S10012 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE July 28, 2003 reflects the importance of producing move ourselves through this issue, and day and, as our leader said, Friday and new energy sources and old energy offer to the American people a com- Saturday and beyond if necessary, and sources made cleaner, and all of that prehensive national energy policy that let’s get our work done for the Amer- being strong and important as it re- can make it to the President’s desk, ican people, let’s amend, let’s pass S. lates to new jobs. that can become law, that begins to 14, a national energy policy, and get Let’s talk about jobs for a moment. I put the kind of effort together to ourselves to conference with the House am very pleased we passed new tax produce the nearly 400,000-plus jobs to make this issue happen. laws. I am very pleased those new tax that are available inside this bill I yield the floor. incentives and rewards are hitting the spread over a decade of development The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- marketplace at this moment and the and growth of the kind reflective in S. ator from Oklahoma. consumer’s and investor’s pocket. I be- 14? Mr. INHOFE. Mr. President, I under- lieve out of that, new jobs will be cre- How many of us got up this morning stand there is a unanimous consent ated and possibly there will be a bit and simply walked over and flipped on that I be recognized for such time as I more consumer spending. the light switch and the lights came shall consume. That child tax credit check that is on? And how many mornings in one’s The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- hitting America’s homes, I see Home life have they done that and the lights ator is recognized. Depot has picked up on it. They are came on? Why, they come on every Mr. INHOFE. I say to the Senator saying, come out and spend your morning. We expect them to. We Amer- from the great State of Idaho how ac- money and build a better home, make icans have grown to believe that our curate he is. If there is anything he an addition, do some remodeling, and energy is always there and always overlooked, it was in addition to our we will help you do it. That is called around us, and we take it for granted. having electricity, power, and energy the free enterprise system at work, and My wife and I flew back from Idaho in the country, it is also the No. 1 na- that will generate jobs. yesterday. With my wife and I sitting tional security issue. If we want to talk about a jobs bill, on that jet airliner, it consumed hun- I can remember, as can the Senator then pass S. 14. Pass a bill that will dreds of gallons of jet fuel just to get from Idaho, way back in the Reagan bring natural gas out of Alaska us from Idaho to Washington, DC. We administration when we were about 37 through Canada and into the lower 48. took it for granted. Thousands of other percent dependent on foreign countries There will be hundreds of thousands of Americans were doing the same thing for our ability to fight a war, and we new jobs that will be created for the yesterday. They do it every day of the still did not have an energy policy. As construction of that pipeline—not only week. They go to the airport. They get did the Senator from Idaho, I talked to those who will manufacture the pipe, on an airplane. Thousands of gallons of President Bush, then-Governor Bush, but those who will clear the right-of- jet fuel later, they arrive at their des- before he ran, and he committed him- way and build the foundation and cre- tination and they take it all for grant- self to an energy policy. It is abso- ate the connectivity that will be com- ed. lutely essential. I agree we should stay bined to bring that gas to the lower 48, Somebody had to find it. Somebody whatever time it takes to get it done. and of course, all of the other kinds of had to transport it. Somebody had to f jobs, exploration, development and the refine it and somebody had to put it in SCIENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE new technologies. the airplane. It is all energy. The Senator from Michigan was talk- Our great country is as rich as it is Mr. INHOFE. Mr. President, the com- ing about fuel cells a few moments ago. today, and our people are as fortunate ments made by the Senator from Idaho I was up in his State. I was at the Ford as they are, in large part because we are such a good prelude to work into Laboratories at Dearborn a couple of have always been able to look 10, 15, what I am about to say. I am chairman years ago and drove a new hydrogen and 20 years down the road and build of the Environment and Public Works fuel-celled car. I hope that in my senior the infrastructure and do the research Committee, and in this capacity I have years I can buy a hydrogen fuel-celled and do the exploration that brought on a responsibility because the decisions car; its only pollution is a drop of continual flows of abundant, reason- the committee will reach impact and water being emitted out the tailpipe of ably priced energy. It has only been in influence the health and security of the car. I hope that is a form of new the last two decades that we stopped America. transportation for the future. If it is, it producing, but we kept on consuming, What I am about to do—and it is for will create hundreds of thousands of and gas prices began to go through the this reason that I am doing something new jobs; not just in crafting the car roof. Brownouts and blackouts began that is politically stupid—I am going but in producing the hydrogen, in sup- to occur because we were not allowed to expose the most powerful, most plying the hydrogen, in building the re- to look into the future and say: Here is highly financed lobby in Washington, fuel stations and the combination of where we are going and here is what we the far left environmental extremists. things that go along with building a are going to produce. The Senator from Idaho talked about new energy source for a transportation That is what S. 14 does. That is why the fact that we have to have elec- fleet for our country. it is so critical to our country at this tricity. Right now, we are dependent That is what this bill is all about. moment in time that we become less upon fossil fuels for 52 percent of our Why is there so much resistance to it? dependent on foreign sources, more de- electricity in America. There are peo- Why some 300-plus amendments? I have pendent on ourselves and our own pro- ple trying to get us to do away with looked at many of them, and from duction, our own initiative, our own that. If that should happen, I think he what I could see there are 25 or 30 capability, and we do so with conserva- has articulated very well what would amendments within that 300 that are tion, with production, and that we are happen to America if all of a sudden we legitimate, that have reasonable con- environmentally sensitive when we do had to go to natural gas. Already we cern. I believe there are at least 200 of it. That is all embodied in S. 14. are seeing some companies moving to them that are there for a political Why are we going to let this languish Europe and other places because they statement or for blocking purposes. when we need to be passing it and get- are thinking that maybe we will buy The other side argues that we just ting it to the President’s desk? One on to this hoax that will stop us from cannot get our work done, that we need more year? Two more years? Let gas being able to have fossil fuels. That is weeks more to deal with something we prices to the average consumer go up why when I became chairman of the have already spent 12 days on, that we $200 or $300 a month and just say that committee, I established three guiding have already spent 3 years on. Why do is okay when we know that through in- principles for that committee. we need 3 weeks more? Why can we not creased exploration and development No. 1, we are going to make our deci- begin to work at 9 tomorrow morning that does not have to happen? sions not on a political agenda but on and work until 8 tomorrow night and So I challenge my colleagues over sound science. No. 2, we are going to everybody come to the floor and, in a the course of the week that is at hand have a cost-benefit analysis. At least timely way, debate amendments, vote that we start tonight and we work let the American people know what them up or down, move to table them, through Tuesday, Wednesday, Thurs- types of costs are involved in some of

VerDate jul 14 2003 01:09 Jul 29, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 0637 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G28JY6.041 S28PT1 July 28, 2003 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S10013 these regulations that do not make any diseases, and harsh weather, all caused That was the same timeframe that sense. No. 3, to change the attitude, an by manmade greenhouse gas emissions. the global-warming alarmists are con- attitudinal change on the various bu- Hans Blix, the guy who could not find cerned about global warming. How reaucracies, so they will be there not anything with both hands, chief of the quickly things change. Fear of the to rule the people but to serve the peo- U.S. weapons inspectors, sounded both coming ice age is old hat, but fear that ple. Without these principles we cannot ridiculous and alarmist when he said in manmade greenhouse gases are causing make effective public policy decisions. March: I am more worried about global temperatures to rise to harmful levels They are necessary to both improve warming than I am of any major mili- is in vogue now. That is popular. Go in the environment and encourage eco- tary conflict. any establishment in Washington and nomic growth and prosperity. It is no wonder he could not find any the liberals are talking about global To the average person hearing, all weapons of mass destruction. warming. They do not care about what you want is sound science, that sounds Science writer David Appell, who has is happening with other countries and perfectly normal. Why would we not written for such publications as the the weapons of mass destruction. They want sound science? Why predicate de- Scientist News and Scientific Amer- are concerned about global warming. cisions on something that has nothing ican, parroted Blix when he said global That is the in thing to talk about. to do with sound science? But leftwing warming would ‘‘threaten fundamental Alarmists brazenly assert that this environmental communities insist food and water resources, it would lead phenomenon is fact and the science of sound science is outrageous. For them to displacement of billions of people in climate change is settled. In fact, it is a pro-environment policy can only huge waves of revenues, spawn ter- far from settled. Indeed, it is seriously mean top-down command-and-control rorism, topple governments, spread dis- disputed. rules dictated by bureaucrats; science ease across the globe.’’ I ask unanimous consent to have is irrelevant, instead for extremists. Appell’s next point deserves special printed at the end of my remarks a Politics and power are the motivating emphasis because it demonstrates the July 8th editorial of this year by forces for making public policy. Sadly, sheer lunacy of the environmental ex- former Carter administration Energy that is true in the current debate over tremists. He said global warming would Secretary James Schlesinger on the many environmental issues. Too often, be chaos by any measure, far greater science of climate change. emotions stoked by irresponsible rhet- even than the sum total of chaos of the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without oric rather than facts based on objec- global wars of the 20th century, and so objection, it is so ordered. (See exhibit 1) tive science shape the contours of envi- in this sense, Blix is right to be con- Mr. INHOFE. Dr. Schlesinger takes ronmental policy. cerned. issue with alarmists who assert there A rather telling example arose during Sounds like a weapon of mass de- is a scientific consensus supporting President Bush’s first days in office struction to me. And that is what we their views. He says, ‘‘There is an idea when emotionalism overwhelmed are hearing. among the public that ‘the science is science in the debate over arsenic No wonder the late political scientist settled.’ That remains far from the standards in drinking water. Environ- Aaron Wildavsky called global warm- truth.’’ ing alarmism the mother of all envi- mentalist groups, including the Sierra Keep in mind, this is not someone ronmental scares. Club and the Natural Resources De- from a Republican administration. fense Council, vilified President Bush Appel and Blix sound very much like I refer to a chart demonstrating this for poisoning children because he ques- those who warned us in the 1970s that is not really a partisan issue. There is tioned the scientific bases of the ar- the planet was headed for a cata- no one more knowledgeable on energy senic regulation implemented in the strophic global cooling. than the former Secretary of Energy On April 28, 1975, Newsweek printed final days of the Clinton administra- under the Carter administration. He tion. The debate featured television ads the article ‘‘The Cooling World’’ in has been saying there is scientific dis- financed by environmental extremist which the magazine warned: agreement over global warming. It is groups with children asking for an- There are ominous signs that the earth’s controversial. other glass of arsenic-laced water. The weather patterns have begun to change dra- But anyone who pays even cursory science underlying the standard, which matically and that these changes may por- tend a drastic decline in food protection— attention to the issue understands that was flimsy, was hardly mentioned or with serious political implications for just scientists vigorously disagree over held up to any scrutiny. In other about every nation on earth. whether human activities are respon- words, millions of dollars were spent to Wait, these are the same guys who sible for global warming or whether make people think President Bush talk about global warming today. those activities will precipitate na- wanted to kill children. This is the In a similar form, Time Magazine, tional disasters. Only the scaremongers kind of extremism we are facing on a June 24, 1974, declared ‘‘Another Ice agree. I submit, furthermore, that not daily basis. Age.’’ only is there a debate but the debate is The Senate went through a similar shifting away from those who subscribe exercise we all remember in 1992. I was However widely the weather varies from place to place and time to time, when mete- to global-warming alarmism. serving in the other body, but I was orologists take an average of temperatures After studying the issue over the last here during debate. That year some around the globe, they find that the atmos- several years, I believe the balance of Members seized on data from NASA phere has been growing gradually cooler for the evidence offers strong proof that suggesting that an ozone hole was de- the past 3 decades. natural variability, not manmade, is veloping in the Northern Hemisphere. Then we had the Science News article the overwhelming factor influencing The Senate then rushed into panic that talks of the same thing, and an ar- climate, and that manmade gases are mode, ramming through by a vote of ticle from Science Digest titled virtually irrelevant. 96–0 an accelerated ban on certain ‘‘Earth’s Cooling Climate.’’ It is also important to question chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. Only 2 Decline in temperatures since 1940 raises whether global warming is even a prob- weeks later NASA produced new data question of man’s role. lem for human existence. Thus far, no showing that their initial finding was a In 1974, the National Science Board, one has seriously demonstrated any gross exaggeration and the ozone hole the governing body of the National scientific proof that increased global never appeared. Science Foundation, stated: During the temperatures would lead to the cata- The issue of catastrophic global last 20 to 30 years, world temperature strophic predictions by alarmists. In warming, which I will speak about has fallen, irregularly at first but more fact, it appears just the opposite is today, fits perfectly this mode. Much of sharply over the last decade. true, that increases in global tempera- the debate over global warming is Two years earlier, the board had ob- ture have a beneficial effect on how we predicated on fear rather than science. served live our lives. Global-warming alarmists see a future judging from the record of the past inter- For these reasons, I will discuss an plagued by catastrophic flooding, war, glacial ages, the present time of high tem- important body of scientific evidence terrorism, economic dislocations, peratures should be drawing to an end . . . and research that refutes the anthropo- drought, crop failures, mosquito-borne leading into the next glacial age. genic—which means manmade—theory

VerDate jul 14 2003 01:09 Jul 29, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 0637 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G28JY6.043 S28PT1 S10014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE July 28, 2003 of catastrophic global warmings. I be- able. In this resolution that was port as a tainted product. I point them lieve this research offers compelling passed, called the Byrd-Hagel resolu- to the 1998 analysis of the Clinton En- proof that human activities have little tion, they said it is the sense of the ergy Information Administration, the or no impact on climate. This research, Senate—this is very significant—that: statistical arm of the Department of well documented in scientific lit- The United States should not be a signa- Energy, which largely confirmed Whar- erature, directly challenges the envi- tory to any protocol to, or other agreement ton’s analysis. Keep in mind, all these ronment world view of the media, so regarding, the United Nations framework disastrous results of Kyoto are pre- they typically do not receive proper at- convention on climate change of 1992, at ne- dicted by the Wharton Econometric tention and discussion. gotiations in Kyoto in December of 1997, or Forecasting Associates, a private con- Certainly, members of the media thereafter, which would— sulting company founded by professors would rather level personal attacks on Would do what? No. 1: from the University of Pennsylvania’s scientists who question ‘‘accepted’’ mandate new commitments to limit or re- Wharton Business School. global warming theories than engage duce greenhouse gas emissions for the Annex This month the Congressional Budget on the science. So you have two groups 1 parties, unless the protocol or other agree- Office provided further proof that at work here: The environmental ex- ment also mandates new specific scheduled Kyoto-like carbon regulatory schemes tremists doling out to you the lies and commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse are regressive and harmful to economic the money to politicians and the lib- gas emissions for developing country parties within the same compliance period. growth and prosperity. eral media that nests with them. This As the CBO—that is, the Congres- is an unfortunate artifact of the de- What they are saying, and what we sional Budget Office—found: bate, a relentless increase in personal voted on here right in this room, in The price increases resulting from a carbon attacks on certain members of the sci- this body, is that we are not going to cap would be regressive—that is, they would entific community who question so- ratify anything that does not impose place a greater burden on lower-income called conventional wisdom. the same regulations on developing households than higher-income households. I believe it is extremely important countries as it does developed nations. As to the broader macroeconomic ef- for the future of this country that the And second: fects of the carbon cap and trade facts and the science get a fair hearing. that it would result in serious harm to the schemes, the CBO said: Without proper knowledge and under- economy of the United States. A cap-and-trade program for carbon emis- standing, alarmists will scare the coun- Obviously, that is very significant at sions could impose significant costs on the try into enacting its ultimate goal: this time. The treaty would have re- economy in the form of welfare losses. Wel- Making energy suppression in the form quired the United States to reduce its fare losses are real costs to the economy in of harmful mandatory restrictions on that they would not be recovered anywhere emissions 31 percent below the level else in the form of higher income. Those carbon dioxide and other greenhouse otherwise predicted for 2010. Put an- losses would be borne by people in their role emissions the official policy of the other way, the United States would as shareholders, consumers and workers. United States of America. have had to cut 552 million metric tons Some might respond that the Gov- Such a policy would induce serious of CO2 per year by the year 2008 ernment can simply redistribute the economic harm, especially for the low- through 2012. wealth, redistribute the income, in a income and minority populations. En- As the Business Roundtable pointed form of welfare programs to mitigate ergy suppression, as official Govern- out: the impact, but the CBO found other- ment and nonpartisan private analyses [That target is] the equivalent of having to wise. The CBO said: have amply confirmed, means higher eliminate all current emissions from either The Government could use the allowance prices for food, higher prices for med- the United States transportation sector— value to partly redistribute the costs of a ical care, and higher prices for elec- That is everything that is moving carbon cap-and-trade program, but it could tricity, as well as massive job losses out there in transportation— not cover these costs entirely. [And, fur- and drastic reductions in gross domes- or the utilities sector, [that would be] resi- ther,] Available research indicates that pro- tic product, all the while providing vir- dential and commercial, or industry. viding compensation could actually raise the tually no environmental benefit. In cost to the economy of a carbon cap. In other words, you have to eliminate other words, it is a raw deal for the That is what CBO said just this everything in order to reach that. American people but especially the month. The most widely cited and definitive poor. Despite these facts, groups such as In a minute we are going to shift to study came from Wharton Econometric Greenpeace blindly assert that Kyoto the Kyoto Treaty. The issue of global Forecasting Associates. According to ‘‘will not impose significant costs’’ and warming garnered significant inter- Wharton Econometric Forecasting As- ‘‘will not be an economic burden.’’ national attention through the Kyoto sociates’ economists, Kyoto would cost Among the many questions this pro- Treaty, which requires signatories to 2.4 million U.S. jobs and reduce GDP by vokes, one may ask: Won’t be a burden reduce their greenhouse gas emissions 3.2 percent, or about $300 billion annu- on whom exactly? Greenpeace doesn’t by considerable amounts below the 1990 ally, an amount greater than the total elaborate. But according to a recent levels. The Clinton administration, led expenditure on primary and secondary study by the Center for Energy and by former Vice President Al Gore, education in America. Certainly that Economic Development sponsored by signed the Kyoto Treaty on November would result in the serious harm to the the National Black Chamber of Com- 12, 1998, but never submitted it to the economy of the United States that was merce and the U.S. Hispanic Chamber Senate for ratification. Let’s remember voted on by this body without one dis- of Commerce, if the U.S. ratifies the what our Constitution says: If we want senting vote. Kyoto or passes domestic climate poli- to join a treaty, the President takes Because of Kyoto, American con- cies effectively implementing the trea- the lead and then he submits it to be sumers would face higher food, med- ty, the result would be to: ratified by the U.S. Senate. It has ical, and housing costs. For food, an in- disproportionately harm America’s minority never been submitted to us. crease of 11 percent; for medicine, an communities and place the economic ad- The treaty explicitly acknowledges increase of 14 percent; and for housing, vancement of millions of U.S. Blacks and as true that manmade emissions, prin- an increase of 7 percent. At the same Hispanics at risk. cipally from the use of fossil fuels, are time, an average household of four This was the National Black Cham- causing global temperatures to rise, would see its real income drop by $2,700 ber of Commerce and the U.S. Hispanic eventually to catastrophic levels. in 2010, and each year thereafter. Chamber of Commerce. Kyoto enthusiasts believe if we dra- Under Kyoto, energy and electricity Among the study’s key findings—and matically cut back or even eliminate prices would nearly double and the gas- this is one that is very significant here, the use of fossil fuels, the climate sys- oline prices would go up an additional too, when we talk about unemploy- tem will respond by sending global 65 cents a gallon. ment rates—this line would be unem- temperatures back to normal levels— I hope somebody is listening out ployment rates without Kyoto. It goes whatever normal levels would be. there. straight across. We can see it starting In 1997, the Senate sent a powerful Some of the environmental commu- at about 10.5 percent, going across from message that Kyoto was not accept- nity have dismissed the Wharton re- the current time to 2012.

