CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO DE LA DEFENSA
ACADEMIA GENERAL DEL AIRE
Aeronautical Military English Glossary
& Workbook
Trabajo Fin de Grado
Autor: A. A. D. José Abel Marín Rodríguez (LXVI – CGEA-EOF) Director: Dra. Ángela Almela Sánchez-Lafuente
Grado en Ingeniería en Organización industrial Curso: 2014/2015 – convocatoria: junio / agosto / febrero
Tribunal nombrado por la dirección del Centro Universitario de la Defensa de San Javier, el día ____ de ______de 20____.
Presidente: Dr. D. José Serna Serrano
Secretario: Dr. D. Antonio Daniel Juan Rubio
Vocal: Dª Isabel María García Conesa
Realizado el acto de defensa del Trabajo Fin de Grado, el día____ de ______de 20____, en el Centro Universitario de la Defensa de San Javier.
Calificación: ______.
EL PRESIDENTE EL SECRETARIO EL VOCAL
Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook
RESUMEN: “Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook” es un léxico en lengua inglesa que introduce los términos más comunes empleados en el ámbito aeronáutico militar. El léxico incluye definiciones semánticas tomadas de fuentes especializadas, la transcripción fonética de cada término y la traducción al castellano de los términos y definiciones. Un cuaderno de trabajo acompaña al glosario, en el que se propone al usuario ejercicios, lecturas y archivos digitales de video y audio que le ayuden a conocer el contenido del glosario. El cuaderno se estructura en unidades temáticas en las que se agrupa por campos casi la totalidad del léxico contenido en el glosario.
ABSTRACT: “Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook” is an English vocabulary that introduces the most common terms used in military aeronautics. The lexicon includes semantic definitions taken from specialized sources, a phonetic transcription of each term and a translation into Spanish of both terms and definitions. The glossary is accompanied by a workbook, in which the user is proposed to complete a series of vocabulary, reading and video or audio listening exercises to help them to know the content of the glossary. The workbook is divided in thematic units, and these, in turn, group almost the whole lexicon in thematic clusters.
Dedicated to Elena.
Your infinite patience has granted me the time needed, your caring support has provided me the encouragement, and your great spirit has
filled the void left in my absence.
Acknowledgements
A special thanks to my research supervisor, Dr. Ángela Almela Sánchez- Lafuente, for her commitment, her enthusiasm, her guidance and her constant desire of improvement throughout the entire process.
Thank you M.A. Inmaculada Arboleda Guirao for you brief but vital advice.
I would like to acknowledge and thank the English Department from Academia General del Aire and United States Air Force 1st Lieutenant Michael Osborne for their exceptional and selfless help with this paper.
Thanks to Juan Antonio Cifuentes for sharing his elaborated outlines of Spanish Air Force aircraft.
Finally, I would like to thank all my teachers from the beginning of the degree, for sharing their knowledge and making this achievement possible.
Content
Chapter 1. Introduction ...... 1
1.1. Why English?...... 1
1.2. A lesson learnt ...... 3
1.3. Intermediate layer...... 3
1.4. Overview ...... 5
Chapter 2. Objectives ...... 7
2.1. General objective: All in one ...... 7
2.2. Specific objectives ...... 7
Learning the content without reading the glossary ...... 7
Dynamic source ...... 8
Chapter 3. State of the art ...... 9
3.1. Aeronautical English ...... 9
3.2. Aeronautical English glossary ...... 10
3.3. Aeronautical military English glossary ...... 11
3.4. Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook ...... 11
Chapter 4. Methodology ...... 13
4.1. Working out the structure ...... 13
4.2. Choosing the glossary format ...... 13
4.3. Unit by unit ...... 14
4.4. Working out the answers ...... 15
Chapter 5. Content ...... 17
5.1. Workbook scheme and summary ...... 18
5.2. Aeronautical & Military English Workbook ...... 27
i Chapter 6. Conclusions and further work ...... 97
Appendix I: Aeronautical Military English Glossary ...... 99
Appendix II: Aeronautical Military English Answer Book ...... 145
Appendix III: Listening media CD ...... 173
References ...... 177
ii Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1. Why English?
It is a fact that English is being increasingly used in Spanish military aviation units on a daily basis. A simple revision of the evolution of the military aviation standardization gives us the answer to the question raised in this chapter title. This revision can start with a brief analysis of the phrase “military aviation” to clarify the answer.
Firstly, “aviation”, international aviation to be precise. In 1944, the International Civil Aviation Organization was created, as a UN specialized agency, with the objective of creating and enhancing a safe, efficient and sustainable global civil aviation system. This objective is constantly being achieved through international Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), to which member states refer during the development of their national aviation legislation (ICAO, 2015). In relation to these standards, since 1951, ICAO recommended the use of English by all the personnel involved in international aeronautical radiotelephony communications (ICAO, 1951). This recommendation has, over time, become an obligation for pilots, controllers, operators and the rest of the personnel related to communication. These professionals must demonstrate a defined proficiency level, in the language used for aeronautical communication in each station, to receive a license (International Civil Aviation Organization, 2006). Therefore, since the language established for international aviation radiotelephony communication is mandatorily English (International Civil Aviation Organization, 2006), it is concluded that any person working in any international operation, related to aviation radiotelephony communication, must achieve the required proficiency level of English.
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Secondly, the question must be answered in relation to the second word too, “military”. As a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) member country, Spain is committed to undertake military operations under Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, or under a UN mandate (NATO, 2015). After the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949, the Council of NATO held its first session in Washington on 17 September 1949, when English and French were established as the official languages for the entire North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Chairman Mr. Achenson, 1949). The continuously growing alliance extended its development towards the complex military structure it has become today. In its early years, relationships between the members of different Armed Forces from NATO stayed in the highest hierarchic levels. Nevertheless, over the years NATO members have approached each other in all of the echelons of military headquarters and units. Doctrine publications, strategic decisions, joint and combined operations, tactical manuals and daily work are published, taken, conducted and performed in English, which has become the first official language in the organization. Nowadays, Spanish Forces train and operate in English in many units, since their mission is already commanded by a NATO Command, and even the unit staff is increasingly a multinational amalgam. In a regular NATO or EU operation today, any Spanish soldier can be assigned to a base where Albanian soldiers are responsible for security, air operations are conducted by British, French and Italian wings, administration and logistics are carried out by German troops, and so on. The most illustrative example of these international environments where English is the unique way of communication is NAEW E-3A Component, based in Germany. Since 1982, this multi-national flying unit is operating with an absolute mixture of 15 different nations (NATO, 2014), where the personnel is distributed without considering their nationality, and a simple jet shop (aircraft engine maintenance facility) may be composed of maintenance technicians from ten different countries. Thus, English proficiency in a NATO Air Force is not an added value for an airman, but a need to be eligible for the present armed forces and the means for the military to reach the real interoperability required.
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1.2. A lesson learnt
The present author knows from experience that proficiency in English is crucial in this field, since his eligibility granted him a station at the above-mentioned NAEW E-3A Component. As a flightline supervisor, the stay there allowed him to expand his point of view about the learning of English. A rich vocabulary basis was especially important in this military environment, where most of the military newcomers arriving from different nations failed to think they had nothing to learn, since they were experts on their respective professions in their countries. The harsh reality was that any non-native individual had to learn their entire profession again in English, in less than two months. Native English speakers had a lesson to learn too, since, apparently, in combined operations, conventional English could be a problem even for native speakers, given that the Canadian, British and American people may use different nuances in their language that might be confusing for each other. Consequently, NATO publications, technical orders, paperwork and communications at the workplace follow a very standardized vocabulary basis. Aeronautical and military technical terms merge in this environment, where the accuracy of communication is critical for the undertaking of safe and effective operations. For this reason, and taking the USAF (United States Air Force) model as a reference, a glossary of the terminology used is included in many NATO publications at the end of the document. Furthermore, there are specialized publications like NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014), which are yearly reviewed. In conclusion, not only speakers of English as a second language, but also native speakers have to make an extra effort to learn the specific terminology used in military aeronautics, as any ordinary citizen does when they decide to work in any specialized profession.
1.3. Intermediate layer
Considering the English proficiency level of a first-year student at the Spanish Air Force Academy, an upper-intermediate level of grammar and conventional vocabulary knowledge must be assumed. Therefore, the selection of the next vocabulary set to be learnt by future NATO air force officers is a delicate task. In a more detailed analysis of a NATO multinational environment, there are three vocabulary layers which can be
3 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook defined: conventional vocabulary, military and aeronautical general vocabulary, and finally, tactical and technological specific vocabulary.
conventional vocabulary
military & aeronautical general vocabulary tactical & technological specific vocabulary
The present author defines the first layer, conventional vocabulary, as the vocabulary used in everyday life, within our own social and cultural groups, and without considering those jargons related to occupations or very distinctive hobbies. The third layer, tactical and technical specific vocabulary, is the vocabulary or jargon used in very specialized professions or hobbies, as in this case, it is that technical vocabulary used at the job station that only one’s partners know, understand and use among them. The size of this third layer always depends on the complexity of the theory and technology related to the occupation it is used in. On this occasion, military and aeronautical science jargons have a broad general vocabulary extension, as that second or intermediate layer, which branches and spreads into more specific and technical third layers, for example, aerodynamics, electronics, military cargo transport, air-to-air combat tactics, etc.
This intermediate vocabulary layer is comparable to a “bumper”, since it is a wide vocabulary stratum, specialized and usually partially incomprehensible for alien people to this environment. Although it acts as a junction lexicon for the numerous specific specialties that compose the military aeronautics, allowing them to interconnect their respective fields in a convenient work environment.
To conclude, and turning back to that first-year student, they are about to start learning, in Spanish, this intermediate vocabulary layer that will introduce them to the military world first, and almost simultaneously, to the aeronautical one. It is obvious that the need for acquiring the best possible English proficiency level makes the introductory vocabulary included in this glossary (See Appendix I) an adequate package to start their learning process.
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1.4. Overview
Along the following chapters of this dissertation, the objectives, state of the art, methodology, products of the compilation and design work, and finally conclusions are described. In Chapter 2, the general objective of consulting and learning purpose and those specific objectives derived from it are explained. The state of the art in aeronautical military glossaries is described in Chapter 3, from a general point of view of aeronautical English to the specific field discussed in this TFG. The compilation and design methodology employed in this paper are explained step by step in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 contains the scheme, summary and the Workbook itself integrated in subscript 5.2, as one of the main results of the compilation and design work in this dissertation. In Chapter 6, the author presents his conclusions and poses some ideas for a further work to be carried out in the line of this TFG. Appendix I contains the Aeronautical Military English Glossary, as the compilation outcome of this TFG. Appendix II contains an answer key in an independent bulletin format to help the Workbook users. Finally, Appendix III consists of the digital media files needed to complete the Listening exercises in the Workbook.
5 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook
6 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook
Chapter 2. Objectives
2.1. General objective: All in one
The main purpose of this essay is to bring together, in one single glossary (See Appendix I), and for a learning purpose, the most important, significant and confusing terminology that has been studied either in the engineering degree or in the military courses. Besides, common military life and aeronautical terms have also been considered, since, together with the previously mentioned terminology, they are considered to be essential to be known when working in international military aviation. Thus, the glossary in Appendix I is a considerable part of that intermediate layer used in this environment. It is intended to be useful both for SPAF (Spanish Air Force) students and members of the staff interested in expanding their NATO standard vocabulary grounding.
2.2. Specific objectives
Learning the content without reading the glossary
A workbook to complement the glossary has been included in Chapter 4. It is divided into units, and these, in turn, in thematic clusters. The workbook follows a regular English secondary school workbook format, including reading, vocabulary and listening exercise proposals. These are thought to offer the glossary user an interesting way to discover and learn the major part of the vocabulary content, given that it is significantly
7 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook boring to read a glossary, and a few unsuccessful entry searches might lead the user to think that the glossary is not complete or useful. As the second objective, derived from the learning purpose wanted in the main objective, the glossary has to be learnable in an attractive manner.
Dynamic source
Military aeronautics is a very changing world, whose policy, doctrine, tactics, etc. are continuously being reviewed at all levels. Aeronautics is a revolutionary field where technology is renewed from one day to another in search of optimization and efficiency. Accordingly, the terminology used is renewed at the same pace as changes happen. Therefore, to maintain this glossary useful, it needs to be renewed. Recalling that the global objective wanted is to bring together the vocabulary studied in an engineering degree, it follows that the content studied will be review and updated as military aeronautics evolve. The third objective is to provide an upgradable and editable lasting tool for learning, to be synchronized with changes in the engineering career content. In that sense, both the workbook and the glossary must remain extendable by any student, or teacher who finds either some terminology that should have appeared in the content, or new terminology after this first edition. It must stay as a revisable open source in further editions, but always located within the intermediate vocabulary layer. Future editions will be required to be approved, prior to publication, by the license holder at that moment. This requirement is meant to remain in one single revision and line of improvement, and to prevent future editions from branching out in different lines of development. It is also meant to guarantee a suitable revision quality control.
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Chapter 3. State of the art
As the author has already concluded in the introduction, aeronautics, military and English language have been intimately linked for several decades. The state of the art has been analyzed from a general perspective to the specific issue submitted in this TFG, and following the current situation is explained, from that general theme as Aeronautical English is, to the specific Aeronautical Military English staying in the intermediate vocabulary layer previously.
3.1. Aeronautical English
In this general subject, aeronautical English seems to be a synonym for English for aviation, i.e., that English phraseology used in aviation communication between pilots and air traffic controllers. Hundreds of publications and courses are found and reviewed yearly as ICAO changes the English proficiency requirements to work in aviation. Therefore, this is a very mature topic with no further opportunities to be developed. Some of these publications for the learning of phraseology between pilots and controllers are: Aviation English (Kruelle, 2006), Air Speak (Robertson & Johnson, 1988). Both Aviation English and Air Speak follow the same learning pattern. They go through a regular sequence in a civil flight; the initial clearance, taxi, takeoff, en-route, landing and parking. However, the Aviation English focuses on the vocabulary used in communications and those facilities and equipment found in an airport. The second book, Air Speak, focuses on the conversation maintained between Air Traffic Services
9 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook and the pilot. Vocabulary is basically taken for granted, the sequence in the conversation is the important matter here. Other, like: Communications (Joint Aviation Authorities, 2002), or English Language Skills for Communications: Resources (Defense Language Institute English Language Center, 2004) are a general overview of the vocabulary used in aeronautical environment. English for Aircraft (Shawcross, 2000) is a book designed for civilian or military technicians and engineers to help them use aeronautical manuals. It is a thorough book that details the importance of the word order, the variety of nuances in adverbs, nouns, adjectives and verbs frequently used in Technical Orders (TO) and offers very specific vocabulary of the aircraft mechanical technology.
3.2. Aeronautical English glossary
If we specify the previous subject by adding the glossary feature, we are avoiding phraseology publications and centering in the intermediate and more specific vocabulary layers related to aviation. Main publications in this matter are: Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms (Crane, 2012), with over 11,000 aviation-specific terms and 500 illustrations, as the main aeronautical technology terminology source in this TFG. This Dictionary is so complete and detailed that, in fact, it might be fairly named as Encyclopedia. Crane does not stay in simple definitions, but the author explains the composition and performing of each aircraft part or device. Dictionary of Aviation (Crocker, 2005), with more than 5,000 terms used by pilots, cabin staff, maintenance crews, ground staff and travelers, as the second most used aeronautical technology terminology source. This remarkable dictionary includes terms which are only used in a military environment. The author uses brief definitions and examples using some terms. The Aviation Dictionary (Sanderson, 2003), with over 10,000 technical definitions, acronyms and codes, dictionary which has not been used in the development of the TFG due to the edition year but must be highlighted for its importance in the amount of entries. Finally, 14 CFR Part I (Regulatory Information, 2012), a collection of officially recognized definitions for many aviation terms. With these dictionaries the vocabulary needs of any user related to civil aviation can be fulfilled. However, aeronautics, maintenance and air traffic control are only a small portion of the vocabulary used in military aviation environments. Moreover, the terms in these dictionaries are too
10 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook technical. They are valid for military staff whose specialties are in close relation with aircraft operations and maintenance, and particularly for their training periods.
3.3. Aeronautical military English glossary
When going into such a specific issue, the number of publications become drastically reduced. Most glossaries with aeronautical and military specifications are not glossaries indeed. They are a complement in English-speaking air forces or NATO publications as a clarification part of their doctrine, tactical publications and so on. Due to the importance of standardization of terms in these organizations, exclusive glossaries have been published by them. Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010), a noteworthy source in the development of this TFG. This dictionary, published by The United States Department of Defense, is a collection of doctrinal, strategic, operational and tactical military terms. The issue that the collection has been gathered in relation to all Department of Defense Services. Therefore, the Air Force terms of interest for the TFG are not so numerous. Finally, NATO Glossary of terms and definitions (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) is a thorough works covering many military aspects. Very useful source for the doctrinal, strategic, operational and tactical military terminology. It is the official reference for numerous military concepts. It can be conclude that many terms in this dictionary have been taken from the previously described dictionary and adapted to NATO. It is a strictly up to date dictionary, written in both English and French NATO official languages. This dictionary serves as a reference for many NATO publications which include the definitions found in it. However, it cannot be ignored that these two glossaries do not exactly comply with the aeronautical restriction in this TFG, since they cover a more superficial military terminology, including army and navy vocabulary.
3.4. Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook
Finally, we reach the area which is intended to be covered with this TFG: a glossary (See Appendix I) complemented with a workbook that enables learning the glossary content. This is not an innovative concept since MacMillan Publishers have a publications series called Campaign-English for the Military including the Campaign Dictionary of Military
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Terms (Bowyer, 2004). This dictionary has a workbook with more than 50 exercises ideal for self-study or use in class. Nevertheless, these books are for learning a more general military jargon, closer to the British army vocabulary field rather than the air force, and it is thought for English speaking natives who join the armed forces in their countries. There are few allusions to aviation and do not go deep enough to reach the knowledge required to Spanish Air Force members. In conclusion, current publications related to the subject matter do not achieve the optimum features that would be desirable. A glossary directly related with the terminology studied in the Spanish Air Force Academy and the English standards used in NATO allied air forces, including translations into Spanish to link concepts as they are being introduced for the first time to the student or user.
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Chapter 4. Methodology
4.1. Working out the structure
The first decision made was the elaboration of a workbook to help the user manage the glossary. As most workbooks, it had to have a structure, a thematic division into units to give a path to be followed in the learning process. Once the unit structure was figured out, the subscripts in which each unit would be divided had to be arranged. For this first step in the acquisition of technical vocabulary, mainly receptive knowledge was broadened, since in most reference works such as (Nation, 1990)it is stated that this kind of knowledge should ideally precede the development of receptive skills. Thus, the pattern chosen was: reading comprehension, thematic clusters, vocabulary exercises and listening comprehension. An initial reading task was included in each unit to present the topic and to arouse the user’s interest in it; thematic clusters were presented to introduce a reasonable group of terms to be learnt per unit; subsequently, some vocabulary exercises were created to help the user assimilate and practice terms and meanings; last, a listening comprehension exercise was included to show the pronunciation and use of some terms in real military units.
4.2. Choosing the glossary format
After comparing several glossaries, I decided to use a format similar to the one used in Dictionary of Aviation (Crocker, 2005), inasmuch as each term is clearly differenced from its definition and it is a compact format that utilizes efficiently all space available in each
13 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook page. Each entry is represented in bold type, followed by a phonetic transcription of the entry term and finally a reliable source definition. In addition, each entry was complemented with the appropriate Spanish term and a translation into Spanish of each definition.
4.3. Unit by unit
Once everything was set up for the content, a research and compilation was carried out in every possible reliable source related with the topic dealt with in unit one. It was estimated that an approximate number of sixty terms would be an adequate quantity to be learned per unit. After the compilation, which was strongly based on the knowledge acquired during the author’s stay in the Air Force Academy and on his own previous experience, the compilation of terms was divided in thematic clusters, since groups of words gathered in this kind of clusters appear to be a facilitator of learning (Tinkham, 1997). Subsequently, each entry was added to the glossary, a phonetic transcriptor for each term was used (Photransedit.com, n.d.), and each term and definition was translated into Spanish by the author himself. It was vital to search for mistakes at each entry at the moment of its incorporation into the glossary, given that it is very difficult and tedious to search for mistakes once the whole glossary is completed. Once the edition of the terminology in the first unit was completed, different ways to embody these thematic clusters in attractive visual associations were figured out for the workbook. Continuing with the workbook, several vocabulary exercises were devised in diverse formats to strengthen the learning process. Next, the best suitable article, speech or report was researched as a reading complement related to the topic of the unit, adding some reading comprehension questions after it. Finally, as another supporting feature, an appropriate video or audio was researched as a listening exercise too (See Appendix III). This methodology was systematically followed up to the completion of all the units in the workbook. In summary, these are the steps followed:
1. Research for terminology related to the topic of the unit in current development and expansion of the glossary with the selected words.
2. Setting of the thematic clusters and design of the vocabulary exercises in the workbook.
14 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook
3. Research for listening and reading features related to the topic of the unit in current development and design of the exercises for them; completion of the Answer book (See Appendix II); starting over with the research for terminology related to the subsequent unit.
Glossary •unit topic terms •expansion
Answer Book Workbook •exercise solutions •thematic clusters •listening transcript •reading and listening •design of exercises
4.4. Working out the answers
To help self-learning users or potential teachers, an answer key (See Appendix II) is provided with every exercise in the workbook solved, and listening transcripts are included. The answer key is arranged according to the workbook units, and specifies the page on which each exercise is placed in the workbook, to enable a quick correction.
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Chapter 5. Content
To have a better conception of the content, the best way to describe it is by the workbook units. Almost all 611 terms contained in the glossary (See Appendix I) have been classified considering some existing military aeronautics classifications or divisions. Such a classification has been carried out taking into account some general field or doctrinal division in military organizations and the suitability to form thematic clusters. Another given limitation for the classification was the search of equality in the amount of words to be learnt per unit. Reading articles suggested vary depending on the unit topic, nevertheless, intermediate English level and text extension remain similar. It must be added that all reading review questions or statements, vocabulary exercise sentences or phrases and listening questions have been originally created by the author, except the one specified in the tittle. Media files used in listening exercises (See Appendix III) have been taken from open source broadcast services, frequently called podcasts. They have been chosen considering the maximum use of the current unit topic and words introduced in the unit. It is important to clarify that the Workbook, Glossary and Answer Book have been designed to be extracted and printed independently for their use as consulting and learning material. Thus, they are integrated in this TFG preserving their own page numbering and reference list. A detailed description of the content of each unit is provided below.
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5.1. Workbook scheme and summary
5.1.1. Unit 1
Unit 1 vocabulary is a brief introduction of the simplest classification of aircraft, aircraft parts and aircraft propulsion, military aircraft roles and a short international law classification. The reading article chosen is a fragment about the early years of military aviation (Claude Grahame-White, 1912, pp. 9-10).
Illustration 1: Workbook first page
This book describes how these apparently fragile and useless inventions called aircraft became more and more interesting for military purposes. On the background of this first page of the workbook, it is shown the signal tower from Cuatro Vientos airfield, cradle of Spanish aviation. On the next page, first reading review exercise is presented, followed by terminology from the glossary related to first unit topic and grouped in thematic clusters. Below, there is a proposed listening exercise, related to those early years and retrieved from a podcast from the National Museum of the USAF website. The listening comprehension text is an audio guide recording offered to the museum visitors. The listening exercise has a total of five short answer questions. After the listening exercise, a total of four vocabulary exercises are proposed. Exercise 3 is a “complete the gaps” exercise that makes the user choose the correct word for each gap from a list in a table. Exercise 4 is a “match the words and the pictures” exercise that shows different
18 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook role aircraft pictures and a vocabulary table with their corresponding terms. Exercise 5 is specially designed for the understanding of the different meanings that the word “airborne” has. Finally, exercise 6 asks the user to associate the different parts of an aircraft in a single picture to their corresponding terms from a list. The aircraft outline chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 1 is the Wright Flyer, as the first engine powered flying machine.
5.1.2. Unit 2
The topic of this unit is the military air base. This unit starts with a reading article about living conditions, advantages, critics and purpose of a Forward Operating Base (Wong & Gerras, 2006, pp. 1-2). After the article, a reading review exercise, in a true or false format, is proposed. On the same page are shown the thematic vocabulary clusters related with: types of air bases, facilities found in an air base (specifically in an air force academy base), security measures and aircraft operations area terminology.
Illustration 2: Unit 2 thematic clusters capture
On the next page, three vocabulary exercises are proposed. Exercise 2 is a simple “complete the gaps” exercise about different air base levels. Exercise 3 is a “choose the correct word” exercise about air base facilities and security means. Exercise 4 is a “match the words and the pictures” exercise about the different facilities found in an air force
19 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook academy. On the next page, Listening 2 exercise is proposed. This time, the media file is a video podcast retrieved from iTunes podcast section: Around the Air Force. This video explains why Joint Base Andrews was awarded with an important distinction in the USAF (United States Air Force). Below, on the same page, there is a special section dedicated to all facilities and special surfaces that integrate the Aircraft Operation Area. This section is a “match each word to the referenced picture” exercise that may be completed by using the glossary. The aircraft outline chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 2 is the Bucker 131 Jungmann, in service in the Spanish Air Force for over 50 years.
5.1.3. Unit 3
The Unit topic this time is organization and administration terminology. Unit 3 starts with a reading proposal about the advantages and disadvantages of conducting joint operations (Vego, 2008, p. 113). After the article, on the next page, the reading review exercise consists of five short questions. Below, following the same familiar structure, thematic clusters about hierarchic structure and different military commands in an air force, allied publications and organizational actions are shown. On the next page, there are three vocabulary exercises proposed. Exercise 2 is a “complete the gaps” exercise about an air force organization. Exercise 3 is a “choose the correct word” exercise about organizational status or actions. Last, Exercise 4 is an exercise that compares and asks the user to match the NATO standard command levels and their corresponding authorities and locations in Europe. Users may need to help themselves with the glossary and consulting the NATO official webpage. On the next page, a vocabulary exercise is proposed to understand the exact meaning and purpose of different NATO official publications. Below, the listening exercise includes five short questions about “Commanding the NATO Response Force” podcast, from NATO Channel. The aircraft outline chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 3 is the Douglas Douglas C-47 Dakota, an extremely successful transport aircraft, in service in Spain until 1978.
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5.1.4. Unit 4
Unit 4 focuses on military personnel. The article proposed for reading is a speech from Lt. Col. Tim Collins (Collins, 2008), in the Iraq war, encouraging his troops and reminding them how they must behave. On the next page, it is proposed, in a true/false format, the reading review exercise. Below are presented the thematic clusters in this unit: core values, parts and types of uniforms, and rank scales. On the next page, the first two vocabulary exercises are proposed. Exercise 2 is a “match the words and the pictures” exercise about military uniforms and parts of them. Exercise 3 is designed to learn the exact meaning and translation into Spanish of the military core values. On the next page, Exercise 4 is the last vocabulary exercise in this unit. It is a “complete the gaps” exercise about different administrative situations. Next exercise on this page is the listening exercise. The audio file selected is “Medal of Honor in Iraq”, from the Military History Podcast from iTunes. This recording tells the story of one of the last recipients of the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration. Finally, there is a brief table to know the simplest drill movements and orders in English. The aircraft outline chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 4 is the Hispano Aviación Saeta 01, as it is the first Spanish jet aircraft.
5.1.5. Unit 5
This unit focuses on maintenance and principal aircraft systems. As usual, on the first page of this unit there is a reading proposal. This time it is an article from NATO Skywatch magazine about daily work at NAEW E-3A Component flightline (NAEW E-3A Component, 2013). On the next page, the reading review exercise consists of five short
Illustration 3: cutout from NATO Skywatch magazine article
21 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook answer questions. Below, thematic clusters are presented with the following classifications: flight line operations, documents, maintenance, staff, ground support equipment and protection. On the next page, two vocabulary exercises are proposed. Exercise 2 is a “choose the correct word” exercise about flighline operations, documents and aircraft systems. Exercise 3 is a “match the words and the pictures” exercise about ground support equipment and safety and protection equipment. On the next page, a vocabulary exercise is proposed and two listening exercises complete the content of this unit. Exercise 4 is especially dedicated to learn the exact meaning that some terms have in aviation Technical Orders. Both media files chosen for the listening are video podcasts: “Crew chief: A1C Russell Wilson” video, courtesy of 345th Public Affairs Detachment and “This is Who We Are: Crew Chiefs of RED FLAG – Alaska”, by TSgt Miguel Lara, both retrieved from (U.S. DoD or Federal Agency, n.d.). The aircraft outline chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 5 is the CASA C-101, the aircraft flown by the Spanish Patrulla Águila.
5.1.6. Unit 6
Unit 6 focuses on combat air operations and fighter jets. The article proposed, Five Generations of Fighter Aircraft (Air Power Development Centre, 2012), describes the performance and features of each fighter generation developed since the first one in
Illustration 4: Unit 6 Vocabulary Exercise 2
22 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook the forties. On the next page, the reading review exercise consists of six true or false statements. Below the reading review exercise, thematic clusters are presented based on the following classifications: air operations doctrine, types of missions, weapons and specific fighter jet components. On the next page, vocabulary Exercise 2 is a “match each word to the referenced picture” exercise. Parts commonly found in a fighter jet are listed in a table and referenced in a Eurofighter picture and cutaway. On the last page of this unit, there are two additional vocabulary exercises, the first one is in “choose the correct word” format, and the second one in “complete the gaps” format. Both exercises use random terms from all the thematic clusters in this unit. Finally, the video Joint Strike F- 35, retrieved from (U.S. DoD or Federal Agency, n.d.), is the proposed listening exercise. This video introduced this fifth generation fighter jet and shows the personnel involved in the development of its maintenance and operation manuals. The aircraft outline chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 6 is the Eurofighter Typhoon, the most advanced fighter in Spanish Air Force.
5.1.7. Unit 7
This Unit is the first part of the collection of the vocabulary appearing in the Air Support context. The article chosen is an essay from former Spanish Air Force Chief of Staff (Vega, 2005, pp. 3-4). On the next page, a reading review exercise with six short answer questions is presented. Below, the thematic clusters introduce a general classification of Air Support and some important vocabulary of the first three subdivisions; Air Transport, Airdrops and Electronic Warfare. On the next page, two vocabulary exercises are proposed. Exercise 2 is a “match the words and the pictures” exercise about aircraft parts. Exercise 3 is a “choose the correct word” exercise about airdrop and air transport terms. On the next page, last vocabulary exercise in this unit, in a “match term and
Illustration 5: Last AWACS returns home from Afghanistan captured picture 23 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook definition” format, aims to show the user the slight differences in Electronic Warfare terminology. Finally, two listening comprehension texts in video format are included. The first video is Last AWACS returns home from Afghanistan retrieved from NATO Channel in iTunes podcast section; this video summarizes the NATO E-3A mission accomplished in Afghanistan as it returns to the base in Geilenkirchen (Germany). The second one, Air Force Report: NATO Jump (U.S. DoD or Federal Agency, n.d.), reports about the International Jump Week, a combined exercise which took place in the United States. The aircraft outline chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 7 is the autogiro La Cierva C-30; a replica of this aircraft was built in 1998 in Maestranza de Albacete depot.
5.1.8. Unit 8
Unit 8 is the second part of the Air Support terminology collection. As usual, the unit begins with an article proposed for reading. On this occasion, the article is a fragment from Saving lives: a look at some of the unit’s missions (Cherisey, 2014, p. 40). This article describes the outstanding performance of the Spanish HELISAF Detachment in Afghanistan to fulfill their critical mission, saving lives. On the next page, the reading review exercise consists of five true or false statements this time. Below, the thematic clusters in unit 8 include some terminology about Special Air Operations (SAO) and Personnel Recovery (PR); additionally, there is a special thematic cluster about rotatory wing aircraft, due to the relationship of these aircraft with SAO and PR operations. On
Illustration 6: Unit 8 Vocabulary Exercise 4
24 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook the next page, there are two vocabulary exercises. Exercise 2, in a “complete the gaps” format, and Exercise 3 in a “choose the correct word” format, both ask the user to complete them by using any term from the clusters presented in this unit. On the next page, there is a last “match the words and the pictures” exercise specifically for parts of rotatory wing aircraft. There are two videos available for listening exercises in this unit: Angel Thunder and Around the Air Force Jun. 13, both retrieved from (U.S. DoD or Federal Agency, n.d.), and both about different military exercises related to the PR matter. The aircraft outline chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 8 is the CASA C-212 Aviocar, the greatest success in Spanish aeronautical industry ever.
