lake Wainono Track guide
17 http://www.waimatedc.govt.nz/community/sport-and-recreation/waimate-trackways-group 18 http://www.waimatedc.govt.nz/community/sport-and-recreation/waimate-trackways-group
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5.5 Activity summary
Table 1 summarises the main recreational uses of the study area by time of year. The winter period is the most quiet, but with a peak of activity at and just after the opening day of the hunting season. Whitebaiting tends to improve as the season progresses. ‘Other beach, river’ refers to all other terrestrial activities described in this section, including walking, beachcombing, river swimming and water skiing, four-wheel driving and camping, and all are associated with summer weather and/or school holidays. The study area has some regional values associated with hunting and bird watching, but is most likely a locally-valued resource for most activities, with low levels of use. Although hunting is a significant value in the area, numbers of participants are limited by the availability of stands.
Table 1: Activity by month: showing high and low activity periods
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Whitebaiting
Fishing - river
Fishing - sea
Hunting
Other beach, river
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6 Potential effects of the proposal and recommended mitigations
Several potential adverse effects on recreation have been identified. These are: . Potential adverse health effects resulting from direct exposure to contaminants and pathogens in the discharge via windborne sea spray or direct contact, . Potential adverse health effects from consumption of fish which have been exposed to contaminants and pathogens in the discharge, . Potential adverse effects on marine or riverine ecology and consequent changes to fish populations, . Interference with access and activity due to the location of new infrastructure in the recreation setting, and . Temporary disruption of recreation activities during the construction period. Each of these potential adverse effects is considered below.
6.1 Contaminants and pathogens
The quality of the discharge in relation to contaminants and pathogens are discussed in the report of Stott & McBride (2015). This indicates that the discharge of treatedwastewater from the expanded Studholme factory, and its subsequent dilution in the marine receiving environment, would result in only extremely slight human health risks from either shellfish consumption or exposure to marine spray or direct contact with sea water; while noting that shellfish gathering or swimming does not occur in the study area. Fish species in the area are mobile and are not long-term residents (Sneddon et al 2015). Health risks resulting from eating fish will be less than for shellfish. The net adverse effect of contaminants and pathogens in the wastewater discharge on recreation is therefore likely to be extremely minor. Monitoring of contaminants and pathogens is also described in the report of Stott & McBride (2015). The provision of public information about these data will assist in allaying any perceptions of adverse effect of the discharge on human health.
6.2 Marine and riverine ecology and birds
The report of Sneddon et al (2015) indicates extremely limited potential for adverse effects on marine and riverine ecology as a result of the discharge. This is largely because of the high quality of the discharge, and its discharge to a high-energy marine environment with rapid dilution and dispersal. There are no identified adverse effects on birds, marine mammals and freshwater fish. The net adverse effect on recreation resulting from changes in marine and riverine ecology, as a result of operating the outfall, is likely to be extremely minor, if not nil. Requirements for wastewater monitoring are described in the main AEE report. The provision of public information about these data will assist in allaying any perceptions of adverse effect of the discharge on ecological values.
6.3 New infrastructure
New infrastructure in the study area includes a surge chamber (which might not be required subject to final design) on private farmland approximately 140 metres inland; and the outfall pipe.
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The surge chamber would be a minor item, up to 4 metres high, and which would appear as a normal farming structure not unlike a narrow concrete water tank. The discharge pipe will be buried under the Waihao Arm and the beach profile, and lie on the seabed surface to up to 600 metres offshore, and will not be visible from onshore. Its location will be marked at the rear of the beach by a white triangle. There may be some risk of tangling cast lines or kontiki devices on the structure, which may be the consequence of the outfall pipe becoming a focus for fishing due to it becoming encrusted with marine life and providing a gathering area for fish in an otherwise featureless marine setting. On balance, this may be considered a benefit of the proposal The net adverse effect of this new infrastructure on recreation is likely to be minor due to the low use of the setting and the dispersed nature of fishing activity.