VerDate jul 14 2003 02:09 Jul 29, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 0637 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G28JY6.046 S28PT1 July 28, 2003 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S10015 This line down here is the line for We talked about what is going to hap- ously hurt low-income and minority Hispanics. This is unemployment rates. pen to minorities—Blacks and His- populations. The study concluded, if we should panics in America. Last year, Tom Mullen, president of have to comply with Kyoto regula- Let us look at where the poverty is the Cleveland Catholic Charities, testi- tions, it would go up, unemployment the worst. Dr. Christy said, ‘‘Poverty is fied against S. 556, the Clean Power Act would go up at that particular rate the worst polluter.’’ As he noted, bring- of last year, which would have had a and, for Hispanics, at this particular ing modern, inexpensive electricity to lot of Kyoto-type implications; that it rate. developing countries would raise living would impose onerous and unrealistic It also affects the poverty rates for standards and lead to a cleaner envi- restrictions, including a Kyoto cap on Blacks and Hispanics. Again, for ronment. Kyoto, he said, would be carbon monoxide emissions by elec- Blacks, the poverty rate, if you take counterproductive, and, as I interpret tricity. this as a baseline and take it straight him, immoral, for Kyoto would divert That was Tom Mullen before the across from the year 2000 to 2012, this precious resources away from helping committee which I chaired. He is the being a little over 26 percent, then you those truly in need to a problem that president of Catholic Charities in follow with Kyoto, look at what hap- doesn’t exist and a solution that would Cleveland. He has devoted his whole pens to the poverty rate—the same have no environmental benefit. life to helping poor people. thing happening down here for His- The following is an excerpt of a letter He noted that this regime would panics. In other words, it is discrimina- worth quoting at length. This is Dr. mean higher electricity prices for the tory against these particular individ- Christy talking about his experience in poorest citizens of Cleveland. uals. Africa: For those on fixed incomes, as Mr. Among the study’s key findings— The typical home was a mud-walled, Mullen pointed out, higher electricity again, let me remind you, this is not thatched-roof structure. Smoke from the prices present a choice between eating cooking fire fueled by undried wood was es- some organization that should be ques- and staying warm in the winter. As Mr. tioned; this is the National Black pecially irritating to breathe as one entered the home. The fine particles and toxic emis- Mullen said: Chamber of Commerce and the U.S. sions from these in-house, open fires assured The overall impact on the economy in Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, and serious lung and eye diseases for a lifetime. Northeast Ohio would be overwhelming, and among their findings: Kyoto will cost And, keeping such fires fueled and burning the needs that we address at Catholic Char- 511,000 jobs held by Hispanic workers required a major amount of time, preventing ities in Ohio with the elderly and poor would and 864,000 jobs held by Black workers. the people from engaging in other less envi- be well beyond our capacity and that of our Poverty rates for minority families ronmentally damaging pursuits. current partners in government and the pri- will increase dramatically, and because I’ve always believed that establishing a se- vate sector. ries of coal-fired power plants in countries Kyoto will bring about higher energy That is the sworn testimony of Mr. such as Kenya (with simple electrification to Mullen before my committee. prices, many minority businesses will the villages) would be the best advancement be lost. for the African people and the African envi- I see that Senator VOINOVICH from This is not Senator JIM INHOFE talk- ronment. An electric light bulb, a microwave Ohio has approached the floor. He re- ing, this is the National Black Cham- oven and a small heater in each home would members very well when Tom Mullen ber of Commerce and U.S. Hispanic make a dramatic difference in the overall of Catholic Charities of Ohio was in Chamber of Commerce. standard of living. No longer would a major testifying. Senator VOINOVICH made It is interesting to note, the environ- portion of time be spent on gathering ineffi- several comments as to the seriousness mental left purports to advocate poli- cient and toxic fuel. The serious health prob- that he believed this would impose cies based on their alleged good for hu- lems of hauling heavy loads and lung poi- upon the poor people of Ohio. There is soning would be much reduced. Women manity, especially the most vulner- would be freed to engage in activities of no one more concerned about the poor able. Kyoto is no exception. Yet Kyoto greater productivity and advancement. Light people in Ohio than Senator VOINOVICH. and Kyoto-like policies developed in on demand would allow for more learning to In addition to its negative economic this body would cause the greatest take place and other activities to be com- impacts, Kyoto still does not satisfy harm to the very poorest of Americans. pleted. Electricity would also foster a more Byrd-Hagel’s concerns about devel- Environmental alarmists, as an arti- efficient transfer of important information oping countries. Though such countries from radio or television. And finally, the cle of faith, peddled the notion that cli- as China, India, Brazil, South Korea, preservation of some of the most beautiful and Mexico are all signatories to mate change, as Green Peace put it, is and diverse habitats on the planet would be ‘‘the biggest environmental threat fac- possible if wood were eliminated as a source Kyoto, they are not required to reduce ing . . . developing countries.’’ of energy. their emissions even though they emit Such thinking runs totally contrary Providing energy from sources other than nearly 30 percent of the world’s green- to the public declaration of the 2002 biomass (wood and dung), such as coal-pro- house gases. World Summit on Sustainable Develop- duced electricity, would bring longer and It says we have to treat the devel- ment, a program sponsored by the better lives to the people of the developing oping nations the same as these coun- world and greater opportunity for the preser- tries that have signed onto the pro- United Nations, which found that pov- vation of their natural ecosystems. Let me erty is the No. 1 one threat to devel- assure you, notwithstanding the views of ex- tocol. But they don’t have to do it. oping countries. treme environmentalists, that Africans do Within a generation, they will be the I would like at this point to talk a indeed want a higher standard of living. largest emitters of carbon, methane, little bit about John Christy. Dr. John They want to live longer and healthier with and other such greenhouse gases. Christy is director of the Earth System less burden bearing and with more opportu- Despite the fact that neither of Byrd- Science Center at the University of nities to advance. New sources of affordable, Hagel’s conditions has been met, envi- Alabama, Huntsville, who passionately accessible energy would set them down the ronmentalists echoed by the liberal road of achieving such aspirations. reiterated the point about poverty in These experiences made it clear to me that media have bitterly criticized Presi- the May 22 letter to the House Re- affordable, accessible energy was desperately dent Bush for abandoning Kyoto. But sources Committee Chairman, RICHARD needed in African countries. one wonders why. Why don’t they as- POMBO of California. As an addendum As in Africa, ideas for limiting energy use, sail the 95 Senators—both Democrats to his testimony during the commit- as embodied in the Kyoto protocol, create and Republicans—who, according to tee’s hearing on the Kyoto Protocol, the greatest hardships for the poorest among Byrd-Hagel, presumably oppose ratifi- Dr. Christy, an Alabama State cli- us. As I mentioned in the Hearing, enacting cation if the treaty came up on the any of these noble-sounding initiatives to Senate floor? matologist, talked eloquently about deal with climate change through increased his service as a missionary in Africa. energy costs, might make a wealthy urban- Why don’t they assail former Presi- I am going to dwell a little on this ite or politician feel good about themselves, dent Clinton or Vice President Gore because I have had a mission in west but they would not improve the environment who signed the treaty but never sub- Africa for quite a number of years and and would most certainly degrade the lives mitted it for ratification? I have been there and have seen what of those who need help now. To repeat, it was a unanimous vote he is about to describe as a reality. We Some in this body have introduced saying we cannot ratify Kyoto—the talked about the poverty in America. Kyoto-like legislation that would seri- Kyoto Treaty that the President had

VerDate jul 14 2003 02:09 Jul 29, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 0637 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G28JY6.049 S28PT1 S10016 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE July 28, 2003 signed—unless they would take care of sius warmer than it is today. If we for the United Nations Framework these needs; that is, treating devel- could choose, what would we choose? Convention on Climate Change. This oping countries the same as other Why not go 1 degree or 2 degrees high- meeting was premised on the concern countries and if it would provide for er, or 1 degree or 2 degrees cooler, for that global warming was becoming a any kind of damaging economic effect. that matter? problem. The United States, along with So when you look at it, you see it The Kyoto emissions reduction tar- many other countries, signed the was 95 to 0. You have Senators who are gets are arbitrary, lacking any real sci- Framework Convention, committing of the liberal persuasion—fine people entific basis. Kyoto, therefore, will them to making voluntary reductions but certainly a different philosophy have no impact on global tempera- in greenhouse gases. OK. That was 11 than mine; Senators BOXER, COLLINS, tures. This is not just my opinion but years ago. FEINGOLD, DORGAN, GRAHAM, JEFFORDS, the conclusion that is reached by the Over time, it became clear that sig- KENNEDY, KERRY, LIEBERMAN, Moseley- country’s top climate scientists. natories were not going to reach their Braun, ROCKEFELLER, and many oth- Dr. Tom Wigley, a senior scientist at reduction targets as stipulated under ers—who are really sincerely talking in the National Center for Atmospheric Rio. This realization led to the Kyoto favor of this Kyoto Treaty, but they Research, found that if the Kyoto pro- protocol of 1997, which was an amend- cast their vote against it. They said: tocol were fully implemented by all ment to the Framework Convention We don’t want to ratify this treaty, signatories—now, I will note this next and which prescribed mandatory reduc- and we are not going to ratify this point assumes that the alarmist tions only for developed nations; that treaty unless it treats the developing science is correct, which, of course, it is, the United States. Of course, you countries the same as it does the devel- is not—if the Kyoto protocol were fully know that is another violation of Byrd- oped nations and unless it doesn’t per- implemented, it would reduce tempera- Hagel, that it would just affect the de- form any kind of damage to the econ- tures by a mere .07 degrees Celsius by veloped nations, not the developing na- omy. 2050 and .13 degrees Celsius by 2100. tions. If Byrd-Hagel would not ratify Kyoto What does this mean? Such an The science of Kyoto is based on the if it caused substantial harm and if the amount is so small that ground-based assessment reports conducted by the developing countries were not required thermometers cannot even measure it. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate to participate in the same timetable, If you look at this chart, this shows Change, the IPCC. Over the last 13 now it brings us to a very significant the difference all the way from 2000 to years, the IPCC has published three as- question: If the Byrd-Hagel conditions 2050. You can see, while we have ups sessments, with each one, over time, are ever satisfied, should the United and downs, it is not measurable. We do growing more and more alarmist. States ratify Kyoto? Answering that not have equipment that could meas- The first IPCC assessment report, in question depends on several factors, in- ure that precisely. 1990, found that the climate record of cluding whether Kyoto would provide Dr. Richard Lindzen, an MIT sci- the past century was ‘‘broadly con- significant needed environmental bene- entist and member of the National sistent’’ with the changes in the fits. Academy of Sciences, who has special- Earth’s surface temperature, as cal- First, we should ask what Kyoto is ized in climate issues for over 30 years, culated by climate models that incor- designed to accomplish. According to told the Committee on Environment porated the observed increase in green- the U.N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on and Public Works—the committee I house gases. Climate Change, Kyoto will achieve chair—on May 2, 2001, that there is a This conclusion is absurd, consid- ‘‘stabilization of greenhouse gas con- ‘‘definitive disconnect between Kyoto ering the climate cooled between 1940 centrations in the atmosphere at a and science. Should a catastrophic sce- and 1975, just as industrial activity level that would prevent dangerous an- nario prove correct, Kyoto would not grew rapidly after World War II. It has thropogenic interference with the cli- prevent it.’’ been difficult to reconcile this cooling mate system.’’ Similarly, Dr. James Hansen of with the observed increases in green- What does this statement mean? The NASA, considered the father of global house gases. IPCC offers no elaboration and doesn’t warming—he is the guy who thought of Let’s be sure we understand what is provide any scientific explanation all this stuff—said the Kyoto pro- happening. In 1940, and then after the about what that level would be. Why? tocol—keep in mind, he is the father of war, is when we had the huge increase The answer is simple: thus far no one this concept—‘‘will have little effect’’ in CO2 and the greenhouse gases. Yet has found a definitive scientific an- on global temperature in the 21st cen- that precipitated a cooling period, not swer. tury. In a rather stunning followup, a warming period, totally contra- Recently scientists have answered Hansen said it would take 30 Kyotos— dicting the science. that question. let me repeat that—30 Kyotos to reduce After its initial publication, the Dr. Fred Singer, an atmospheric sci- warming to an acceptable level. If 1 IPCC’s second assessment report, in entist at the University of Virginia, Kyoto devastates the American econ- 1995, attracted widespread inter- who served as the first Director of the omy, what would 30 Kyotos do? national attention, particularly among U.S. Weather Satellite Service, which So this leads to another question: If scientists who believed that human ac- is now part of the Department of Com- the provisions in the protocol do little tivities were causing global warming. merce, and more recently has served as or nothing measurable to influence In their view, the report provided the a member and vice chairman of the Na- global temperatures, what does this proverbial smoking gun. tional Advisory Committee on Oceans tell us about the scientific basis for The most widely cited phrase from and Atmosphere, said: Kyoto? that report—which actually came from No one knows what constitutes a ‘‘dan- Answering that question requires a the report summary, as few in the gerous’’ concentration. There exists, as yet, thorough examination of the scientific media actually read the entire report— no scientific basis for defining such a con- work conducted by the United Nations was that ‘‘the balance of the evidence centration, or even of knowing whether it is Intergovernmental Panel on Climate suggests a discernible human influence more or less than current levels of carbon di- Change. I am going to refer to this as on global climate.’’ This, of course, is oxide. the IPCC. It is the U.N.’s Intergovern- so vague that it is essentially meaning- One might pose the question: If we mental Panel on Climate Change which less. had the ability to set the global ther- provides the scientific basis for Kyoto. What do they mean by ‘‘suggests’’? mostat, what temperature would we In other words, that is what everything For that matter, what do they mean by pick? Would we set it colder or warmer is based on. So I want to talk about ‘‘discernible’’? How much human influ- than it is today? What would the opti- that for a few minutes. The inter- ence is discernible? Is it a positive or mal temperature be? The actual dawn national climate negotiations and sub- negative influence? Where is the pre- of civilization occurred in a period cli- stance of claims were made by alarm- cise scientific quantification? matologists call the ‘‘climatic opti- ists. Unfortunately, the media created the mum,’’ when the mean surface tem- In 1992, several nations from around impression that man-induced global perature was about 1 to 2 degrees Cel- the world gathered in Rio de Janeiro warming was fact. On August 10, 1995,

VerDate jul 14 2003 02:09 Jul 29, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00024 Fmt 0637 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G28JY6.052 S28PT1 July 28, 2003 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S10017 the New York Times published an arti- conclusions as fact. Based on the sum- same people were yelling and scream- cle titled ‘‘Experts Confirm Human mary, the Washington Post wrote on ing and complaining that there is a Role in Global Warming’’—not just in- October 30: cooling period coming. They had all accurate but just an outrageous lie. The consensus on global warming keeps these fearful statements made about According to the Times account, the strengthening. what is going to happen. Now they are IPCC showed that global warming ‘‘is In a similar vein, the New York saying over the past 50 years, when unlikely to be entirely due to natural Times competently declared on Octo- they themselves said 25 years ago that causes.’’ That is what they said. ber 28: the concern was cooling. Of course, when parsed, this account The international panel of climate sci- This kind of distortion was not unin- means fairly little. Not entirely due to entists, considered the most authoritative tentional, as Dr. Lindzen explained for natural causes? Well, how much then? voice on global warming, is now concluding the Environment and Public Works One percent? Twenty percent? Eighty- that mankind’s contribution to the problem Committee. Dr. Lindzen said: five percent? is greater than originally believed. I personally witnessed coauthors forced to The IPCC report was replete with ca- Look at how these accounts are assert their ‘‘green’’ credentials in defense of veats and qualifications, providing lit- couched. They are worded to maximize their statements. tle evidence to support anthropogenic the fear factor. But upon closer inspec- This is testimony before our com- theories—and ‘‘anthropogenic’’ means tion, it is clear that such statements mittee. This is from Dr. Lindzen, one of manmade—of global warming. The pre- have no compelling intellectual con- the contributors to the IPCC on which ceding paragraph in which the ‘‘bal- tent. ‘‘Greater than originally be- they base this premise. ance of evidence’’ appears makes ex- lieved,’’ what is the baseline from In short, some parts of the IPCC actly that point. It reads: which the Times makes that judgment? process resemble a Soviet-style trial in Our ability to quantify the human influ- Is it .01 percent or 25 percent? And how which the facts are predetermined and ence on global climate is currently limited much greater? Double? Triple? An ideological purity trumps technical because the expected signal is still emerging order of magnitude greater? and scientific examinations. The pre- from the noise of natural variability, and be- Such reporting prompted testimony dictions in this summary went far be- cause there are uncertainties in key factors. by Dr. Richard Lindzen before the yond those in the IPCC’s 1995 report. That is the IPCC. Those are their Committee on Environment and Public The second assessment of the IPCC words which totally refute the case Works, the committee I now chair. predicted that the Earth could warm they are trying to make. Moreover, the This was in May of 2001. by 1 to 3.5 degrees Celsius by the year IPCC report was quite explicit about Dr. Lindzen said: 2100. The best estimate was a 2-degree the uncertainties surrounding the link Nearly all reading and coverage of the Celsius warming by 2100. Both are high- between human actions and global IPCC is restricted to the highly publicized ly questionable at best. That was the warming. Summaries for Policymakers, which are 1995 report. Although these global mean results sug- written by representatives of government, In the third assessment, the IPCC gest that there is some anthropogenic com- NGO’s, and business; the full reports, written dramatically increased that estimate ponent in the observed temperature record, by participating scientists, are largely ig- to a range between 1.4 percent and 5.8 they cannot be considered compelling evi- nored. degrees Celsius, even though no new dence of a clear cause-and-effect link be- That is what Dr. Lindzen, who is one evidence had come to light to justify a tween anthropogenic forcing and changes in of the contributing scientists to the dramatic change. In fact, the IPCC’s the Earth’s surface temperature. IPCC, has said. As it turned out, the median projected warming actually de- Remember the IPCC provides the sci- policymakers’ summary was politicized clined from 1990 to 1995. IPCC’s 1990 ini- entific basis for the alarmists’ conclu- and radically different from the earlier tial estimate was 3.2 degrees Celsius. sion about global warming. But even draft. For example, the draft concluded Then the IPCC revised 1992—2 years the IPCC is saying their own science the following concerning the driving later—estimate was 2.6 degrees Celsius, cannot be considered compelling evi- case for climate change: followed by the IPCC revised 1995 esti- dence. From the body of the evidence since IPCC mate of 2.0 degrees Celsius. What Dr. John Christy, professor of Atmos- (1996), we conclude there has been a discern- changed? pheric Science and director of the ible human influence on global climate. As it turned out, the new prediction Earth Systems Science Center at the Studies are beginning to separate the con- was based on faulty, politically University of Alabama, a key contrib- tributions to observed climate change attrib- charged assumptions about trends in utor to the 1995 IPCC report, partici- utable to individual external influences, both anthropogenic and natural. This work population growth, economic growth, pated with the lead authors in drafting suggests that anthropogenic greenhouse and fossil fuel use. The extreme case the sections in the detailed review of gases are a substantial contributor to the ob- scenario of a 5.8-degree warming, for the scientific text. He wrote—this isn’t served warming, especially over the past 30 instance, rests upon an assumption the IPCC; this is Dr. John Christy—in years. that the whole world will raise its level the Montgomery Advertiser, February Keep in mind their conclusion: of economic activity and per capita en- 22, 1998, that much of what passes for However, the accuracy of these estimates ergy use to that in the United States. common knowledge in the press regard- continues to be limited by uncertainties in That is what it is based on. That en- ing climate change is ‘‘inaccurate, in- estimates of internal variability, natural and ergy use will be carbon intensive. This complete, or viewed out of context.’’ anthropogenic forcing, and the climate re- scenario is simply ludicrous. This es- Many of the misconceptions about sponse to external forces. sentially contradicts the experience of climate change originated from the In other words, they go all the way the industrialized world over the past IPCC’s six-page executive summary. It through the IPCC, the document on 30 years. Yet the 5.8 degree figure fea- was the most widely read and quoted of which all the extremists are basing tured prominently in news stories be- the three documents published by the their conclusions that anthropogenic cause it produced the biggest fear ef- IPCC working group but—and this actually contributes to global warm- fect. point is crucial—it had the least input ing. Yet then they have a disclaimer at Moreover, when regional climate from scientists and the greatest input the very end. models of the kind relied upon by the from nonscientists. The final version looks quite dif- IPCC attempt to incorporate such fac- Let me go to the third assessment. ferent and concluded instead: tors as population growth, ‘‘the details Five years later, the IPCC was back In light of new evidence taking into ac- of future climate recede toward again, this time with the Third Assess- count the remaining uncertainties, most of unintelligibility,’’ according to Jerry ment Report on Climate Change. In Oc- the observed warming over the last 50 years Mahlman, Director of NOAA’s Geo- tober of 2000, the IPCC ‘‘Summary for is likely to have been due to increases in physical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. Policymakers’’—that is not what the greenhouse gas concentrations. Even Dr. Stephen Schneider, an out- scientists said; that is what the politi- Keep in mind ‘‘warming over the last spoken believer in catastrophic global cians said—was leaked to the media 50 years.’’ Remember we showed you warming, criticized the IPCC’s assump- which, once again, accepted the IPCC’s those charts going back 25 years. These tions in the journal Nature on May 3,

VerDate jul 14 2003 01:09 Jul 29, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00025 Fmt 0637 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G28JY6.055 S28PT1 S10018 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE July 28, 2003 2001. In his article—this is the pro- flimsy evidence I’ve cited to support science, this simply is not happening in moter of the catastrophic global warm- their theories of man-made global the atmosphere. ing fear mongers—Schneider asks: warming—theories they so desperately Satellite measurements are validated How likely is it that the world would get 6 want to believe. independently by measurements from degrees [centigrade] hotter by 2100? [That] Before I get into another subject, I NOAA balloon radiosonde instruments, depends on the likelihood of the assumptions see the Senator from Ohio, Senator with records extending back over 40 underlying the projections. VOINOVICH. I have been talking a little years. This is very critical. The ex- Keep in mind that Schneider is on about the committee hearing we had. I tremists will tell you warming is oc- the side of the alarmists. Schneider’s believe it was at your invitation that curring. own calculations, which cast serious Tom Mullins came and testified. I ask If you look at this chart of balloon doubt on the IPCC’s extreme pre- you if I am accurately portraying the data, extremists will tell you that diction, broadly agree with an MIT comments he made concerning the poor warming is occurring, but if you look study published in April of 2001. people of your State of Ohio. more closely you see that temperature It found that there is a ‘‘far less’’ Mr. VOINOVICH. Mr. President, the in 1955 was higher than temperature in than one percent chance that tempera- Senator portrayed Tom Mullins’ com- 2000. tures would rise to 5.8 degrees C or ments accurately. In the statement I A recent detailed comparison of at- higher, while there is a 17 percent am going to be making, I will refer to mospheric temperature data gathered chance the temperature rise would be those remarks—the indication that by satellites with widely-used data lower than 1.4 degrees. many of the people who are promoting gathered by weather balloons corrobo- That point bears repeating: even capping carbon at the altar of respond- rates both the accuracy of the satellite global warming alarmists think the ing to the climate change promotion data and the rate of global warming lower number is 17 times more likely are not seeking to affect the impact seen in that data. to be right than the higher number. that capping carbon would have on nat- To reiterate, the best data collected Moreover, even if the earth’s tempera- ural gas questions and on those people from satellites validated by balloons to ture increases by 1.4 degrees Celsius, in our country who are least able to test the hypothesis of a human-induced does it really matter? The IPCC doesn’t pay their energy costs. global warming from the release of CO2 offer any credible science to explain Mr. INHOFE. I thank the Senator. I into the atmosphere shows no mean- what would happen. recall that he almost had tears in his ingful trend of increasing tempera- Gerald North of Texas A&M Univer- eyes when he talked about the poor tures, even as the climate models exag- sity in College Station, agrees that the people of Ohio and the fact they have gerated the warmth that ought to have IPCC’s predictions are baseless, in part to make decisions about eating and occurred from a build-up in CO2. because climate models are highly im- heating their homes. It is a very seri- Some critics of satellite measure- perfect instruments. As he said after ous thing. ments contend that they don’t square the IPCC report came out: ‘‘It’s ex- Mr. VOINOVICH. I think the main with the ground-based temperature tremely hard to tell whether the mod- purpose of his testimony was that in record. But some of this difference is els have improved’’ since the last IPCC decisions we make in the Senate re- due to the so-called ‘‘urban heat island report. ‘‘The uncertainties are large.’’ garding environmental legislation, we effect.’’ This occurs when concrete and Similarly, Peter Stone, an MIT climate ought to take into consideration the asphalt in cities absorb—rather than modeler, said in reference to the IPCC, impact it is having on those who have reflect—the sun’s heat, causing surface ‘‘The major [climate prediction] uncer- to pay the energy costs that are in- temperatures and overall ambient tem- tainties have not been reduced at all.’’ creased as a result of those initiatives. peratures to rise. Scientists have Dr. David Wojick, an expert in cli- There seems to be some type of dis- shown that this strongly influences the mate science, recently wrote in Can- connect between our environmental surface-based temperature record. ada’s National Post: policy and our energy policy. What we In a paper published in the Bulletin The computer models cannot . . . decide are hoping to do here is to harmonize of the American Meteorological Soci- among the variable drivers, like solar versus lunar change, or chaos versus ocean circula- our environmental and energy policies ety in 1989, Dr. Thomas R. Karl, senior tion versus greenhouse gas increases. Unless so we can put together a policy that scientist at the National Climate Data and until they can explain these things, the will reduce emissions and at the same Center, corrected the U.S. surface tem- models cannot be taken seriously as a basis time not destroy our economy and im- peratures for the urban heat-island ef- for public policy. pact on the least of our brethren who fect and found that there has been a In short, these general circulation pay a large percentage of what they downward temperature trend since models, or GCMs as they’re known, cre- have toward the cost of energy. 1940. This suggests a strong warming ate simulations that must track over 5 Mr. INHOFE. What Tom Mullins said bias in the surface-based temperature million parameters. These simulations is totally consistent with what I talked record. require accurate information on two about earlier. In the National Black Even the IPCC finds that the urban natural greenhouse gas factors—water Chamber of Commerce and the U.S. heat island effect is significant. Ac- vapor and clouds—whose effects sci- Hispanic Chamber of Commerce they cording to the IPCC’s calculations, the entists still do not understand. talked about the unemployment rate effect could account for up to 0.12 de- Because of these and other uncertain- and how it hurts poor people. I think grees Celsius of the 20th century tem- ties, climate modelers from four sepa- that to be very true. perature rise, one-fifth of the total ob- rate climate modeling centers wrote in Now I want to turn to temperature served. the October 2000 edition of Nature that, trends in the 20th Century. GCMs pre- When we look at the 20th century as ‘‘Forecasts of climate change are inevi- dict that rising atmospheric CO2 con- a whole, we see some distinct phases tably uncertain.’’ They go on to ex- centrations will cause temperatures in that question anthropogenic theories plain that, ‘‘A basic problem with all the troposphere, the layer from 5,000 to of global warming. First, a strong such predictions to date has been the 30,000 feet, to rise faster than surface warming trend of about 0.5 C began in difficulty of providing any systematic temperatures—a critical fact sup- the late 19th century and peaked estimate of uncertainty,’’ a problem porting the alarmist hypothesis. around 1940. Next, the temperature de- that stems from the fact that ‘‘these But in fact, there is no meaningful creased from 1940 until the late 1970s. [climate] models do not necessarily warming trend in the troposphere, and Why is that decrease significant? Be- span the full range of known climate weather satellites, widely considered cause about 80% of the carbon dioxide system behavior.’’ the most accurate measure of global from human activities was added to the Again, to reiterate in plain English, temperatures, have confirmed this. air after 1940, meaning the early 20th this means the models do not account To illustrate this point, just think century warming trend had to be large- for key variables that influence the cli- about a greenhouse. The glass panes let ly natural. mate system. sunlight in but prevent it from escap- Scientists from the Scripps Institu- Despite this, the alarmists continue ing. The greenhouse then warms from tion for Oceanography confirmed this to use these models and all the other the top down. As is clear from the phenomenon in the March 12, 1999 issue

VerDate jul 14 2003 02:09 Jul 29, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00026 Fmt 0637 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G28JY6.058 S28PT1 July 28, 2003 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S10019 of the journal Science. They addressed Even as we discuss whether tempera- years. As many scientists have pointed the proverbial ‘‘chicken-and-egg’’ ques- tures will go up or down, we should ask out since its publication, it contains tion of climate science, namely: when whether global warming will actually many flaws. the Earth shifts from glacial to warm produce the catastrophic effects the Stay with me. First, Mann’s study fo- periods, which comes first: an increase alarmists confidently predict. cuses on temperate trends only in the in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, What gets obscured in the global northern hemisphere. Mann extrapo- or an increase in global temperature? warming debate is the fact that carbon lated that data to reach the conclusion The team concluded that the tem- dioxide is not a pollutant. It is nec- that global temperatures remained rel- perature rise comes first followed by a essary for life. Numerous studies have atively stable and then dramatically carbon dioxide boost about 400 to 1,000 shown that global warming can actu- increased at the beginning of the 20th years later. This contradicts every- ally be beneficial to mankind. century. That leads to Mann’s conclu- thing alarmists have been saying about Most plants, especially wheat and sion that the 20th century has been the manmade global warming in the 20th rice, grow considerably better when warmest in the last 1,000 years. As is century. Repeat: The temperature pre- there is more CO2 in the atmosphere. obvious, however, such an extrapo- cipitates the carbon dioxide increase. CO2 works like a fertilizer; higher tem- lation cannot provide a reliable global We can go even further back, some peratures further enhance the CO2 fer- perspective of long-term climate 400,000 years, and see this phenomenon tilizer effect. changes. occurring, as the chart clearly shows. In fact, the average crop, according Moreover, Mann’s conclusions were Yet the doomsayers, undeterred by to Dr. John Reilly of the MIT Joint drawn mainly from 12 sets of climate these facts, will not quit. In February Program on Science and Policy of proxy data, of which 9 were tree rings, and March of 2002, the New York Times Global Change, is 30 percent higher in a while the remaining 3 came from ice and the Washington Post, among oth- CO2-enhanced world. I repeat that: 30 cores. Notably, some of the ice core ers, reported on the collapse of the percent higher in a CO2-enhanced data was drawn from the southern Larsen B ice shelf in the Antarctic Pe- world. This is not just a matter of hemisphere—one from Greenland and ninsula, causing quite a stir in the opinion but a well-established phe- two from Peru. What is left is a picture media, and providing alarmists with nomenon. of the northern hemisphere based on more propaganda to scare the public. With regard to the impact of global eight sets of tree ring data—again, When we look at this chart, we can warming on human health, it is as- hardly a convincing global picture for see this goes back 400,000 years. No one sumed that higher temperatures will the last 1,000 years. is going to refute this, but the Earth’s induce more deaths and massive out- Mann’s hockey stick dismisses both natural 12,000-year cycle of increases breaks of deadly diseases. In par- the Medieval Warm Period—and that and decreases in temperatures is fol- ticular, a frequent scare tactic by was roughly 800 A.D. to about 1300, 1350 lowed by an increase and decrease in alarmists is that warmer temperatures A.D.—and the Little Ice Age which was will spark malaria outbreaks. Dr. Paul CO2. We can see the trends going all from 1350 to 1850, two climatic events the way back. It has not really made a Reiter convincingly debunks this claim that are fairly widely recognized in the major change. in a 2000 study for the Centers for Dis- scientific literature to be accurate. Although there was no link to global ease Control. As Reiter found: Mann believes that the 20th century warming, the Times could not help but Until the second half of the 20th century, is ‘‘nominally the warmest’’ of the past make a suggestion in its March 20 edi- malaria was endemic and widespread in millennium and that the decade of the tion: many temperature regions— 1990s was the warmest decade on While it is too soon to say whether the This next point is critical— record. changes there are related to a buildup of with major epidemics as far north as the The Medieval Warm Period and Lit- ‘‘greenhouse’’ gas emissions that scientists Arctic Circle. tle Ice Age are replaced by a largely believe are warming the planet, many ex- Reiter also published a second study benign and slightly cooling linear perts said it was getting harder to find any in the March 2001 issue of Environ- trend in climate until 1900. But as is other explanation. mental Health Perspectives showing clear from a close analysis of Mann’s The Times, however, simply ignored that ‘‘despite spectacular cooling, ma- methods, the hockey stick is formed by a recent study in the Journal of Nature laria persisted throughout Europe.’’ crudely grafting the surface tempera- which found the Antarctic has been Another myth is that warming in- ture record of the 20th century into a cooling since 1966. creases morbidity rates. This is not the pre-1900 tree ring record. Another study in Science recently case, according to Dr. Mendelsohn, en- This is a highly controversial and found the West Antarctic ice sheet to vironmental economist from Yale Uni- scientifically flawed approach. As is be thickening rather than thinning. versity. Mendelsohn argues that heat widely recognized in the scientific University of Illinois researchers also stress deaths are caused by a tem- community, two data series rep- reported a net cooling on the Antarctic porary variability and not warming. In resenting radically different vari- Continent between 1966 and 2000. In other words, you do not die of heat be- ables—temperature and tree rings— some regions, such as the McMurdo dry cause of heat temperature; you die as a cannot be grafted together credibly to valleys, temperatures cooled between result of the variable change. create a single series. In simple terms, 1986 and 1999 by as much as 2 degrees I wish to now go back to the IPCC’s as Dr. Patrick Michaels of the Univer- during that timeframe. third assessment. In addition to trying sity of Virginia explained, this is like In perhaps the most devastating cri- to predict the future, the third assess- comparing apples to oranges. tique of glacial alarmism, the Amer- ment report looked into the past. The Even Mann and his coauthors admit ican Geophysical Union found the Arc- IPCC released a graph depicting global that if the tree ring data set were re- tic was warmer in 1935 than it is today. temperatures trending slightly down- moved from their climate reconstruc- That bears repeating. Eighty percent ward over the last 10 centuries and tion, the calibration and verification of the carbon dioxide from human ac- then rather dramatically increasing be- procedures they used would undermine tivities was added to the air after 1940. ginning around 1900. The cause for such their conclusions. Yet the Arctic was warmer in 1935 than a shift, of course, is attributed to in- A new study from the Harvard- it is today. dustrialization and manmade green- Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, So not only is glacial alarmism house gas emissions. which I will comment on shortly, flawed, there is no evidence, as shown The now infamous ‘‘hockey stick’’ strongly disputes Mann’s methods and by measurements from satellites and graph was enthusiastically embraced hypotheses. As coauthor Dr. David weather balloons, of any meaningful by IPCC which used it as a basis for the Legates wrote: warming trends in the 20th century. third assessment. Dr. Michael Mann at Although [Mann’s work] is now widely I will now talk about health risks. the University of Virginia was its prin- used as proof of anthropogenic global warm- The subject I am going to talk about is cipal authority. The study, which ing, we’ve become concerned that such an probably the most significant, so I Mann and others conducted, examined analysis is in direct contradiction to most of hope people will not go away. climate trends over the past 1,000 the research and written histories available.