5.1.9. Unit 9
The terminology in the last unit is focused on Air Traffic Management. The article proposed is Making the Single European Sky (SES) a reality (Asociation of European Airlines, 2014). It is about the benefits of the European Single Sky, the difficulties found to implement it and the real status at this moment. The reading review is in a true/false format. Below, the thematic clusters present group terms about Air Traffic Management, the different flight parameter settings, standardized words and phrases in aeronautical communication and basic weather phenomena. On the next page, Exercise 2 is a vocabulary exercise in a “choose the correct word” format. Exercise 3 is a “complete the gaps” exercise that shows uncompleted ATC/pilots conversations and need to be completed with a standard communication term from a table. On the next page, there is a “match each word to the referenced picture” exercise dedicated to flight instruments. Air Traffic Controller is the final video file proposed for listening practice. This video, retrieved from Around the Air Force podcast in iTunes, shows the regular stations in a control tower and what characteristics are valuable in an Air Traffic Controller. The aircraft outline chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 9 is the Airbus 310, last VIP transport aircraft purchased by the Spanish Air Force.
Illustration 7: Airbus 310 outline
25 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook
26 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook
5.2. Aeronautical & Military English Workbook
27
Aeronautical & Military English
Workbook
Index
UNIT 1 WHEN IT ALL STARTED ...... 1 Reading review ...... 2 Thematic clusters ...... 2 Listening 1 ...... 3 Vocabulary exercises ...... 3 UNIT 2 WELCOME TO YOUR AIR BASE ...... 5 Reading review ...... 6 Thematic clusters ...... 6 Vocabulary exercises ...... 7 Listening 2 ...... 8 Aircraft operations area ...... 8 Airside and landside areas & facilities ...... 8 UNIT 3 ORGANIZATION AND PUBLICATIONS ...... 9 Reading review ...... 10 Thematic clusters ...... 10 Vocabulary exercises ...... 11 Listening 3 ...... 12 UNIT 4 SOLDIERS ...... 13 Reading review ...... 14 thematic clusters ...... 14 Vocabulary exercises ...... 15 Listening 4 ...... 16 Drill basics ...... 16 UNIT 5 FLIGHTLINE ...... 17 Reading review ...... 18 Thematic clusters ...... 18 Vocabulary exercises ...... 19 Listening 5 ...... 20
ii UNIT 6 COMBAT ...... 21 Reading review ...... 22 Thematic clusters ...... 22 Vocabulary exercises ...... 23 Listening 6 ...... 24 UNIT 7 SUPPORTING AIR OPERATIONS I ...... 25 Reading review ...... 26 Thematic clusters ...... 26 Vocabulary exercises ...... 27 Listening 7 ...... 28 UNIT 8 SUPPORTING AIR OPERATIONS II ...... 29 Reading review ...... 30 Thematic clusters ...... 30 Vocabulary exercises ...... 31 Listening 8 ...... 32 UNIT 9 AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ...... 33 Reading review ...... 34 Thematic clusters ...... 34 Vocabulary exercises ...... 35 Listening 9 ...... 36 REFERENCES ...... 38
iii
UNIT1 1
1 Pictures from left to right: Farman biplane (SDASM Archives), Antoinette VII, Hubert Latham, Images from the Library of Congress, Bleriot biplane (SDASM Archives). Background picture: “Cuatro Vientos” first tower Wikimedia Commons.
1
1. Answer the following questions about the text. 1.1. According to the text, what is the structural difference between Farman’s airplane and the others? 1.2. Which pilot from the text stood out for his braveness? 1.3. What problem was solved in Bleriot’s monoplane enabling a military usefulness consideration? How?
NOTE: Note the words in bold from the text (airplane, biplane and monoplane), look up its definitions in the annexed glossary if necessary. Notice that aircraft is the most general concept in the aeronautical technical lexicon referring to a flying machine. An aeroplane/airplane (US) is a defined type of aircraft, followed by monoplanes and biplanes which are types of aeroplanes.
aircraft Propulsion classification flying machine - Unpowered aircraft
balloon aerostat aerodyne lighter than air heavier than air
glider balloon airship fixed-wing rotary-wing
1 Todd Lap pin, Telst ar Log ist ics lifting body - Powered aircraft propeller MILITARY AIRCRAFT ROLES
- LOOK UP DEFINITIONS IN THE GLOSSARY IF YOU ARE NOT jet propulsion FAMILIAR WITH THESE TERMS. anti-submarine electronic warfare rescue attack fighter tanker rocket bomber gunship transport command and multi-role fighter target tug control reconnaissance cruise missile
INTERNATIONAL LAW
State aircraft: For exclusively non-commercial government functions. military aircraft: Operated by the armed forces of a State and subject to their regular discipline. civilian aircraft: Other than military or State aircraft.
Unit 1 ▪ When it all started 2 Listening 1 4. Match each of the following military aircraft roles and photos. 2. Listen to “The Early Years” podcast from the National Museum of the USAF and answer the following questions:
2.1. What characteristics were evaluated anti-submarine… electronic rescue… warfare… on the pre-purchase test for Wright attack… tanker… brothers’ airplane? fighter… bomber… transport… 2.2. What proofs are shown at the gunship… Museum about Lieutenant Thomas command and reconnaissance… Selfridge’s dead? control… multi-role fighter… 2.3. What was the second seat on the cruise missile… Curtiss’ pusher for? 2.4. What type of airplane was Louis Bleriot’s design? 2.5. What did he manage to do with it?
Vocabulary exercises 3. Complete the sentences using these words. 4
military aircraft jet propulsion gliders reconnaissance target tugs propeller Courtesy of US Air Force lifting body rotary-wing aerostats rocket fixed wing
3.1. Before aeroplanes, …………….. were used by military forces, specifically for ……………………. missions.
3.2. Autogyro, invented by Juan de la Cierva, is a ………………… aircraft that has an engine-powered …………… to provide thrust. 3.3. A ……………….…. aircraft doesn’t need wings since its fuselage shape itself produces sufficient lift to fly. 3.4. Space ships use ………...... engines because there is no dependence in external substances to run them. 3.5. ……………… usually need to be towed behind a powered aircraft to Courtesy of US Air Force take off and reach the desired altitude. 3.6. F-18 is a …………………. powered aircraft and has a ………………….. configuration. 3.7. Any ……………………… must bear 11 its markings in a visible place and be
commanded by a member of the 13 armed forces it belongs to.
3.8. Combat pilots in training shoot their gun or missiles against a target towed by ……………………. Courtesy of Dave_S
3 Unit 1 ▪ When it all started 5. Observe the word airborne. As a military term it has four different meanings as stated in (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010). Match each meaning with the correct example. - 1. “In relation to personnel, troops especially trained to effect, following transport by air, an assault debarkation, either by parachuting or touchdown.” - 2. “In relation to equipment, pieces of equipment that have been especially designed for use by airborne troops during or after an assault debarkation as well as some aeronautical equipment used to accomplish a particular mission.” - 3. “When applied to materiel, items that form an integral part of the aircraft.” - 4. “The state of an aircraft, from the instant it becomes entirely sustained by air until it ceases to be so sustained. Also called ABN.”
5.1. ………..Mirlo 01, cleared for take-off, runway 23, wind calm, contact tower when airborne. 5.2. ………..Airborne radars take advantage of height to cover further ranges than ground bases ones. 5.3. ………..First commander of the 101st Airborne Division was Major General William C. Lee. 5.4. ………..For HAHO (High altitude High Opening) airdrop, each paratrooper carries an airborne oxygen system to be able to breath during navigation.
6. Label the following picture with the nouns of the simplest parts of an airplane. Use these words. wing landing gear propeller aileron vertical stabilizer rudder horizontal stabilizer fuselage elevator piston engine
1.
10.
9.
8.
2. 7.
3.
6.
4. 5.
Unit 1 ▪ When it all started 4
UNIT 2
Welcome to your Air Base 2 FSB Herat
“FOBs1 have become places where many of the stresses, frustrations, and discomforts commonly thought endemic in the combat soldier’s life are mitigated. On a FOB, soldiers can renew their fighting spirit and also find a psychological escape from the rigors of battle. In addition to being a base for launching tactical operations, FOBs have become refuges from danger, places of renewal for physical needs, a respite from the mental stresses of battle, and finally, a means for soldiers to stay connected with the world outside Iraq. Of course, some critics may decry the FOB concept. They point out that the reliance on FOBs prevents soldiers from integrating into the local populace and reflects a bunker mentality. According to this view, a better approach would be to spread troops out in smaller outposts throughout neighborhoods. Two points are important concerning this criticism. First, the goal of U.S. forces in OIF2 is to hand the counterinsurgency over to Iraqi forces. The Iraqi army and police are the primary forces working to gain the trust of the local population, not the U.S. military. Second, FOBs do not eliminate the potential use of combat outposts for specific purposes. Units can leave the FOB for periods of time to conduct operations, liaison with coalition forces, or work with a particular neighborhood. The key is that the FOB allows regeneration of combat effectiveness without leaving the battlefield.
Of course, most wars have had rear areas, base camps, or firebases from which soldiers would come and go to wage war. Today’s FOBs are unique, however, for three reasons. First, the disparity between the environment inside and outside the wire is much more pronounced than experienced with forward bases in past wars. The FOBs are, as one Army general put it, “little oases in the middle of a dangerous and confusing world.”3 Second, the FOBs are situated literally on the battlefields of Iraq. They are where combat soldiers actually live, not just visit for a few days of R&R. Finally, while rear areas in the past have afforded soldiers amenities and safety, only today are forward deployed combat soldiers in daily, or even minute-to-minute, contact with their families. FOBs and evolving technology provide that novel capability.” (Wong & Gerras, 2006, pp. 1-2)
1 Forward Operating Base 2 Operation Iraqi Freedom 3 Brigadier General Karl Horst in David Zuccino, “The Conflict in Iraq; Comforts of Home Amid Perils of Iraq” Los Angeles Times, March 27, 2005, p.A1.
5
1. Answer whether the following statements are true or false according to the text. 1.1. At FOBs, soldiers feel safe, relaxed and isolated from any news outside the battlefield that might distract them from combat. True/False 1.2. According to the author, U.S. military primary mission is to achieve a higher level of confidence from the Iraqi people than the local Army has achieved. True/False 1.3. According to the author, the establishment of combat outposts does not solely depend on the existence of an FOB in the field. True/False 1.4. In past wars, soldiers could hardly get in touch with their loved ones, new technologies have helped to solve this communication problem. True/False
MILITARY SLANG: Note the phrase in 2nd para. line 3: “inside and outside the wire”. Being or going inside/outside the wire means you are in or out of the safety zone of a base. The word wire refers to commonly used barbed, razor or concertina wires to set up the security perimeter of a base. However, this phrase is used independently of the type of barrier (wire, a wall, a dike) that surrounds the base.
- LOOK UP DEFINITIONS IN THE GLOSSARY IF YOU ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THESE TERMS. Commonly found on an air base Sorted by base size and support facilities availability barracks
motor pool Main Operating command section building Forward Operating Base (MOB) flag pole Staging Base (FOB) base hospital Bare base lodging (officers, cadets, airmen)
mess parking lot Security power plant sports area
athletics track base cluster gym base defense concertina wire soccer pitch base defense fence alert condition forces guard building level of threat at the Academy base defense zone main gate classrooms base boundary dean of academics building parade ground
Note: to be confined to barracks is an expression that means being arrested for a minor breach of discipline.
Unit 2 ▪ Welcome to your Air Base 6 Vocabulary exercises 2. Complete the following sentences using the words below. 4. Match each of the following terms and staging base main operating base bare base photos.
barracks… parking lot… 2.1. Manas air base served as a ……...... flag pole… power plant… hospital… athletics track… …………… for the Spanish Air Force motor pool… Dean of Academics building… soldiers, as the last stop on their travel mess… Command Section building… parade ground… main gate… to Herat AB in Afghanistan. obstacle course… soccer pitch… 2.2. Once the area is secured, next step for establishing ……………... is
finding a sustained supply of water and fuel. 2.3. NATO E3-A AWACS has its …………. …………….. located in Geilenkirchen (Germany). More than 3,000 soldiers are permanently stationed there giving full support to 17 aircraft. 3. Choose the correct term from the
options given in each sentence. 3.1. Several close enough bases can be 6 grouped in a boundary/cluster to
improve mutual protection and command and control integration. 3.2. Any inbound unidentified aircraft approaching the base defense zone/force will be shot down immediately. 3.3. Alert condition/level of threat is frequently communicated using a
normalized code that everyone at the base must know and comply with. 3.4. Using concertina wire/mess is the quickest way to set up a perimeter preventing access to it. 3.5. That fence marks the parade ground/base boundary. You are allowed to walk in or out only through 11 the main gate. 3.6. Decisions concerning the daily cadet schedule are normally made at the
dean of academics/command section building. 3.7. 2nd Lieutenant Eason was confined to barracks/lodgings for 6 days because he had disobeyed Sgt. Perkins’s order.
Unit 2 ▪ Welcome to your Air Base 7 Listening 2 5. Watch “Around the Air Force: Joint Base Andrews” podcast and answer the following questions: 5.1. What has recently been evaluated at Joint Base (JB) Andrews? 5.2. Which is the most important feature that makes JB Andrews deserve its new distinction? 5.3. What award category does this distinction belong to? 5.4. Which is the essential measure of success? 5.5. Can this success be attributed only to the Air Force? If not, to whom can it be attributed?
NOTE: The word joint or multi-Service is used in the military environment for organizations, operations or exercises in which two or more different military departments or Services, e.g. Air Force, Navy, etc., belonging to the same nation, participate (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010). Joint bases are generally led by one th Department or Service, in this case, the U.S. Air Force. In a joint base there is always a host unit (11 Wing of the U.S.A.F. in JB Andrews), which is the major unit on base providing services to the tenants, which are units from other Departments or Services (several Navy, Air Force and Army units in JB Andrews). Torrejón Air Base is an example of a joint base in the Spanish Department of Defense.
Airside and landside areas & facilities 3 Torrejón Air Base
10 11 9 8
12 7
3 2
5
1 6 4
CourtesyCourtesy ofof U.S.U.S. AirAir ForceForce 14 Courtesy of U.S. Air Force 15 16
13 Courtesy of U.S. Navy Courtesy of U.S. Air Force
6. Try to find the term corresponding to each number on the picture above from the list below. Use the glossary if necessary.
control tower… service point… apron… alert aircraft parking/pad… displaced threshold… runway exit… taxiway… high-speed taxiway turnoff… aircraft arresting system… intermediate area… runway overrun… aircraft arresting cable… runway… holding point… landside facilities…
Unit 2 ▪ Welcome to your Air Base 8
UNIT 3 Organization and publications
“Why Joint? Principal advantages of major joint operations include complementary capabilities, greater flexibility and, hence, a greater number of options in the employment of subordinate forces, and the exploitation of enemy vulnerabilities by employing one’s forces asymmetrically. A joint force allows the operational commander to pose multidimensional threats to the enemy. The enemy will also have a much greater problem countering the capabilities of multi-Service rather than single-Service forces. One of the principal advantages in having multi-Service forces is the commander’s flexibility in employing these forces asymmetrically (for example, land versus air, or sea versus land). Hence, it is possible to use one’s strengths against the enemy’s weaknesses more effectively or to prevent the enemy from exploiting one’s own weaknesses. The operational commander also has far more freedom of action in employing multi-Service forces than in using the forces of a single Service. A symmetric employment of forces often requires substantial numerical superiority and/or much more advanced weapons to achieve success and minimize friendly losses or casualties. In contrast, the employment of dissimilar forces can be extremely lethal, especially if the forces attacked are not ready to defend themselves against the threat. Joint forces provide a wider range of operational and tactical options, which pose multiple, complex problems for an enemy.1 Multiple Service capabilities allow an innovative operational commander to combine capabilities, tactics, techniques, and procedures in asymmetrical as well as symmetrical ways, synchronized to produce a cumulative effect greater than the sum of its parts. Among the disadvantages of joint forces are differences in ways of warfare, decision-making and planning processes, and doctrine, as well as parochialism and a lack of interoperability and agreed operational terms. Another major difficulty is usually the lack of common logistical support and sustainment. The planning, preparation, and execution of joint operations are more complex than for predominantly single-Service operations because of the need to sequence and synchronize the movements and actions of disparate force elements. Sound command and control can be especially challenging. 2 ” (Vego, 2008, p. 113)
1 Michael C. Vitale, Jointness by Design, Not Accident,” Joint Force 9 (Autumn 1995), 27 2 Ibid.
Unit 3 ▪ Organization and publications 9 Reading review
1. Answer the following questions about the text. 1.1. What does phrase in 4th line: “…pose multidimensional threats to the enemy…” mean? 1.2. Give three examples of symmetric employment of forces. 1.3. Find the phrase in second paragraph which best matches the meaning of the word synergy. 1.4. Can we infer from the text that having a specific logistical support for each individual Service would be the best way to conduct joint force operations? 1.5. Which kind of operation planning and preparation phase seems to last longer, joint or single- Service operations? Why? Thematic clusters
Headquarters •Staff •Chief of Staff •Division •Branch Publications
Major Command DOCUMENTS •Commander •Deputy Commander - Allied joint publication - Allied publication - Capstone publication Numbered Air Force - Joint operational guidelines •Air Base Wing •Wing - Keystone publication - Normative document - STANAG (NATO Wing standardization agreement)
ACTIONS WITH RESPECT
Command TO DOCUMENTS Post Group - Amendment - Implementation - Ratification Squadron - Reservation - Review - Revision Flight Section - Standardization
•Constitute •Disband •Reconstitute •Activate Terminology and procedures for organization actions •Inactivate •Designate •Assign •Attach
Unit 3 ▪ Organization and publications 10
Vocabulary exercises 3. Complete the following sentences 2. Complete the following sentences retrieved from (Aviation WikiProject, using the words below. 2014) Note that these sentences have Headquarters wings Deputy Commander been retrieved with vocabulary learning Air Base Wing branches Chief of Staff Staff purpose and their truthfulness has not been verified. Choose one word from the two options given. 2.1. Since Coronel Stack was deployed to 3.1. The 509th Composite Group was Irak last week, his ……………………., constituted/standardized on 9 Lt. Col. Harper, is going to be in December 1944, and command until Stack returns to base. disbanded/activated on 17 2.2. Our Logistics Division is divided into December 1944, at Wendover Army several ……………. which distribute Air Field, Utah. the division’s mission and workload in 3.2. With flying squadrons of both Boeing equal parts. B-29 Superfortress bombers and 2.3. The Spanish Air Force …………….. is transport aircraft, the group was placed in the district of Moncloa, in attached/designated as a Madrid city. "composite" rather than a 2.4. ……………...... of the Air Force is the "bombardment" unit. group that supports and assists the Air 3.3. The group was Force ………………………… in the assigned/reconstituted to the 313th decision making process at strategic Bombardment Wing, whose four level. groups had been flying missions 2.5. Torrejón ………………….. mission against Japan since mid-February. with respect to the different units and 3.4. The 509th Composite Group, Medium, ………… allocated on base, is to give was inactivated/amended on the 16th general support and provide security of June 1952. to personnel and facilities.
4. Match the following types of command to the examples on the right.
Full Command
1. CAOC Torrejón
Operational Administrative Functional Command Control Command 2. Spanish Air Force (SPAF) Command and Control System
Operational 3. Allied Air Command (CC Air), Ramstein Control
4. SPAF Personnel Major Command
Tactical Command 5. Joint Force Command (JFC), Brunsum
6. Allied Command Operations (ACO), Mons Tactical Control
7. SPAF Department of Defense
Unit 3 ▪ Organization and publications 11 5. Match the following types of documents or actions with respect to documents to their definitions and commonly known Spanish translations.
Allied Joint - “A normative document, recording an agreement among enmienda Publication several or all NATO member nations, that has been ratified at the authorized national level, to implement a standard, in whole or part, with or without reservation.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) ratification - “A minor change that has no significant impact on the STANAG use made by the interested parties of an AJP.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) joint - “In NATO Standardization, a formal statement by which a reserva operational member nation describes the part of a standard or guidelines standardization agreement that it will not implement or will implement only with limitations.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) STANAG - “In NATO standardization, the formal declaration by directrices which a NATO member nation confirms its consent, with operativas conjuntas or without reservation, to be committed to a NATO standardization agreement.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) amendment - “A publication to stand in for approved joint doctrine in AJP order to meet the immediate operational needs of forces in the field.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) reservation - “An Allied publication containing doctrine applicable to ratificación NATO and NATO-led operations.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)
Listening 3 6. Watch “Commanding the NATO Response Force” podcast from NATO Channel and answer the following questions: 6.1. What are NATO officers commanding at the temporary military headquarters? 6.2. What happens at the Joint Operation Center? 6.3. When is Allied Joint Force Command going to take command of the NATO’s High Readiness Response Force? 6.4. What does General Hans-Lothar Domröse have to demonstrate in this exercise? 6.5. What nations are taking part in this exercise?
REMARK: The word combined is used in the military environment for organizations, operations or exercises in which two or more forces from different allied nations participate. Nevertheless, NATO does not usually use the word combined when all nations participating in the organization, operation or exercise are NATO members, unless there is any non-NATO member invited or collaborating in such event. For example, the Joint Force Command Brunssum is called Joint because it commands forces from different Services, but the word combined is not used in its designation because it commands forces that only belong to NATO.
Unit 3 ▪ Organization and publications 12
UNIT 4 Soldiers
“We go to liberate, not to conquer. We will not fly our flags in their country. We are entering Iraq to free a people and the only flag which will be flown in that ancient land is their own. Show respect for them. There are some who are alive at this moment who will not be alive shortly. Those who do not wish to go on that journey, we will not send. As for the others, I expect you to rock their world. Wipe them out if that is what they choose. But if you are ferocious in battle remember to be magnanimous in victory. Iraq is steeped in history. It is the site of the Garden of Eden, of the Great Flood and the birthplace of Abraham. Tread lightly there. You will see things that no man could pay to see and you will have to go a long way to find a more decent, generous and upright people than the Iraqis. You will be embarrassed by their hospitality even though they have nothing. Don't treat them as refugees for they are in their own country. Their children will be poor, in years to come they will know that the light of liberation in their lives was brought by you. If there are casualties of war then remember that when they woke up and got dressed in the morning they did not plan to die this day. Allow them dignity in death. Bury them properly and mark their graves. It is my foremost intention to bring every single one of you out alive. But there may be people among us who will not see the end of this campaign. We will put them in their sleeping bags and send them back. There will be no time for sorrow. The enemy should be in no doubt that we are his nemesis and that we are bringing about his rightful destruction. There are many regional commanders who have stains on their souls and they are stoking the fires of hell for Saddam. He and his forces will be destroyed by this coalition for what they have done. As they die they will know their deeds have brought them to this place. Show them no pity. It is a big step to take another human life. It is not to be done lightly. I know of men who have taken life needlessly in other conflicts. I can assure you they live with the mark of Cain upon them. If someone surrenders to you then remember they have that right in international law and ensure that one day they go home to their family. The ones who wish to fight, well, we aim to please. If you harm the regiment or its history by over-enthusiasm in killing or in cowardice, know it is your family who will suffer. You will be shunned unless your conduct is of the highest -- for your deeds will follow you down through history. We will bring shame on neither our uniform or our nation. (On Saddam's chemical and biological weapons.) It is not a question of if, it's a question of when. We know he has already devolved the decision to lower commanders, and that means he has already taken the decision himself. If we survive the first strike we will survive the attack. As for ourselves, let's bring everyone home and leave Iraq a better place for us having been there. Our business now is north.” Lt. Col. Tim Collins’s speech (Collins, 2008)
Unit 4 ▪ Soldiers 13 Reading review
1. Answer whether the following statements are true or false. 1.1. Whoever they face during the invasion, regardless of their intentions, must be annihilated. True/False 1.2. Iraq is a country of great historical value and its people are unselfish and honorable. True/False 1.3. Most of regional commanders are against Saddam’s government and they are willing to join the liberation forces. True/False 1.4. Soldiers not being respectful with international law will dishonor their unit. True/False 1.5. Chemical and biological weapons attacks against coalition forces are expected. True/False thematic clusters
UNIFORMS Integrity Morale Discipline Types of uniforms
battledress uniform, fatigues Leadership Loyalty (US)
mess dress
full dress uniform Sacrifice Core Responsibility blues uniform values flight duty uniform Selflessness Valor Parts of the uniform
aiguillette
Duty Companionship badge
Oath of Obedience epaulette Service beret
garrison cap/side cap
medal commisioned officer peaked cap
service ribbon warrant officer Sam Brownie belt Airmen brassard
non-commisioned officer subordinate
enlisted personnel/other ranks
Unit 4 ▪ Soldiers 14
3. Match each of the following core values Vocabulary exercises with the corresponding definition and 2. Match each of the following military Spanish translation: uniforms or parts of uniforms with each picture. 4.1. Discipline 1.1. Morale
- LOOK UP DEFINITIONS IN THE GLOSSARY IF YOU ARE 4.2. Companionship 1.2. Integrity NOT FAMILIAR WITH THESE TERMS 4.3. Valor 1.3. Obedience 4.4. Selflessness 1.4. Sacrifice mess dress… aiguillette… medal… 4.5. Oath of Service 1.5. Duty
full dress uniform… peaked cup… badge… - “The state, fact, or an instance of obeying, or a willingness to obey; submission.” (HarperCollins blues uniform… epaulette… brassard… Publishers) flight duty uniform… service ribbon… beret… - “Having someone you know and like with you, instead of being on your own.” (HarperCollins battle dress uniform… garrison cap… Publishers) - 1. Control which an army has over its soldiers’ Sam Brownie belt… behavior. 2. Rules and regulations which maintain control. 3. Self-control. (HarperCollins Publishers) - “The act of giving up, destroying, permitting injury to, or forgoing something valued for the sake of something having a more pressing claim.” (HarperCollins Publishers) - “1. Conduct based on moral or legal obligation, or a sense of propriety. 2. A sense or feeling of obligation. 3. Service, esp. military service.” (HarperCollins Publishers) - “Devoted to others' welfare or interests and not one's own; unselfish; altruistic.” (HarperCollins Publishers) - “Moral or mental condition with respect to courage, discipline, confidence, enthusiasm, willingness to endure hardship, etc. within a group, in relation to a group, or within an individual.” (HarperCollins Publishers) - “Marked courage or bravery” (HarperCollins Publishers) - “A solemn promise of loyalty and obedience made by people when joining the armed forces. (Bowyer, 2004) - “The quality or state of being of sound moral principle; uprightness, honesty, and sincerity.” (HarperCollins Publishers)
o Moral o Valor
o Abnegación o Compañerismo Disciplina Deber o o o Jura de Bandera o Integridad Sacrificio Obediencia o o
NOTE: The word airman is used as the lowest rank in an air force. Additionally, airman is used when
referring to any member of an air force, i.e., as a
general word for every military personnel of an air force (for example: both a Colonel and a Master Sergeant are airmen).The same happens with the word soldier, it refers to any member of an army, of any rank. However, the lowest rank in the army is not a “Soldier”, it is called private.
Unit 4 ▪ Soldiers 15 Listening 4 5. Listen to “Medal of Honor in Iraq” Situations Station podcast from Military History Podcast Call-up and complete the following sentences: 5.1. …and Jason Dunham, who has not To be on leave received this medal yet, but
To be posted to ………………………. as of November 10th 2006. To be assigned 5.2. …for the United States in the 1940’s, these are the only To be on/off duty ……………………………….. 5.3. …probably due to the fact that the
fighting is focused more on
……………….……………. rather than 4. Complete the sentences below with the long ……………………………………. phrases from above: 5.4. …a Sergeant 1st Class, which is one 4.1. After completing the mandatory time step above the ………………. rank and on …………….. in his first one step below the assignment, he applied for an ……………………………. overseas vacancy in Japan. 5.5. Paul Smith and other 100 members of 4.2. He …….. …… ………. when the the Engineer Battalion security incident occurred. His ………………………….. the highway experience helped to resolve the between Bagdad… situation. 5.6. One of Smith’s sixteen men of 1st 4.3. Our manpower is severely reduced in Platoon ………………...... enemy August due to those who …….. ….. soldiers massing in the …………. ……………………………… 4.4. After being eighteen, Spanish young 5.7. This is part of the reason why Smith males were ………. ….. to comply …………………. and the compound, with their mandatory military service. because the ………………………. to fend off an attack. 4.5. Once I completed my boot camp 5.8. Two years after his actions, on April 5th training I …….. ………… ….. Torrejón 2005, Paul Ray Smith was Air Base. ………………………. the Medal of Honor by George W. Bush. Drill basics Terms in English Equivalente en Español drill instrucción, IOC to stand at attention permanecer en posición de firmes to march desfilar parade acto o desfile Preparatory Command Command of Voz Preventiva Voz Ejecutiva Execution at ease a discreción parade rest descanso mar forward march de frente mar flight halt alto mar to the rear (marching) march media vuelta (desfilando) mar left/right flank (marching) march derecha/izquierda (desfilando) mar fall in alinearse mar dismissed rompan filas mar
Unit 4 ▪ Soldiers 16
UNIT 5 Flightline
17 Unit 5 ▪ Flightline
1. Answer the following questions about the text (NAEW E-3A Component, 2013). 1.1. In accordance with Senior Master Sgt. Welling, what is the main problem they have at the flightline? 1.2. How many crew chiefs would be needed in the event that the whole fleet had to be launched simultaneously? 1.3. What does Mr. Welling mean in the phrase “the stretch is gone”? How do they overcome the actual manpower problem? 1.4. What is an additional problem when winter comes? What solution does Mr. Welling suggest to cut back the problem? 1.5. How long does it take to get a fully qualified crew chief from training program?
Aircraft systems Operations •start-up, engine run, engine shutdown electrical system •push-back, to tow, to marshal hydaraulic supply system •deice fuel system
landing gear system flight controls Maintenance bleed air system •Inspections
cooling system •Preflight, nondestructive, periodic •Overhaul power plant •Cannibalization airframe
anti-icer system Documents oxygen system •Certificate of Airworthiness, 781 Series Forms, avionics system •Technical Order (TO) communication and •Warning, Caution, Note navigation system •Shall, Will, Should, May
ground safety & Foreign Object Damage (FOD) support jack protection equipment deicer system cover Flightline bowser area plug refueling hose towbar chock boarding steps ear defenders, acoustic earmuffs Ground Power Unit (GPU) staff earplugs crewchief baggage cart fire extinguisher Air Start Unit (ASU)
tool kit safety lock/pin
Unit 5 ▪ Flightline 18
Vocabulary exercises 2. Choose the correct term from the 3. Match each of the following terms and options given in each sentence. pictures. 2.1. In accordance with the Technical Order (TO), an overhaul/engine run boarding steps… toolkit… refueling hose… towbar… must be carried out after a fuel filter Ground Power Unit… jack… replacement. baggage cart… cover… 2.2. Be careful! The equipment might acoustic earmuffs… plug… become completely destroyed if you safety lock/pin… chock… fire extinguisher… bowser… do not meet this warning/caution
clause. 2.3. No aircraft is allowed to fly in the Spanish airspace without its
Certificate of Airworthiness/ Technical Order in force. 2.4. NATO E-3A AWACS airframe/ bowser was developed from the original Boeing 707 passenger aircraft. 2.5. A minimum team of two people is needed to tow/deice an aircraft. One
truck driver and someone else inside the cockpit for emergency brake. 2.6. Pilot – Start-up procedure is
completed, we are ready for preflight inspection/push-back. Crewchief – Copy, the tow vehicle just finished at spot 7 and is on its way to you. 2.7. Foreign Object Damage/ Cannibalization procedure establishes that toolkits must be thoroughly controlled. Any missing
tool may cause unpredictable hazards 10 or even mortal accidents. 2.8. Hydraulic supply system/bleed air
system in a pressurized cabin aircraft is used to maintain a safe and Courtesy of Air Mobility Cmmd comfortable environment for passengers and flight crews. 12 2.9. Pilots and crew chiefs use standardized marshalling/warning hand signals to allow communication in the noisy apron of any international
airport. 2.10. Pilot – Freezing weather is expected
5 miles ahead, we’d better switch on https://flic.kr/p/7nJpV8 the anti-icer/deicer system before ice starts forming on our wings.
