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Socio-Ecological Synergies for a Sustainable Onondaga Lake: Reckoning with the Complexities of Restoration

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Socio-Ecological Synergies for a Sustainable Onondaga Lake: Reckoning with the Complexities of Restoration Bard College Bard Digital Commons Senior Projects Spring 2020 Bard Undergraduate Senior Projects Spring 2020 Socio-Ecological Synergies for a Sustainable Onondaga Lake: Reckoning with the Complexities of Restoration Skyler Maassen Bard College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2020 Part of the Environmental Studies Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Maassen, Skyler, "Socio-Ecological Synergies for a Sustainable Onondaga Lake: Reckoning with the Complexities of Restoration" (2020). Senior Projects Spring 2020. 175. https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2020/175 This Open Access work is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been provided to you by Bard College's Stevenson Library with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Socio-Ecological Synergies for a Sustainable Onondaga Lake: Reckoning with the Complexities of Restoration Senior Project Submitted to The Division of Social Studies of Bard College by Skyler Maassen Annandale-on-Hudson, New York May 2020 Acknowledgements The completion of this project would not have been possible without the encouragement and support of those around me. I would first like to thank my beloved parents for uplifting and inspiring me. In moments of doubt, you brought me courage. I cannot express enough gratitude to my project adviser, Dr. Myra Armstead, for providing guidance and telling me when it was the time to "shut things down." You had the answers to all of my questions. Special mentions to Dr. Robyn Smyth and Dr. Monique Segarra for serving on my project board and offering extra wisdom when I needed it. You helped me make crucial connections. I wish to extend my appreciation to those who agreed to be interviewed and for sharing their perspectives with me. Lastly, a thank you to my friends, you know who you are, at Bard and elsewhere, for always having my back. A special mention to Lucia, who has been there for me throughout this entire process. Words cannot describe how deeply I cherish our friendship. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 2. An Overview of Onondaga Lake ........................................................................................ 4 2.1 Specifying Lake Location and Morphometry ............................................................. 4 2.2 Summarizing Tributaries and Subbasins .................................................................... 7 2.3 Synthesizing Historical Significance .......................................................................... 13 3. Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 49 3.1 Main Terminology and Significance of Restoration Ecology .................................... 50 3.1a Describing Ecosystem Services and Classifications ............................................ 51 3.1b Conceptualizing Restoration Ecology ................................................................. 53 3.1c Setting Targets and Goals .................................................................................... 56 3.1d Defining Ecosystem Resilience ........................................................................... 59 3.2 Challenges of Ecosystem Restoration ........................................................................ 62 3.2a Discerning an Appropriate Scale ......................................................................... 63 3.2b Acknowledging Uncertainties ............................................................................. 64 3.2c Accepting Myths about Theory and Practice ....................................................... 65 3.2d Developing Proper Indicators and Metrics of Success ........................................ 76 3.2e Administering Lake Management Strategies ....................................................... 81 3.3 Solutions to Challenges of Ecosystem Restoration ................................................... 86 3.3a Applying Adaptive Management ......................................................................... 87 3.3b Integrating Adaptive Governance ........................................................................ 91 3.3c Selecting Metrics of Progress and Compliance ................................................... 94 4. Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 100 4.1 Context for Research Approach ................................................................................. 100 4.2 Interviews for Data Collection ................................................................................... 106 4.3 Process of Data Analysis ............................................................................................ 109 4.3a Setting up Strand 1 ............................................................................................... 109 4.3b Setting up Strand 2 .............................................................................................. 112 5. Results ................................................................................................................................ 116 5.1 Reporting Strand 1 ...................................................................................................... 116 5.2 Reporting Strand 2 ...................................................................................................... 120 6. Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 123 6.1 Evaluating Strand 1 .................................................................................................... 125 6.2 Evaluating Strand 2 .................................................................................................... 135 6.3 Linking Results with History and Restoration Literature ........................................... 140 7. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 149 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 152 Appendices ............................................................................................................................. 157 List of Maps: Map 1. Location of Onondaga Lake in Central New York State ........................................ 5 Map 2. Urbanized surroundings of Onondaga Lake ............................................................ 5 Map 3. Location of Oswego River/Finger Lakes Watershed in Central New York ........... 6 Map 4. Bathymetry of Onondaga Lake ............................................................................... 7 Map 5. Onondaga Lake drainage basin and tributary locations .......................................... 8 Map 6. Location of the Onondaga Nation Reservation from Military Tract ..................... 23 Map 7. Location of Erie and Oswego Canals across New York State .............................. 26 Map 8. City map of Syracuse in 1919 demonstrating the prevalence of salt sheds .......... 28 Map 9. Location of former Honeywell facilities and disposal sites .................................. 34 Map 10. Historical locations of Solvay waste beds near Onondaga Lake ........................ 38 List of Images: Image 1. Rows of salt sheds and vats in Syracuse ............................................................. 29 Image 2. The Iron Pier at the southeastern shore of Onondaga Lake ................................ 31 Image 3. A White City resort amusement park ride with a view of industries ................. 31 Image 4. Main Solvay Process Company factories by Onondaga Lake shoreline ............ 34 Image 5. A pipe from the Solvay Process Company dumping into Onondaga Lake ........ 37 Image 6. Chemical spillage from retention wall failure of a Solvay waste bed ................ 41 Image 7. Aerial viewpoint of chemical leakage from Solvay waste beds ......................... 43 Image 8. Aerial viewpoint of chemical leakage from Solvay waste beds ......................... 43 List of Tables: Table 1. Experimental Design: Analysis of Criteria Levels of Achievement ................. 111 Table 2. Experimental Design: Analysis of Criteria Prioritization ................................. 114 Table 3. Summary of Restoration Criteria Prioritization According to Stakeholders ..... 122 List of Figures: Figure 1. Graph of Criterion A: Level of Achievement According to Stakeholders ...... 117 Figure 2. Graph of Criterion B: Level of Achievement According to Stakeholders ...... 117 Figure 3. Graph of Criterion C: Level of Achievement According to Stakeholders ...... 117 Figure 4. Graph of Criterion D: Level of Achievement According to Stakeholders ...... 118 Figure 5. Graph of Criterion E: Level of Achievement According to Stakeholders ....... 118 Figure 6. Graph of
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