6.4 Construction
Construction of the outfall section of the pipe will take up to nine months and involve the location of a temporary trestle across the Waihao Arm, approximately 420 metres south of Poingdestres Road, temporary beach and water retaining structures (sheet piling), and the activity of a crane and other machinery in and around the construction site. This activity has the potential to disrupt recreation during the construction period. Construction within the bed of the Waihao Arm will require temporary bunds on one channel and diversion of water done the other channel to facilitate works within a dry environment. While one channel in the Arm will remain open at all times to allow water movement, the presence of the trestle and construction works for six days a week will mean that passage through the open channel by boat or along the arm by foot is likely to be discouraged for public safety reasons. The activity is south of the publicised walking route from Hook Beach to Poingdestres Road. Vehicle access immediately south of the construction site is limited by the location of the Waihao Box Government Purpose Reserve, and there will be very little effect on recreational four-wheel driving. Access will remain possible to almost the entire coastal area from either Poingdestres Road or the Waihao Box Reserve, and construction will have no effect on the activities at or near either of these sites. Walking all the way from Poingdestres Road to the Waihao Box will not be possible because of the location of coffer dam and its sheet piling during the construction phase.
In 2014, access north across the Waihao Box and at the Waihao Box Reserve was closed from February to September while the Waihao Box was repaired. The effects of access closure from this proposal will be far less. Construction activity could reduce the number of gamebirds in the immediate vicinity and has the potential to reduce hunting quality at one private maimai, which has been identified on the waterway directly adjacent to the construction area. Some whitebaiting may be disrupted, although this activity is concentrated nearer the Waihao River outlet at the Waihao Box. The net overall effect of construction on walking, gamebird shooting and whitebaiting is likely to be minor.
6.5 Mitigations
Potential adverse effects of the proposal on recreation will be localised and are largely confined to temporary construction effects near to the outfall alignment. The area of activity is not a high-use recreation setting and at a local level the scale of effect will be minor; but the works will prevent access along the full length of beach between Poingdestres Road and the Waihao Box for walkers and anglers for up to nine months.
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Mitigations are recommended to include: . Notification of the period of the closure, and its end, in the Waimate Trader and the Otago Daily Times, . On-site signs at the end of Poingdestres Road and at the Waihao Box Reserve, located as per Figure 15, stating: Access along the beach is closed from
. Checking those signs weekly to ensure they remain in place and are legible, and removing them at the end of the works.
. Cessation of construction activity on the opening day of the hunting season and the whitebait season. Whitebaiting activity could well be higher at other times of the season, but these will be impossible to predict. This will not necessarily result in the opening of access along the beach, but will reduce noise and other construction activity effects. . The holding of a public open day during construction to show locals how the outfall is being constructed (advertised in the Waimate Trader). The construction process, method and machinery are likely to be of quite some interest within the local farming and residential community. The operation of the outfall is not predicted to have any effects on safety and public health in the area. As stated, the pipe is likely to encrust with sea-life and may be an attractant for fish, and therefore may also become a more commonly-used fishing location. There may be some associated risk of losing fishing gear on the pipe, which is normal risk for fishing in locations near wharves, piers and other structures. The location of the pipe will be identified on-site by a pipeline sign (white triangle) at the rear of the beach, and data about its location will be provided to LINZ to be added to marine charts. This is considered adequate notification. Monitoring of the wastewater quality is recommended in the proposed consent conditions. These data should be made publically available, as a consent condition, via the ECan website to respond to any perceptions of adverse health effects on the fishery and recreation.
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7 Conclusion
The operation of the outfall is indicated by Sneddon et al (2015) and Stott and McBride (2015) to have little or no potential for adverse effects on human health or marine ecology. The only potential adverse effects from its operation are therefore for entanglement of fishing gear, which is most likely if anglers are attracted to the pipe due to the increased presence of fish, and this should be considered an acceptable trade-off. Construction activities have the potential to disrupt recreational use of the immediate beach area for up to nine months. The setting is not heavily used and the suggested mitigations can reduce inconvenience by ensuring visitors are well-aware of the activity. The works may attract more walkers than currently use the site, and an open day would provide an alternative for locals whose recreational activities may be temporarily curtailed. Ceasing works over the hunting season opening day will avoid any adverse effects on gamebird shooting on that day, which is normally the most busy day of the season. The potential for adverse effects on whitebaiting is very low, but stopping works on the season’s opening day is also a considerate action. Temporary adverse effects will be less than those associated with the 2014 repair of the Waihao Box by ECan, and the wider study area will retain is recreation potential with the proposed outfall in place.