19 Unit 5 ▪ Flightline
4. Match each of the following words to their corresponding specific meaning in Technical Orders (TO) interpretation. Note how important it is to understand the exact meaning of a TO and not any other, which might be hazardous for people or equipment.
Warning - “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, statement, etc., which, if not strictly observed, could result in damage to, or destruction of, equipment or loss of mission effectiveness.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014) Caution - “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, condition, or statement.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014) Note - “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, statement, etc., which, if not strictly observed, could result in injury to, or death of, personnel or long term health hazards.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014) Shall - “Used to express a mandatory declaration of purpose or when it is necessary to express a future event.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014) Will - “Indicates a preferred method of accomplishment.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014) Should - Indicates an acceptable or suggested means of accomplishment.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014) May - “Used to express a provision that is binding.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04- 318, 2014)
Listening 5 5. Watch “Crew chief: A1C Russell Wilson” video, courtesy of 345th Public Affairs Detachment and complete the following sentences. 5.1. “Before his jet takes off, he has examined everything, from ……… to ……... ……………..” 5.2. “Part of his servicing checks include LOX, or ……………. ………………..” 5.3. “LOX is extremely cold, nearly ….. ……………. ……… ..………. Celsius, and can seriously injure a person, which is why wearing …………… here.” 5.4. “Then they breathe through their mask and we ……………. it to ensure that they have enough for their mission.” 5.5. “And those jobs are key in supporting a …………… ………… on terrorism.” 5.6. “I keep the jet in the air, it supports the ………… ………….. who are more on the global war on terrorism…” 6. Watch “This is Who We Are: Crew Chiefs of RED FLAG – Alaska”, by TSgt Miguel Lara and answer the following questions. 6.1. How many times has Airman Eugene Travis been to the Red Flag? 6.2. What does Eugene daily do prior to going to the flightline? 6.3. What is the basic and main purpose of his checks? 6.4. What objections does he raise about his job?
“SAFE-LIFE” & “FAIL-SAFE” PRINCIPLES: Since safety is a key factor in aviation, most components of an aircraft are, in some way, designed in accordance with one of these two principles. Fail-safe principle is based on the transfer of functions or loads to the rest of components or structures in the aircraft in the case one of them fails. Normally, it is a redundant design, with doubled or triplicated components. If one of them eventually fails, the rest will absorb its load. Safe-life principle is based on the testing and analyzing of components, to a final statistically calculated period within the component is assumed not to fail. These given periods are those used in the periodic inspections to replace components which are close to the end of the “safe-life” time. Either principles are used in the design of an aircraft component after the design, making and replacement costs are balanced against the cost in harm or destruction of a possible failure.
Unit 5 ▪ Flightline 20
UNIT 6 Combat “First generation subsonic jet fighters (mid 1940s to mid 1950s)
The first generation of jet fighters such as the F-86, MiG-15 and MiG-17, had basic avionic systems with no radars or self-protection countermeasures, and were armed with machine guns or cannons, as well as unguided bombs and rockets. A common characteristic of this generation of fighter was that the jet engines did not have afterburners and the aircraft operated in the subsonic regime. Second generation jet fighters (mid-1950s to early 1960s)
The second generation fighters saw the introduction of air-to-air radar, infrared and semi-active guided missiles, as well as radar warning receivers into such aircraft as the F-104, F-5, MiG-19 and MiG-21. This generation’s fighters also incorporated advances in engine design and aerodynamics, which allowed them to reach and sustain supersonic speeds in level flight. During this period, although air-to-air combat was still within visual range, radar-guided missiles started to extend engagement ranges. Third generation jet fighters (early 1960s to 1970)
This generation witnessed improvements in manoeuvrability, and significant enhancements to the avionic suites and weapon systems. They were also the first cadre of multi-role fighters such as the MiG-23, F-4, and Mirage III. Doppler radar supported a ‘lookdown/shoot-down’ capability, and with off-bore-sight targeting and semi-active guided radio frequency missiles like the AIM-7 Sparrow and AA-7 Apex, aerial engagements moved to beyond visual range. The major change brought about by this generation aircraft was that it was no longer necessary to visually acquire opponents to neutralise them and gain control of the air. Fourth generation jet fighters (1970 to late 1980s)
Through the 1970s and 80s the trend of improvement in avionics such as head-up displays and optimised aerodynamic design continued with the development of ‘fly by wire’ fighters such as the MiG-29, Su-27, F/A-18, F-15, F-16, and Mirage-2000. Most of this generation of fighters had the ability to both switch and swing roles between air-to-air and air-to-ground, as opposed to the previous role-dedicated aircraft. This in turn blurred the distinction between control of the air and strike missions. Four and half generation jet fighters (late 1980s and into the 90s)
The concept of having a half generation increment stemmed from a forced reduction in military spending, which resulted in a restriction in aircraft development. It became more cost-effective to add ‘stealth’, radar absorbent materials, thrust vector controlled engines, greater weapons carriage capacity and to extend the range of fourth generation fighters, such as the Hornet, Eagle and Flanker, than to design new aircraft. The F/A-18E/F Super Hornet is an example of a 4.5 generation fighter evolved from a fourth generation aircraft. The addition of an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar was a significant enough game-changing combat capability for these redesigned fighters to be deemed a generation of their own, hence the generation 4.5 rating. Some manufacturers designed new platforms, such as the Eurofighter Typhoon, Saab JAS 39 Gripen and Dassault Rafale, which incorporate many of the generation 4.5 advanced characteristics. Advances in computer technology and data links also allowed 4.5 generation fighters to be integrated into a network centric battlespace where fighter aircraft have much greater scope to conduct multi-role missions. As an example, the AESA radar allows fighter aircraft to perform a limited Airborne Early Warning and Control function. Fifth generation jet fighters (2005 to date)
The F-22 Raptor, introduced in 2005, is considered the next generation fighter aircraft. Soon to follow are aircraft designs like the F35-Joint Strike Fighter, the Sukhoi PAK FA (and the planned joint Russian/India variant) as well as the Chinese Chengdu J-20 which is believed to reflect features of this generation of fighter. A quantum improvement in the fighter’s lethality and survivability has been a qualifying requirement to achieve generational change and the fifth generation fighters personify these traits. The advances over earlier generational fighters include nose-to-tail low observable or stealth technologies as part of the aircraft’s design that make it almost impossible for even other generation five fighters to detect them; improved situational awareness through having multi-spectral sensors located across all aspects of the airframe which allows the pilot to ‘look’ through the airframe of the aircraft without having to manoeuvre the fighter to obtain a 360 degree picture which in turn, enhances the aircraft’s ability to use its suite of weapons to engage and neutralise an adversary without the adversary even being aware of the threat. These aircraft are also ‘born’ networked which allows them to receive, share and store information to enhance the battlespace picture. Fifth generation fighter capabilities are largely defined by their software and it will be the ongoing development of their software that will ensure they maintain their edge against evolving threats. The F-35 has more software than any other air combat aircraft, with 7 million lines of code in the aircraft, and a further 7 million lines of code in the supporting ground systems. An example of the complexity and sophistication of the F-35 software is that it uses about 100 times the number of parameters than a fourth generation fighter does to define a potential threat. Ultimately, a fifth generation aircraft allows the pilot to maintain decision superiority over an adversary. This provides greater chances of survivability, which when combined with effective lethality, assures battlespace dominance.” (Air Power Development Centre, 2012)
Unit 6 ▪ Combat 21 Reading review
1. Answer whether the following statements are true or false about the text. 1.1. The common lack of jet engines in 1st generation fighters only allowed them to operate in subsonic regimes. True/False 1.2. Despite the introduction of air-to-air radar and guided weapons in 2nd generation fighters, from mid-1950’s to early 1960’s, combats between aircraft never took place beyond visual range (BVR). True/False 1.3. In a 3rd generation fighter, the capability to engage an enemy aircraft beyond visual range was not such an important and distinctive feature as the multi-role capability was in that generation. True/False 1.4. Multi-role capability was the main new feature of most of the 4th generation fighters. True/False 1.5. 4.5 generation fighters were developed from 4th generation fighter airframes due to the shortened military budgets. True/False 1.6. According to the text, the huge amount of software code lines implemented in 5th generation aircraft allow them to remain undetectable, even to other 5th generation fighters. True/False Thematic clusters Doctrine
air sovereignty command and control system air supremacy active air defense airspace coordinating air superiority passive air defense measures (ACM) rules of engagement (ROE)
Weapons hung ordnance Air Tasking Order (ATO) launcher payload warhead Missiles Defensive Close Air Air Ofensive Counter Air (OCA) Counter Air air-to-air missile (AAM) Suport Interdiction (DCA) air-to-surface missile (ASM) air-breathing missile antiradiation missile ballistic missile suppression fighter fighter of enemy air Combat Air air liason cruise missile escort sweep defenses Patrol (CAP) officer Guidance (SEAD) missile guidance system guided missile active homing guidance Note: Rockets are weapons powered by a rocket engine like missiles. Note passive homing guidance that the difference between rockets and missiles is the absence of a guided semi-active homing guidance system in the first ones. However, due to their rocket engines, both weapons beam rider do not follow a ballistic fly path, unlike unguided or dumb bombs. laser guided weapon
Unit 6 ▪ Combat 22 Vocabulary exercises 2. Find the following parts of an aircraft in the picture from Airwolfhound1 and the Eurofighter cutaway2 below.
ejection seat forward-looking infrared (FLIR) nozzle turbojet refueling probe afterburner pylon elevon hardpoints inlet duct canard radome pod aircraft arresting hook canopy radar decoy brake parachute head up display (HUD) air brake drop tank
19
18 10 20
3
16 13 16 15 1 4 5 8 11
7
12 9 6 12 12
14 17 2 17
Note: Jet aircraft use reaction engines, as a general term for those engines which use the acceleration of an air mass and the reaction force of this action to provide thrust for the aircraft. The way air is drawn into the engine (or not, in rockets), compressed, channeled, used to burn fuel and expelled out, establishes the different types of reaction engines. In jet fighters, for example, the most common reaction engines used are turbojets which are more efficient at very high speed vehicles, although lately, turbofans are being used in some jet fighters too.
1 Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/oFA1iH 2 Retrieved from http://forum.outerspace.terra.com.br/index.php?threads/%E2%97%8F-cutaway- drawing-diagramas-em-3d-de-maquinas-mostrando-partes-internas-fotos.111960/page-3
Unit 6 ▪ Combat 23
3. Choose the correct term from the 4. Complete the following sentences options given in each sentence. using the words below. 3.1. In Close Air Support operations, the air corridor inertial navigation system MAWS deputy commander/air liaison engage pressure bulkhead IFF officer is the most appropriate person terrain flight target acquisition sortie to give advice to the ground - LOOK UP DEFINITIONS IN THE GLOSSARY IF YOU ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THESE TERMS commander. 4.1. Put on your oxygen mask and initiate 3.2. A fighter sweep/escort mission must an emergency descent! That be permanently tasked to protect the explosion has damaged the AWACS as long as it is on station. ……………………. 3.3. Antiradiation/Air-breathing missiles 4.2. My ……………is not working properly, usually use a/an passive/active I am receiving false alarms right after homing guidance system. Then, if the the takeoff. target switches off its electromagnetic 4.3. My orders are to shot down any emission, the missile will not be able aircraft approaching this air defense to find it. area which is flying out of the 3.4. We have an emergency! A fighter is …………………….. returning to base with a beam 4.4. Due to the enemy’s SAM batteries rider/hung ordnance from the coverage, strikers will attack shooting range, clear the airspace and performing a …………………… to the runway. avoid radar detection. 3.5. We are able to gain an air 4.5. The great advantage of a/an supremacy/superiority time slot of ……………………………. is its only five minutes in that area, so the independence of external aids or air strike on the weapons factory must sources. Once you introduce your be very quick and accurate. exact position at the system start, it 3.6. Fighters which do not meet the becomes self-sufficient. Airspace Coordinating 4.6. I have a contact locked and Measures/Rules of Engagement the………. says it is an enemy, I when returning to base, run the risk of request permission to …………….. being shot down by friendly air 4.7. EF-2000 Typhoon has a multiple defense forces. ……………………. system which 3.7. At maximum state of alert we have allows the pilot to shoot several four CAP/SEAD missions airborne to missiles simultaneously at different prevent any enemy OCA surprise targets. attack. 4.8. In the first week of this campaign, 3.8. The risk of collateral damage in this more than one thousand target is too high. To perform this ……………… have been launched mission only dumb/laser guided from this airbase. weapons are allowed.
Listening 6 5. Watch “Joint Strike F-35”, from Around the Air Force podcast, and answer the following questions. 5.1. What are the multi-role capabilities of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter? 5.2. Which are the F-35 variants? What specific missions are they designed for? 5.3. Is the F-35 cockpit a normal cockpit? Why? 5.4. How was the operation and maintenance book that arrived with the aircraft a year ago? What had to be done with it?
Unit 6 ▪ Combat 24 UNIT 7
Supporting Air Operations I
“(. . .) The swift transformation of the current strategic environment and the nature and scenarios of today’s military operations have turned strategic airlift into a major piece of the military power structure. In order to alleviate the shortcomings that have been identified in that field, the nations have taken various initiatives, of which we could highlight the A400M cargo, a programme in which Spain has participated since day one. There are plans to acquire 27 units, which will come into service during the next decade. The arrival of the A400M in late 2011 will mean a number of major improvements in the SPAF’s airlift and deployment capabilities It will mean, too, a better support to the Spanish Armed Forces’ other Branches. The expected upgrade in air-to-air refuelling capability will not be forgotten.
Likewise, there are plans to procure a new squadron of C-295 aircraft to complete the rationalisation process of SPAF’s assets. Thus, fulfilling the new dimension required by in-theatre airlift capability, it will permit us to devote other assets to other types of missions for the benefit of the welfare of our citizens.
As for the procurement programme of NH-90 helicopters for the Spanish Armed Forces, the SPAF should have to purchase 28 helicopters for the phased replacement of the existing Pumas and Superpumas, in order to carry out SAR/CSAR and VIP transport missions. These helicopters will ensure the successful achievement of CSAR and air policing missions required in the current strategic environment, in addition of course to missions assigned for the benefit of the citizens’ security and welfare. On top of that, they will provide the joint action with an improved capability for medical evacuation, personnel recovery and special operations.
All in all, the traditional expeditionary spirit that has always stimulated the Spanish aviators should now be embodied in a new Air Force in which deployment capability will be inherent in the very existence of the Units. To that end, we are now working for a Spanish Air Force that will be even more mobile, flexible and interoperable with other national and allied Services. In this way, together with an exceptional air command and control system, with efficient and precise weapons systems and with the assets dedicated to operations that contribute to the welfare and security of the populations, the expeditionary air force will represent the heart of the Spanish Air Force in the XXI century.” (Vega, 2005) Air General Francisco José García de la Vega
Spanish Air Force Chief of Staff
25 Unit 8 Air Traffic Management Reading review
1. Answer the following questions about the text1. 1.1. According to the text, can we say that strategic airlift capability is at the required and desired level? Explain your answer. 1.2. What does the expression “…a better support to the Spanish Armed Forces’ other Branches” mean? 1.3. Is C-295 a strategic inter-theater airlift asset? Explain your answer in accordance with the text. 1.4. What assets are being used in CSAR mission at the time of the text edition? 1.5. Which of the assets named in the text will improve SPAF capability for special operations? 1.6. According to the text, will the expeditionary air force be qualified to work in combined operations? Explain your answer. Thematic clusters
Airborne Early Warning and Control
Air •air freighting •airdrop •electronic attack Reconnaisance •airlift capability •airdrop platform •electronic •air logistic support and •anchor cable countermeasures operation Surveillance Airdrop •computed air release (ECM) •air supply point •electronic defence •air trooping •dispersion Airborne •electronic jamming
Air Air Transport •strategic transport •drop altitude •electronic Command and aircraft •drop height neutralization Control •tactical transport •drop zone (DZ) •electronic protective aircraft •free drop measures (EPM)
•air portable Electronic Warfare •jump speed •electronic warfare Electronic •cargo •extraction drop support measures Warfare air operations Supporting •load •extraction parachute (ESM) •loading point •gravity extraction •loading site Air Transport •paradrop •embarkation •platform drop •embarkation order •point of impact •pallet •release point •palletized unit load •cargo lashing belt •weight and balance sheet •general air cargo •controlled dangerous air cargo •centre of gravity limits
Note: The important difference difference between surveillance and reconnaissance is that the first one is a systematic observation to detect movements or changes. Reconnaissance is a “one pass” collection of information through the use of sensors. There is no continuity implied.
1 Retrieved from http://www.ejercitodelaire.mde.es/estatico- webea/ficheros/45461234F087E73FC1257157003E3491AirPowerinSpain-EjercitodelAire.pdf
Unit 7 ▪ Supporting Air Operations I 26
Vocabulary exercises 3. Choose the correct term from the 2. Match each of the following parts of an options given in each sentence. aircraft with the terms below. 3.1. –Sorry sir, that load is not allowed to board the aircraft, it is not listed on vortex generators… actuator… the weight and balance wheel well/bay… fin… sheet/embarkation order. static discharger… bulkhead… leading edge… strut… 3.2. Those three Tiger helicopters will be trailing edge… spoiler… deployed to Afghanistan next week by flight deck… tab… an AN-124, a Russian cargo ramp… engine nacelle… tactical/strategic transport aircraft.
3.3. During the loading process, the loadmaster must pay close attention to the centre of gravity/dispersion limits. 3.4. Previous to a static line jump, the jumpmaster must check that every paratrooper is attached to the anchor cable/cargo lashing belt.
3.5. Modern pallets/airdrop platforms are made of composite materials which help to absorb and dissipate the
ground impact energy. 3.6. Allied forces keep their research in precision airdrop systems which would enable lower air trooping/dispersion and higher accuracy to the impact point. 3.7. –We need to slow down, we are 15 knots above the computed air
release point/jump speed. 3.8. Two minutes before reaching the release point/drop altitude, the first
paratrooper must be ready at the jump door, and the rest must stand up and fold their seats. 10 3.9. In gravity extraction/air freighting airdrops, aircraft have to pitch up so that the cargo falls out through the ramp door. 3.10. Only small, lightweight and practically
indestructible packages may be delivered by free drop/palletized unit load procedures, since there is no system to curb the fall and the impact speed.
Unit 7 ▪ Supporting Air Operations I 27
4. Match the following Electronic Warfare (EW) concepts and subdivisions to their corresponding definitions. Note the defensive, offensive and passive meanings of each subdivision (ESM, EPM & ECM) and the scaled violence in the use of electromagnetic spectrum.
Electronic - Use of electromagnetic energy to provide protection and to ensure effective Warfare friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) ESM - That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to ensure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite the enemy's use of electromagnetic energy. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) EPM - Use of electromagnetic energy for offensive purposes. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) ECM - Military action that exploits electromagnetic energy to provide situational awareness and achieve offensive and defensive effects. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) electronic - The deliberate radiation, reradiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy attack with the object of impairing the effectiveness of hostile electronic devices, equipment or systems. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) electronic - That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to prevent or defense reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum through the use of electromagnetic energy. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) electronic - In electronic countermeasures, the deliberate use of electromagnetic energy jamming to either temporarily or permanently damage enemy devices which rely exclusively on the electromagnetic spectrum. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) electronic - That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to search for, neutralization intercept and identify electromagnetic emissions and to locate their sources for the purpose of immediate threat recognition. It provides a source of information required for immediate decisions involving electronic countermeasures, electronic protective measures and other tactical actions. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)
Listening 7 5. Watch “Last AWACS returns home from Afghanistan”, from NATO Channel, and answer the following questions. 5.1. What have been replaced by computers? And what was AWACS airframe before? 5.2. What does AWACS stand for? 5.3. In Captain Charlie Stachour’s words, what is AWACS’s essential role? 5.4. Is the multinational environment in the AWACS crew a problem for the mission success? 5.5. Whose is the AWACS platform? 5.6. How many Germans are there in Captain Charlie Stachour’s flight crew? In what positions? 5.7. Will AWACS be participating in next mission starting on January 1st? What will this mission be providing to the Afghan Forces? 6. Watch “Air Force Report: NATO Jump”, from Defense Media Activity-Air Force, and answer the following questions. 6.1. What is the edition number this year? 6.2. How frequently is this event going to take place? 6.3. Complete the following table with the correct nationalities.
DAY JUMPERS JUMPMASTERS YESTERDAY TODAY 1ST JUMP TODAY 2ND JUMP
Unit 7 ▪ Supporting Air Operations I 28
UNIT 8 Supporting Air Operations II
29 Unit 8 ▪ Supporting Air Operations II
1. Answer whether the following statements are true or false about the text. 1.1. In a regular MEDEVAC mission, there is a total of 7 people plus the rescued individual flying inside the helicopter. True/False 1.2. Super Pumas could only be escorted by Agusta A129 Mangustas, Sikorsky HH-3F Pelicans or the Spanish army aviation helicopter unit in Afghanistan ASPUHEL. True/False 1.3. Once the airspace over the LZ was secured, the escort helicopter would land first to secure the area on the ground. True/False 1.4. Heat and altitude are limiting factors on the number of injured that the helicopter can evacuate True/False 1.5. Ala 48 members hardly repeated their deployment to Afghanistan yearly. True/False
Personnel Recovery (RP)
•on-scene commander (OSC) •Combat Search & Rescue (CSAR) •rescue combat air patrol (RESCAP), combat search and rescue task force (CSARTF) •quick search procedure, recovery force, recovery site, recovery vehicle, forward line of own troops (FLOT) •survival, evasion, resistance, and escape (SERE) ,evasion plan of action (EPA), recovery activation signal (RAS), search and rescue numeric encryption grid (SARNEG), search and rescue point (SARDOT) •crash locator beacon, personal locator beacon, emergency locator beacon •act of mercy, authentication, blood chit, bona fides, bullseye, contact point (CP), distressed person, ditching, escapee, evader, locate, recovery, reintegrate, casualty
Special Operations
•Special Air Operations (SAO) •covert operation, clandestine operation, recovery operations, hostage rescue •direct action, briefing, insertion, infiltration, exfiltration, extraction
combat survival, call sign, rendezvous point, deception, camouflage, deterrence, booby trap •laser designator, laser range-finder, contour interval, contour line, coordinates, datum
•helicopter •main rotor •cyclic pitch control •utility helicopter •tail rotor •collective pitch control •autogiro •rotor blade •throttle •tilt-rotor •skid •anti-torque pedals •coaxial rotors •skid shoe •autorotation •winch •hovering •hoist •hovering ceiling rotorcraft •underslung load •ground effect •rescue strop
components •tail boom flight controls flight
Unit 8 ▪ Supporting Air Operations II 30
Vocabulary exercises 2. Complete the following sentences 3. Choose the correct term from the using the words bellow. options given in each sentence. 3.1. You must know that this is a act of mercy SARNEG OSC ditching reintegrate RAS recovery/covert operation, so the authentication EPA SERE government will deny any involvement crash locator beacon in this matter, if you are captured, you
are alone. 2.1. Without a proper …………………, the 3.2. We will wait for midnight to start the recovery force will not take with them combat survival/exfiltration, we any person found at the recovery site. have a better chance to leave the area 2.2. After an unsuccessful search without being detected. procedure, we must expect that our 3.3. Any relic or valuable object you find isolated pilot will behave in outside the airbase might be a booby accordance with the ……………… trap/deterrence ready to blow you 2.3. Our RESCAP has identified a up. …………………………. fourteen 3.4. According to the laser range- miles north from the shot down finder/designator, our target is 600 aircraft, thus our man is alive and feet out of our maximum effective following the procedure. range. 2.4. To perform a CSAR mission, the 3.5. Autorotation/Hovering near the isolated person must have been ground requires less power than trained in …………… tactics and operating out of the ground effect. techniques. 3.6. The rotor blades/skid shoes have 2.5. In CSAR communications, if reached the wear limit, they must be ………………… is used more than replaced before the skid gets necessary, the enemy forces might damaged. decode it and find out your position. 3.7. This helicopter does not need a tail 2.6. After the pilot’s ejection, the last rotor because it uses an/a position of the …………………… was autogiro/coaxial rotor system. Both recorded 55 miles east from the torque forces are symmetric and FLOT. cancel each other. 2.7. After the recovery, the rescued 3.8. Those F-18 parked on the apron are personnel receive psychological all out of service, we keep them support to help them to ……………… parked there as a back to active duty. deception/camouflage measure. 2.8. Thanks to a local individual’s
…………………., our flight crew Note: There is an often unknown difference managed to escape from captivity and between CSAR and SAR. Combat Search and call the CSARTF. Rescue missions take place in a hostile
2.9. The ………………. has decided to environment, however, SAR missions are prolong the search further 24 hours. conducted in a permissive environment. Another 2.10. The aircraft commander preferred important difference is that, in CSAR operations, the evader must be properly equipped and trained in ………….. in international waters CSAR techniques and procedures, conversely, in rather than emergency landing on SAR operations, the distressed person is not hostile territory. expected to have any knowledge or take any action.
Unit 8 ▪ Supporting Air Operations II 31
4. Match each of the following aircraft and parts of an aircraft with the terms bellow.
tilt-rotor… autogiro… coaxial rotors… tail rotor… winch… rescue strop… underslung load… skid… cyclic pitch control collective pitch control.. tail boom… rotor blade…
Listening 8 5. Watch “Angel Thunder”, from Around the Air Force podcast and answer the following questions. 5.1. What kind of exercise is Angel Thunder 2013? 5.2. What Personnel Recovery capabilities are mentioned? 5.3. What kind of weapon hit the vehicle covered by the air assets? 5.4. What specific type of aircraft is the one covering the ground troops? 5.5. One of the benefits of this type of exercise is…. 6. Watch the “Around the Air Force Jun. 13” fragment and answer the following questions. 6.1. Who is trained for the worst during the Red Flag exercise? 6.2. What do survivor practice on the ground? 6.3. Who does 1st Lt. Jonathan McCoy want to give tips on what he did at Red Flag to? 6.4. And with every one training together,…….
Unit 8 ▪ Supporting Air Operations II 32 UNIT 9 Air Traffic Management
1 Luxembourg is an exception 2 Association of European Airlines
33 Unit 8 Air Traffic Management Reading review
1. Answer whether the following statements are true or false about the text. 1.1. All current airspaces from the different European countries are administered by each of their respective national government departments. True/False 1.2. SES must be implemented as soon as possible due to the low safety provided by the current management system. True/False 1.3. SES II+ is the third attempt, after two failures, to implement the Single European Sky ATM system. This third try seems to be going well. True/False 1.4. The SES project was developed very slowly during the first years, nevertheless, the development pace has lately increased. True/False 1.5. Member State’s lack of action is the main reason why SES project is not implemented yet. True/False Thematic clusters
•Air Traffic Service (ATS) •Air Traffic Control (ATC) •Flight Information Region (FIR)
•Automatic Terminal Information Standard words & phrases Service (ATIS) Air Traffic •Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR) conditions Management blind (ATM) •Visual Flight Rules (VFR) conditions transmission disregard •aerodrome traffic •aerodrome traffic circuit read back go ahead
•contact point readback monitor •control zone (CTZ) •airway holding point negative acknowledge out
affirm over •flight plan •Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) approved report
•flight level break request •altitude Flight settings •height break break roger
•heading cancel say again •QNH •QNE check speak slower •QFE cleared standby
confirm verify •ceiling correct wilco •drizzle •hail contact words twice •gusts Weather correction squawk •haze
•freezing rain •turbulence •crosswind component
Unit 9 ▪ Air Traffic Management 34
Vocabulary exercises 2. Choose the correct term from the 3. Complete the following sentences options given in each sentence. using the words bellow. 2.1. As the runway in use, ceiling, visibility report disregard negative or other important changes related to words twice standby go ahead air operations change, active break break wilco squawking ETA/ATIS record must be updated. request read back check
2.2. To fly under VFR conditions, the ceiling/hail must be 1500 ft. or higher 3.1. Pilot- Zaragoza approach, this is above ground level, and visibility must MA01, good morning. be 5 Km. or higher. ATC- MA01, ………...... 2.3. When an aircraft reaches a mandatory ATC- TO02, contact tower on 122.1 contact point/airway, the ATC ATC-MA01, …………………….. service expects the pilot to call and 3.2. Pilot- Madrid ground, LE213, request give them the FIR/ETA to the next taxi. mandatory one. ATC- LE213, Madrid ground, taxi via 2.4. If you fly through freezing rain/gusts, taxiway C, E, to holding point Rwy 29L, ………………….., Rwy 29R. ice might accumulate on your wings ……………………….. and control surfaces. This increases Pilot- LE213, taxiway C, E, holding drag and payload, and reduces lift and point Rwy 29R. maneuvering capabilities. ATC- Correct, …………….. when 2.5. The airfield will remain closed until the reaching holding pint. QNE/crosswind component 3.3. Pilot- Torrejón approach, TE35, decreases below the safety limit. passing 1000 ft. climbing to 5000 ft. ATC- TE35, Torrejón approach, 2.6. If you set the QNH/QFE in your confirm ……………… 7331. altimeter dial when you are stopped at Pilot- ………………., setting the runway threshold, the altimeter will transponder now. show a 0 ft. reading. 3.4. ATC- IB702 taxi via taxiway C, E, L, B 2.7. Pilot- Barcelona Control, EC227 to Rwy. 23R, ………………….., IB704 inbound IFR conditions, I require to taxi via taxiway C, E, L, A to Rwy 23L, file a new flight plan/CTZ. you are fourth after LF332. 3.5. ATC- LE883, Barcelona control, 2.8. The minimum ATS/ATC provided ………………… your altimeter setting, inside Madrid, Barcelona and I see you 2000 ft. bellow your Canarias aerodrome traffic assigned flight level. circuit/FIR are alerting and flight Pilot- Barcelona control, LE883, information services. ……………. 2.9. Torrejón Approach- EC245 descend 3.6. Pilot- Madrid control, IB112, flying FL320, ……………. descend to to heading/flight level 210 and report FL190. when established. ATC- Roger IB112, descend to 2.10. The aerodrome traffic FL190. circuit/control zone is divided into Pilot- Madrid control, I read yoy low upwind, crosswind, downwind and and garbled, ………………….. base legs. please. ATC- IB112, IB112, descend to FL190, descend to FL190.
Unit 9 ▪ Air Traffic Management 35
4. Find the following flight instruments in the CASA C-101 instrument panel picture below.
air speed indicator (ASI) vertical speed indicator (VSI) VOR HSI/DME/VOR attitude indicator altimeter
5
3
1
6
2 4
Listening 9
5. Watch “Air Traffic Controller”, from Around the Air Force podcast and answer the following questions. 5.1. How many different stations in a control tower are mentioned? Which? 5.2. What do airmen at Flight Data station do? 5.3. What is A1C Joshua Shaffer’s favorite part of the job? Why? 5.4. According to SrA Jonathan Moline, what personal capabilities must be good in an air traffic controller? 5.5. What type of aircrafts do air traffic controllers occasionally deal with?
Unit 9 ▪ Air Traffic Management 36
References Air Power Development Centre. (2012, january). Five generations of jet fighter aircraft. Retrieved from http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/publications/Details/475/170-Five-Generations-of-Jet- Fighter-Aircraft.aspx
Asociation of European Airlines. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.aea.be/component/attachments/attachments.html?id=94&task=view
Aviation WikiProject. (2014, July). 509th Composite Group. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/509th_Composite_Group#cite_ref-History.2C_pp._1-3_1-0
Bowyer, R. (2004). Dictionary of military terms. Bloomsbury: Macmillan Education.
Cherisey, E. (2014, frebruary). HELISAF Spanish SAR in Afghanistan. airforcesmonthly.com, 36-40.
Claude Grahame-White, H. H. (1912). The aeroplane in war. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company.
Collins, C. T. (2008, October 19). The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3562917/Colonel-Tim-Collins-Iraq-war-speech-in- full.html
Director for Joint Force Development. (2010). Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine
HarperCollins Publishers. (n.d.). CollinsDictionary.com. Retrieved from http://www.collinsdictionary.com/
HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318. (2014). AF TECHNICAL ORDER SYSTEM.
NAEW E-3A Component. (2013). Ground work comes first - Crew chiefs launch AWACS into the sky. NATO Skywatch 7, 7.
NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY. (2013). AAP-47 Allied Joint Doctrine Development. Brussels.
NATO Standardization Agency. (2014). AAP-06 NATO glossary of terms and definitions. Brussels.
Vega, A. G. (2005). Air Power in Spain: Ejército del Aire .