VerDate jul 14 2003 01:09 Jul 29, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 0637 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G28JY6.061 S28PT1 S10020 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE July 28, 2003 Our paper shows this contradiction and ar- We urge the United States Government to corals, stalagmite or biological fossils, gues that the results of Mann . . . are out of reject the global warming agreement that net ice accumulation rate, including step with the preponderance of the evidence. was written in Kyoto, Japan, in December, dust or chemical counts, lake fossils The scientific evidence. That is 1997, and any other similar proposals. The and sediments, river sediments, melt worth repeating: Mann’s theory of proposed limits on greenhouse gases would layers in ice cores, phenological and global warming is out of step with harm the environment, hinder the advance of science and technology, and damage the paleontological fossils, pollen, seafloor most scientific thinking on the subject. health and welfare of mankind. sediments, luminescent analysis, ev- What we are talking about in plain There is no convincing scientific evidence erything that fit every kind of proxy English is the science news by the envi- that human release of carbon dioxide, meth- that could be known to science. ronmental alarmist is not just flawed; ane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or Based on this proxy data drawn from it is just not there. But there is more. will, in the foreseeable future, cause cata- the 240 peer-reviewed studies, the au- Based in part on the data supporting strophic heating of the Earth’s atmosphere thors offered highly convincing evi- the IPCC’s key reports, thousands of and disruption of the Earth’s climate. More- dence to support the Little Ice Age and scientists have rejected the scientific over, there is substantial scientific evidence the Medieval Warm Period. As co- that increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide basis of Kyoto. Recently, 46 climate ex- author Dr. Sallie Baliunas explained: perts wrote an open letter to Canada’s produce many beneficial effects upon the natural plant and animal environments of For a long time, researchers have pos- National Post on June 3 of this year the earth. sessed anecdotal evidence supporting the ex- claiming that the Kyoto Protocol lacks istence of these climate extremes. That is Dr. Frederick Seitz, former credible science. This is 46 leading cli- president of the National Academy of What happened during these periods? mate experts. We remember what happened during I ask that the entire text of the let- Sciences. The petition has 17,800 independently these periods. Baliunas notes that, dur- ter from these 46 leading climate ex- verified signatures, and for those sign- ing the Medieval Warm Period: perts be printed in the RECORD at the ers who hold a Ph.D., 95 percent have The Vikings established colonies in Green- conclusion of my remarks. land at the beginning of the second millen- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without now been independently verified. Envi- nium that died out several hundred years objection, it is so ordered. ronmental groups have attacked the later when the climate turned colder. (See exhibit 2.) credibility of this petition based on one In England, she found that: Mr. INHOFE. The scientists wrote false name sent in by some green Vineyards had flourished during the medie- that the Canadian Prime Minister es- pranksters. Several names are still on val warmth. sentially ignored an earlier letter they the list even though biased press re- In their study, the authors accumu- drafted in 2001. In it, they wrote: ports have ridiculed their identity with lated reams of objective data to back Many climate science experts from Canada the names of famous personalities. up these cultural indicators. and around the world, while still strongly They are actual signers. The Medieval Warm Period, or Me- supporting environmental protection, equal- A guy named Perry Mason, for exam- dieval Optimum, occurred between 800 ly strongly disagree with the scientific ra- ple, is a Ph.D. chemist. He was one of to 1300. Among the studies surveyed by tionale for the Kyoto Accord. the signers. the authors, 112 contained information In their June 3 letter, the group The most significant thing that just about the warm period. Of these, 103 wrote to Paul Martin, a Canadian recently came out is the Harvard showed evidence for the Medieval member of Parliament, urging him to Smithsonian 1,000-year climate study. Warm Period; two did not; seven had consider the consequences of a Kyoto Let me turn to an important new study equivocal answers. ratification. This is the country of by the researchers. The study entitled Looking just at the Southern Hemi- Canada. Quoting now from that letter: ‘‘Proxy Climatic and Environmental sphere, the authors found 22 studies, 21 Although ratification has already taken Changes of the Past 1,000 Years’’ offers of which confirmed the warm period place, we believe that the government of a devastating critique of Mann’s hy- and only one that did not. Canada needs a far more comprehensive un- pothesis calling into question the The authors also looked at the 20th derstanding of what climate science really IPCC’s Third Assessment, and indeed century and examined 102 studies to de- says if environmental policy is to be devel- oped that will truly benefit the environment the entire intellectual foundation of termine whether it was the warmest on while maintaining the economic prosperity the alarmists’ views. It draws on exten- record. Three studies said yes, 16 had so essential to social progress. sive evidence showing that major equivocal answers, and of the remain- Many scientists share the same view. changes in global temperatures result ing 83, 79 showed periods of at least 50 I mentioned several other countries’ not from manmade emissions but from years that were warmer than any 50- leading climate scientists earlier in natural causes. year period in the 20th century. this speech. In addition, over 4,000 sci- Smithsonian scientists, Willie Soon I must say, to any reasonable person, these ratios appear very convincing entists, 70 of whom are Nobel Prize and Sallie Baliunas, with coauthors and undoubtedly rest on a solid sci- winners, signed the Heidelberg Appeal, Craig Idso, Sherwood Idso, and David entific foundation. Again, remember, which says that no compelling evidence Legates, compiled and examined re- the conclusions of this study are based exists to justify controls of anthropo- sults from more than 240 peer-reviewed on 240 peer-reviewed studies, and this genic greenhouse gas emissions; that papers published by thousands of re- chart shows what the Harvard-Smith- is, manmade emissions. searchers over the past four decades. In Let me repeat that. Over 4,000 sci- contrast to Mann’s flawed, limited re- sonian researchers concluded. Peer review means they were rigor- entists, 70 of whom are Nobel Prize search, the Harvard-Smithsonian study ously reviewed and critiqued by other covers a multitude of geophysical and winners, signed the Heidelberg Appeal scientists before they were published. biological climate indicators. While which says that no compelling evidence This climate study, published in March Mann’s analysis relied mostly on tree- exists to justify controls of greenhouse of 2003, is the most comprehensive of ring data from the Northern Hemi- gas emissions, manmade greenhouse its kind in history. According to the gas emissions. They agree it is a hoax. sphere, the researchers offer a detailed authors, some of the global warming Now, I also want to point to a 1998 look at climate changes that occurred during the 20th century is attributable survey of State climatologists, which in different regions around the world to the climate system recovering from reveals that a majority of respondents over the last 1,000 years. the Little Ice Age. Global warming have serious doubts about whether an- The range of the climate proxies— alarmists, however, vehemently dis- thropogenic emissions of greenhouse now, keep in mind, we are talking agree, and pull a scientific sleight of gases present a serious threat to cli- about one of them that was just pri- hand by pointing to the 140-year direct mate stability. marily looking at tree rings, but these temperature record as evidence of Then there is Dr. Frederick Seitz, a 240 studies that were analyzed in the warming caused by humans. But as the past president of the National Acad- Smithsonian-Harvard report looked at authors note: emy of Sciences and a professor emer- borehole data, cultural data, glacier The direct temperature measurement itus at Rockefeller University, who advances or retreats, geomorphology, record is too short . . . to provide good meas- compiled the Oregon Petition, and it isotopic analysis from lake sediments ures of natural variability in its full dy- reads as follows: or ice cores, tree or peat celluloses, namic range.