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8 References
All web references are indicated in footnotes and were retrieved through the period from late 2014 to early 2015. Airey, M. 2012. Spot X Boat Fishing New Zealand. Spot X Publications, Auckland. Allen, W. Elmetri, I. Clarke, S. Gibbons. J. Clark, K., Sinner, J., Jiang, W. and Taylor, M. 2009. Mapping the Values of New Zealand's Coastal Waters. 3. Social Values. Biosecurity New Zealand Benn, J. 2011. Instream intrinsic values of the Wainono Lagoon-Waihao River catchment (including: Wainono Lagoon; Waihao River; Hook River; Waimate Creek; Sir Charles Creek; Waituna Stream; Buchanans Creek, and other minor tributaries). Draft/living document. Department of Conservation Canterbury Conservancy. Central South Island Fish and Game Council, 2012. Wainono Wetland Reserve Management Strategy August 2012. Fish & Game New Zealand Department of Conservation. 2014a. Conservation Management Strategy for Canterbury 2014–2024. DOC, Canterbury Conservancy. Department of Conservation. 2010. New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2010. DOC, Wellington. Draper, M. 2012. Sport X Surfcasting New Zealand. Spot X Publications, Auckland. Draper, M. Enderby, T. Enderby J. (eds) 2008. Sport X Fishing New Zealand. Spot X Publications, Auckland. Enderby, T. Enderby J. 2007. Spot X Diving New Zealand. Spot X Publications, Auckland. Kalafatelis, E. & Magill, K. 2013. Rates of participation in recreation boating. Research New Zealand client report prepared for Paul Vance, Maritime NZ. Kelly, G.R. 1988. An inventory of whitebaiting rivers in the South Island. NZ Freshwater Fisheries Report No. 101. MAFFish, Christchurch. Kent, J. 2009. South Island Trout Fishing Guide. Raupo Morse, P.B Brunskill, P. 2004. Wavetrack New Zealand Surfing Guide. Greenroom Surf Media, NZ. Sneddon, R. Dunmore, R. Barter, P. Clement, D. Melville, D. Kelly, D. and Elvines, D. 2015. Ecological Investigations and Effects of the Proposed Fonterra Studholme Outfall, 2015. Cawthron Institute client report for Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd SPARC 2013. Gemba Sports Data Tables April 2012-March 2013. Sport NZ, Wellington. SPARC, 2009a. Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity Participation Among New Zealand Adults Key Results of the 2007/08 Active New Zealand Survey. Sport NZ, Wellington. SPARC, 2009b. Sport and Recreation Profile: Fishing Findings from the 2007/2008 Active New Zealand Survey. Sport NZ, Wellington. SPARC, 2009c. Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity Profile: Northland Region 2007/08. Sport NZ, Wellington. SPARC, 2009d. Sport and Recreation Participation Levels Findings from the 2007/2008 Active New Zealand Survey. Sport NZ, Wellington. Sport New Zealand, 2015. Sport and Active Recreation in the Lives of New Zealand Adults. 2013/14 Active New Zealand Survey Results. Wellington: Sport New Zealand. Unwin, M. 2013. Values of New Zealand angling rivers Results of the 2013 National Angling Survey. Niwa client report for Fish & Game New Zealand Unwin, M. 2009. Angler usage of lake and river fisheries managed by Fish & Game New Zealand: results from the 2007/08 National Angling Survey. Niwa client report for Fish & Game New Zealand Vance, P. 2014. Synthesis of research conducted in recreational boating. Maritime NZ internal report. Waihao-Wainono Water Users Society Management Committee, 2008. Waihao River - Wainono Lagoon Management Strategy. Environment Canterbury.
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9 Appendix 1: Department of Conservation land unit records
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10 Appendix 2: Daly 2004
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