Vego, M. N. (2008). Major Joint/Combined Operations. JFQ, 113.
Wong, L., & Gerras, S. (2006). HOW THE FORWARD OPERATING BASE IS CHANGING THE LIFE OF COMBAT SOLDIERS. United States Government.
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Chapter 6. Conclusions and further work
During the research, the present author has realized how dispersed official terminology related to the topic of this TFG is. Sometimes, it is difficult to be found because as soon as one tries to define a specific term, it only appears in classified documents, thus the term cannot appear in the glossary. However, staying in the intermediate vocabulary layer, the classification of the information is not the main obstacle, but the terminology dispersion mentioned above. Therefore, every time a new thematic cluster had to be compiled, a new research had to be started, since all military aeronautical terminology in NATO and US Air Force is defined and encapsulated in specific doctrinal documents.
Making a complete glossary, even about a very particular and exclusive theme, is a very challenging and complex task. The most difficult part of it, taking into account that the definitions are taken from official sources and not set up by the author, is to stay within the initially established limits. These limits must be considered as the complexity and specificity of the vocabulary included in the glossary. Given that many times it is difficult to decide whether a term belongs to the intermediate vocabulary layer, or perhaps it is too specific, or possibly too basic for the intended glossary scope. Apropos of this matter, the research of one term’s appropriate definition may lead to a new terminology source which slightly moves away from the glossary subject. Thus, one has to keep constantly in mind the main subject to make sure that the limits are not overstepped.
Definitions do not last forever, especially in military aeronautics. During the research, some doctrine documents were found that had been reviewed twice in a year. The changes may vary from adding new terms, extending or modifying their definitions, to
97 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook replacing their meaning or even erasing those which are not in use anymore. Most of these variations occur in doctrine and tactics related terms. Those related to aviation technology or civil aviation operations remain unchanged for longer periods, since safe operations require conceptual stability and standardization.
In conclusion, a unique consultation source has been created for being used by beginner students in Spanish Air Force Academies, and learning reinforcement is provided in a workbook format to help the student to know the glossary content.
A glossary related to the topic of this TFG offers the potential to be developed and improved towards a more specific level or may remain in the general intermediate knowledge that it was initially designed for. Nonetheless, it requires to be reviewed eventually to remain updated in the doctrinal and tactical fields.
From a critical standpoint, six hundred and eleven terms is an expandable amount of terms. In fact, the glossary must be expanded to achieve a thorough level. It becomes more and more difficult to stay in an intermediate level of technical language as terms are added to the glossary, but there is still a remarkable amount of lexicon that may be used to expand the glossary staying within the initial specifications.
The expansion of the glossary would enable a simultaneous expansion of the workbook. At present, the workbook exercises focus on the learning of vocabulary, with the exception of reading and listening exercises. They are designed specifically for learning new terms, since it is assumed that the English level of the user is advanced enough to understand any grammatical structure found in this TFG. Nonetheless, it is a good choice of expansion adding some exercises to go over common grammatical structures and specifically over those found in aeronautical technical orders and standardized publications. Another option is the expansion of exercises to improve oral expression. These do not need a glossary expansion indeed. For example, interactive exercises among class partners can be added for describing their own uniforms, the air base, their present and future administrative situation and ranks, etc. by using the glossary content.
98 Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook
Appendix I: Aeronautical Military English Glossary
99
Aeronautical & Military English Glossary
- gancho de frenado. Dispositivo instalado en una aeronave para engancharse al mecanismo de frenado. A/C arresting system /ˈerˌkræft əˈrestɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/. “A series of components used to 781 Series Forms /781 ˈsɪriz ˈfɔːrmz/. A engage and absorb the forward momentum collection of documents to provide of a routine or emergency landing or an maintenance, inspection, service, aborted takeoff. configuration, status, and flight record for the - sistema de frenado de aeronaves. Serie particular aerospace vehicles and trainers for de componentes utilizados para which they are maintained. ( HQ AFMC/PA, enganchar y absorber el momento hacia delante de las aeronaves en aterrizajes 2006) de rutina o emergencia y abortos de - Formatos 781 (libro del avión). despegue. Colección de documentos para llevar un acknowledge (aeronautical phraseology) registro del mantenimiento, inspecciones, servicio, configuración, /ækˈnɑːlɪdʒ/. “A request meaning “let me estado y vuelos de cada vehículo know that you have received my message.” aeroespacial o entrenador particular. (Crane, 2012) A/C arresting barrier /ˈerˌkræft əˈrestɪŋ - acknowledge (fraseología aeronáutica). ˈbæriər/. “A device, not dependent on an Una petición que significa: “hágame aircraft hook, used to engage and absorb the saber que ha recibido mi mensaje”. forward momentum of an emergency landing acoustic earmuffs /əˈkuːstɪk ˈɪrˌməfs/. Cups or an aborted takeoff.” (Department of made of noise insulating material, similar to Defense of The United States of America, thermal earmuffs or headphones, which are 2008) worn to protect our hearing. - cascos protectores auditivos. Copas - barrera de frenado de aeronaves. hechas de material aislante del ruido, Dispositivo, no dependiente del gancho similares a orejeras térmicas o de una aeronave, utilizado para sujetar y auriculares, que se portan para proteger absorber el momento hacia adelante de la audición. las aeronaves en aterrizajes de rutina o emergencia y abortos de despegue. activate /ˈæktəˌvet/. “Bring into existence a A/C arresting cable /ˈerˌkræft əˈrestɪŋ constituted unit, a detachment of a unit, or a ˈkeɪbl/.̩ “That part of an aircraft arresting provisional unit.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013) system which spans the runway surface or - activar. Poner en funcionamiento a una unidad constituida, una unidad flight deck landing area and is engaged by the destacada o una provisional. aircraft arresting gear.” (Department of active air defense /ˈæktɪv ˈer dəˈfens/. Defense of The United States of America, “Direct defensive action taken to destroy, 2008) nullify, or reduce the effectiveness of hostile - cable de frenado/parada. Parte del air and missile threats against friendly forces sistema de frenado de aeronaves que se extiende cruzando la pista o cubierta de and assets.” (Director for Joint Force aterrizaje, y que conecta con el Development, 2010) mecanismo de frenado de aeronaves. - defensa aérea activa. Acción defensiva A/C arresting gear /ˈerˌkræft əˈrestɪŋ ˈɡɪr/. directa tomada con la intención de “A device used to engage hook-equipped destruir, anular o reducir la eficacia de amenazas aéreas y de misiles contra las aircraft to absorb the forward momentum of fuerzas y activos amigos. a routine or emergency landing or aborted active homing guidance /ˈæktɪv ˈhoʊmɪŋ takeoff.” (Department of Defense of The ˈɡaɪdəns/. “A system of homing guidance United States of America, 2008) wherein both the source for illuminating the - mecanismo de frenado de aeronaves. target, and the receiver for detecting the Dispositivo utilizado en el enganche aeronaves equipadas con gancho, que energy reflected from the target as the result absorbe el momento hacia adelante de of illuminating the target, are carried within la aeronave en un aterrizaje rutinario o the missile.” (NATO Standardization Agency, de emergencia y abortos de despegue. 2014) A/C arresting hook /ˈerˌkræft əˈrestɪŋ ˈhʊk/. - guiado activo. Sistema de guiado en el “A device fitted to an aircraft to engage que la fuente para iluminar al blanco, y el arresting gear.” (NATO Standardization receptor para detectar la energía Agency, 2014) reflejada del blanco como resultado de
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 1 haberlo iluminado, se encuentran aeronave que opere en las proximidades instalados en el misil. de un aeródromo. act of mercy /ˈækt əv ˈmɝːsi/. “In personnel aerodyne /ˈɛrəˌdaɪn/. “An aircraft that is recovery, assistance rendered to evaders by heavier than air and whose lift in flight results an individual or elements of the local from forces caused by its motion through the population who sympathize or empathize air.” (Crocker, 2005) with the evaders’ cause or plight.” - aerodino. Aeronave más pesada que el (Department of Defense of the United States aire cuya sustentación en vuelo es of America, 2007) consecuencia de fuerzas causadas por su - acto de misericordia. En recuperación movimiento a través del aire. de personal, asistencia prestada a los aeroplane /ˈeərəpleɪn/, airplane (US). “A evasores por un individuo o elementos power-driven, heavier-than-aircraft with de la población local, que simpatizan o fixed wings.” (Crocker, 2005) empatizan con la causa o situación de los - aeroplano. Aeronave impulsada a evasores. motor, más pesada que el aire y de ala actuator /ˈæktjuːˌetər/. “A device which fija. transforms fluid pressure into mechanical aerostat /ˈɛroʊˌstæt/. “A device supported in force. Actuators may be linear, rotatory, or the air by displacing more than its weight of oscillating, and they may be actuated by air.” (Crane, 2012). In conformity with either hydraulic or pneumatic pressure.” Archimedes’ principle. (Crane, 2012) - aerostato. Artefacto que se sostiene en - actuador. Dispositivo que transforma la el aire al desplazar más que su peso en presión de un fluido en fuerza mecánica. aire. En conformidad con el Principio de Los actuadores pueden ser lineales, Arquímedes. rotatorios, o bien oscilantes, y pueden affirm (aeronautical phraseology) /əˈfɝːm/. funcionar ya sea por presión hidráulica o Term used by ATC to say “yes”. neumática. - affirm (aeronautical phraseology). administrative control /ədˈmɪnəˌstretɪv Término utilizado en el control del kənˈtroʊl/. “Direction or exercise of authority tránsito aéreo para decir “sí”. over subordinate or other organizations in afterburner /ˈæftərˌbərnər/. “A system that respect to administrative matters such as injects fuel into the hot exhaust gases of a jet personnel management, supply, services, and engine in order to increase thrust.” other matters not included in the operational - postquemador. Sistema que inyecta missions of the subordinate or other combustible en los gases de escape de organizations.” (NATO Standardization un turborreactor con el fin de aumentar el empuje. Agency, 2014) aiguillette /ˌeɪgwɪˈlɛt/. “A gilt cord hung in - control administrativo. Dirección o ejercicio de autoridad sobre loops from the shoulder of certain military subordinados u otras organizaciones en uniforms.” (HarperCollins Publishers) relación a asuntos administrativos como - cordón. Cordón dorado que cuelga la gestión de personal, el enlazado desde el hombro de ciertos abastecimiento, servicios y otras uniformes militares. materias no incluidas en la misión aileron /ˈeɪləˌrɑːn/. “A primary flight control operativa de subordinados y otras surface mounted on the trailing edge of an organizaciones. airplane wing, near the tip.” (Crane, 2012). aerodrome traffic /ˈeərədroʊm ˈtræfɪk/. “All This enables an airplane to bank. traffic on the manoeuvring area of an - alerón. Una superficie primaria de aerodrome and all aircraft flying in the vicinity mando montada en el borde de salida of an aerodrome.” (Communications, 2002) del ala de un aeroplano, cerca del - tránsito de aeródromo. Todo el tráfico extremo. Esta permite al aeroplano en la zona de maniobras de un alabear. aeródromo y todas las aeronaves que Air Base Wing /ˈer ˈbeɪs ˈwɪŋ/. “A wing that vuelan en las inmediaciones de un performs a support rather than an aeródromo. operational mission. It maintains and aerodrome traffic circuit /ˈeərədroʊm operates a base.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013) ˈtræfɪk ˈsɝːkət/. “The specified path to be - Agrupación Base. Un ala que lleva a cabo flown by an aircraft operating in the vicinity una misión de apoyo en lugar de una of an aerodrome.” (Communications, 2002) operativa. Una Agrupación Base - circuito de tránsito de aeródromo. La mantiene y opera una base aérea. ruta específica para ser volada por una
2 Aeronautical Military English Glossary airborne /ˈeəbɔːn/. “1. In relation to proporcionar control a los sistemas de personnel, troops especially trained to effect, armas. following transport by air, an assault airbrake /ˈer ˈbreɪk/. “A device that can be debarkation, either by parachuting or extended from the structure of an airplane to touchdown. 2. In relation to equipment, produce a large amount of parasite drag.” pieces of equipment that have been (Crane, 2012) especially designed for use by airborne troops - aerofreno. Dispositivo extensible desde during or after an assault debarkation as well la estructura de un aeroplano para producir una gran cantidad de as some aeronautical equipment used to resistencia parásita. accomplish a particular mission. 3. When air-breathing missile /ˈer-ˈbriːðɪŋ ˈmɪsəl/. “A applied to materiel, items that form an missile with an engine requiring the intake of integral part of the aircraft. 4. The state of an air for combustión of its fuel, as in a ramjet or aircraft, from the instant it becomes entirely turbojet.” (Director for Joint Force sustained by air until it ceases to be so Development, 2010) sustained. Also called ABN.” (Director for - misil con toma de aire. Un misil con un Joint Force Development, 2010) motor que precise de una entrada de - En el aire. Aerotransportado. 1. En aire para la combustión de su relación al personal, tropas combustible, como en un ramjet o especialmente entrenadas para turbojet. efectuar, tras el transporte aéreo, un air corridor /ˈer ˈkɔːrədər/. “A restricted air desembarco o lanzamiento, bien route of travel specified for use by friendly mediante paracaídas o aterrizaje. 2. En aircraft an established for the purpose of relación al equipo, piezas de equipo diseñadas especialmente para su uso por preventing friendly aircraft from being fired tropas aerotransportadas, durante o on by friendly forces.” (Director for Joint después de un desembarco o Force Development, 2010) lanzamiento, así como cierto - pasillo aéreo. Ruta aérea de viaje equipamiento aeronáutico utilizado para restringida, específica para uso de cumplir una misión en particular. 3. aeronaves amigas, y establecida con el Aplicado al material, artículos que propósito de prevenir que las aeronaves forman parte integra de la aeronave. 4. amigas sean disparadas por las propias Estado de una aeronave, desde el fuerzas amigas. instante en que pasa a estar plenamente aircraft(A/C) /ˈɛrˌkræft/. “A device that is sustentada por el aire hasta que cesa used or intended to be used for flight in the dicha sustentación. También llamado air.” (14 CFR part 1) ABN. - aeronave. Artefacto que se utiliza o airborne command post (ACP) /ˈerˌbɔːrn destinado a ser utilizado para el vuelo en kəˈmænd poʊst/. “A suitably equipped el aire. aircraft used by the commander for the aircraft commander /ˈerˌkræft kəˈmændər/. conduct of his operations.” (NATO “The aircrew member designated by a Standardization Agency, 2014) competent authority as being in command of - puesto de mando aerotransportado. an aircraft and responsible for its safe Aeronave equipada convenientemente operation. Note: The aircraft commander para ser utilizada por el comandante en may also be the mission commander.” (NATO la conducción de las operaciones. Standardization Agency, 2014) airborne early warning and control /ˈerˌbɔːrn - comandante de la aeronave. El miembro ˈɝːli ˈwɔːrnɪŋ ənd kənˈtroʊl/. “Air surveillance de la tripulación designado por la and control provided by airborne early autoridad competente para estar al warning aircraft which are equipped with mando de la aeronave y ser responsable search and height-finding radar and de su seguridad durante el tiempo de communication equipment for controlling operación. weapon systems.” (NATO Standardization air defense area /ˈer dəˈfens ˈeriə/. “A Agency, 2014) specifically defined airspace for which air - alerta temprana y control defense must be planned and provided.” aerotransportados. Vigilancia aérea y (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010) control proporcionados por aeronaves - área de defensa aérea. Un espacio aéreo de alerta temprana y control equipados definido específicamente sobre el que se con radares de búsqueda y de altura, y debe planear y proporcionar defensa con equipos de comunicaciones para aérea.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 3 airdrop /ˈerdrap/. “Delivery of personnel or blades, and helicopter rotors are examples of cargo from aircraft in flight.” (NATO airfoils.” (Crane, 2012) Standardization Agency, 2014) - superficie sustentadora. Cualquier - lanzamiento aéreo. Lanzamiento de superficie diseñada para obtener una personal o carga desde aeronaves en reacción útil, o sustentación, al pasar el vuelo. aire sobre ella. Las alas de las aeronaves airdrop /ˈerdrap/. “Delivery of personnel or o las palas de hélices y helicópteros son cargo from aircraft in flight.” (NATO ejemplos de superficies de sustentación. Standardization Agency, 2014) airframe /ˈerˌfrem/. “The fuselage, booms, - lanzamiento aéreo. Lanzamiento de nacelles, cowlings, fairings, airfoil surfaces personal o carga desde una aeronave en (including rotors but excluding propellers and vuelo. rotating airfoils of engines), and landing gear airdrop platform /ˈerdrap ˈplætˌfɔːrm/. “A of an aircraft and their accessories and base on which vehicles, cargo or equipment controls.” (Regulatory Information, 2012) are loaded for airdrop or low altitude - célula. El fuselaje, largueros, góndolas, extraction.” (NATO Standardization Agency, cubiertas, carenados, superficies 2014) aerodinámicas (incluyendo rotores, pero - plataforma/palé de lanzamiento. Base excluyendo hélices y superficies de sobre la que se cargan los vehículos, sustentación rotatorias de los motores), carga o equipos para el lanzamiento y tren de aterrizaje de una aeronave y paracaídas o extracción a baja cota. sus accesorios y controles. airfield /ˈerˌfild/. “An area prepared for the airfreighting /ˈer ˈfreɪtɪŋ/. “The non-tactical accommodation (including any buildings, movement of cargo by air.” (NATO installations, and equipment), landing, and Standardization Agency, 2014) takeoff of aircraft.” (Crane, 2012) - transporte aéreo de carga. El movimiento no táctico de carga por vía - campo de vuelo. Área preparada para el aérea. abastecimiento (incluyendo cualquier edificio, instalación y equipo), aterrizaje air interdiction /ˈer ˌɪntərˈdɪkʃn̩/. “Air y despegue de aeronaves. operations conducted to divert, disrupt, airfield damage repair (ADR) /ˈerˌfild delay, degrade or destroy an enemy's military ˈdæmədʒ rəˈper/. “The process of using potential before it can be brought to bear construction equipment, tools, portable effectively and at such distance that detailed equipment, expendable supplies, and integration of each air mission with the fire temporary surfacing materials to provide a and manoeuvre of friendly forces is not minimum operating surface through required.” (NATO Standardization Agency, expedient repair methods.” (HQ 2014) AFCESA/CEXX, 2008) - interdicción aérea. Operaciones aéreas - reparación de daños de aeródromo. llevadas a cabo para desviar, Proceso en el que se utiliza equipos de interrumpir, retrasar, degradar o construcción, herramientas, equipos destruir el potencial militar enemigo portátiles, material fungible y material antes de que pueda ser utilizado de de pavimentado temporal, para manera efectiva, y a una distancia tal, proporcionar la superficie operativa que no se requiera la integración mínima mediante los métodos de detallada de cada misión aérea con el reparación oportunos. fuego y maniobra de las fuerzas amigas. airfield elevation /ˈerˌfild ˌeləˈveɪʃn̩/. air liaison officer /ˈer ˈlaɪəsən ˈɑːfəsər/. “The “Established elevation, in terms of the senior tactical air control party member nearest 300 mm (1 ft.) above mean sea level, attached to a ground unit who functions as of the highest point of the usable landing the primary advisor to the ground area.” (Department of Defense of The United commander on air power.” (Director for Joint States of America, 2008) Force Development, 2010) - elevación de aeródromo. Elevación - oficial de enlace aéreo. Miembro más establecida, en cuanto a los 300 mm (1 antiguo de un equipo de control aéreo pie) más próximos sobre el nivel medio táctico, anexado a una unidad de tierra, del mar, del punto más alto de la que actúa como asesor principal del superficie útil de aterrizaje. comandante en tierra sobre el poder airfoil /ˈerˈfɔɪl/. “Any Surface designed to aéreo. obtain a useful reaction, or lift, from air airlift capability /ˈerˌlɪft ˌkepəˈbɪləti/. “The passing over it. Airplane wings, propeller total capacity expressed in terms of number of passengers and/or weight/cubic
4 Aeronautical Military English Glossary displacement of cargo that can be carried at - reconocimiento aéreo. La recolección de any one time to a given destination by the información de interés para la available air transport service.” (NATO inteligencia, bien mediante la Standardization Agency, 2014) observación visual desde el aire, o mediante el uso de sensores - carga de pago. La capacidad total, aerotransportados. expresada en términos de números de pasajeros y/o desplazamiento de air route /ˈer ˈraʊt/. “The navigable airspace peso/volumen de carga, que puede ser between two points, identified to the extent transportada de una vez a un destino necessary for the application of flight rules.” determinado por el servicio de (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010) transporte aéreo disponible. - ruta aérea. El espacio aereo navegable air logistic support operation /ˈer ləˈdʒɪstɪk entre dos puntos, identificado en la səˈpɔːrt ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn̩/. “An air operation, medida necesaria para la aplicación de excluding an airborne operation, conducted las reglas de vuelo. within a theatre of operations to distribute airside facilities /ˈerˈsaɪd fəˈsɪlətiz/. and/or recover personnel, equipment and “Facilities associated with the movement and supplies.” (NATO Standardization Agency, parking of aircraft. These include runways, 2014) taxiways, apron areas, associated - operación de apoyo logístico aéreo. navigational aids and imaginary surfaces.” Operación aérea, con excepción de una (Department of Defense of The United States operación aerotransportada, llevada a of America, 2008) cabo en el teatro de operaciones para - zona de vuelos. Instalaciones asociadas distribuir y/o recuperar personal, equipo con el movimiento y aparcamiento de y suministros. aeronaves. Esto incluye pistas de airman /ˈermən/. “1. A member of an aterrizaje y rodaje, plataformas, ayudas aircrew. 2. A member of an air force. 3. (US) a la navegación asociadas y superficies The lowest non-commissioned rank in the air imaginarias. force.” (Bowyer, 2004) air sovereignty /ˈer ˈsɑːvrənti/. “A nation’s - aviador. 1. Un miembro de una inherent right to exercise absolute control tripulación. 2. Un miembro de una fuerza and authority over the airspace above its aérea. 3. (US) El rango más bajo entre el territory.” (Director for Joint Force personal temporal de una la fuerza Development, 2010) aérea. - soberanía aérea. El derecho inherente airplane /ˈerˌplen/. “An engine-driven fixed- de una nación a ejercer la autoridad y el wing aircraft heavier than air, that is control absoluto sobre del espacio aéreo supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of de su territorio. the air against its wings.” (14 CFR part 1) airspace coordinating measures (ACM) - avión. Aeronave impulsada por motor, /ˈerˌspes ˌkoʊˈɔːdɪneɪtɪŋ ˈmeʒərz/. de ala fija y más pesada que el aire, que “Measures employed to facilitate the se sustenta en vuelo mediante la efficient use of airspace to accomplish reacción dinámica del aire contra las missions and simultaneously provide alas. safeguards for friendly forces.” (Director for air portable /ˈer ˈpɔːrtəbl/.̩ “An adjective Joint Force Development, 2010) Their primary used to describe materiel or equipment objective is to avoid fratricide. which, loaded either internally or externally, - medidas de coordinación del espacio can be transported by air with no more than aéreo. Medidas empleadas para facilitar minor dismantling and reassembling by the el uso eficiente del espacio aéreo en user unit.” (NATO Standardization Agency, el cumplimiento de misiones, y 2014) simultáneamente proporcionar - aerotransportable. Adjetivo utilizado salvaguardias para las fuerzas amigas. Su para describir el material o equipo que, principal objetivo es evitar el fraticidio. ya sea cargado en el interior o exterior, airspeed indicator (ASI) /ˈerˌspid puede ser transportado por vía aérea ˈɪndəˌketər/. “A primary cockpit or flight deck poco más que un simple montaje y instrument which shows the pilot the speed desmontaje por la unidad usuaria. of the aircraft in relation to the air around it.” air reconnaissance /ˈer riˈkɑːnəsəns/. “The (Crocker, 2005) collection of information of intelligence - indicador de velocidad aerodinámica interest either by visual observation from the (ASI). Instrumento primario de cabina air or through the use of airborne sensors.” que muestra al piloto la velocidad de la (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 5 aeronave en relación con el aire a su sorties, capabilities and/or forces to targets alrededor. and specific missions.” (Director for Joint air start unit (ASU) /ˈer ˈstɑːrt ˈjuːnət/. A Force Development, 2010) vehicle with an integrated turbine engine ATO (traducción no utilizada). Método utilizado which provides the necessary amount of high- para dar órdenes y difusión a los componentes, pressure air needed to start the engine. unidades subordinadas y agencias de mando y - compresor de encendido. Vehículo con control; la planificación de salidas, capacidades o una turbina de gas integrada que da la fuerzas asignadas a cada objetivo y misiones cantidad necesaria de aire a presión para específicas. encender el motor. air-to-air missile (AAM) /ˈer tə ˈer ˈmɪsəl/. air superiority /ˈer ˌsuːpɪriˈɔːrəti/. “That “An air-launched missile for use against air degree of dominance in the air battle of one targets.” (NATO Standardization Agency, force over another which permits the conduct 2014) of operations by the former and its related - misil aire-aire. Un misil que se lanza land, sea and air forces at a given time and desde el aire para usarlo contra objetivos place without prohibitive interference by the en vuelo. opposing force.” (NATO Standardization air-to-ground missile (AGM) /ˈer tə ˈɡraʊnd Agency, 2014) ˈmɪsəl/. See air-to-surface missile. - superioridad aérea. Grado de dominio - misil aire-tierra. en la batalla aérea de una fuerza sobre air-to-surface missile (ASM) /ˈer tə ˈsɝːfəs otra que permite la conducción de ˈmɪsəl/. “An air-launched missile for use operaciones por el primero, y su relación against surface targets.” (NATO de fuerzas de tierra, mar y aire, en un Standardization Agency, 2014) momento y lugar determinados, sin la - misil aire-superficie. Un misil que se interferencia prohibitiva de la fuerza lanza desde el aire para usarlo contra oponente. objetivos en tierra. air supply /ˈer səˈplaɪ/. “The delivery of cargo Air Traffic Control (ATC) /ˈeər ˌtræfɪk by airdrop or air landing.” (NATO kənˈtroʊl/. “A service operated by Standardization Agency, 2014) appropriate authority to promote the safe, - abastecimiento o aprovisionamiento orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic.” aéreo. La distribución o entrega de carga (Regulatory Information, 2012) mediante lanzamiento o aterrizaje. - Control de Tráfico Aéreo. Un servicio air supremacy /ˈer səˈpreməsi/. “That degree operado por la autoridad competente of air superiority wherein the opposing air para promover la circulación aérea force is incapable of effective interference.” segura, ordenada y rápida. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) Air Traffic Service (ATS) /ˈer ˈtræfɪk ˈsɝːvəs/. - supremacía aérea. Grado de “A generic term meaning flight information superioridad aérea en el que la fuerza service, alerting service, air traffic advisory aérea oponente es incapaz de interferir service, and air traffic control service, de forma efectiva. including area control service, approach air surveillance /ˈer sərˈveɪləns/. “The control service, and airport control service.” systematic observation of air space by (Crane, 2012) electronic, visual or other means, primarily - Servicio de Tránsito Aéreo. Término for the purpose of identifying and genérico que incluye el Servicio de determining the movements of aircraft and Información de Vuelo, Servicio de Alerta, missiles, friendly and enemy, in the air space Servicio de Asesoramiento de Tránsito under observation.” (NATO Standardization Aéreo, y el Servicio de Control de Agency, 2014) Tránsito Aéreo, incluyendo el Servicio de - vigilancia aérea. La observación Control de Área, el Servicio de Control de sistemática del espacio aéreo por Aproximación y Servicio de Control de medios electrónicos, visuales u otros, Aeropuerto. especialmente con el propósito de air trooping /ˈer ˈtruːpɪŋ/. “The non-tactical identificar y determinar los movimientos air movement of personnel.” (NATO de aeronaves y misiles, amigos y Standardization Agency, 2014) enemigos, en el espacio aéreo bajo - transporte aéreo de tropas. Transporte observación. aéreo no táctico de personal. air tasking order (ATO) /ˈer ˈtæskɪŋ ˈɔːrdər/. airway /ˈeˌrwe/. “A control area or portion “A method used to task and disseminate to thereof established in the form of a corridor components, subordinate units, and equipped with radio navigational aids.” command and control agencies projected (Communications, 2002)
6 Aeronautical Military English Glossary - aerovía. Área de control o parte de la altímetro mide la diferencia entre la misma establecida en forma de presión del aire a su alrededor y una corredor, equipado con radio ayudas a la presión de referencia que se selecciona navegación. en el dial de presión barométrica, en la alert aircraft parking /əˈlɝːt ˈerˌkræft cara del instrumento. ˈpɑːrkɪŋ/. “Exclusive paved area for armed altitude /ˈæltəˌtuːd/. “The vertical distance aircraft to park and have immediate, between an aircraft, or a point or a level, and unimpeded access to a runway.” mean sea-level.” (Crocker, 2005) (Department of Defense of The United States - altitud. La distancia vertical entre una of America, 2008) aeronave, punto o nivel, y el nivel medio - aparcamiento de aeronave en alerta. del mar. Zona pavimentada exclusiva para que amendment /əˈmendmənt/. “A minor aeronaves armadas aparquen y tengan change that has no significant impact on the acceso inmediato y sin impedimentos a use made by the interested parties of an AJP.” la pista de aterrizaje. (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) alert condition /əˈlɝːt kənˈdɪʃn̩/. “A level of - enmienda. Cambio de poca importancia readiness which military forces are to en un AJP que no tiene un impacto achieve, usually based on a defined level of significativo en el uso dado por las partes threat.” (HQ AFCESA/CEXX, 2008) interesadas. - nivel de alerta. Nivel de disponibilidad anchor cable /ˈæŋkər ˈkeɪbl/.̩ “In air que las fuerzas militares deben alcanzar, transport, a cable in an aircraft to which the normalmente basado en un nivel parachute static lines or strops are attached.” predefinido de amenaza. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) alert pad /əˈlɝːt ˈpæd/. “Small paved areas - cable estático. En transporte aéreo, un provided for single alert aircraft parking.” cable en una aeronave al cual se (Department of Defense of The United States enganchan las cintas extractoras de los of America, 2008) paracaídas. - “pad” o hangar de alerta. Pequeñas anti-collision light /ˈænti kəˈlɪʒn̩ ˈlaɪt/. “A áreas pavimentadas para el flashing white light on an aircraft.” (Crocker, aparcamiento de una sola aeronave en 2005). Its purpose is to increase the visibility alerta. of the aircraft. allied joint publication (AJP) /əˈlaɪd ˌdʒɔɪnt - luz anticolisión. Luz blanca brillante en ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn̩/. “An Allied publication una aeronave. Su propósito es containing doctrine applicable to NATO and incrementar la visibilidad de la aeronave. NATO-led operations.” (NATO anti-icer system /ˈæntɪˈaɪsə ˈsɪstəm/. “A STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) system that prevents the formation of ice on - allied joint publication. Publicación an aircraft structure.” (Federal Aviation aliada que contiene doctrina aplicable a Administration, Airman Testing Standards la OTAN y organizaciones lideradas por la Branch, 2012) misma. - sistema anti-hielo. Un sistema que allied publication (AP) /əˈlaɪd ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn̩/. impide la formación de hielo en la “A NATO standard established and approved estructura de una aeronave. by several or all NATO member nations at anti-radiation missile /ˈænti ˌrediˈeɪʃn̩ tasking authority level.” (NATO ˈmɪsəl/. “A missile which homes passively on STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) a radiation source.” (NATO Standardization - allied publication. Publicacion estándar Agency, 2014) de la OTAN establecida y aprobada por - misil anti-radiación. Misil que se dirige varios o todos los paises miembro de la pasivamente a una fuente de radiación. OTAN a nivel ejecutivo. anti-submarine A/C /ˌæntaɪˈsəbməˌrin/. An altimeter /ælˈtɪmətər/. “An aneroid aircraft whose mission is “to deny the barometer whose dial is calibrated in feet or adversary effective use of submarines.” meters above a reference pressure level. An (NATO, 2002). altimeter measures the difference between - aeronave antisubmarinos. Aeronave the pressure of the air surrounding it and a cuya misión es denegar el uso efectivo reference pressure which is set on the de submarinos enemigos. barometric pressure dial on the face of the anti-torque pedals /ˈænti ˈtɔːrk ˈpedlz/.̩ “Foot instrument.” (Crane, 2012) pedals used by the pilot to control the pitch - altímetro. Barómetro aneroide cuyo dial of the anti-torque rotor on the tail of a single- está calibrado en pies o metros sobre un rotor helicopter. Controlling the pitch of the nivel de presión de referencia. Un
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 7 anti-torque rotor allows the pilot to rotate distinta de su organización asociada, sin the helicopter about its vertical axis.” (Crane, hacerla parte de la nueva organización. 2012) attack A/C /əˈtæk/. “Tactical military aircraft - pedales anti-torque. Pedales utilizados that has a primary role of attacking targets on por el piloto para controlar el paso del the ground or sea, with greater precision than rotor anti-torque en la cola de un bombers”. (Mortensen, 1987). helicóptero mono-rotor. Controlar el - aeronave de ataque a tierra. Aeronave paso anti-torque permite al piloto rotar táctica cuyo rol primario es el ataque a el helicóptero sobre su eje vertical. objetivos en tierra o mar, con mayor approved (aeronautical phraseology) precisión que un bombardero. /əˈpruːvd/. “Permission for proposed action attitude indicator /ˈætəˌtuːd ˈɪndəˌketər/. “A granted.” (Communications, 2002) gyroscopic flight instrument that gives the - approved (aeronautical phraseology). pilot an indication of the attitude of the Permiso para la acción propuesta aircraft relative to its pitch and roll axes.” concedido. (Crane, 2012) apron /ˈeɪprən/. “A defined area on an - indicador de actitud. Instrumento de airfield intended to accommodate aircraft for vuelo giroscópico que da al piloto purposes of loading or unloading passengers indicación de la actitud de la aeronave or cargo, refueling, parking, or maintenance.” relativa a sus ejes de cabeceo y alabeo. (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010) authentication /ɒˌθentəˈkeɪʃn̩/. “1. A security - plataforma. Área definida de un measure designed to protect a aeropuerto destinada al abastecimiento communications system against acceptance de las aeronaves, para embarque y of a fraudulent transmission or simulation by desembarque de pasajeros, carga, establishing the validity of a transmission, repostaje de combustible, aparcamiento message, or originator. (. . .) 2. In personnel o mantenimiento. recovery missions, the process whereby the arm /ˈɑːrm/. 1. Loading of missiles, rockets, identity of an isolated person is confirmed.” and ammunition in aircraft (Department of (Department of Defense of the United States Defense of The United States of America, of America, 2007) 2008). 2. “As applied to explosives, weapons, - autenticación. 1. Medida de seguridad and ammunition, the changing from a safe diseñada para proteger un sistema de condition to a state of readiness for comunicaciones en contra de la initiation.” (Director for Joint Force aceptación de una transmisión Development, 2010) fraudulenta o simulación, estableciendo - armar. 1. Provisión de misiles, cohetes o la validez de una transmisión, mensaje u munición a una aeronave. 2. Aplicado a originador. 2. En misiones de explosivos, armamento y municion, el recuperación de personal, el proceso cambio de condición de seguridad a la de mediante el cual se confirma la identidad lista para su iniciación o uso. de una persona aislada. assign. /əˈsaɪn/. “Place a unit with an existing autogiro /ˌɔːrtoʊˈdʒaɪəroʊ/. “An aircraft that military organization.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013) moves forward by means of a propeller and is - asignar, destinar. Emplazar una unidad supported in the air mainly by means of a en una organización militar existente. large rotor mounted horizontally above the at ease (drill) /ət ˈiːz/. (AIR FORCE MANUAL fuselage and turned by air pressure rather 36-2203, 2013) than motor power.” (HarperCollins - a discreción (IOC). Publishers) athletics track /æθˈletɪks ˈtræk/. Oval-shaped - autogiro. Aeronave que se mueve hacia track where track-and-field sports are adelante por medio de una hélice y que performed. se sostiene en el aire por medio de un - pista de atletismo. Pista de forma gran rotor montado horizontalmente ovalada donde se practican las distintas sobre el fuselaje, y que gira mediante la disciplinas del atletismo. presión del aire en lugar de la potencia attach. /əˈtætʃ/. “Place a unit, or part of a de un motor. unit, with a military organization other than automatic direction finder (ADF) its parent organization, without making it a /ˌɒtəˈmætɪk dəˈrekʃn̩ ˈfaɪndər/. “A radio part of that organization.” (HQ USAF/A1, navigation instrument that receives signals 2013) from non-directional radio beacons.” - vincular. Emplazar a una unidad, o parte (Crocker, 2005) de ella, en una organización militar - ADF (traducción no utilizada). Instrumento de radionavegación que