VerDate jul 14 2003 02:07 Jul 29, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00028 Fmt 0637 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G28JY6.064 S28PT1 July 28, 2003 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S10021 This research begs an obvious ques- As it turns out, Kyoto’s objective has sider the July 11 Op-ed by J.W. Ander- tion: If the Earth was warmer during nothing to do with saving the globe. In son of the Washington Post. Anderson, the Middle Ages than the age of coal- fact, it is purely political. The case in a former editorial writer of the Post fired powerplants and SUVs, what role point, French President Jacques Chirac and now a journalist in residence with do manmade emissions play in influ- said during a speech at The Hague in Resources for the Future, concedes encing climate? I think any person November of 2002 that Kyoto represents that climate science still confronts un- with a modicum of common sense ‘‘the first component of an authentic certainties, but his solution is a field would say, not much and maybe none. global governance.’’ Keep in mind who tax to prepare for a potentially cata- How did the media report on the Har- we are talking about—Jacques Chirac strophic future. Based on the case I vard-Smithsonian study? The big dai- of France. He wants the authentic have outlined today, such a course of lies, such as the New York Times and global governance. You have to ask if action fits a particularly ideological the Washington Post, basically ignored we are going to let the French dictate agenda but is entirely unwarranted. it. I was impressed by a fair and bal- our United States policy. It is my fervent hope Congress will anced piece in the Boston Globe. Unfor- Margot Wallstrom, EU environment reject prophets of doom who peddle tunately, some of the media could not commissioner, takes a different view propaganda masquerading as science in resist playing politics of personal de- but one instructive about the real mo- the name of saving the planet. I urge struction. tives of Kyoto proponents. She asserts my colleagues to put stock in sci- Before I move on, I add another point that Kyoto is about ‘‘the economy, entists who rely on the best, most ob- about climate history. For the last sev- about leveling the playing field for big jective scientific data and reject fear eral minutes, I have talked about nat- businesses worldwide.’’ In other words, as a motivating basis for making pub- ural climate variability over the past we in this country should level the lic policy decisions. 1,000 years. We can go back even fur- playing field so we are equal with the Let me be very clear: Alarmists are ther in history to see dramatic changes European Union. That is very signifi- attempting to enact an agenda of en- in climate that had nothing to do with cant in terms of what the real motives ergy suppression that is inconsistent SUVs or powerplants. During the last are. with American values, freedom, pros- few hundred thousand years, the Earth Chirac and Wallstrom’s comments perity, and environmental problems. has seen multiple repeated periods of mean two things: Kyoto represents an Over the past hour and a half I have glaciation. Each ice age has ended be- attempt by certain elements within the offered compelling evidence that cata- cause of dramatic increases in global international community to restrain strophic global warming is a hoax. temperatures which had nothing to do United States interests; second, Kyoto That conclusion is supported by pains- with fossil fuel emissions. is an economic weapon designed to un- taking work of the Nation’s top planet In fact, the last major glacier re- dermine the global competitiveness scientists. We have those scientists treat, marking the end of the Wurm and economic superiority of the United who concluded that the Kyoto protocol Glaciation, was only 12,000 years ago. States. has no environmental benefits; natural I am mystified that some in this At the end, the temperature was 14 de- variability, not fossil fuel emissions, is body and in the media blithely assert grees Celsius lower than today and an overwhelming factor influencing cli- that the science of global warming is climbed rapidly to present day tem- mate change; satellite data, confirmed settled; that is, fossil fuel emissions perature—and did so in as little as 50 by NOAA, confirms that no meaningful are the principal, driving cause of glob- years. Thus began our current Holo- warming has occurred over the last al warming. century; and climate models predicting cene Age of warm climates and glacier In a letter to me concerning the next dramatic temperature increases over retreat. EPA administrator, two Senators the next 100 years are flawed and high- These cycles of warming and cooling wrote, ‘‘The pressing problem of global have been found so frequent and are so ly imperfect. warming’’ is now ‘‘established sci- These scientists include Dr. Fred often so much more dramatic than the entific fact,’’ and demanded that the Singer, from the University of Vir- fractional degree changes measured new administrator commit to address- ginia; Dr. Tom Wigley, senior scientist over the last century that one wonders ing it. if the alarmists are simply ignorant of With all due respect, this statement at the National Center for Atmospheric geological and meteorological history is baseless for several reasons, as I out- Research; Dr. Richard Lindzen from or simply ignoring it to advance their lined in detail above. The evidence is the National Academy of Science. Ev- agenda. overwhelmingly in favor of those who eryone listed is someone whose creden- What is the real story behind Kyoto? do not see global warming proposing tials cannot be questioned. If you study that, you will come to As I pointed out, the science under- harm to the planet and who do not the same conclusions. These are objec- lying the Kyoto Protocol has been think human beings have an insignifi- thoroughly discredited. But for some cant influence on the climate system. tive scientists, not fundraisers for reason the drive to implement Kyoto This leads to another question: Why some far-left environmental extremist continues apace in the United States would this body subject the United groups. and more fervently in Europe. What is States to Kyoto-like measures that Finally, I return to the words of Dr. going on here? have no environmental benefits and Frederick Seitz, a past president of the The Europeans continue to insist cause serious harm to the economy? National Academy of Sciences, a pro- that the United States should honor its There are several pieces of legislation, fessor emeritus at Rockefeller Univer- international responsibilities and rat- including several that have been re- sity, who compiled the Oregon Peti- ify Kyoto. In June of 2001 Germany re- ferred to my committee, that effec- tion. He said: leased a statement declaring the world tively implement Kyoto without rati- There is no convincing scientific evidence needs Kyoto because its greenhouse gas fying the treaty. From a cursory read that human release of carbon dioxide, meth- ane, or other greenhouse gasses is causing or reduction targets are indispensable. of the Senate politics, it is my under- Similarly, Swedish Prime Minister will, in the foreseeable future, cause cata- standing some of these bills enjoy more strophic heating of the Earth’s atmosphere Goeran Persson, in June of 2001, said than a modicum of support. and disruption of the Earth’s climate. More- flatly and without explanation that I urge my colleagues to reject them over, there is substantial scientific evidence ‘‘Kyoto is necessary.’’ The question is, and follow the science to the facts. Re- that increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide indispensable and necessary for what? ject approaches designed not to solve produce many beneficial effects upon the Certainly not for further reduction of an environmental problem but to sat- natural plant and animal environments of greenhouse gas emissions, as Europe isfy the ever-growing demand of envi- the Earth. has proven. According to news reports ronmental groups for money and for These are sobering words which the earlier this year, the European Union power and other extremists who simply extremists have chosen to ignore. So has failed to meet its Kyoto targets. As do not like capitalism, free markets, what could possibly be the motivation we know, according to the best sci- and freedom. for global warming alarmism? Since I entific evidence, Kyoto will do nothing Climate alarmists see an opportunity have become the chairman of the Envi- to reduce global temperatures. here to tax the American people. Con- ronment and Public Works Committee,

VerDate jul 14 2003 02:07 Jul 29, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00029 Fmt 0637 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G28JY6.067 S28PT1 S10022 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE July 28, 2003 it has become pretty clear. It is fund- 20 to 30 years, world temperature has fallen, In the Third Assessment by the Inter- raising. Environmental extremists irregularly at first but more sharply over the national Panel on Climate Change, recent rake in millions of dollars, not to solve last decade.’’ Two years earlier, the board climate change is attributed primarily to had observed: ‘‘Judging from the record of environmental problems but to fuel human causes, with the usual caveats re- the past interglacial ages, the present time garding uncertainties. The record of the past their ever-growing fundraising ma- of high temperatures should be drawing to 150 years is scanned, and three forcing mech- chines, part of which are financed by an end . . . leading into the next glacial anisms are highlighted: anthropogenic the Federal taxpayers. age.’’ And in 1975 the National Academy of (human-caused) greenhouse gases, volcanoes So what have we learned from the Sciences stated: ‘‘The climates of the earth and the 11–year sunspot cycle. Other phe- scientists and economists I talked have always been changing, and they will nomena are represented poorly, if at all, and about today? Five things, briefly: doubtless continue to do so in the future. generally are ignored in these models. Be- How large these future changes will be, and cause only the past 150 years are captured, No. 1, the claim that global warming where and how rapidly they will occur, we do is caused by manmade emissions is the vast swings of the previous thousand not know.’’ years are not analyzed. The upshot is that simply untrue and not based on sound These statements—just a quarter-century any natural variations, other than volcanic science. old—should provide us with a dose of humil- eruptions, are overshadowed by anthropo- ity as we look into the more distant future. No. 2, CO2 does not cause cata- genic greenhouse gases. strophic disasters. Actually, it would A touch of that humility might help temper Most significant: The possibility of long- be beneficial to our environment and the current raging controversies over global term cycles in solar activity is neglected be- warming. What has concerned me in recent cause there is a scarcity of direct measure- the economy. years is that belief in the greenhouse effect, ment. Nonetheless, solar irradiance and its No. 3, Kyoto would impose huge cost persuasive as it is, has been transmuted into variation seem highly likely to be a prin- on Americans, especially the poor. the dominant forcing mechanism affecting cipal cause of long-term climatic change. climate change—more or less to the exclu- No. 4, the same environmentalists Their role in longer-term weather cycles sion of other forcing mechanisms. The CO / who are hysterical over global warming 2 needs to be better understood. climate-change relationship has hardened today were just as hysterical in the There is an idea among the public that into orthodoxy—always a worrisome sign— 1970s over global cooling. ‘‘the science is settled.’’ Aside from the lim- an orthodoxy that searches out heretics and ited facts I cited earlier, that remains far And, No. 5, the motives for Kyoto are seeks to punish them. economic, not environmental; that is, We are in command of certain essential from the truth. Today we have far better in- proponents favor handicapping the facts. First, since the start of the 20th cen- struments, better measurements and better American economy through carbon tury, the mean temperature at the earth’s time series than we have ever had. Still, we surface has risen about 1 degree Fahrenheit. are in danger of prematurely embracing cer- taxes and more regulations. titudes and losing open-mindedness. We need Second, the level of CO2 in the atmosphere So I will just conclude by saying: to be more modest. Wake up, America. With all the has been increasing for more than 150 years. Third, CO2 is a greenhouse gas—and in- hysteria, all the fear, all the phony creases in it, other things being equal, are EXHIBIT 2 science, could it be that manmade likely to lead to further warming. Beyond The Hon. PAUL MARTIN, P.C., global warming is the greatest hoax these few facts, science remains unable ei- Member of Parliament, House of Commons, Ot- ever perpetrated on the American peo- ther to attribute past climate changes to tawa, Ontario. ple? I believe it is. changes in CO2 or to forecast with any de- DEAR MR. MARTIN: We understand from And if we allow these detractors of gree of precision how climate will change in media reports that you believe that more the future. consultation with the provinces should have everything that has made America Of the rise in temperature during the 20th great, those ranging from the liberal taken place before moving forward with rati- century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940. fication of the Kyoto Accord. We would like Hollywood elitists to those who are in It was followed by the aforementioned cool- to alert you to the fact that the current gov- it for the money, if we allow them to ing trend from 1940 to around 1975. Yet the ernment neglected to conduct comprehensive destroy the foundation, the greatness concentration of greenhouse gases was meas- science consultations as well. The state- of the most highly industrialized na- urably higher in that later period than in the ments by current Minister of the Environ- tion in the history of the world, then former. That drop in temperature came after ment David Anderson that Prime Minister we don’t deserve to live in this one na- what was described in the National Geo- Jean Chre´tien’s decision to ratify the Kyoto graphic as ‘‘six decades of abnormal accord was based merely on a ‘‘gut feeling,’’ tion under God. So I say to the real warmth.’’ people: Wake up, make your voice not an understanding of the issue, clearly il- In recent years much attention has been lustrates that a more thorough examination heard. My 11 grandchildren and yours paid in the press to longer growing seasons of the science should have taken place before are depending on you. and shrinking glaciers. Yet in the earlier pe- a ratification decision was made. riod up to 1975, the annual growing season in EXHIBIT 1 If you are to lead the next government, we England had shrunk by some nine or 10 days, believe that a high priority should be placed [From the Washington Post, July 7, 2003] summer frosts in the upper Midwest occa- on correcting this situation and conducting CLIMATE CHANGE: THE SCIENCE ISN’T SETTLED sionally damaged crops, the glaciers in Swit- wide ranging consultations with non-govern- zerland had begun to advance again, and sea (By James Schlesinger) mental climate scientists as soon as possible ice had returned to Iceland’s coasts after Despite the certainty many seem to feel in order to properly consider the range of in- more than 40 years of its near absence. about the causes, effects and extent of cli- When we look back over the past millen- formed opinion pertaining to the science of mate change, we are in fact making only nium, the questions that arise are even more Kyoto. slow progress in our understanding of the un- perplexing. The so-called Climatic Optimum Many of us made the same suggestion to derlying science. My old professor at Har- of the early Middle Ages, when the earth the Prime Minister in an open letter on Nov. ´ vard, the great economist Joseph temperatures were 1 to 2 degrees warmer 25, 2002, in which we alerted Mr. Chretien to Schumpeter, used to insist that a principal than today and the Vikings established their the fact that Kyoto was not justified from a tool of economic science was history—which flourishing colonies in Greenland, was suc- scientific perspective. That letter called on served to temper the enthusiasms of the here ceeded by the Little Ice Age, lasting down to the government of Canada ‘‘to delay a deci- and now. This must be even more so in cli- the early 19th century. Neither can be ex- sion on the ratification of the Kyoto Accord matological science. In recent years the in- plained by concentrations of greenhouse until after a thorough and comprehensive clination has been to attribute the warming gases. Moreover, through much of the earth’s consultation is conducted with non-govern- we have lately experienced to a single domi- mental climate specialists.’’ It was explained history, increases in CO2 have followed glob- nant cause—the increase in greenhouse al warming, rather than the other way to the Prime Minister that, ‘‘Many climate gases. Yet climate has always been chang- around. science experts from Canada and around the ing—and sometimes the swings have been We cannot tell how much of the recent world, while still strongly supporting envi- rapid. warming trend can be attributed to the ronmental protection, equally strongly dis- At the time the U.S. Department of Energy greenhouse effect and how much to other agree with the scientific rationale for the was created in 1977, there was widespread factors. In climate change, we have only a Kyoto Accord.’’ concern about the cooling trend that had limited grasp of the overall forces at work. Unfortunately, the Prime Minister took no been observed for the previous quarter-cen- Uncertainties have continued to abound— action on the issue and proceeded to ratify tury. After 1940 the temperature, at least in and must be reduced. Any approach to policy the accord without the government and the the Northern Hemisphere, had dropped about formation under conditions of such uncer- public having had the benefit of hearing a one-half degree Fahrenheit—and more in the tainty should be taken only on an explor- proper science debate on an issue that is sure higher latitudes. In 1974 the National Science atory and sequential basis. A premature to affect Canadians for generations to come. Board, the governing body of the National commitment to a fixed policy can only pro- We strongly believe that important envi- Science Foundation, stated: ‘‘During the last ceed with fear and trembling. ronmental policy should be based on a strong

VerDate jul 14 2003 02:07 Jul 29, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00030 Fmt 0637 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G28JY6.070 S28PT1 July 28, 2003 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S10023 foundation of environmental science. Cen- Dr. David Wojick, P.E., Climate specialist Prof. Dr. Kirill Ya. Kondratyev, Academi- soring credible science out of the debate be- and President, Climatechangedebate.org, cian, Counsellor RAS, Research Centre for cause it does not conform to a pre-deter- Sioux Lookout, Ontario/Star Tannery, VA. Ecological Safety, Russian Academy of mined political agenda is clearly not a re- Dr. S. Fred Singer, Distinguished Research Sciences and Nansen International Environ- sponsible course of action for any govern- Professor at George Mason University and mental and Remote Sensing Centre, St. Pe- ment. Your openness to re-examining the re- Professor Emeritus of Environmental tersburg, Russia. cent approach to the Kyoto file encourages Science at the University of Virginia. Dr. Paal Brekke—Solar Physicist, spe- us to believe that you may also be open to Dr. Richard S. Lindzen, Alfred P. Sloan cialist in sun/UV radiation/Sun-Earth Con- reconsidering the way in which the scientific Professor of Meteorology, Department of nection, affiliated with the University of debate was suppressed as well. We certainly Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Oslo, Norway. hope so. Although ratification has already at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- Dr. Richard S. Courtney, climate consult- taken place, we believe that the government nology. ant, expert IPCC peer reviewer, Founding of Canada needs a far more comprehensive George Taylor, State Climatologist, Or- Member of the European Science and Envi- understanding of what climate science really egon Climate Service, Oregon State Univer- ronment Forum, UK. says if environmental policy is to be devel- sity, Past President—American Association William Kininmonth, Managing Director, oped that will truly benefit the environment of State Climatologists. Australasian Climate Research. Formerly while maintaining the economic prosperity Doctorandus Hans Erren, Geophysicist/cli- head of Australia’s National Climate Centre so essential to social progress. mate specialist, Sittard, The Netherlands. and a member of Australia’s delegations to In the meantime, we would be happy to Dr. Hans Jelbring—Wind/Climate spe- the Second World Climate Conference and provide you with more information on this cialist, Paleogeophysics & Geodynamics the UN Intergovernmental Negotiating Com- important topic and, for those of us who are Unit, Stockholm University, Sweden. Cur- mittee for a Framework Convention on Cli- able, we would like to offer to meet with you rently, Manager Inventex Aqua Research In- mate Change. personally to discuss the issue further in the stitute, Stockholm. Dr. Jarl R. Ahlbeck, Docent in environ- near future. Dr. Theodor Landscheidt, solar/climate mental technology/science, Process Design Above letter signed by: specialist, Schroeter Institute for Research Laboratory, the Swedish University of Fin- Dr. Tim Ball, Environmental Consultant, in Cycles of Solar Activity, Waldmuenchen, land, Biskopsgatan, Finland. 28 years Professor of Climatology, University Germany. Dr. Lee C. Gerhard, Principal Geologist, of Winnipeg. Dr. Zbigniew Jaworowski, Climate expert, Kansas Geological Survey; Adjunct Pro- Dr. Madhav Khandekar, Environmental Chairman of the scientific council of CLOR, fessor, Colorado School of Mines; Noted au- Consultant, former Research Scientist with Central Laboratory for Radiological Protec- thor and geological expert on climate his- Environment Canada. 45-year career in the tion, Warsaw, Poland. tory. fields of climatology, meteorology and Dr. Art Robinson, Founder—Oregon Insti- Mr. INHOFE. Mr. President, I suggest oceanography. tute of Science and Medicine—focus on cli- Dr. Tad Murty, private sector climate re- the absence of a quorum. mate change and CO2, Cave Junction, Or- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The searcher. Previously Senior Research Sci- egon. entist for Fisheries and Oceans; conducted Dr. Craig D. Idso, Chairman, Center for the clerk will call the roll. official DFO climate change/sea level review; Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, The legislative clerk proceeded to Former Director of the National Tidal Facil- Tempe, Arizona. call the roll. ity of Australia; Current editor—‘‘Natural Dr. Sherwood B. Idso, President, Center for Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, I ask Hazards’’. the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global unanimous consent the order for the Dr. Chris de Freitas (Canadian), Climate Change, Tempe, Arizona. quorum call be rescinded. Scientist and Professor—School of Geog- Dr. Pat Michaels, Professor of Environ- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without raphy and Environmental Science, The Uni- mental Sciences, University of Virginia; past versity of Auckland, NZ. objection, it is so ordered. president of the American Association of (The remarks of Mr. HARKIN are Dr. Vaclav Smil, FRSC, Distinguished Pro- State Climatologists and a contributing au- printed in today’s RECORD under fessor of Geography; specialization in cli- thor and reviewer of the IPCC science re- mate and CO2, University of Manitoba. ports. ‘‘Morning Business.’’) Dr. I.D. Clarke, Professor, Isotope Dr. Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen, Reader, f Hydrogeology and Paleoclimatology, Depart- Department of Geography, University of ment of Earth Sciences (arctic specialist), Hull, UK, Editor, Energy & Environment. ORDER OF PROCEDURE University of Ottawa. Dr. Robert C. Balling, Jr., Director—Office The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- Dr./Cdr. M. R. Morgan, FRMS, Dartmouth, of Climatology, Arizona State University. ator from West Virginia. Nova Scotia. Climate Consultant, Past Mete- Dr. Fred Seitz, Past President, U.S. Na- orology Advisor to the World Meteorological Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, I ask unan- tional Academy of Sciences, President Emer- Organization and other scientific bodies in imous consent that I may proceed out itus, Rockefeller University, New York, NY. Marine Meteorology. Recent Research Sci- Dr. Vincent Gray, Climate specialist, ex- of order for not to exceed 12 minutes entist in Climatology at University of Exe- pert reviewer for the IPCC and author of before the order to go into executive ter, UK. ‘‘The Greenhouse Delusion; a Critique of ‘Cli- session. Dr. Chris Essex, Professor of Applied Math- mate Change 2001’’’, Wellington, NZ. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. FITZ- ematics, University of Western Ontario—fo- Dipl.-Ing. Peter Dietze, energy and climate GERALD). Is there objection? Without cuses on underlying physics/math to complex consultant, official scientific IPCC TAR Re- climate systems. objection, it is so ordered. Dr. Keith D. Hage, climate consultant and viewer, Langensendelbach, Germany. Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, I ask unan- Dr. Roy W. Spencer, Principal Research Professor Emeritus of Meteorology, Univer- imous consent that this not delay the Scientist, Earth System Science Center, The sity of Alberta, specialized in micrometeor- University of Alabama in Huntsville. rollcall vote. ology, specifically western prairie weather Dr. Hugh W. Ellsaesser, Atmospheric Con- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without patterns. objection, it is so ordered. Dr. Kenneth Green, Chief Scientist, Fraser sultant—four decades experience as a USAF weather officer and climate consultant at Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, I ask unan- Institute, Vancouver, BC—expert reviewer imous consent that I may vitiate the for the IPCC 2001 Working Group I science the Lawrence Livermore National Labora- report. tory, CA. second request that was granted. Dr. Petr Chylek, Professor of Physics and Dr. Asmunn Moene, Former head of the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, National Forecasting Center, Meteorological objection, it is so ordered. Institute, Oslo, Norway. Nova Scotia. f Dr. Tim Patterson, Professor, Department Dr. Freeman J. Dyson, Emeritus Professor of Earth Sciences (Paleoclimatology), of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies, A FAST WAY AROUND THE Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario. Princeton, New Jersey. CONSTITUTION David Nowell, M.Sc. (Meteorology), Fellow Dr. James J. O’Brien, Professor of Meteor- of the Royal Meteorological Society, Cana- ology and Oceanography, Center for Ocean- Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, I speak dian member and Past Chairman of the Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida today on the subject: A fast track, a NATO Meteorological Group, Ottawa. State University. Co-chaired the Regional fast way around the Constitution. Dr. Fred Michel, Professor, Department of Climate Change Study for the Southeast Last Friday, I listened with great in- Earth Sciences (Paleoclimatology), Carleton USA. terest to the concerns that were raised University, arctic regions specialist, Ottawa. Dr. Douglas V. Hoyt, climate consultant, in opposition to the free-trade agree- Dr. Roger Pocklington, Ocean/Climate previously Senior Scientist with Raytheon/ ments negotiated by the administra- Consultant, F.C.I.C., Researcher—Bedford In- ITSS; Broadly published author of ‘‘The Role stitute of Oceanography, Nova Scotia. of the Sun in Climate Change’’. tion with Chile and Singapore. Rob Scagel, M.Sc., Forest microclimate Dr. Gary D. Sharp, Scientific Director, Senators cited an abuse of Executive specialist, Principal Consultant, Pacific Center for Climate/Ocean Resources Study, authority and the undermining of Con- Phytometric Consultants, Surrey, B.C. Salinas, California. gress’ plenary powers. I was perplexed,

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