8 Aeronautical Military English Glossary recibe señales de radiobalizas no direccionales. Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) /ˌɒtəˈmætɪk ˈtɝːmənl ̩ ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃn̩ ˈsɝːvəs/. “The provision of current, routine information to arriving and departing aircraft by means of continuous and repetitive broadcasts throughout the day or a specific portion of the day.” (Communications, 2002) - ATIS (traducción no utilizada). La provisión de información rutinaria y actual a las aeronaves en llegada y salida, por medio de radiodifusiones continuas y repetitivas a lo largo del día o de una parte especifica de este. autorotation /ˈɒtoʊ roʊˈteɪʃn̩/. “A rotor flight condition in which the lifting rotor is driven entirely by action of the air when the rotorcraft is in motion.” (Regulatory Information, 2012) - autorotación. Condición de vuelo a rotor en la que el rotor sustentador es impulsado exclusivamente por la acción del aire al avanzar la aeronave en movimiento. avionics /ˌeviˈɑːnɪks/. “Electronic communication, navigation, and flight- control equipment of an aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005) - aviónica. Equipos de comunicación electrónica, navegación y control de vuelo de una aeronave. avionics system (aircraft) /ˌeviˈɑːnɪks ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing) - sistema de aviónica.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 9 aeronaves. Una base esencial debe tener una fuente de agua que pueda hacerse potable. barracks /ˈbærəks/. “A building or group of buildings for housing soldiers.” (HarperCollins badge /ˈbædʒ/. “A distinctive token, emblem, Publishers) or sign worn to show rank, membership, - cuartel, barracones. Edificio o grupo de achievement, etc.” (HarperCollins Publishers) edificios utilizado para alojar militares. - distintivo, “rokiski”. Un símbolo base boundary /ˈbeɪs ˈbaʊndəri /. “A line that distintivo, emblema o signo que se porta delineates the surface area of a base for the para mostrar el rango, la pertenencia o purpose of facilitating coordination and logro, etc. deconfliction of operations between adjacent baggage cart /ˈbæɡədʒ ˈkɑːrt/. Wheeled units, formations, or areas.” (Director for structures or vehicles used for the Joint Force Development, 2010) transportation of luggage or cargo between - límite de la base. Línea que delimita la the aircraft and the terminal. superficie de una base con el propósito - carro de equipaje. Estructura con ruedas de facilitar la coordinación y evitar o vehiculo que se utiliza para el conflictos entre las operaciones de transporte de equipaje o carga entre la unidades, formaciones o áreas aeronave y la terminal. adyacentes. ballistic missile /bəˈlɪstɪk ˈmɪsəl/. “A missile base cluster /ˈbeɪs ˈklʌstər/. “In base defense which does not rely upon aerodynamic operations, a collection of bases, surfaces to produce lift and consequently geographically grouped for mutual protection follows a ballistic trajectory when thrust is and ease of command and control.” (Director terminated.” (NATO Standardization Agency, for Joint Force Development, 2010) 2014) - clúster de bases. En operaciones de - misil balístico. Misil que no se basa en defensa de base, un grupo de bases, superficies aerodinámicas para elevarse geográficamente agrupadas para la y, en consecuencia, sigue una trayectoria mutua protección y facilidad de mando y balística cuando se termina el empuje. control. balloon /bəˈlun/. “A lighter-than-air aircraft base defense /ˈbeɪs dəˈfens/. The local that is not engine-driven, and that sustains military measures, both normal and flight through the use of either gas buoyancy emergency, required to nullify or reduce the or an airborne heater.” (Crane, 2012) effectiveness of enemy attacks on, or - globo. Aeronave más ligera que el aire sabotage of, a base, to ensure that the no accionada por un motor, y que se maximum capacity of its facilities is available. mantiene en vuelo mediante el uso de la (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010). flotabilidad de un gas, o bien, un - defensa de base. Las medidas militares calentador a bordo. locales, tanto rutinarias como de bank /ˈbæŋk/. “To rotate an airplane about emergencia, requeridas para anular o its longitudinal axis, or tilt its wings, by using reducir la efectividad de los ataques o the ailerons. An airplane is turned by banking intentos de sabotaje enemigos a una it.” (Crane, 2012) base, con tal de asegurar que la máxima capacidad operativa de sus instalaciones - alabear. Rotar un avión sobre su eje está disponible. longitudinal, o inclinar sus alas, mediante el uso de los alerones. Un base defense forces /ˈbeɪs dəˈfens ˈfɔːrsəz/. avión gira mediante el alabeo. “Troops assigned or attached to a base for the bare base /ˈber ˈbeɪs/. “A base having primary purpose of base defense and security minimum essential facilities to house, sustain, as well as augmentees and selectively armed and support operations to include, if personnel available to the base commander required, a stabilized runway, taxiways, and for base defense from units performing aircraft parking areas. A bare base must have primary missions other than base defense.” a source of water that can be made potable.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010) (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010) - fuerzas de defensa de base. Tropas - base esencial. Base que posee las asignadas o adjuntas a una base con el instalaciones mínimas para alojar, objetivo principal de asegurar y defender sostener y apoyar operaciones que la base, asi como el personal de refuerzo incluyan, si se requiere, una pista y personal armado seleccionado nivelada, pistas de rodadura y disponible para la defensa de la base, plataformas de aparcamiento de
10 Aeronautical Military English Glossary desde unidades que cuyo rol principal no hielo, presurización y sea el de defensa. acondicionamiento de cabina. base defense zone (BDZ) /ˈbeɪs dəˈfens bleed air system (aircraft) /ˈbliːd ˈer ˈsɪstəm/. ˈzoʊn/. “An air defense zone established (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing) around an air base and limited to the - sistema de aire sangrado. engagement envelope of short-range air blind transmission /blaɪnd trænˈsmɪʃn̩/. “A defense weapons systems defending that transmission from one station to another in base. Base defense zones have specific entry, circumstances where two-way exit, and identification, friend or foe communication cannot be established but procedures established.” (Director for Joint where it is believed that the called station is Force Development, 2010) able to receive the transmission.” (Crane, - zona de defensa de base. Zona de 2012) defensa aérea establecida alrededor de - transmisión a ciegas. Transmisión de una base aérea y limitada por el alcance una estación a otra en circunstancias efectivo de los sistemas de defensa anti- donde la comunicación a dos vías no aérea de corto alcance que defienden la puede establecerse, pero donde se cree base. Las zonas de defensa aerea tienen que la estación receptora puede recibir establecidas entradas, identificaciones y la transmisión. procedimientos de identificación blood chit /ˈbləd ˈtʃɪt/. A small sheet of amigo/enemigo específicos. material depicting the carrier’s country flag battledress uniform (BDU) /ˈbætldres/. “A and a statement in several languages to the camouflage combat uniform.” (Bowyer, 2004) effect that anyone assisting the bearer to - uniforme de campaña. Uniforme de safety will be rewarded (Department of camuflaje para el combate. Defense of the United States of America, beam rider /ˈbiːm ˈraɪdər/. “A missile guided 2007). by radar or radio beam.” (NATO blood chit (traducción no utilizada). Pequeña Standardization Agency, 2014) lámina donde viene representada la bandera del - beam rider (traduccion no utilizada). Un país de su portador, así como un comunicado en misil guiado por un haz de radio o radar. varios idiomas en el sentido de que cualquiera que beret /ˈberət/. “A circular, flat hat that is preste ayuda al portador será recompensado. made of soft material and has no brim.” Blues uniform /ˈbluːz ˈjuːnəˌfɔːrm/. (HarperCollins Publishers) - Uniforme de trabajo - boina. Un sombrero plano y circular, boarding steps /ˈbɔːrdɪŋ ˈsteps/. “Stairs used hecho de material blando y sin borde. by passengers and crew to get on board an biplane /ˈbaɪˌplen/. “An airplane having two aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005) main supporting aerodynamic surfaces - escalerillas. Escaleras utilizadas por los (wings). (Crane, 2012) pasajeros y tripulación para subir a - biplano. Aeroplano que tiene dos bordo de una aeronave. superficies principales de sustentación bomber A/C /ˈbɑːmər/. “A military aircraft (alas). designed to carry a bomb load over enemy bladder-type fuel cell /ˈblædər ˈtaɪp ˈ uːəl territory an release it in such a way that it will ˈsel/. “A plastic-impregnated fabric bag do the maximum amount of damage. (Crane, supported in a portion of an aircraft structure 2012) so that it forms a cell in which fuel is carried.” - bombardero. Aeronave militar diseñada (Crane, 2012) para transportar una carga de bombas - depósito elástico de combustible. Bolsa sobre territorio enemigo y lanzarla de de tela impregnada de plástico forma que provoque el máximo daño contenida en una parte de la estructura posible. de la aeronave, de manera que forma bona fides /ˈboʊnə ˈfaɪdz/. “In personnel una célula donde se almacena el recovery, the use of verbal or visual combustible. communication by individuals who are bleed air /ˈbliːd ˈer/. “Compressed air taken unknown to one another, to establish their from one or more stages of the compressor of authenticity, sincerity, honesty, and a gas turbine engine. Bleed air is used for anti- truthfulness.” (Department of Defense of the icing, de-icing, cabin pressurization, and cabin United States of America, 2007) heating or cooling.” (Crane, 2012) - santo y seña. En recuperación del - aire sangrado. Aire comprimido tomado personal, el uso de comunicación verbal de una o más etapas del compresor de o visual por personas que no se conocen un motor de turbine de gas. El aire entre sí, para establecer su autenticidad, sangrado se utiliza para el anti y des- sinceridad, honestidad y veracidad.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 11 booby trap /ˈbuːbi ˈtræp/. “A device briefing /ˈbriːfɪŋ/. “The act of giving in designed, constructed or adapted to kill or advance specific instructions or information.” injure, which functions when a person (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) disturbs or approaches an apparently - briefing (Traducción no utilizada). El harmless object or performs an apparently acto de dar por adelantado instrucciones safe act.” (NATO Standardization Agency, o información específicas. 2014) bulkhead /ˈbʌlkˌhed/. “A structural partition - trampa explosiva. Un dispositivo that divides the fuselage of an aircraft into diseñado, construido o adaptado para compartments or bays. A bulkhead matar o herir, que funciona cuando una strengthens the structure and acts as a wall.” persona perturba o se aproxima a un (Crane, 2012) objeto aparentemente inofensivo o - mamparo. Partición estructural que realiza una operación aparentemente divide el fuselaje en compartimentos o segura. bahías. Un mamparo refuerza la bowser /ˈbozər/. “A mobile fuel tank for estructura y actúa como un muro. refueling aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005) bullseye /ˈbuːlzaɪ/. “An established reference - cisterna. Un depósito de combustible point from which the position of an object can móvil para repostar aeronaves. be referenced.” (Department of Defense of brake parachute /ˈbreɪk ˈperɪˌʃuːt/. A the United States of America, 2007) parachute attached to the rear of an aircraft - bullseye (traducción no utilizada). and opened to assist braking. (HarperCollins Punto de referencia establecido, desde Publishers) el cual, se puede hacer referencia a la - paracaídas de frenado. Paracaídas posición de un objeto. instalado en la parte trasera de una aeronave que se abre para ayudar en la frenada. Branch /ˈbræntʃ/. “Part of a NATO headquarters division responsible for a major functional area.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - Sección (de una División). Parte de una División de un cuartel general de la OTAN responsable de un área funcional
principal. brassard /ˈbræsərd/. “An armband with a distinctive design that identifies the wearer in
some way.” (HarperCollins Publishers) - brazalete. Banda de brazo con un diseño distintivo que identifica al portador de alguna manera. break (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈbreɪk/. “I hereby indicate the separation between portions of the message. (To be used where there is no clear distinction between the text and other portions of the message).” (Communications, 2002) - break (aeronautical phraseology). Por la presente indico la separación entre dos porciones de mensaje. (Para ser utilizado cuando no hay una distinción clara entre el texto y otras porciones del mensaje. break break (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈbreɪk ˈbreɪk/. “I hereby indicate the separation between messages transmitted to different aircraft in a very busy environment.” (Communications, 2002) - break break (aeronautical phraseology).
Por la presente indico la separación entre mensajes transmitidos a diferentes aviones en un entorno muy ocupado.
12 Aeronautical Military English Glossary - configuración canard. Configuración en la que la envergadura del ala delantera es sustancialmente menor que la del ala principal. cancel (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈkænsəl/. cadet /kəˈdet/. “A student in training at an “Annul the previously transmitted clearance.” armed forces academy.” (HarperCollins (Communications, 2002) Publishers) - cancel (aeronautical phraseology). - cadete. Un estudiante en formación en Anule la autorización transmitida una academia militar. anteriormente. call sign /ˈkɒl ˈsaɪn/. “Any combination of cannibalization /ˌkænəbələˈzeɪʃən/. characters or pronounceable words, which “Authorized removals of a specific assembly, identifies a communication facility, a subassembly, or part from one weapon command, an authority, an activity, or a unit; system, system, support system, or used primarily for establishing and equipment end-item for installation on maintaining communications.” (NATO another end-item to meet priority mission Standardization Agency, 2014) requirements with an obligation to replace - indicativo. Cualquier combinación de the removed item.” (HQ USAF/IL, 2003) caracteres o palabras pronunciables que - canibalización. El desmontaje identifiquen a; una instalación de autorizado de un conjunto, subconjunto, comunicaciones, mando, autoridad, o parte específicos de un sistema de actividad o unidad, utilizada armas, sistema, sistema de apoyo, o principalmente para establecer y elemento final de equipo, para su mantener comunicaciones. instalación en otro elemento final que call-up /ˈkɔːl ʌp/. “An order, as to those in the tiene prioridad para el cumplimiento de reserves, to report for active duty.” una misión, con la obligación de reemplazar el elemento desmontado. (HarperCollins Publishers) canopy /ˈkænəpi/. “A transparent cover, - llamada a filas, movilización. Orden, a aquellos en la reserva, de presentarse typically on some fighters, light aircraft and para el servicio. gliders, designed to slide backwards and camouflage /ˈkæməˌflɑːʒ/. “The use of forwards or hinge upwards to allow pilots to natural or artificial material on personnel, enter or leave an aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005) objects or tactical positions with the aim of - cúpula. Cubierta transparente, confusing, misleading or evading the enemy.” generalmente en cazas de combate, aeronaves ligeras o veleros, diseñada (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) para ser deslizada hacia atrás y hacia - camuflaje. El uso de material, natural o delante o bascular hacia arriba para artificial, en personas, objetos o permitir a los pilotos entrar y salir de la posiciones tácticas con el fin de aeronave. confundir, engañar o evadir al enemigo. capstone publication /ˈkæpˌstoʊn canard /kəˈnɑːrd/. 1. “The forward wing of a ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn̩/. “The publication at the highest canard configuration and may be a fixed, level in the Allied Joint Doctrine Architecture movable, or variable geometry surface, with linking that doctrine to Alliance strategy.” or without control surfaces.” (Regulatory (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) Information, 2012) 2. “A type of airplane in - capstone publication. Publicación al which the horizontal auxiliary control is nivel más alto en la arquitectura de la mounted ahead of the main lifting plane.” doctrina aliada conjunta, uniendo dicha (Crane, 2012) doctrina con la estrategia de la Alianza. - canard. 1. El ala delantera de una cargo /ˈkɑːrˌɡoʊ/. “Commodities and configuración canard que puede ser fija, supplies in transit.” (NATO Standardization móvil, de geometría variable, con o sin Agency, 2014) superficies de control. 2. Un tipo de - carga. Productos y suministros en aeroplano en el que el control auxiliar tránsito. horizontal está montado delante del cargo ramp /ˈkɑːrˌɡoʊ ˈræmp/. plano principal de sustentación. - rampa de carga. canard configuration /kəˈnɑːrd cargo sling /ˈkɑːrˌɡoʊ sˈlɪŋ/. See cargo kənˌfɪɡjəˈreɪʃn̩/. “A configuration in which the lashing belt. span of the forward wing is substantially less - eslinga de carga. Ver cinta de carga than of the main wing.” (Regulatory Information, 2012)
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 13 cargo lashing belt /ˈkɑːrˌɡoʊ ˈlæʃɪŋ ˈbelt/. aviation authority stating that an aircraft High tensile strength belt used for securing meets specific safety and performance items to a movable platform called pallet. requirements that allow it to be used in - cinta de carga. Cinta de alta resistencia a service.” (Crocker, 2005) la tracción utilizada para asegurar - Certificado de Aeronavegabilidad. objetos a una plataforma móvil. Documento expedido por una autoridad casualty /ˈkæʒəwəlti/. “In relation to de aviación que certifica que una personnel, any person who is lost to his aeronave satisface los requisitos organization by reason of having been específicos de seguridad y declared dead, wounded, diseased, detained, funcionamiento que le permiten ser captured or missing.” (NATO Standardization puesta en servicio. Agency, 2014) chaff /ˈtʃæf/. Strips of frequency-cut metal - baja. En relación con el personal, foil, wire, or metallized glass fibre used to cualquier persona, perdida para su reflect electromagnetic energy, usually organización, por razones de haber sido dropped from aircraft (NATO Standardization declarada muerta, herida, enferma, Agency, 2014). detenida, capturada o desaparecida. - chaff. Tiras de metal, alambre o fibras de caution (TO understanding) /ˈkɑːʃn̩/. vidrio metalizadas, a una frecuencia de “Highlights an essential operating or corte dada y utilizadas para reflejar maintenance procedure, practice, condition, energía electromagnética. Normalmente statement, etc., which, if not strictly lanzadas por las aeronaves. observed, could result in damage to, or chain of command /ˈtʃeɪn əv kəˈmænd/. “The destruction of, equipment or loss of mission succession of commanding officers from a effectiveness.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number superior to a subordinate through which 04-318, 2014) command is exercised.” (NATO - precaucion (caution). Destaca un Standardization Agency, 2014) procedimiento de operación o - cadena de mando. La sucesión de mantenimiento, practica, condición o oficiales con mando, de superior a estado esencial que, de no observarse subordinado mediante la cual se ejerce estrictamente, podría resultar en daños el mando. o destrucción de equipo, o pérdida de chaplain (HC) /ˈtʃæplən/. “Provides spiritual eficacia de la misión. care (. . .) conducting religious observances ceiling /ˈsiːlɪŋ/. “The height above the earth’s and providing pastoral care.” (HQ USAF/A1, Surface of the lowest layer of clouds or 2013) obscuring phenomena reported as ‘broken’, - capellán. Proporciona atención spiritual ‘overcast’, or ‘obscuration’, and not classified dirigiendo prácticas religiosas y as ‘thin’ or ‘partial’.” (Regulatory Information, prestando atención pastoral. 2012) check (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈtʃek/. - techo de nubes. La altura sobre la “Examine a system or procedure. (No answer superficie terrestre de la capa más baja is normally expected)” (Communications, de nubes o fenómenos oscurecedores 2002) clasificados como ‘roto’ o ‘encapotado’, - check (aeronautical phraseology). y no clasificados como ‘fino’ o ‘parcial’. Examine un sistema o procedimiento. centre of gravity limits /ˈsentər əv ˈɡrævəti (Normalmente no se espera respuesta). ˈlɪməts/. “The limits within which an aircraft's Chief of Staff (CSAF). /ˈtʃiːf əv ˈstæf/. centre of gravity must lie to ensure safe flight. - Jefe del Estado Mayor del Aire. The centre of gravity of the loaded aircraft chock /ˈtʃɑːk/. “A wooden or metal device must be within these limits at take-off, in the placed in front of the wheels of a parked air, and on landing.” (NATO Standardization aircraft to prevent it from moving.” (Crocker, Agency, 2014) 2005) - límites del centro de gravedad. Los - calzo. Dispositivo de madera o metal que límites dentro de los cuales debe se coloca delante de las ruedas de un permanecer el centro de gravedad de avión estacionado para evitar que se una aeronave para garantizar la mueva. seguridad del vuelo. El centro de civilian aircraft /səˈvɪljən ˈerˌkræft/. “Means gravedad de la aeronave cargada debe any aircraft other than military or other State permanecer dentro de estos límites al aircraft.” (Program on Humanitarian Policy despegue, en vuelo y en el aterrizaje. and Conflict Research, 2009) Certificate of Airworthiness /sərˈtɪfɪkət əv ˈeˌrwərðinəs/. “A document issued by an
14 Aeronautical Military English Glossary - aeronave civil. Significa cualquier produced by the entire rotor disk.” (Crane, aeronave distinta de las aeronaves 2012) militares o de Estado. - colectivo. El control de vuelo de un clandestine operation /klænˈdestən helicóptero que cambia el paso de todas ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn̩/. “An operation planned or las palas del rotor al mismo tiempo. El conducted in such a way as to assure its movimiento del colectivo incrementa o secrecy or concealment.” (NATO disminuye la sustentación producida por Standardization Agency, 2014) todo el disco rotor. - operación clandestina. Una operación combat air patrol (CAP) /ˈkɑːmbæt ˈer planificada o conducida de tal forma que pəˈtroʊl/. “An aircraft patrol provided over an se asegure su carácter secreto u oculto. objective area, the force protected, the cleared (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈklɪrd/. critical area of a combat zone, or in an air “Authorised to proceed under the conditions defence area, for the purpose of intercepting specified.” (Communications, 2002) and destroying hostile aircraft before they - cleared (aeronautical phraseology). reach their targets.” (NATO Standardization Autorizado a proceder en las condiciones Agency, 2014) especificadas. - patrulla aérea de combate. Patrulla de close air support (CAS) /kloʊz ˈer səˈpɔːrt/. aeronaves establecida sobre un área “Air action against hostile targets which are in objetivo, fuerza protegida, área crítica close proximity to friendly forces and which de una zona de combate o en un área de require detailed integration of each air defensa aérea, con el propósito de interceptar y destruir las aeronaves mission with the fire and movement of those hostiles antes de que alcancen sus forces.” (NATO Standardization Agency, objetivos. 2014) combat load /ˈkɑːmbæt loʊd/. “The total - apoyo aéreo cercano. Acción aérea warlike stores carried by an aircraft.” (NATO contra objetivos hostiles que se encuentran próximas a las fuerzas Standardization Agency, 2014) - amigas, y que requiere de la integración carga de combate. El armamento total detallada de cada misión área con el cargado (en disposición de ser utilizado) fuego y maniobra de las fuerzas amigas. por una aeronave. coaxial rotors /ˌkoˈæksiəl ˈroʊtəz/. “A rotor combat search and rescue (CSAR) /ˈkɑːmbæt system in which two rotors are mounted on ˈsɝːtʃ ənd ˈreskjuː/. “The detection, location, the helicopter, on concentric shafts, in such a identification and rescue of downed aircrew way that they turn in opposite directions – in hostile territory in time of crisis or war and, their torques cancel.” (Crane, 2012) when appropriate, isolated military personnel - rotores coaxiales. Sistema de rotor en el in distress, who are trained and equipped to que dos rotores se montan en ejes receive combat search and rescue support.” concéntricos, de tal manera que giran en (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) direcciones opuestas – sus ejes se - busqueda y salvamento de combate. La cancelan. detección, localización, identificación y cockpit /ˈkɑːkˌpɪt/. “The portion of an aircraft rescate de tripulantes derribados, en or a spacecraft from which the flight crew territorio enemigo, en tiempo de crisis o controls the vehicle.” (Crane, 2012) guerra y, cuando proceda, de personal - cabina. Parte de una aeronave o nave militar aislado en peligro, que esté especial desde la cual la tripulación entrenado y equipado para recibir el controla el vehículo. apoyo de salvamento y rescate de collateral damage /kəˈlætərəl ˈdæmədʒ/. combate. combat search and rescue task force “Inadvertent casualties and destruction in (CSARTF) /ˈkɑːmbæt ˈsɝːtʃ ənd ˈreskjuː ˈtæsk civilian areas caused by military operations.” ˈfɔːrs/. “All forces committed to a specific (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - daños colaterales. Víctimas y combat search and rescue operation to destrucción involuntarias en áreas civiles locate, identify, support, and recover isolated causadas por las operaciones militares. personnel during combat. This includes those collective pitch control /kəˈlektɪv ˈpɪtʃ elements assigned to provide command and kənˈtroʊl/. “The flight control of a helicopter control and to protect the recovery vehicle(s) that changes the pitch of all the rotor blades from attack.” (Department of Defense of the at the same time. Movement of the collective United States of America, 2007) control increases or decreases the lift - fuerza especial de salvamento y rescate en combate. Todas las fuerzas comprometidas en una operación
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 15 específica de búsqueda y rescate en assigned and attached forces pursuant to the combate, para localizar, identificar, missions assigned.” (Director for Joint Force apoyar y recuperar a personal aislado Development, 2010) durante el combate. Esto incluye los - sistema de mando y control. Las elementos asignados para proporcionar instalaciones, equipos, comunicaciones, mando y control y proteger al/los procedimientos y personal esenciales vehículo/s de los ataques. para un comandante, para este pueda combat survival /ˈkɑːmbæt sərˈvaɪvl/.̩ “Those planear, dirigir y controlar las measures to be taken by service personnel operaciones de las fuerzas asignadas y when involuntarily separated from friendly anexadas, de conformidad con las forces in combat, including procedures misiones asignadas. relating to individual survival, evasion, Commander. /kəˈmændər/. “An officer who escape, and conduct after capture.” (NATO occupies a position of command pursuant to Standardization Agency, 2014) orders of appointment or by assumption of - supervivencia de combate. Aquellas command” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013). medidas que deben adoptarse por el - Comandante (jefe). Oficial que ocupa personal en servicio cuando son una posición de mando en virtud de separados involuntariamente de las nombramiento o asunción del mando. fuerzas amigas en combate, incluyendo Command Post (CP) /kəˈmænd poʊst/. “In los procedimientos relacionados con la operations or exercises, a location from which supervivencia individual, la evasión, command is exercised” (NATO escape y conducta tras la captura. Standardization Agency, 2014). Implements combined /kəmˈbaɪnd/. “A term identifying emergency action and quick reaction two or more forces or agencies of two or checklist procedures and controls assigned more allies operating together.” (Director for forces. Monitors alert force status; monitors Joint Force Development, 2010) airfield, weather and navigational aid status. - combinado. Término utilizado para (HQ USAF/A1, 2013) identificar a una o más fuerzas o - Puesto de Mando. En operaciones o agencias de dos o más aliados (de ejercicios, lugar desde el cual se ejerce el distinta nacionalidad) que operan mando. Implementa acciones de juntos. emergencia, procedimientos reacción command (CMD) /kəˈmænd/. “1. The rápida mediante listas de control y authority that a commander in the armed controla las fuerzas asignadas. forces lawfully exercises over subordinates by Monitoriza el estado de la fuerza de virtue of rank or assignment. 2. An order alarma, el aeropuerto, climatología y given by a commander; that is, the will of the estado de las ayudas a la navegación. commander expressed for the purpose of commissioned officer. /kəˈmɪʃn̩d ˈɑːfəsər/. bringing about a particular action. 3. A unit or “A serviceman or servicewoman with a units, an organization, or an area under the supervisory rank, who derives their authority command of one individual.” (Director for from a commission.” (Bowyer, 2004) Joint Force Development, 2010) - oficial de carrera. Todo o toda militar - mando. 1. La autoridad legal que un que ostenta un rango de supervisor, cuya comandante en jefe de las fuerzas autoridad deriva de un despacho o armadas ejerce sobre sus subordinados nombramiento. en virtud de su rango o puesto. 2. Orden communication and navigation system dada por un comandante en jefe, es (aircraft) /kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃn̩ ənd ˈnævəˈɡeɪʃn̩ decir, la voluntad del comandante ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training expresada con el propósito de que Wing) cumpla una acción en particular. 3. Una - sistema de comunicación y navegación. unidad o unidades, organización o área companionship /kəmˈpænjənˌʃɪp/. “Having bajo el mando de un individuo. someone you know and like with you, instead command and control A/C. See command of being on your own.” (HarperCollins and control system. Publishers) - aeronave de mando y control. Ver - compañerismo. Tener a alguien que entrada command and control system. conoces y quieres a tu lado, en lugar de command and control system /kəˈmænd ənd estar a solas. kənˈtroʊl ˈsɪstəm/. “The facilities, equipment, computed air release point /kəmˈpjuːtəd ˈer communications, procedures, and personnel riˈliːs ˈpɔɪnt/. “A computed air position where essential to a commander for planning, the first paratroop or cargo item is released directing, and controlling operations of
16 Aeronautical Military English Glossary to land on a specified impact point.” (NATO United States of America, 2007) 2. “In air Standardization Agency, 2014) operations, the position at which a mission - punto de lanzamiento. Posición en el leader makes radio contact with an air control aire calculada para que el primer hombre agency.” (NATO Standardization Agency, o carga sea lanzado y aterrice en un 2014) punto de impacto especifico. - punto de contacto. 1. En misiones de concertina wire /kansərˈ ːnə ˈwaɪər/. recuperación de personal, lugar donde el “Barbed wire rolled into a series of loops, personal aislado puede establecer which can be compressed for storage and contacto con las fuerzas de transportation, but easily extended for use as recuperación. 2. En operaciones aéreas, an obstacle.” (Bowyer, 2004) la posición en la que un líder de la misión - concertina. Alambre de púas enrollado contacta por radio con una agencia de en una serie de vueltas que puede ser control aéreo. comprimido para almacenamiento y contour interval /ˈkɑːnˌtʊr ˈɪntərvl/.̩ transporte, pero fácilmente extensible “Difference in elevation between two para utilizar como obstáculo. adjacent contour lines.” (NATO confidence course /ˈkɑːnfədəns ˈkɔːrs/. See Standardization Agency, 2014) obstacle course. - equidistancia. Diferencia de altura entre - pista de aplicación. dos curvas de nivel adyacentes. confined to barracks /kənˈfaɪnd tə ˈbærəks/. contour line /ˈkɑːnˌtʊr ˈlaɪn/. “A line on a “A punishment by which a soldier is not map or chart connecting points of equal allowed to leave the barracks.” (Bowyer, elevation.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2004) 2014) - arresto. Castigo por el cual no se permite - curva de nivel. Una línea en un mapa o a un militar abandonar su cuartel. carta que conecta los puntos que están a confirm (aeronautical phraseology) la misma altura. /kənˈfɝːm/. “Have I correctly received the controlled dangerous air cargo /kənˈtroʊld following…? Or Did you correctly receive the ˈdeɪndʒərəs ˈer ˈkɑːrˌɡoʊ/. “Cargo which is message?” (Communications, 2002) regarded as highly dangerous and which may - confirm (aeronautical phraseology). only be carried by cargo aircraft operating ¿He recibido correctamente lo within specific safety regulations.” (NATO siguiente…? o ¿Has recibido Standardization Agency, 2014) correctamente mi mensaje? - carga peligrosa. Carga considerada consolidate. /kənˈsɑːləˌdet/. “To como altamente peligrosa que permanently combine two or more solamente puede ser transportada por organizations by merging their lineage into a aeronaves de transporte de carga que single line to form a single organization.” (HQ operen bajo unas normas de seguridad USAF/A1, 2013) específicas. - concentrar, fusionar. Combinar control tower /kənˈtroʊl ˈtaʊər/. “A terminal permanentemente dos o mas facility that uses air/ground communications, organizaciones mediante la fusión de su visual signaling, and other devices to provide linaje en una sola línea y formar una sola ATC services to aircraft operating in the organización. vicinity of an airport or on the movement constitute /ˈkɑːnstəˌtuːt/. Provide the legal area.” (Crane, 2012) authority for a new unit by designating it in a - torre de control. Terminal que utiliza department of an air force (HQ USAF/A1, comunicaciones tierra/aire, señalización 2013). visual y otros dispositivos para - constituir, crear. Proporcionar la proporcionar control de tráfico aéreo a autoridad legal a una nueva unidad las aeronaves que operan en las mediante su designación en un proximidades de un aeropuerto. departamento de la fuerza aérea. control zone (CTZ) /kənˈtroʊl ˈzoʊn/. “A contact (aeronautical phraseology) controlled airspace extending upwards from /ˈkɑːnˌtækt/. “Establish radio contact with…” the surface of the earth to a specified upper (Communications, 2002) limit.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - contact (aeronautical phraseology). - zona de control (CTZ). Espacio aéreo Establezca contacto radio con…. controlado que se extiende hacia arriba contact point (CP) /ˈkɑːnˌtækt ˈpɔɪnt/. 1. “In desde la superficie de la Tierra hasta un personnel recovery, a location where isolated límite superior específico. personnel can establish contact with recovery cooling system (aircraft) /ˈkuːlɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/. forces.” (Department of Defense of the (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing)
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 17 - sistema de refrigeración. repair aircraft and related equipment. (HQ coordinates /ˌkoʊˈɔːdɪneɪts/. “Linear or AFPC/DPP Col. Steven F. Maurmann, 2004) angular quantities which designate the - mecánico de línea. Miembro del position that a point occupies in a given personal de tierra responsable de dar reference frame or system.” (NATO servicio a las aeronaves. Lleva a cabo Standardization Agency, 2014) inspecciones pre-vuelo, post-vuelo, - coordenadas. Cantidades lineares o entre-vuelo, inspecciones especiales y angulares que definen la posición que periódicas. Genera lanzamientos de ocupa un punto en un sistema o marco aeronaves y repostajes en plataforma. de referencia. Asesora sobre problemas de correct (aeronautical phraseology) /kəˈrekt/. mantenimiento, servicio e inspección de aeronaves y equipo aeroespacial “That is correct” relacionado. Utiliza datos técnicos para - correct (aeronautical phraseology). Eso diagnosticar y resolver problemas de es correcto. manteniendo en sistemas de aeronaves. correction (aeronautical phraseology) Interpreta y asesora sobre los /kəˈrekʃn̩/. “An error has been made in this procedimientos y políticas de reparación transmission (or message indicated).” de aeronaves y equipos relacionados. (Communications, 2002) crosswind component /ˈkrɒswɪnd - correction (aeronautical phraseology). kəmˈpoʊnənt/. “The wind component, Se ha cometido un error en esta transmisión (o mensaje indicado). measured in knots, at 90° to the cover /ˈkʌvər/. “Something which is put over longitudinal axis of a runway.” (Crane, an object, usually in order to protect it” 2012) (HarperCollins Publishers). E.g. pitot tube - componente de viento cruzado. La cover, canopy cover. componente del viento, medida en - cubierta o funda. Algo que se coloca nudos, a 90° respecto al eje longitudinal sobre un objeto, generalmente, con el de una pista de aterrizaje. fin de protegerlo. crosswind runway /ˈkrɒswɪnd ˈrʌˌnwe/. “A covert operation /ˈkovərt ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn̩/. “An secondary runway that is required when the operation that is planned and conducted so primary runway orientation does not meet as to conceal the identity or permit plausible crosswind criteria.” (Department of Defense deniability of the executor.” (NATO of The United States of America, 2008) Standardization Agency, 2014) - pista de viento cruzado. Pista de - operación encubierta. Operación aterrizaje secundaria que se requiere planeada para ocultar o permitir una cuando la orientación de la pista negación plausible de la identidad de su principal no cumple con los criterios de autor. viento cruzado. crash locator beacon /ˈkræʃ loʊˈkeɪtə cruise missile /ˈkruːz ˈmɪsəl/. “Guided missile, ˈbiːkən/. “An automatic emergency radio the major portion of whose flight path to its locator beacon to help searching forces locate target is conducted at approximately a crashed aircraft.” (NATO Standardization constant velocity; depends on the dynamic Agency, 2014) reaction of air for lift and upon propulsion - radiobaliza de localización de accidente. forces to balance drag.” (Director for Joint Radiobaliza de localización automática Force Development, 2010) de emergencia para ayudar a las fuerzas - misil de crucero. Misil guiado, cuya de búsqueda a localizar una aeronave mayor parte de su trayectoria de vuelo accidentada. hacia el objetivo se produce a velocidad crew chief /ˈkruː ˈtʃiːf/. Ground staff member aproximadamente constante, responsible for servicing aircraft. Performs dependiendo de la reacción dinámica end-of-runway, postflight, preflight, thru- con el aire para su sustentación y de las fuerzas de propulsión para compensar la flight, special inspections and phase resistencia. inspections. Performs sortie generation cruise power /ˈkruːz ˈpaʊər/. “The power operations and hot pit refuels. Advises on setting for an aircraft engine during cruise problems maintaining, servicing, and flight that will obtain the best fuel flow and inspecting aircraft and related aerospace performance.” (Crane, 2012) equipment. Uses technical data to diagnose - potencia de crucero. Ajuste de motor de and solve maintenance problems on aircraft una aeronave durante el vuelo de systems. Interprets and advises on crucero que obtendrá el mejor consumo maintenance procedures and policies to de combustible y rendimiento.
18 Aeronautical Military English Glossary cruising altitude /ˈkruːzɪŋ ˈæltəˌtuːd/. “An altitude or flight level maintained during en route level flight.” (Crane, 2012) - altitud de crucero. Una altitud o nivel de vuelo mantenido durante el vuelo en ruta nivelado. cruising level (ICAO) /ˈkruːzɪŋ ˈlevl/.̩ “A level maintained during a significant portion of a flight.” (Crane, 2012) - nivel de crucero. Nivel mantenido durante una parte significativa de un vuelo. cyclic pitch control /ˈsaɪklɪk ˈpɪtʃ kənˈtroʊl/. “The control in a helicopter that allows the pilot to change the pitch of the rotor blades individually, at specific point in their rotation. The cyclic pitch control allows the pilot to tilt the plane of rotation of the rotor blades to change the direction in which the lift produced by the rotor disk acts. Tilting the plane of the rotor controls the direction the helicopter moves.” (Crane, 2012) - cíclico. El control en un helicóptero que permite al piloto cambiar el paso de las palas del rotor de forma individual, en un punto específico de su rotación. El cíclico permite al piloto inclinar el plano de rotación de las palas del rotor para cambiar la dirección en la que la sustentación producida por el disco de rotación actúa. La inclinación del plano del rotor controla la dirección en la que se mueve el helicóptero.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 19 deice /ˌdiːˈaɪs/. “The act of removing ice accumulation from an aircraft structure.” (Crane, 2012) - deshielo. Acto de eliminar el hielo acumulado en la estructura de una datum /ˈdætəm/. “Any numerical or aeronave. geometrical quantity or set of such quantities deicer system /ˈdiːˈaɪsə ˈsɪstəm/. “A system which may serve as reference or base for that removes ice after it has formed on an other quantities. Where the concept is aircraft.” (Federal Aviation Administration, geometric, the plural form is "datums" in Airman Testing Standards Branch, 2012) contrast to the normal plural "data".” (NATO - sistema de deshielo. Sistema que Standardization Agency, 2014) elimina el hielo una vez se ha formado - datum (Traducción no utilizada). sobre una aeronave. Cualquier cantidad numérica o Deputy Chief of Staff /ˈdepjəti ˈtʃiːf əv ˈstæf/. geométrica, o conjunto de tales “An officer who oversees a major portion of cantidades que pueden servir como the Air Staff and who reports directly to the referencia o base para otras cantidades. CSAF.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013) Cuando se trata del concepto - Segundo Jefe del Estado Mayor del Aire. geométrico, la forma plural es “datums” oficial que supervisa una parte (en lengua inglesa), en contraste con el importante del Estado Mayor del Aire y plural normal “data”. que depende directamente del CSAF. Dean of Academics /ˈdiːn əv ˌækəˈdemɪks/. Deputy Commander /ˈdepjəti kəˈmændər/. Officer in charge of a studies division. “An officer who shares the commander’s (HarperCollins Publishers) duties and acts for the commander during the - Jefe de Estudios. Oficial al mando de una commander’s absence. This designation is Jefatura de Estudios. used at group level.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013) deception /dəˈsepʃn̩/. “Those measures - Oficial Adjunto. Oficial que comparte las designed to mislead the enemy by responsabilidades y obligaciones del manipulation, distortion, or falsification of Comandante Jefe y actúa en su nombre evidence to induce him to react in a manner durante su ausencia. Esta designación se prejudicial to his interests.” (NATO utiliza a nivel de grupo. Standardization Agency, 2014) designate /ˈdezɪgˌnet/. “Give an official name - decepción. Aquellas medidas diseñadas (or a number and name).” (HQ USAF/A1, para engañar al enemigo mediante la 2013) manipulación, distorsión, o falsificación - nombrar. Dar un nombre oficial (o un de pruebas para inducirlo a reaccionar número y nombre). de una manera perjudicial para sus deterrence /dəˈtɜːrəns/. “The convincing of a intereses. potential aggressor that the consequences of decision altitude/height /dəˈsɪʒn̩ coercion or armed conflict would outweigh ˈæltəˌtuːd/ˈhaɪt/. “A specified altitude or the potential gains. This requires the height (A/H) in the precision approach at maintenance of a credible military capability which a missed approach must be initiated if and strategy with the clear political will to the required visual reference to continue the act.” approach has not been stablished.” (Crane, - disuasión. El convencimiento a un 2012) agresor potencial, de que las - altitud/altura de decisión. Altitud o consecuencias de la coerción o el ataque altura especifica en una aproximación de armado superarían las ganancias precisión, a la cual se debe iniciar el potenciales. Esto requiere el procedimiento de aproximación mantenimiento de una capacidad y frustrada si la referencia visual requerida estrategia militar creíble, con la clara para continuar la aproximación no se ha voluntad política de actuar. establecido. dispenser /ˌdɪˈspensər/. “In air armament, a defensive counterair (DCA) /dəˈfensɪv container or device which is used to carry and ˈkaʊntər-ˈer/. “All defensive measures release submunitions.” (NATO designed to neutralize or destroy enemy Standardization Agency, 2014) forces attempting to penetrate or attack - dispensador. En armamento Aero, un through friendly airspace.” (Director for Joint contenedor o dispositivo que se utiliza Force Development, 2010) para transportar y lanzar submuniciones, - DCA (traducción no utilizada). p. ej. chaffs y bengalas.
20 Aeronautical Military English Glossary direct action (DA) /dəˈrekt ˈækʃn̩/. “A short- pavement.” (Department of Defense of The duration strike or other small-scale offensive United States of America, 2008) action by special operations forces or special - Umbral desplazado. Umbral de pista que operations-capable units to seize, destroy, no se encuentra en el extremo del capture, recover or inflict damage to achieve pavimento de la pista de aterrizaje. specific, well- defined and often time- disregard (aeronautical phraseology) sensitive results.” (NATO Standardization /ˌdɪsrɪˈɡɑːrd/. “Consider that transmission as Agency, 2014) not sent.” (Communications, 2002) - acción directa. Ataque de corta duración - disregard (aeronautical phraseology). u otra acción ofensiva a pequeña escala Considere esa transmisión como no por fuerzas o unidades de operaciones enviada. especiales; para detener, destruir, distance measuring equipment (DME) recuperar o infligir daño para conseguir /ˈdɪstəns ˈmeʒərɪŋ ɪˈkwɪpmənt/. “A pulse- resultados específicos, bien definidos y type electronic navigation system that shows frecuentemente sensibles en el tiempo. the pilot, by an instrument-panel indication, disarm /ˌdɪˈsɑːrm/. 1. Unload of missiles, the number of nautical miles between the rockets, and ammunition from aircraft aircraft and a ground station.” (Crane, 2012) (Department of Defense of The United States - DME (traducción no utilizada). Sistema of America, 2008). 2. “To take a person’s electrónico de navegación de tipo pulso weapon away from him” (Bowyer, 2004). 3. que muestra al piloto, mediante As applied to explosives, weapons, and indicación en el panel de instrumentos, ammunition, the changing from a a state of el número de millas náuticas entre la aeronave y la estación en tierra. readiness for innitiation to a safe condition. distressed person /ˌdɪˈstrest ˈpɝːsn̩/. “An (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010) individual who requires search and rescue - desarmar. 1. Descarga de misiles, cohetes y munición de una aeronave. 2. assistance to remove he or she from life- Quitar a una persona el arma que porta. threatening or isolating circumstances in a 3. Aplicado a explosivos, armamento y permissive environment.” (Department of munición, el cambio de condición de lista Defense of the United States of America, para su iniciación o uso a la condición de 2007) seguridad. - persona en peligro. Individuo que disband /ˌdɪˈsbænd/. “Withdraw the legal requiere de asistencia de búsqueda y authority for a unit.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013) rescate para apartarla de peligros de - disolver. Retirar la autoridad legal a una aislamiento o que amenazan su vida en unidad. un entorno permisivo. discipline /ˈdɪsəplən/. 1. Control which an ditching /ˈdɪtʃɪŋ/. “Controlled landing of a army has over its soldiers’ behavior. 2. Rules distressed aircraft on water.” (Department of and regulations which maintain control. 3. Defense of the United States of America, Self-control. (HarperCollins Publishers) 2007) - disciplina. 1. Control que un ejército - amerizaje. Aterrizaje controlado sobre el tiene sobre el comportamiento de sus agua de una aeronave con dificultades. soldados. 2. Reglas y regulaciones que Division /dɪˈvɪʒn̩/. “An organizational part of mantienen el control. 3. Auto-control. a headquarters that handles military matters dismissed (drill) /ˌdɪˈsmɪst/. (AIR FORCE of a particular nature, such as personnel, MANUAL 36-2203, 2013) intelligence, plans, and training, or supply and - rompan filas-mar (IOC). (sin voz evacuation.” (NATO Standardization Agency, ejecutiva) 2014) dispersion /ˌdɪˈspɝːʒən/. “In airdrop - división. Parte organizacional de un operations, the scatter of personnel and/or cuartel general que se encarga de cargo on the drop zone.” (NATO materias militares de naturaleza Standardization Agency, 2014) particular, como personal, inteligencia, - dispersión. En operaciones de planeamiento, enseñanza, lanzamiento aéreo, la dispersión del abastecimiento o evacuación. personal y/o carga en la zona de drill /ˈdrɪl/. 1. noun Military or physical lanzamiento. training, esp. of a group, as in marching, the displaced threshold /ˌdɪˈspleɪst ˈθreʃhoʊld/. manual of arms, or gymnastic exercises. 2. “A runway threshold that is not at the verb To train in military or physical exercise; beginning of the full-strength runway specif., to exercise (troops) in close-order drill. (HarperCollins Publishers)
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 21 - instrucción. 1. sustantivo Entrenamiento duty /ˈduː /. “1. Conduct based on moral or físico o militar, especialmente en grupo, legal obligation, or a sense of propriety. 2. A como el desfile, el manejo de armas o los sense or feeling of obligation. 3. Service, esp. ejercicios gimnásticos. 2. verbo Practicar military service.” (HarperCollins Publishers) el ejercicio militar o físico, - deber. 1. Conducta basada en la específicamente, instruir a las tropas en obligación moral o legal, o en el sentido la instrucción de orden cerrado (IOC). del decoro. 2. Sentido o sentimiento de drizzle /ˈdrɪzl/.̩ “Very small droplets of water la obligación. 3. Servicio, especialmente that appear to float with the air currents servicio militar. while falling in an irregular path.” (Crane, 2012) - llovizna. Gotas de agua muy pequeñas que parecen flotar con las Corrientes de aire mientras caen siguiendo trayectorias irregulares. drop altitude /ˈdrɑːp ˈæltəˌtuːd/. “The altitude above mean sea level at which airdrop is executed.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - altitud de lanzamiento. La altitud sobre el nivel del mar a la cual se ejecuta el lanzamiento aéreo. drop height /ˈdrɑːp ˈhaɪt/. “The vertical distance between the drop zone and the aircraft.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - altura de lanzamiento. La distancia vertical entre la zona de lanzamiento y la aeronave. drop tank /ˈdrɑːp ˈtæŋk/. “An externally mounted fuel tank used on some military aircraft. Fuel is used from the drop tank first, and then the entire tank is dropped from the aircraft to get rid of the weight and the drag.” (Crane, 2012) - tanque lanzable. Tanque de combustible montado en el exterior de algunas aeronaves militares. Se utiliza primero el combustible del tanque lanzable, para luego lanzar el tanque y deshacerse de su peso y resistencia al aire. drop zone (DZ) /ˈdrɑːp ˈzoʊn/. “A specified area upon which airborne troops, equipment, or supplies are airdropped.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - zona de lanzamiento. Área específica sobre la que las tropas aerotransportadas, equipos o suministros son lanzados desde el aire. dumb bomb /ˈdəm ˈbɑːm/. General purpose weapon which lacks of any guidance system and follows a ballistic flight path since it is release or launched. - bomba tonta. Arma de propósito general que carece de cualquier sistema de guiado, y que sigue una trayectoria balística desde el momento en que se lanza o suelta.
22 Aeronautical Military English Glossary electronic deception /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk dəˈsepʃn̩/. “In electronic countermeasures, the deliberate radiation, re- radiation, alteration, absorption or reflection of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to confuse, ear defenders /ˈɪr dəˈfendərz/. See acoustic distract or seduce an enemy or his electronic earmuffs. systems.” (NATO Standardization Agency, earplug /ˈɪrˌpləɡ/. “A device made of rubber 2014) or some type of soft plastic worn in the ear - decepción electrónica. En canal to prevent loud noises damaging the contramedidas electrónicas; la radiación delicate mechanism in the ear.” (Crane, 2012) deliberada, re-radiación, alteración, - tapón para el oído. Dispositivo de goma absorción o reflexión de la energía o algún tipo de plástico blando usado en electromagnética con la pretensión de el canal del oído para evitar que los confundir, distraer o engañar a un ruidos fuertes dañen el delicado enemigo o sus sistemas electrónicos. mecanismo del mismo. electronic defence /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk dəˈfens/. ejection seat /ɪˈdʒekʃn̩ ˈsiːt/. “A seat, esp. as “Use of electromagnetic energy to provide fitted to military aircraft, that is fired by a protection and to ensure effective friendly cartridge or rocket to eject the occupant from use of the electromagnetic spectrum.” (NATO the aircraft in an emergency.” (HarperCollins Standardization Agency, 2014) Publishers) - defensa electronica. Uso de la energia - asiento eyectable. Un asiento, electromagnetica para proporcionar específicamente instalado en aviones de proteccion y asegurar el uso amigo eficaz combate, que es disparado mediante un del espectro electromagnetico. cartucho o cohete, para expulsar al electronic jamming /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk ˈdʒæmɪŋ/. ocupante de la aeronave en caso de “The deliberate radiation, reradiation or emergencia. reflection of electromagnetic energy with the electrical system (aircraft) /əˈlektrɪkl ̩ object of impairing the effectiveness of ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training hostile electronic devices, equipment or Wing) systems.” (NATO Standardization Agency, - sistema eléctrico. 2014) electronic attack /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk əˈtæk/. “Use - interferencia electrónica. La radiación of electromagnetic energy for offensive deliberada, erradicación o reflexión de purposes.” (NATO Standardization Agency, energía electromagnética con el objetivo 2014) de menoscabar la eficacia de los - ataque electrónico. El uso de energía dispositivos electrónicos, equipos o electromagnética con fines ofensivos. sistemas enemigos. electronic countermeasures (ECM) electronic neutralization /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk ˈkaʊntərˌmeʒərz/. “That ˌnuːtrələˈzeɪʃn̩/. “In electronic division of electronic warfare involving countermeasures, the deliberate use of actions taken to prevent or reduce an electromagnetic energy to either temporarily enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic or permanently damage enemy devices which spectrum through the use of electromagnetic rely exclusively on the electromagnetic energy. There are three subdivisions of spectrum.” (NATO Standardization Agency, electronic countermeasures: electronic 2014) jamming, electronic deception and electronic - neutralización electrónica. En neutralization.” (NATO Standardization contramedidas electrónicas, el uso Agency, 2014) deliberado de energía electromagnética para dañar, bien sea temporal o - contramedidas electrónicas. La división permanentemente, a los dispositivos de la guerra electrónica que abarca las enemigos basados exclusivamente en el acciones tomadas para prevenir o espectro electromagnético. reducir el uso eficaz del espectro electromagnético por parte del electronic protective measures (EPM) enemigo, mediante el uso de energía /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk prəˈtektɪv ˈmeʒərz/. “That electromagnética. Hay tres subdivisiones division of electronic warfare involving de contramedidas electrónicas: actions taken to ensure effective friendly use interferencia electromagnética, of the electromagnetic spectrum despite the decepción electromagnética y enemy's use of electromagnetic energy.” neutralización electromagnética. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 23 - medidas de protección electrónica. and aileron, usually fitted to tailless or delta- Aquella división de la guerra electrónica wing aircraft.” (HarperCollins Publishers) que se ocupa de las acciones tomadas - elevon. Superficie de mando de una para asegurar el uso amigo eficaz del aeronave que combina las funciones de espectro electromagnético, a pesar del un timón de profundidad y un alerón, uso enemigo de la energía normalmente instalado en aviones sin electromagnética. cola o de ala delta. electronic warfare (EW) /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk embarkation /ˌembarˈkeɪʃn̩/. “The process of ˈwɔːrˌfer/. “Military action that exploits putting personnel and/or vehicles and their electromagnetic energy to provide situational associated stores and equipment into ships or awareness and achieve offensive and aircraft.” (NATO Standardization Agency, defensive effects.” (NATO Standardization 2014) Agency, 2014) - embarque. Proceso de introducir al - guerra electrónica. La acción militar que personal y/o vehículos y sus equipos y explota la energía electromagnética para provisiones asociadas dentro de barcos o proporcionar conciencia situacional y aeronaves. lograr efectos ofensivos y defensivos. embarkation order /ˌembarˈkeɪʃn̩ ˈɔːrdər/. electronic warfare A/C. See electronic “An order specifying dates, times, routes, warfare. loading diagrams and methods of movement - aeronave de guerra electrónica. Ver to shipside or aircraft for troops and their entrada electronic warfare. equipment.” (NATO Standardization Agency, electronic warfare support measures (ESM) 2014) /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk ˈwɔːrˌfer səˈpɔːrt ˈmeʒərz/. - orden de embarque. Orden que “That division of electronic warfare involving especifica las fechas, horarios, rutas, actions taken to search for, intercept and diagramas de carga y métodos de identify electromagnetic emissions and to movimiento hacia barcos o aeronaves locate their sources for the purpose of para las tropas y su equipamiento. immediate threat recognition. It provides a emergency locator beacon /ˌɪˈmɝːdʒənsi source of information required for immediate loʊˈkeɪtə ˈbiːkən/. “A generic term for all decisions involving electronic radio beacons used for emergency locating countermeasures, electronic protective purposes.” (NATO Standardization Agency, measures and other tactical actions.” (NATO 2014) Standardization Agency, 2014) - radiobaliza de localización de - medidas de apoyo electrónicas. Aquella emergencia. Término genérico para las división de la guerra electrónica que radiobalizas de localización utilizadas abarca las acciones tomadas para con fines de localización de emergencia. buscar, interceptar e identificar endurance /ˈendərəns/. “The length of time emisiones electromagnéticas, y localizar an aircraft can stay in the air without sus fuentes con el propósito inmediato refueling.” (Crocker, 2005) de reconocer amenazas. Proporciona - autonomía. La cantidad de tiempo una una fuente de información requerida aeronave puede permanecer en vuelo para la toma de decisiones relacionadas sin repostar. con las contramedidas electrónicas, engage /enˈɡeɪdʒ/. “In air defence, a fire medidas de protección electrónicas y control order used to direct or authorize units otras acciones tácticas. and/or weapon systems to fire on a elevator /ˈeləˌvetər/. “A movable control designated target.” (NATO Standardization surface, usually attached to the horizontal Agency, 2014) stabilizer of an aircraft, used to produce the - atacar. En defensa aérea, una orden de nose up/down motion of an aircraft in level control de fuego para mandar o flight known as pitch.” (Crocker, 2005) autorizar a los sistemas de armas que - timón de profundidad. Superficie de abran fuego sobre un objetivo asignado. mando móvil, normalmente sujeta al engagement /enˈɡeɪdʒmənt/. “In air estabilizador horizontal de una defense, an attack with guns or air-to-air aeronave, que se utiliza para producir el missiles by an interceptor aircraft, or the movimiento de morro arriba/debajo de launch of an air defense missile by air defense una aeronave en vuelo nivelado y conocido como cabeceo. artillery and the missile’s subsequent travel to elevon /ˈɛlɪˌvɒn/. “An aircraft control surface intercept.” (Director for Joint Force that combines the functions of an elevator Development, 2010) - ataque. En defensa aérea, ataque con cañones o misiles aire-aire por un caza
24 Aeronautical Military English Glossary interceptor, o el lanzamiento de un misil están capacitados para salir de una zona de la artillería de defensa aérea y su hostil o en poder enemigo hacia posterior trayectoria de interceptación. territorio amigo. engine nacelle /ˈendʒən næˈsel/. “The evasion plan of action (EPA) /ɪˈveɪʒn̩ ˈplæn əv compartment on a multiengine aircraft in ˈækʃn̩/. “A course of action, developed prior which the engine is mounted.” (Crane, 2012) to executing a combat mission, that is - góndola de motor. El compartimento en intended to improve a potential isolated un avión poli-motor en el que se monta person’s chances of successful evasion and un motor. recovery by providing the recovery forces engine run /ˈendʒən ˈrən/. with an additional source of information that - prueba de motor. can increase the predictability of the evader’s engine shutdown /ˈendʒən ˈʃʌtˌdaʊn/. action and movement.” (Department of - detención o parada del motor. Defense of the United States of America, enlisted personnel /enˈlɪstəd ˌpərsəˈnel/. 2007) “Any service person who is not an officer.” - plan de acción evasiva (EPA). Curso de (Bowyer, 2004) acción, desarrollado con anterioridad a - personal de tropa. Todo militar que no la ejecución de una misión de combate, es un oficial. (Teniendo en cuenta que a que tiene por objeto mejorar la los suboficiales, en países como Gran probabilidad de éxito de la evasión y Bretaña y Estados Unidos, se les rescate de una persona potencialmente reconoce por el término de oficial no aislada, mediante la información comisionado). adicional proveída a las fuerzas de epaulette /ˈepəlet/. “A shoulder ornament rescate para incrementar la for certain uniforms, esp. military uniforms.” previsibilidad de las acciones y (HQ USAF/A1, 2013) movimientos del evasor. - charretera. Ornamento en el hombro de exfiltration /ˈeksfəlˈtreɪʃn̩/. “The removal of ciertos uniformes, especialmente en personnel or units from areas under hostile uniformes militares. control by stealth, deception, surprise or escapee /əˌskeˈpiː/. “Any person who has clandestine means.” (NATO Standardization been physically captured by the enemy and Agency, 2014) succeeds in getting free.” (Department of - exflitración. La extracción de personal o Defense of the United States of America, unidades de áreas bajo control enemigo 2007) mediante el sigilo, engaño, sorpresa o - evadido. Cualquier persona que ha sido medios clandestinos. físicamente capturada por el enemigo y extraction /ɪkˈstrækʃn̩/. “The removal of logra liberarse. forces from a hostile or potentially hostile Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) /ˈestəˌmetəd area.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) ˈtaɪm əv əˈraɪvl/.̩ “The time at which the pilot - extracción. La extracción de fuerzas estimates that the aircraft will be over a desde territorio hostil o potencialmente specified location.” (Communications, 2002) hostil. - hora estimada de llegada. La hora a la extraction drop /ɪkˈstrækʃn̩ ˈdrɑːp/. “The que el piloto estima que la aeronave dropping of loads by means of one or more estará sobre un lugar específico. extraction parachutes.” (NATO evader /ɪˈveɪdər/. “Any person isolated in Standardization Agency, 2014) hostile or unfriendly territory who eludes - lanzamiento por extracción. El capture.” (Department of Defense of the lanzamiento de cargas mediante uno o United States of America, 2007) más paracaídas de extracción. - evasor. Cualquier persona aislada en extraction parachute /ɪkˈstrækʃn̩ ˈperɪˌʃuːt/. territorio enemigo u hostil que elude su “An auxiliary parachute used to release captura. lashings, pull cargo out of an aircraft or evasion and escape /ɪˈveɪʒn̩ ənd əˈskeɪp/. deploy one or more cargo parachutes.” “The procedures and operations whereby (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) military personnel and other selected - paracaídas extractor. Paracaídas auxiliar individuals are enabled to emerge from an utilizado para liberar amarres, extraer enemy-held or hostile area to areas under cargas de aeronaves o desplegar uno o friendly control.” (NATO Standardization más paracaídas de carga. Agency, 2014) - evasión y fuga. Procedimientos y operaciones por los que el personal militar y otros individuos seleccionados
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 25 fighter sweep /ˈfaɪtər ˈswiːp/. “An offensive mission by fighter aircraft to seek out and destroy enemy aircraft or targets of opportunity in a designated area.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010) fail safe /ˈfeɪl ˈseɪf/. “The principle of - sweep (traducción no utilizada). Misión designing a structure so that the failure of one ofensiva de cazas de combate para part does not affect the safety of the whole.” buscar y destruir aeronaves enemigas o (Crocker, 2005) blancos de oportunidad en un área - fallo seguro. El principio por el que se designada. diseña una estructura de manera que el fin /ˈfɪn/. See vertical stabilizer. fallo de una parte no afecte a la fire extinguisher /ˈfaɪər ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃər/. “A seguridad de la totalidad de la misma. device, either handheld or installed in an fall in (drill) /ˈfɑːl ɪn/. (AIR FORCE MANUAL aircraft, that directs a fire extinguishing agent 36-2203, 2013) onto a fire.” (Crane, 2012) - Alinearse-mar (IOC). (sin voz ejecutiva) - extintor. Dispositivo, ya sea de mano o fatigues (US) /fəˈtiːɡz/. See battledress. instalado en una aeronave, para dirigir fence /ˈfens/. “A barrier made of vegetation, un agente extintor hacia un fuego. wire or wood, which encloses an area of fixed wing /ˈfɪkstˌwɪŋ/. “Referring to an ground and is designed to control or prevent aircraft that has wings that do not move.” access.” (Bowyer, 2004) (Crocker, 2005) - cerca. Barrera hecha de vegetación, - ala fija. Referido a una aeronave que alambre o madera, que cerca una tiene alas inmóviles. superficie de terreno y está diseñada flagpole /ˈflæɡpoʊl/. “A pole on which a flag para controlar o prevenir el acceso. is raised and flown.” (HarperCollins fighter A/C /ˈfaɪtər/. “A military aircraft Publishers) designed primarily for air-to-air combat - asta. Palo en el que se iza una bandera. against other aircraft.” (Encyclopædia flaps /ˈflæps/. “Auxiliary controls built into Britannica, 2011) the wing of an airplane. Flaps can be - caza. Aeronave militar diseñada extended, or lowered, to change the airfoil principalmente para el combate aire-aire shape of the wing to increase both its lift and contra otras aeronaves. drag.” (Crane, 2012) fighter engagement zone /ˈfaɪtər - flaps. Superficies de control auxiliar enˈɡeɪdʒmənt ˈzoʊn/. “In air defense, that integradas en el ala de un aeroplano. Los airspace of defined dimensions within which flaps puede bajarse o extenderse para the responsibility for engagement of air variar la forma aerodinámica del ala threats normally rests with fighter aircraft.” incrementando la sustentación y la (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010) resistencia. - FEZ (traducción no utilizada). En defensa flight /ˈflaɪt/. “1. An act of flying. 2. A journey aérea, el espacio aéreo de dimensiones by air. 3. A sub-unit of an air force squadron. definidas en el que la responsabilidad de 4. A small tactical grouping of aircraft.” ataque a las amenazas aéreas recae (Bowyer, 2004) normalmente en los aviones de - escuadrilla. 1. Acción de volar. 2. Un combate. viaje por el aire. 3. Sub-unidad de un fighter escort / ˈfaɪtər eˈskɔːrt/. “An offensive escuadrón de fuerza aérea. 4. Pequeño counterair operation providing dedicated grupo táctico de aeronaves. protection sorties by air-to-air capable flight controls (aircraft) /ˈflaɪt kənˈtroʊlz/. fighters in support of other offensive air and (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing) air support missions over enemy territory, or - controles de vuelo. in a defensive counterair role to protect high flight deck /ˈflaɪt ˈdek/. “The compartment in value airborne assets.” (Director for Joint a large aircraft in which all the flight, engine, Force Development, 2010) communications, and navigation controls are - escolta de cazas. Operaciones aéreas located.” (Crane, 2012) ofensivas para proporcionar protección - cabina de vuelo. El compartimento en dedicada, mediante salidas de cazas con un avión de gran tamaño en el que se capacidad aire-aire, como respaldo a encuentran todos los controles de vuelo, otras operaciones aéreas ofensivas y de motores, comunicaciones y navegación. apoyo aéreo sobre territorio enemigo, o Flight duty uniform /ˈflaɪt ˈduː ˈjuːnəˌfɔːrm/. bien con un papel de defensa aérea para - Mono de vuelo. proteger a aeronaves de alto valor.
26 Aeronautical Military English Glossary flight-halt (drill) /ˈflaɪt ˈhɒlt/. (AIR FORCE engine that is caused by ingesting objects that MANUAL 36-2203, 2013) are not part of the engine.” (Crane, 2012) - alto-mar (IOC). (preventiva y ejecutiva). Small pieces like screws, dashes or nuts, and Flight Information Region (FIR) /ˈflaɪt forgotten tools are a very usual cause of it. ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃn̩ ˈriːdʒən/. “An airspace of defined - daños por objetos extraños. Daño a los dimensions within which flight information componentes de las distintas etapas de and alerting service are provided.” (Crane, un motor de turbina de gas, causado por 2012) la ingesta de objetos que no son parte el - Región de Información de Vuelo (FIR). del mismo. Pequeñas piezas como Espacio aéreo de dimensiones definidas tornillos, arandelas o tuercas, y dentro del cual se proporcionan los herramientas olvidadas son una causa servicios de información de vuelo y de muy frecuente de ello. alerta. forward line of own troops (FLOT) /ˈfɔːrwərd flight level /ˈflaɪt ˈlevl/.̩ “A level of constant ˈlaɪn əv ˈoʊn ˈtruːps/. “A line that indicates atmospheric pressure related to a reference the most forward positions of friendly forces datum of 29.92 inches of mercury. Each is in any kind of military operation at a specific stated in three digits that represents time.” (Department of Defense of the United hundreds of feet. For example, flight level 250 States of America, 2007) represents a barometric altimeter indication - FLOT (traducción no utilizada). Línea of 25,000 feet.” (Regulatory Information, que indica la posición más avanzada de las fuerzas amigas en cualquier tipo de 2012) operación militar en un momento - nivel de vuelo. Un nivel de presión determinado. atmosférica constante relacionada con forward looking infrared (FLIR) /ˈfɔːrwərd un nivel de referencia de 29,29 pulgadas de mercurio. Cada uno se indica con tres ˈlʊkɪŋ ˌɪnfrəˈred/. “An airborne, electro- dígitos que representan cientos de pies. optical thermal imaging device that detects Por ejemplo, el nivel de vuelo 250 far-infrared energy, converts the energy into representa una indicación de altímetro an electronic signal, and provides a visible barométrico de 25.000 pies. image for day or night viewing.” (Director for flightline /ˈflaɪt ˈlaɪn/. “The area of an airfield, Joint Force Development, 2010) especially a military airfield, where aircraft - FLIR (traducción no utilizada). are parked, serviced, and loaded or Dispositivo de imagen térmica electro- unloaded.” (Crocker, 2005) óptico y embarcado que detecta energía - línea de vuelo. Área de un campo de infrarroja a larga distancia, convierte aviación, especialmente uno militar, dicha energía en una señal electrónica y donde las aeronaves son estacionadas, proporciona una imagen de visión diurna se les da servicio, se cargan y descargan. y nocturna. flight plan /ˈflaɪt ˈplæn/. “Specific forward-march (drill) /ˈfɔːrwərd ˈmɑːrtʃ/. information, relating to the intended flight of (AIR FORCE MANUAL 36-2203, 2013) an aircraft, that is filed orally or in writing with - de frente-mar (IOC). (preventiva y ejecutiva). air traffic control.” (Regulatory Information, forward operating base (FOB) /ˈfɔːrwərd 2012) - plan de vuelo. Información específica, ˈɑːpəˌretɪŋ ˈbeɪs/. “An airfield used to relativa al vuelo previsto de una support tactical operations without aeronave, que se presenta de forma oral establishing full support facilities. The base o por escrito al control de tráfico aéreo. may be used for an extended time period.” flight simulator /ˈflaɪt ˈsɪmjəˌletər/. “A device (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010) or computer program which allows a user to - base de operaciones avanzada. Un pilot an aircraft, showing a realistic control campo de aviación utilizado para el panel and moving scenes, used as training apoyo táctico a las operaciones sin la totalidad de las instalaciones de apoyo. programme.” (Crocker, 2005) La base puede llegar a utilizarse durante - simulador de vuelo. Programa de un extensos periodos de tiempo. dispositivo o computador que permite a un usuario pilotar una aeronave, forward wing /ˈfɔːrwərd ˈwɪŋ/. See canard mostrando un panel de control y escenas entry 1. de movimiento realistas, utilizado como - canard. Ver entrada canard 1. programa de entrenamiento. free drop /ˈfriː ˈdrɑːp/. “The dropping of Foreign Object Damage (FOD) /ˈfɔːrən equipment or supplies from an aircraft ˈɑːbdʒekt ˈdæmədʒ/. “Damage to the without the use of parachutes.” (NATO components in the gas path of a turbine Standardization Agency, 2014)
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 27 - lanzamiento de caída libre. El fuze /fjuːz/. “A device which initiates an lanzamiento de equipos o provisiones explosive train.” (NATO Standardization desde una aeronave sin utilizar Agency, 2014) paracaídas. - espoleta. Dispositivo que inicia el tren de freezing rain /ˈfriːzɪŋ ˈreɪn/. “Rain that falls fuego. through air whose temperature is lower than 0°C. It is supercooled but remains in its liquid form. It freezes upon contact with objects on the ground or in the air.” (Crane, 2012) - lluvia engelante. Lluvia que cae a través de aire cuya temperatura es inferior a 0°C. Está sobre-enfriada aunque permanece en estado líquido. Se congela al entrar en contacto con objetos en el suelo o en el aire. fuel system (aircraft) /ˈfjuːəl ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing) - sistema de combustible. full command /ˈfʊl kəˈmænd/. “The military authority and responsibility of a commander to issue orders to subordinates. It covers every aspect of military operations and administration and exists only within national services.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - full command. La autoridad militar y responsabilidad de un mando para emitir órdenes a sus subordinados. Incluye todos los aspectos de la administración y operaciones militares, y existe únicamente a nivel nacional. Full dress uniform /ˈfʊl ˈdres ˈjuːnəˌfɔːrm/. Full dress uniform is a military uniform exclusively used for parade or other relevant ceremonies. - Uniforme de gala. Uniforme militar utilizado exclusivamente con ocasión de desfiles u otras ceremonias relevantes. functional command /ˈfʌŋkʃn̩əl kəˈmænd/. “A command organization based on military functions rather than geographic areas.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - organización funcional. Estructura de mando basada en funciones militares en lugar de áreas geográficas. fuselage /ˈ uːsəˌlɑːdʒ/. “The central body of a plane, to which the wings and tail assembly are attached and which accommodates the crew, passengers, and cargo.” (Crocker, 2005) - fuselaje. El cuerpo central de un avión, al que las alas y empenaje de cola están acoplados, y que aloja a la tripulación, pasajeros y carga.
28 Aeronautical Military English Glossary ground effect /ˈɡraʊnd əˈfekt/. “An increase in lift of an aerodynamic flying machine (airplane or helicopter) flying very near to the ground. This additional lift is caused by an effective increase in angle of attack without garrison cap /ˈɡærəsn̩ ˈkæp/. See side cap. the accompanying increase in induced drag gate /ˈɡeɪt/. “A barrier which can be opened and is caused by the deflection of the down and closed in order to allow access through a washed air.” (Crane, 2012) fence.” (Bowyer, 2004) - efecto suelo. Incremento en la - puerta. Barrera que puede ser abierta o sustentación de una maquina voladora cerrada con el fin de permitir el acceso a aerodinámica (aeroplano o helicóptero), través de una verja. que vuela muy cerca del suelo. Esta general air cargo /ˈdʒenr̩əl ˈer ˈkɑːrˌɡoʊ/. sustentación adicional está causada por “Cargo without hazardous or dangerous un incremento efectivo del ángulo de properties and not requiring extra ataque sin el consiguiente aumento de precautions for air transport.” (NATO resistencia inducida, y es causada por la Standardization Agency, 2014) desviación del aire descendente. - carga aérea general. Carga sin riesgos ni Group /ˈɡruːp/. “A level of command propiedades peligrosas que no requieren between wings and squadrons. Groups bring precauciones adicionales para el together multiple squadrons or other lower transporte aéreo. echelon units to provide a broader glider /ˈglaɪdər/. “A heavier-than-air aircraft, capability.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013) that is supported in flight by the dynamic - Grupo. Nivel de mando entre alas y reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces escuadrones. Los Grupos reúnen and whose free flight does not depend múltiples escuadrones o unidades de principally on an engine.” (14 CFR part 1) niveles inferiores para proporcionar una capacidad más amplia. - planeador. Aeronave más pesada que el guard /ˈɡɑːrd/. “A military force assigned to aire, mantenida en vuelo por la reacción dinámica del aire contra sus superficies protect other people or things.” (Bowyer, de sustentación y cuyo vuelo libre no 2004) - guardia. Fuerza militar asignada a depende principalmente de un motor. proteger otras personas o cosas. go ahead (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈɡoʊ guided missile /ˈɡaɪdəd ˈmɪsəl/. “A military əˈhed/. “Proceed with your message. Note: missile guided during flight to a target by The phrase “go ahead” is not normally used in internal preset, or self-reacting, devices or surface movement communications.” external electronic signals.” (HarperCollins (Communications, 2002) Publishers) - go ahead (aeronautical phraseology). - misil guiado. Misil militar guiado Proceda con su mensaje. Nota: La durante su trayectoria hacia un objetivo expresión “go ahead” no se utiliza mediante un ajuste interno prefijado o normalmente en comunicaciones de autogenerado, o mediante dispositivos o movimientos en tierra. señales electrónicas externas. GPU (ground power unit) /ˈɡraʊnd ˈpaʊər gunship /ˈɡʌnˌʃɪp/. Aircraft heavily armed ˈjuːnət/. A vehicle design for supplying with guns or machine guns used for close air electrical power to the aircraft parked on the support missions and air interdiction. ground. They may also be built into the - cañonero. “Avión o helicóptero armado parking spot surface. con ametralladoras para misiones de - GPU (unidad de potencia en tierra). apoyo aéreo cercano o interdicción. Vehículo diseñado para proveer energía (Diccionario de términos técnicos y eléctrica a las aeronaves estacionadas en militares, 2001) tierra. También puede estar integrado en la superficie del parking de aeronaves. gravity extraction /ˈɡrævəti ɪkˈstrækʃn̩/. “The extraction of cargoes from the aircraft by influence of their own weight.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - extracción por gravedad. La extracción de cargas de una aeronave por la influencia de su propio peso.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 29 gusts /ˈɡəsts/. “A temporary increase in the speed of the wind. A gust lasts for a very short period of time, and it is usually followed by a wind whose speed is lower than normal.” (Crane, 2012) - ráfagas. Aumento temporal de la velocidad del viento. Una ráfaga tiene un periodo de duración muy corto, y normalmente le sigue un viento cuya velocidad es más inferior a lo normal.
30 Aeronautical Military English Glossary - HUD (traducción no utilizada). Presentación de información de vuelo, navegación, ataque u otra información superpuesta en el campo de visión frontal del piloto. hail /ˈheɪl/. “Precipitation as small pellets of height /ˈhaɪt/. “The vertical distance, ice.” (Crocker, 2005) measured in feet, of the aircraft above the - granizo. Precipitación en forma de surface of the earth.” (Crocker, 2005) pequeñas bolas de hielo. - altura. La distancia vertical, medida en hangar /ˈhæŋər/. “A large shelter for housing pies, de la aeronave sobre la superficie and maintaining aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005) terrestre. - hangar. Refugio grande utilizado para helicopter /ˈhelɪˌkɑːptər/. “A heavier-than- alojar y mantener aeronaves. air flying machine that is supported in the air hardpoint / ˈhɑːrd ˈpɔɪnt /. Spots on an by aerodynamic lift produced by an engine- airframe designed to carry an external or driven rotor. Since the rotor is driven, a internal load. In military aircraft, these spots helicopter does not need forward motion or stations may carry ordnance, counter through the air for the rotor to produce lift.” measures or droppable fuel tanks. (Crane, 2012) - estación. Puntos en el fuselaje diseñados - helicóptero. Maquina voladora más para transportar cargas internas o pesada que el aire que se sostiene en el externas. In aeronaves militares, estos aire mediante la sustentación puntos o estaciones pueden transportar aerodinámica producida por un rotor munición, contramedidas o tanques de accionado a motor. Puesto que el rotor combustible lanzables. es accionado, un helicóptero no necesita haze /ˈheɪz/. “An obstruction to visibility movimiento hacia adelante para que el caused by fine dust or salt particles dispensed rotor produzca sustentación. through a portion of the atmosphere. The helipad /ˈhelipæd/. “A prepared area particles are so small that they cannot be felt designated and used for takeoff and landing or individually seen with the naked eye.” of helicopters.” (Department of Defense of (Crane, 2012) The United States of America, 2008) - helipuerto. Área preparada, designada y - calima. Obstrucción a la visibilidad utilizada para despegue y aterrizaje de causada por finas partículas de polvo o helicópteros. sal dispersas en una porción de la atmósfera. Las partículas son tan heliport /ˈhelɪpɔːrt /. “Facility designed for pequeñas que no se pueden sentir o ver the exclusive operating, basing, servicing and individualmente a simple vista. maintaining of rotary-wing aircraft.” heading /ˈhedɪŋ/. “The direction in which the (Department of Defense of The United States longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed, of America, 2008) usually expressed in degrees clockwise from - helipuerto. Instalación diseñada para la true, magnetic or compass north.” (Crane, exclusiva operación, estacionamiento, 2012) servicio y mantenimiento de aeronaves de ala rotatoria. - rumbo. La dirección en la que apunta el eje longitudinal de una aeronave, high-speed taxiway turnoff /ˈhaɪ spiːd normalmente expresada en grados en ˈtæksiˈweɪ ˈtɝːˌnɒf/. “A taxiway leading from sentido horario desde el norte a runway at an angle which allows landing geográfico, magnético o de la brújula. aircraft to leave a runway at a high speed.” Headquarters /ˈhedˌkwɔːrtərz/. “The main (Department of Defense of The United States office, or center of operations and control, of of America, 2008) anyone in command, as in an army or police - salida rápida. Pista de rodadura, force.” (HarperCollins Publishers) proveniente de una pista de aterrizaje, a - Cuartel General. El departamento un ángulo que permite a las aeronaves principal, o centro de operaciones y que aterrizan abandonar la pista a alta control, de alguien al mando en un velocidad. ejército o fuerza policial. hoist /ˌhɔɪst/. “In helicopters, the mechanism head-up display (HUD) /ˈhed ʌp ˌdɪˈspleɪ/. “A by which external loads may be raised or display of flight, navigation, attack, or other lowered vertically.” (NATO Standardization information superimposed upon the pilot's Agency, 2014) forward field of view.” (NATO Standardization - grúa. En helicópteros, el mecanismo que Agency, 2014) permite elevar o bajar verticalmente cargas externas.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 31 holding /ˈhoʊldɪŋ/. “A paved area adjacent to designated as hostages” (Department of the taxiway near the runway ends where final Defense of the United States of America, preflight warm-up and engine and instrument 2007) checks are performed.” (Department of - rescate de prisioneros. Un método de Defense of The United States of America, recuperación de personal utilizado para 2008) recuperar a personal aislado - cabecera de pista. Zona pavimentada específicamente considerad0 como adyacente a la pista de aterrizaje y cerca prisionero. de sus extremos, donde se realiza el hovering /ˈhəvərɪŋ/. “A self-sustaining calentamiento pre-vuelo final y se llevan manoeuvre whereby a fixed, or nearly fixed, a cabo pruebas de motores e position is maintained relative to a spot on instrumentos. the surface of the earth or underwater.” holding point /ˈhoʊldɪŋ ˈpɔɪnt/. “A specified (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) location, identified by visual or other means, - vuelo estacionario. Maniobra auto in the vicinity of which the position of an sostenida en la que se mantiene una aircraft in flight is maintained in accordance posición fija, o casi fija, relativa a un with air traffic control clearances.” (Crane, punto en la superficie de la tierra o agua. 2012) hovering ceiling /ˈhəvərɪŋ ˈsiːlɪŋ/. “The - holding point (Traducción no utilizada). highest altitude at which the helicopter is Ubicación específica, identificada por capable of hovering in standard atmosphere. medios visuales o de otro tipo, en las It is usually stated in two figures: hovering in proximidades del cual, se mantiene la ground effect and hovering out of ground posición de una aeronave en vuelo, effect.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) según las autorizaciones del control de - techo de vuelo estacionario. Máxima tránsito aéreo. altura a la que un helicóptero puede horizontal situation indicator (HSI) quedar en vuelo estacionario en /ˌhɔːrəˈzɑːntl ̩ ˌsɪtʃuːˈeɪʃn̩ ˈɪndəˌketər/. “An atmosfera estándar. Generalmente se electronic flight and navigation instrument dan dos situaciones: flotación con efecto that shows the pilot the proper changes to suelo y sin efecto suelo. make in directional flight. An HSI shows the hung ordnance /ˈhəŋ ˈɔːrdnəns/. “Those pilot the relationship of the aircraft to the weapons or stores on an aircraft that the pilot VOR radial or ADF bearing, the magnetic has attempted to drop or fire but could not direction, the desired course and heading, because of a malfunction of the weapon, rack and also the relationship of the aircraft to the or launcher, or aircraft release and control glide slope.” (Crane, 2012) system.” (Director for Joint Force indicador de situación horizontal (HSI). Development, 2010) Instrumento electrónico de vuelo y navegación - armamento colgado. Aquellas armas o que muestra al piloto los cambios adecuados a cargas que el piloto de una aeronave ha efectuar en la dirección del vuelo. Un HSI muestra intentado lanzar o disparar pero que no al piloto la posición relativa entre la aeronave y el ha podido debido a un mal radial VOR o rumbo ADF, el rumbo magnético, el funcionamiento del arma, del lanzador o trayecto y rumbo deseados, y también la posición del sistema de liberación y control de la relativa entre la aeronave y la senda de planeo. aeronave. horizontal stabilizer /ˌhɔːrəˈzɑːntl ̩ hydraulic supply system (aircraft) /haɪˈdrɒlɪk ˈsteɪbəˌlaɪzər/. “The fixed horizontal surface səˈplaɪ ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component on the tail of a conventional airplane.” (Crane, Training Wing) 2012) - sistema hidráulico. - estabilizador horizontal. La superficie horizontal fija en la cola de un avión convencional. hospital /ˈhɑːˌspɪtl/.̩ “An establishment which provides surgery, medical treatment and nursing to ill and injured people.”
(Bowyer, 2004)
- hospital. Establecimiento que facilita cirugía, tratamiento médico y servicio de
enfermería a personal herido o enfermo. hostage rescue /ˈhɑːstɪdʒ ˈreskjuː/. “A personnel recovery method used to recover isolated personnel who are specifically
32 Aeronautical Military English Glossary position, heading and velocity.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - sistema de navegación inercial. Un sistema de navegación autónomo que utiliza detectores inerciales, el cual identification, friend or foe (IFF) proporciona de forma automática la /aɪˌdentəfəˈkeɪʃn̩ ˈfrend ɔːr ˈfoʊ/. “A system posición del vehículo, rumbo y using electromagnetic transmissions to which velocidad. equipment carried by friendly forces infiltration /ˌɪnfəlˈtreɪʃn̩/. “A technique and automatically responds, for example, by process in which a force moves as individuals emitting pulses, thereby distinguishing or small groups over, through or around themselves from enemy forces.” (NATO enemy positions without detection.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) Standardization Agency, 2014) - infiltración. Técnica y proceso en el que - identificador amigo-enemigo. Sistema una fuerza se mueve individualmente o que utiliza emisiones electromagnéticas en pequeños grupos, sobre, a través o que responden a los distintos equipos alrededor de posiciones enemigas sin ser llevados por las fuerzas amigas de forma detectada. automática, por ejemplo emitiendo impulsos, distinguiéndose así de las inlet duct /ˈɪnˌlet ˈdəkt/. “The portion of the fuerzas enemigas. aircraft ahead of the engine compressor that imaginary surfaces /ˌɪˈmædʒəˌneri takes the air into the aircraft and directs it ˈsɝːfəsəz/. “Surfaces in space established into the engine at the correct speed and around airfields in relation to runway(s), direction.” (Crane, 2012) helipad(s), or helicopter runway(s) that are - tobera de admisión. Parte de la designed to define the obstacle free airspace aeronave delante del compresor del motor (motores a reacción) que conduce around the airfield.” (Department of Defense el aire al interior de la aeronave, y lo of The United States of America, 2008) dirige hacia el motor a la velocidad y - Superficies imaginarias. Superficies en dirección correcta. el espacio establecidas alrededor de insertion /ˌɪnˈsɝːʃn̩/. “The introduction of aeródromos, en relación con pistas de forces into a hostile or potentially hostile aterrizaje, helipuertos u pistas para helicópteros, que están diseñadas para area.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) definir el espacio aéreo libre de - inserción. Introducción de fuerzas en obstáculos alrededor del aeródromo. una zona hostil o potencialmente hostil. implementation /ˌɪmpləmenˈteɪʃn̩/. “In Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR) conditions NATO Standardization, the performance of an /ˌɪnstrəˈmentl ̩ ˈflaɪt ˈruːlz kənˈdɪʃn̩z/. obligation laid down in a NATO “Weather conditions below the minimums standardization agreement.” (NATO allowed for flight under visual flight rules.” STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) (Regulatory Information, 2012) - aplicación. En normalización OTAN, el - condiciones IFR. Condiciones cumplimiento de una obligación meteorológicas por debajo de los establecida en un acuerdo de mínimos permitidos para el vuelo bajo normalización de la OTAN. reglas de vuelo visual. inactivate /ˌɪˈnæktɪˌvet/. “End the existence instrument landing system /ˈɪnstrəmənt of a unit, detachment of a unit, or provisional ˈlændɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/. “Aids for an instrument unit. An inactive unit retains its lineage, landing approach to an airfield, consisting of history and honors and is available for a localiser, glide slope, marker beacons and activation when needed again.” (HQ approach lights.” (Crocker, 2005) USAF/A1, 2013) - sistema de aterrizaje instrumental. Sistema de ayuda para aproximación a - desactivar. Finalizar la existencia de una aterrizaje por instrumentos, consistente unidad, destacamento o unidad en un localizador, senda de planeo, provisional. Una unidad inactiva radiobalizas y luces de aproximación. conserva su linaje, historia y honores, y está disponible para ser activada cuando integral fuel tank /ˈɪntəɡrəl ˈ uːəl ˈtæŋk/. “A sea necesario. fuel tank that is formed by sealing off part of inertial navigation system /ˌɪˈnɝːʃl ̩ the aircraft structure and using it to hold ˈnævəˈɡeɪʃn̩ ˈsɪstəm/. “A self-contained fuel.” (Crane, 2012) navigation system using inertial detectors, - tanque integral de combustible. Tanque which automatically provides vehicle de combustible que se forma sellando parte de la estructura de una aeronave y
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 33 utilizándola para almacenar combustible. integrity /ˌɪnˈteɡrəti/. “The quality or state of being of sound moral principle; uprightness, honesty, and sincerity.” (HarperCollins Publishers)
- integridad. La cualidad o estado de
buenos principios morales; rectitud,
honestidad y sinceridad.
intermediate area /ˌɪntərˈmiːdiət ˈeriə/.
“Area between runways and between runways and taxiways that is graded or cleared for operational safety.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008) - área intermedia. Superficie entre pistas de aterrizaje o entre pistas de aterrizaje y rodadura que está nivelada o despejada para seguridad de las operaciones.
34 Aeronautical Military English Glossary
jack /ˈdʒæk/. “A tool used to lift an aircraft or
others types of equipment off the floor.”
(Crane, 2012) - gato. Herramienta utilizada para elevar del suelo una aeronave u otros tipos de equipo. jet propulsion /ˈdʒet prəˈpəlʃn̩/. “A method of propulsion by thrust produced as a relatively small mass of air is accelerated through a large change in velocity.” (Crane, 2012) - propulsión a chorro. Un método de propulsión por el empuje producido al acelerar una masa relativamente pequeña de aire cambiando ampliamente su velocidad. joint /ˌdʒɔɪnt/. “Connotes activities,
operations, organizations, etc., in which
elements of two or more Military Departments participate.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010) - conjunto. Referido a actividades, operaciones, organizaciones, etc., en las cuales participan componentes de dos o más Ejércitos (Aire, Tierra o Armada). joint operational guidelines /ˌdʒɔɪnt ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃənəl ˈɡaɪdˌlaɪnz/. “A publication to stand in for approved joint doctrine in order to meet the immediate operational needs of forces in the field.” (NATO
STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)
- directrices operativas conjuntas.
Publicación que sustituye a la doctrina
conjunta aprobada con el fin de atender
a las necesidades operativas inmediatas
de las fuerzas en combate.
jump speed /ˈdʒəmp ˈspiːd/. “The airspeed at which parachute troops can jump with comparative safety from an aircraft.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - velocidad de salto. La velocidad aerodinámica a la que las tropas paracaidistas pueden saltar con relativa seguridad desde una aeronave.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 35
keystone publication /ˈkiːˌstoʊn ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn̩/. “An Allied joint doctrine publication establishing the doctrinal foundation for publications at lower levels of the Allied Joint Doctrine Architecture.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) - keystone publication (traducción no utilizada). Publicación de doctrina aliada conjunta que establece el fundamento
doctrinal para las publicaciones de niveles inferiores en la arquitectura doctrinal aliada conjunta. killbox /ˈkɪl ˈbɑːks/. “A three-dimensional area used to facilitate the integration of
joint fires.” (Director for Joint Force
Development, 2010) - kill box (traducción no utilizada). Área
tridimensional utilizada para facilitar la integración del fuego conjunto.
36 Aeronautical Military English Glossary reflected.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - arma de guiado laser. Arma que utiliza un buscador para detectar la energía laser reflejada de un objetivo landing gear /ˈlændɪŋ ˈɡɪr/. “The part of an marcado/iluminado con láser, y aircraft structure that supports the aircraft mediante el procesamiento de señal, when it is not flying.” (Crane, 2012) proporciona comandos de guiado a un sistema de control que guía el arma al - tren de aterrizaje. Parte de la estructura punto desde el que la energía laser está de una aeronave que soporta a esta siendo reflejada. cuando no está en vuelo. landing gear system (aircraft) /ˈlændɪŋ ˈɡɪr laser range-finder /ˈleɪzər ˈreɪndʒ ˈfaɪndər/. ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training “A device that uses a laser to determine the Wing) distance from the device to a place or object.” - sistema del tren de aterrizaje. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) landing light /ˈlændɪŋ ˈlaɪt/. “A high-intensity - telemetro laser. Dispositivo que utiliza un láser para medir la distancia desde el spotlight mounted on an aircraft and aimed in mismo a un lugar u objeto. such a direction that it shines on the runway laser seeker /ˈleɪzər ˈsiːkər/. “A device based when the aircraft is on the final approach for on a direction sensitive receiver which landing.” (Crane, 2012) detects the energy reflected from a laser - luz de aterrizaje. Foco de alta intensidad designated target and defines the direction of montado en una aeronave y dirigido en una dirección tal, que ilumina la pista the target relative to the receiver.” (NATO cuando la aeronave esta en Standardization Agency, 2014) aproximación final para el aterrizaje. - buscador laser. Dispositivo basado en un landside facilities /ˈlændˈsaɪd fəˈsɪlətiz/. receptor sensible a la dirección, que “Facilities not associated with the movement detecta la energía reflejada por un objetivo designado por láser, y define la and parking of aircraft but are required for dirección del objetivo con relación al the facilities' mission. These include aircraft receptor. maintenance areas, aviation support areas, launcher /ˈlɒntʃər/. “A structural device fuel storage and dispensing, explosives and designed to support and hold a missile in munitions areas and vehicular needs.” position for firing.” (NATO Standardization (Department of Defense of The United States Agency, 2014) of America, 2008) - lanzador. Dispositivo estructural - instalaciones de apoyo. Instalaciones no diseñado para sostener y mantener en asociadas con el movimiento y posición un misil para el disparo. aparcamiento de las aeronaves, pero lead aircraft /ˈled ˈerˌkræft/. “1. The airborne necesarias para el cumplimiento de la aircraft designated to exercise command of misión. Estas incluyen áreas de other aircraft within the flight. 2. An aircraft mantenimiento de aeronaves, apoyo aeronáutico, almacenamiento y in the van of two or more aircraft.” (Director abastecimiento de combustible, for Joint Force Development, 2010) polvorines y necesidades de vehículos. - avión líder. 1. Avión en el aire designado laser designator /ˈleɪzər ˈdezɪgˌnetər/. “A para ejercer el mando de otras device that emits a beam of laser energy aeronaves dentro de su escuadrilla. 2. Aeronave en vanguardia de dos o más which is used to mark a specific place or aeronaves. object.” (NATO Standardization Agency, leadership /ˈliːdərˌʃɪp/. “The ability to make 2014) other people carry out your orders effectively - designador laser. Dispositivo que emite and willingly.” (Bowyer, 2004) un haz de energía laser utilizado para - liderazgo. La capacidad de hacer que marcar un lugar u objeto especifico. otras personas cumplan tus órdenes de laser guided weapon /ˈleɪzər ˈɡaɪdəd manera efectiva y voluntaria. ˈwepən/. “A weapon which utilizes a seeker leading edge /ˈliːdɪŋ ˈedʒ/. “The front part of to detect laser energy reflected from a laser the wing which meets the oncoming air first.” marked/designated target and through signal (Crocker, 2005) processing provides guidance commands to a - borde de ataque. La parte frontal del ala control system which guides the weapon to que se encuentra con el aire que se the point from which the laser energy is being aproxima primero.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 37 left/right flank-march (drill) /ˈleft /ˈraɪt - lealtad. Cualidad, estado o instancia de ˈflæŋk ˈmɑːrtʃ/. (AIR FORCE MANUAL 36- ser leal; fidelidad o fiel adhesión a una 2203, 2013) persona, gobierno, causa, deber, etc. - derecho/izquierda-mar. (preventiva y ejecutiva).
level of threat /ˈlevl ̩ əv ˈθret/. “The relative
likelihood that a specific threat will occur and have an impact on a base or on friendly forces in a theater of operation.” (HQ AFCESA/CEXX, 2008) - nivel de amenaza. La probabilidad relativa de que una amenaza específica ocurra y tenga consecuencias en una base o fuerzas amigas en el teatro de operaciones. lifting body /ˈlɪftɪŋ ˈbɒdi/. Referring to an aircraft whose fuselage shape produces lift, i.e., it can fly without wings (missiles, space shuttle).
- cuerpo sustentador. Referido a una
aeronave cuyo fuselaje produce
sustentación, i.e., puede volar sin alas.
(misiles, transbordador espacial).
load /loʊd/. “The total weight of passengers or cargo transported.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - carga. El peso total de pasajeros o cargamento transportado. loading point /ˈloʊdɪŋ ˈpɔɪnt/. “A point where one aircraft can be loaded or unloaded.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - punto de carga. Lugar donde una aeronave puede ser cargada o descargada. loading site /ˈloʊdɪŋ ˈsaɪt/. “An area containing a number of loading points.”
(NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)
- zona de carga. Área que contiene varios
puntos de carga.
locate /loʊˈkeɪt/. “In personnel recovery, the task where actions are taken to precisely find and authenticate the identity of isolated personnel.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007) - localizar. En recuperación de personal, la labor en la que se toman acciones para encontrar y autenticar con precisión la identidad del personal aislado. lodging (cadets, officers, airmen) /ˈlɑːdʒɪŋ/. “A place to live in, esp. temporarily; quarters.” (HarperCollins Publishers)
- alojamientos. Lugar para vivir,
especialmente de forma temporal;
dependencias.
loyalty /ˌlɔɪəlti/. “Quality, state, or instance of
being loyal; faithfulness or faithful adherence to a person, government, cause, duty, etc.” (HarperCollins Publishers)
38 Aeronautical Military English Glossary parking positions by means of hand signals.” (Crocker, 2005) - señalero. Miembro del personal del tierra cuyo trabajo es guiar a las aeronaves a las posiciones de main operating base (MOB) /ˈmeɪn estacionamiento por medio de señales ˈɑːpəˌretɪŋ ˈbeɪs/. “A facility (. . .) with manuales. permanently stationed operating forces and maximum landing weight (MLW) robust infrastructure” (Director for Joint /ˈmæksəməm ˈlændɪŋ ˈweɪt/. “The maximum Force Development, 2010). Must be outside gross weight due to design or operational the territories of the nation which owns the limitations at which an aircraft is permitted to base. land.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - base de operaciones principal. - peso máximo al aterrizaje. El peso bruto Instalación con fuerzas operativas máximo con el que una aeronave puede permanentes e infraestructura robusta. aterrizar debido a su diseño o limites La base debe encontrarse fuera del operacionales. territorio de la nación propietaria de la maximum take-off weight /ˈmæksəməm misma. ˈteɪk ɒf ˈweɪt/. “The maximum gross weight main rotor /ˈmeɪn ˈroʊtə/. “The rotor that due to design or operational limitations at supplies the principal lift to a rotorcraft.” which an aircraft is permitted to take-off.” (Regulatory Information, 2012) (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - rotor principal. El rotor que suministra la - peso máximo al despegue. El peso bruto sustentación principal a una aeronave de máximo con el que una aeronave puede rotor. despegar debido a su diseño o limites maintenance /ˈmeɪntənəns/. “A regular operacionales. periodic inspection, overhaul, repair and may (TO understanding) /ˈmeɪ/. “Indicates replacement of parts of an aircraft and/or an acceptable or suggested means of engine.” (Crocker, 2005) accomplishment.” (HQ AFMC PA Case - mantenimiento. Inspección regular Number 04-318, 2014) periódica, revisión general, reparación y - may. Indica el método aceptable o reemplazo de partes de una aeronave sugerido de realización. y/o motor. medal /ˈmedl/.̩ “An insignia (usually Major Command (MAJCOM). /ˈmeɪdʒər consisting of a metal cross, disk or star kəˈmænd/. A major subdivision of an air force suspended from a piece of coloured fabric), that is assigned a major part of the air force which shows that the wearer has participated mission. A MAJCOM is directly subordinate to in a campaign or tour of operational duty, or the Air Force Headquarters.” (HQ USAF/A1, that the wearer has received an award for 2013) bravery or for an outstanding achievement - Mando Aéreo. Subdivisión principal de (usually during operational service).” una fuerza aérea, al que se le asigna una (Bowyer, 2004) parte fundamental de la misión de dicha - medalla. Insignia (por lo general fuerza. Un Mando Aéreo está consistente en una cruz de metal, disco directamente subordinado al Cuartel o estrella suspendida de una tela General del Ejercito del Aire. coloreada) que muestra que su portador maritime patrol A/C /ˈmerəˌtaɪm pəˈtroʊl/. A ha participado en una campaña o fixed-wing aircraft designed for long patrol servicio operativo, o que su portador ha missions over maritime environments. recibido una condecoración por su valor - Aeronave de patrulla marítima. o excepcional servicio (normalmente Aeronave de ala fija diseñada para durante el servicio operativo). misiones de patrulla de larga duración mess /ˈmes/. “A place where servicemen and sobre entornos marítimos. servicewomen of equal or similar rank eat marshal (to) /ˈmɑːrʃl/.̩ “To direct aircraft into and relax together.” (Bowyer, 2004) their parking positions on the apron by means - comedor. Lugar donde el personal of hand signals.” (Crocker, 2005) militar de igual o similar rango come y se - señalizar. Dirigir aeronaves a sus puntos relaja. de estacionamiento en la plataforma Mess dress /ˈmes ˈdres/. Mess dress is the mediante señales manuales. military term for the formal evening military marshaller /ˈmɑːrʃələ/.̩ “A member of ground uniform worn by the military in the mess or staff whose job is to direct aircraft into formal occasions.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 39 - uniforme de etiqueta. Es el término endure hardship, etc. within a group, in empleado para el uniforme militar de relation to a group, or within an individual.” noche, vestido por los militares en (HarperCollins Publishers) salones o en ocasiones formales. - moral. Condición mental o moral con military aircraft /ˈmɪləˌteri ˈerˌkræft/. “Any respecto al valor, la disciplina, la aircraft operated by the armed forces of a confianza, el entusiasmo, la voluntad State; bearing the military markings of that para superar las dificultades, etc., dentro State; commanded by a member of the de un grupo, en relación a un grupo o armed forces; and controlled, manned or para uno mismo. preprogrammed by a crew subject to regular motor pool /ˈmoʊtə ˈpuːl/. “A group of motor armed forces discipline.” (Program on vehicles kept, as at a military installation, for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, use as needed by personnel.” (HarperCollins 2009) Publishers) - aeronave militar. Toda aeronave - parque de automóviles. Grupo de operada por las fuerzas armadas de un vehículos a motor mantenidos, como en Estado; portando las marcas militares de una instalación militar, para uso del dicho Estado; comandada por un personal según sea necesario. miembro de las fuerzas armadas; y multi-role fighter A/C (MRAC) /ˈmʌltiroʊl controlada, tripulada o pre programada ˈfaɪtər/. An aircraft which is designed to por un miembro sujeto a la disciplina de perform one or more secondary roles besides las fuerzas armadas. its primary role. missile /ˈmɪsəl/. “A self-propelled munition - caza polivalente. Aeronave capaz de whose trajectory or course is controlled while desempeñar uno o más roles in flight.” (NATO Standardization Agency, secundarios además de su rol principal. 2014) - misil. Munición autopropulsada cuya trayectoria o curso se controla durante el vuelo. missile approach warning system (MAWS)
/ˈmɪsəl əˈproʊtʃ ˈwɔːrnɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/.
- sistema alertador de aproximación de
misiles.
missile guidance system /ˈmɪsəl ˈɡaɪdəns ˈsɪstəm/. “A system which evaluates flight information, correlates it with target data, determines the desired flight path of a missile and communicates the necessary commands to the missile flight control system.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - sistema de guía de misiles. Sistema que evalúa la información de vuelo, la correlaciona con los datos del objetivo, determina la trayectoria de vuelo deseada de un misil y comunica las órdenes necesarias al sistema de control de vuelo del misil. monitor (aeronautical phraseology)
/ˈmɑːnətər/. “Listen out on (frequency)”
(Communications, 2002) - monitor (aeronautical phraseology). Manténgase a la escucha en (frecuencia). monoplane /ˈmɑːnəˌplen/. “An airplane having only one main supporting wing. (Crane, 2012) - monoplano. Aeroplano que tiene una única ala principal de sustentación. morale /məˈræl/. “Moral or mental condition with respect to courage, discipline, confidence, enthusiasm, willingness to
40 Aeronautical Military English Glossary accelerates or diffuses the flow to generate thrust.” (HarperCollins Publishers) - tobera. Tubo o conducto, especialmente en un turborreactor o cohete, que dirige el flujo, y lo acelera o difunde para navigation lights /ˈnævəˈɡeɪʃn̩ ˈlaɪts/. generar empuje. “Colored lights on an aircraft used at night to Numbered Air Force (NAF) /ˈnʌmbr̩d ˈer show the direction the aircraft is moving.” ˈfɔːrs/. “A level of command directly under a (Crane, 2012) MAJCOM. NAFs provide operational - luces de navegación. Luces de colores leadership and supervision. A NAF is assigned utilizadas de noche por las aeronaves subordinate units, such as wings, groups and para mostrar la dirección en la que se squadrons.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013) vuelan. - Fuerza Aérea Numerada. Nivel de negative (aeronautical phraseology) mando directamente bajo un Mando /ˈneɡətɪv/. “No or Permission not granted or Aéreo. NAFs proporcionan liderazgo That is not correct.” (Communications, 2002) operativo y supervisión. A un NAF se le - negative (aeronautical phraseology). No asignan unidades subordinadas, que o Permiso no concedido o Eso no es pueden ser alas, grupos o escuadrones. correcto. (este nivel de mando no se da en la non-commissioned officer /ˌnɒnkəˈmɪʃn̩d organización del Ejercito del Aire, no obstante, se puede encontrar en la ˈɑːfəsər/. “A serviceman or servicewoman OTAN). who holds a supervisory rank, but is not a commissioned officer” (Bowyer, 2004) - suboficial. Todo o toda militar que ostenta un rango de supervisor, pero que no es un oficial nombrado. nondestructive inspection. /ˈnɑːndəˈstrəktɪv ˌɪnˈspekʃn̩/. “Any type of inspection that does not damage the system or component being inspected.” (Crane, 2012) (e.g. penetrant liquids, X-Rays) - inspección no destructiva. Cualquier tipo de inspección que no daña el sistema o componente que está siendo inspeccionado. (p.ej. líquidos penetrantes, rayos X) normative document /ˈnɔːrmətɪv
ˈdɑːkjəment/. “A document that provides
rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results Note: In NATO, a normative document may be a standard or a regulation.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) - documento normativo. Documento que proporciona reglas, directrices o características para actividades o sus resultados. Nota: en la OTAN, un documento normativo puede ser una norma o un reglamento. note (TO understanding) /noʊt/. “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, condition, or statement.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)
- nota, observación. Destaca un
procedimiento de operación o
mantenimiento, condición o estado
esencial.
nozzle /ˈnɑːzl/.̩ “A pipe or duct, esp. in a jet engine or rocket, that directs the effluent and
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 41 delegate operational and/or tactical control as the commander deems necessary. Note: It does not include responsibility for administration.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) Oath of Service /oʊθ əv ˈsɝːvəs/. “A solemn - mando operativo. La autoridad promise of loyalty and obedience made by conferida a un mando para asignar people when joining the armed forces. misiones o cometidos a los mandos (Bowyer, 2004) subordinados, desplegar unidades, - Jura de Bandera. Promesa solemne de reasignar fuerzas y conservar o delegar lealtad y obediencia tomada por las el control táctico y/o operativo según el personas que se unen a las fuerzas mando considere necesario. Nota: No armadas. incluye responsabilidad administrativa. obedience /oˈbiːdiəns/. “The state, fact, or an operational control (OPCON) /ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃənəl instance of obeying, or a willingness to obey; kənˈtroʊl/. “The authority delegated to a submission.” (HarperCollins Publishers) commander to direct forces assigned so that - obediencia. El estado, hecho o instancia the commander may accomplish specific de obedecer, voluntad de obedecer; missions or tasks which are usually limited by sumisión. function, time, or location; to deploy units objective /əbˈdʒektɪv/. “The clearly defined, concerned, and to retain or assign tactical decisive, and attainable goal toward which control of those units. It does not include every operation is directed.” (Director for authority to assign separate employment of Joint Force Development, 2010) components of the units concerned. Neither - objetivo. La meta claramente definida, does it, of itself, include administrative or decisiva y realizable hacia la que toda logistic control.” (NATO Standardization operación es dirigida. Agency, 2014) obstacle course /ˈɑːbstəkl ̩ ˈkɔːrs/. “A physical - control operativo. La autoridad exercise course with barriers, ditches, and delegada a un comandante para dirigir other obstacles, used to train military fuerzas asignadas, de forma que pueda personnel.” (HarperCollins Publishers) cumplir misiones específicas o - pista de aplicación. Recorrido de cometidos que por lo general están ejercicio físico con barreras, zanjas y limitados por función, tiempo o lugar; otros obstáculos, utilizado para entrenar desplegar las unidades afectadas y al personal militar. conservar o ceder el control táctico de offensive counterair (OCA) /əˈfensɪv ˈkaʊntər dichas unidades. No se incluye la ˈer/. “An operation mounted to destroy, autoridad para el empleo por separado disrupt or limit enemy air power as close to its de componentes de dichas unidades. source as possible.” (NATO Standardization Tampoco incluye por sí mismo el control logístico o administrativo. Agency, 2014) originator /əˈrɪdʒəneɪtr/. “The originator - DCA (traducción no utilizada). ̩ Operación establecida para destruir, prepares the doctrine proposal and is any interrumpir o limitar el poder aéreo interested party.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION enemigo tan cerca próximo a su fuente AGENCY, 2013) como sea posible. - proponente. Elabora la propuesta on-scene commander (OSC) /ɑːn ˈsiːn doctrinal y es una parte interesada. kəˈmændər/. “An individual in the immediate Other Rank (OR). /ˈʌðr̩ ˈræŋk/. See “enlisted vicinity of an isolating event who temporarily personnel”. assumes command of the incident” out (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈaʊt/. “This (Department of Defense of the United States exchange of transmissions is ended and no of America, 2007) response is expected.” (Communications, - OSC (traducción no utilizada). Individuo 2002) en las inmediaciones de un evento de - out (aeronautical phraseology). Este aislamiento de personal que asume intercambio de transmisiones ha temporalmente el mando. terminado y no se espera respuesta. operational command (OPCOM) over (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈoʊvə/. /ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃənəl kəˈmænd/. “The authority “My transmission is ended and I expect a granted to a commander to assign missions or response from you.” (Communications, 2002) tasks to subordinate commanders, to deploy - over (aeronautical phraseology). Mi units, to reassign forces, and to retain or transmisión ha terminado y espero una respuesta por parte suya.
42 Aeronautical Military English Glossary overhaul /ˌoʊvəˈhɔːl/. “The maintenance procedure in which a device is disassembled to the extent needed to determine the condition of all of its parts. Each part is
inspected, and, if damaged or excessively
worn, it is repaired or replaced.” (Crane, 2012) - revisión general. Proceso de mantenimiento en el que un dispositivo es desmontado en la medida necesaria para determinar el estado de todas sus partes. Cada parte es inspeccionada, y, si está dañada o excesivamente desgastada, se repara o reemplaza. oxygen system (aircraft) /ˈɑːksədʒən ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing) - sistema de oxigeno.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 43 parking lot /ˈpɑːrkɪŋ ˈlɑːt/. “An area, often paved, for parking a number of motor vehicles.” (HarperCollins Publishers) - aparcamiento. Área, a menudo pavimentada, para aparcar cierto pallet /ˈpælət/. “A flat base for combining número de vehículos a motor. stores or carrying a single item to form a unit passive air defense /ˈpæsɪv ˈer dəˈfens/. “All load for handling, transportation, and storage measures, other than active air defense, by materials handling equipment.” (NATO taken to minimize the effectiveness of hostile Standardization Agency, 2014) air and missile threats against friendly forces palé. Base plana para combinar provisiones o and assets.” (Director for Joint Force transportar un solo artículo, formando una carga Development, 2010) unitaria para su manejo, transporte y - defensa aérea pasiva. Todas las almacenamiento mediante equipos de manejo de medidas, que no sean defensa aérea material. activa, tomadas para minimizar la palletized unit load /ˈpælətaɪzd ˈjuːnət loʊd/. eficacia de las amenazas aéreas y de “Quantity of any item, packaged or misiles hostiles contra las fuerzas y unpackaged, which is arranged on a pallet in activos amigos. a specified manner and securely strapped or passive homing guidance /ˈpæsɪv ˈhoʊmɪŋ fastened thereto so that the whole is handled ˈɡaɪdəns/. “A system of homing guidance as a unit.” (NATO Standardization Agency, wherein the receiver in the missile utilizes 2014) radiation from the target.” (NATO - unidad de carga paletizada. Cantidad de Standardization Agency, 2014) cualquier artículo, embalado o sin - guiado pasivo. Sistema de guiado en el embalar, que se encuentra dispuesto que el receptor del misil utiliza la sobre un palé de una manera específica radiación propia del blanco. y atado o fijado con seguridad al mismo, payload /ˈpeɪloʊd/. 1. “In a missile or rocket, de forma que el conjunto se maneje the warhead, its container and activating como una unidad. devices.” (NATO Standardization Agency, parade /pəˈreɪd/. “A military display or 2014) 2. “The amount of load carried by a assembly; esp., a review of marching troops.” vehicle over and above the load necessary for (HarperCollins Publishers) the operation of the vehicle. Payload is - desfile o acto. Exhibición o formación actually the amount of revenue-producing militar; en especial, una revista de tropas load an aircraft can carry.” (Crane, 2012) desfilando. - carga de pago. 1. En un misil o cohete; la parade ground /pəˈreɪd ˈɡraʊnd/. “A large ojiva, su contenedor y los equipos de flat area where soldiers march and practise activación. 2. La cantidad de carga military movements.” (Cambridge University transportada por un vehículo por encima Press, 2014) de la que este necesita para su - plaza de armas. Área llana y extensa operación. Es en realidad la carga que donde los soldados desfilan y practican produce un beneficio que una aeronave movimientos militares. puede transportar. parade-rest (drill) /pəˈreɪd ˈrest/. (AIR FORCE peaked cap /ˈpiːkt ˈkæp/. MANUAL 36-2203, 2013) - gorra de plato. - descanso-mar (IOC). (preventiva y periodic inspection /ˌpɪriˈɑːdɪk ˌɪnˈspekʃn̩/. ejecutiva). “A maintenance inspection that must be paradrop /ˈperəˈdrɑːp/. “Delivery by performed on a regular or recurring basis.” parachute of personnel or cargo from an (Crane, 2012) aircraft in flight.” (NATO Standardization - inspección periódica. Una inspección de Agency, 2014) mantenimiento que debe realizarse de - lanzamiento con paracaídas. Entrega forma periódica o recurrente. con paracaídas de personal o carga personal locator beacon /ˈpɝːsənl ̩ loʊˈkeɪtə desde una aeronave en vuelo. ˈbiːkən/. “An emergency radio locator beacon parking brake /ˈpɑːrkɪŋ ˈbreɪk /. “A brake that with a two-way speech facility carried by crew is set, often by hand, when the aircraft is members, either on their person or in their stationary for a period of time.” (Crocker, survival equipment, and capable of providing 2005) homing signals to assist search and rescue operations.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)
44 Aeronautical Military English Glossary - radiobaliza de localización personal. parachutist or air dropped cargo item lands or Radiobaliza de localización de is expected to land.” (NATO Standardization emergencia bidireccional, llevada por Agency, 2014) miembros de tripulaciones, bien consigo - punto de impacto. El punto en la zona de mismos o en su equipo de supervivencia, lanzamiento donde el primer capaces de proporcionar señales de paracaidista o carga lanzada aterriza o se posicionamiento para ayudar a las estima que aterrice. operaciones de búsqueda y salvamento. power plant (aircraft) /ˈpaʊər ˈplænt/. personnel recovery (PR) /ˌpərsəˈnel rɪˈkʌvri/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing) “The sum of military, diplomatic, and civil - planta de potencia (sistema de efforts to prepare for and execute the propulsión). recovery and reintegration of isolated power plant /ˈpaʊər ˈplænt/. “A building personnel.” (Department of Defense of the where power, esp. electric power, is United States of America, 2007) generated.” (HarperCollins Publishers) - recuperación de personal. La suma de - planta de energía. Edificio donde se esfuerzos militares, diplomáticos y genera energía, especialmente energía civiles para preparar y ejecutar la eléctrica. recuperación y reintegración de preflight inspection /ˈpriːˈflaɪt ˌɪnˈspekʃn̩/. personal aislado. “An inspection of an aircraft performed by piston engine /ˈpɪstən ˈendʒən/. “A petrol or the pilot or flight engineer before the aircraft diesel engine in which pistons are moved by is approved for flight. The purpose of a combustion of fuel, this reciprocating preflight inspection is to assure that the movement producing rotating movement.” aircraft is in safe condition for the flight being (Crocker, 2005) proposed. (Crane, 2012) - motor de émbolo alternativo. Motor de - inspección pre-vuelo. Inspección de una gasolina o diésel en el que los émbolos aeronave llevada a cabo por el piloto o se mueven por la combustión de un mecánico de vuelo antes de que sea combustible, su movimiento de vaivén declarada apta para el vuelo. El produce un movimiento de rotación. propósito de una inspección pre-vuelo es pitch /ˈpɪtʃ/. “Rotation of an aircraft about its verificar las condiciones de seguridad lateral axis.” (Crane, 2012) para el vuelo propuesto para dicha - cabeceo. Rotación de una aeronave aeronave. sobre su eje lateral. pressure bulkhead /ˈpreʃər ˈbʌlkˌhed/. ”A platform drop /ˈplætˌfɔːrm ˈdrɑːp/. “The partition inside the aircraft which separates airdrop of loaded platforms from rear loading pressurized from non-pressurised areas.” aircraft with roller conveyors.” (NATO (Crocker, 2005) Standardization Agency, 2014) - mamparo de presión. Tabique interior - lanzamiento sobre plataforma. El de la aeronave que separa las áreas lanzamiento aéreo, desde aeronaves de presurizadas de las no presurizadas. carga trasera, de plataformas cargadas primary flight controls /ˈpraɪˌmeri ˈflaɪt deslizándolas sobre rodillos. kənˈtroʊlz/. “The flight controls that cause an plug /ˈpləɡ/. 1. “An object used to stop up a aircraft to rotate about its three axes. In an hole, gap, outlet, etc.” (HarperCollins airplane, the primary flight controls are the Publishers). 2. “A device for making an ailerons, elevators, and rudder.” (Crane, electrical connection” (Crocker, 2005) 2012) - 1. tapa/tapón. Objeto utilizado para - mandos de vuelo primarios. Las tapar un agujero, hueco, etc. 2. superficies de mando que provocan que conector. Dispositivo para hacer una la aeronave rote sobre sus ejes. En un conexión eléctrica. aeroplano, las superficies de mando pod /ˈpɑːd/. “A streamlined structure primarias son los alerones, timones de attached by a pylon to an aircraft and used to profundidad y timón de dirección. house a jet engine (podded engine), fuel tank, propeller /prəˈpelər/. “A device for propelling armament, etc.” (HarperCollins Publishers) an aircraft that has blades on an engine- - góndola, barquilla. Una estructura driven shaft and that, when rotated, produces aerodinámica unida mediante un pilón a by its action on the air, a thrust approximately una aeronave y utilizada para albergar perpendicular to its plane of rotation. (14 CFR un motor a reacción, tanque de combustible, armamento, etc. part 1) point of impact /ˈpɔɪnt əv ˌɪmˈpækt/. “The - hélice. Mecanismo de aspas para point on the drop zone where the first impulsar una aeronave mediante un eje accionado por un motor y que, al girar,
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 45 produce por su acción con el aire un empuje aproximadamente perpendicular al plano de rotación de las palas. pushback /ˈpʊʃ ˈbæk/. “The process of pushing a plane out from its parked position using a special vehicle.” (Crocker, 2005) - push-back (traducción no utilizada). Proceso de remolcado hacia atrás de una aeronave, desde la posición en que se encuentra estacionada, utilizando un vehículo especial. pylon /ˈpaɪˌlɑːn/. A streamlined aircraft
structure for attaching an engine pod,
external fuel tank, a weapon, etc., to the main body of the aircraft. (HarperCollins Publishers) - pilón. Estructura aerodinámica de una aeronave para fijar la góndola de un motor, un tanque externo de combustible, un arma, etc., con el cuerpo principal del avión.
46 Aeronautical Military English Glossary
QFE /ˈkjuː ˈef ˈiː/. “Atmospheric pressure at
aerodrome elevation.” (Communications,
2002) - QFE. Presión atmosférica a la elevación del aeródromo. QNE /ˈkjuː ˈen ˈiː/. “The barometric pressure used for the standard altimeter setting (29.92 inches Hg.).” (Crane, 2012) - QNE. La presión barométrica utilizada para el ajuste de altímetro estándar (29,92 pulgadas de Hg.). QNH /ˈkjuː ˈen ˈeɪtʃ/. “Altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain altitude above mean sea level.” (Communications, 2002) - QNH. Ajuste de la sub-escala del altímetro para obtener la altitud sobre el nivel medio del mar. quick search procedure /ˈkwɪk ˈsɝːtʃ
prəˈsiːdʒər/. “A method of search done as
quickly as possible by searching the entire area on the outbound leg and by using twice as many aircraft as are normally used.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - procedimiento de búsqueda rápida. Método de búsqueda, tan rápido como sea posible, mediante búsqueda en toda la zona del tramo de salida, y utilizando el doble de aeronaves de las normalmente utilizadas.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 47 - confirmación. La acción de repetir al controlador un mensaje suyo con el fin de comprobar que ha sido correctamente recibido. reconnaissance A/C /riˈkɑːnəsəns/. A military radar decoy /ˈreɪˌdɑːr dəˌkɔɪ/. A device aircraft designed to carry out aerial launched or towed by an aircraft, designed to reconnaissance. deceive enemy radars by emitting simulated - aeronave de reconocimiento. Aeronave a radar signature. militar diseñada para llevar a cabo misiones de reconocimiento aéreo. - señuelo radar. Dispositivo remolcado o lanzado por una aeronave, diseñado reconstitute /riˈkɑːnstəˌtuːt/. “Renew legal para a los radares enemigos mediante la authorization of a disbanded unit.” (HQ emisión de una firma radar simulada. USAF/A1, 2013) radio altimeter /ˈreɪdiˌoʊ ælˈtɪmətər/. “A - reconstituir. Renovar la autoridad legal a device for measuring the height of the aircraft una unidad disuelta. above the Earth using reflected radio waves.” recovery /rɪˈkʌvri/. “1. In air (aviation) (Crocker, 2005) operations, that phase of a mission which - radio altímetro. Dispositivo utilizado involves the return of an aircraft to a land para medir la altura de la aeronave sobre base or platform afloat. (. . .) 2. 3. In personnel la Tierra utilizando ondas de radio recovery, actions taken to physically gain reflejadas. custody of isolated personnel and return radome /ˈreɪˌdoʊm/. “A dome that protects a them to the initial reception point.” radar antenna, made from materials that do (Department of Defense of the United States not interfere with the transmission and of America, 2007) reception of radio waves.” (Crocker, 2005) - recuperación. 1. En operaciones aéreas, - radomo. Cúpula que protege a una la fase de una misión que implica el antena radar, hecha materiales que no regreso de una aeronave a una base en interfieren con la transmisión y tierra o plataforma a flote. 2. En recepción de ondas de radio. recuperación de personal, acciones rank /ˈræŋk/. “An official title, indicating a tomadas para conseguir la custodia física serviceperson’s position in the military de personal aislado y devolverlo al punto hierarchy (such as corporal, sergeant, de recepción inicial. lieutenant, etc.)” (Bowyer, 2004) recovery activation signal (RAS) /rɪˈkʌvri - rango, empleo. Un título oficial, que ˌæktəˈveɪʃn̩ ˈsɪɡnəl/. “In personnel recovery, indica la posición de un militar dentro de a precoordinated signal from an evader to a la escala jerárquica (p.ej. cabo, sargento, receiving or observing source that indicates, teniente, etc.). “I am here, start the recovery planning.”” ratification /ˌrætəfəˈkeɪʃn̩/. “In NATO (Department of Defense of the United States standardization, the formal declaration by of America, 2007) which a NATO member nation confirms its - señal de activación/RAS. En consent, with or without reservation, to be recuperación de personal, una señal pre committed to a NATO standardization coordinada del evasor a una fuente de agreement.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION observación o recepción que indica, AGENCY, 2013) “Estoy aquí, se inicia el plan de recuperación.” - ratificación. En normalización OTAN, la declaración formal por la cual un país recovery force /rɪˈkʌvri ˈfɔːrs/. “In personnel miembro de la OTAN confirma su recovery, an organization consisting of consentimiento, con o sin reservas, para personnel and equipment with a mission of el compromiso con un acuerdo de locating, supporting, and recovering isolated normalización de la OTAN. personnel, and returning them to friendly read back /riːd ˈbæk/. “A phrase used by Air control.” (Department of Defense of the Traffic Control (ATC) to mean “repeat my United States of America, 2007) message back to me”. (Crane, 2012) - fuerza de recuperación. En recuperación - colacione. Expresión utilizada por el de personal, una organización integrada controlador aéreo (ATC) que significa: por el personal y equipo con la misión de “repítame mi mensaje de nuevo”. localizar, apoyar y recuperar al personal readback /riːdˈbæk/. “The action of repeating aislado, y devolverlo al control amigo. an ATC message to the controller to enable recovery operations /rɪˈkʌvri ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn̩z/. him or her to check that it was correctly “Operations conducted to search for, locate, received.” (Crocker, 2005) identify, recover, and return isolated
48 Aeronautical Military English Glossary personnel, human remains, sensitive the first paratroop or cargo item is dropped.” equipment, or items critical to national (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) security.” (Department of Defense of the - punto de lanzamiento. En transporte United States of America, 2007) aéreo, Un punto en la superficie sobre el - operación de recuperación. que el primer paracaidista o carga son Operaciones llevadas a cabo para la lanzados. búsqueda, localización, identificación, rendezvous point /ˈrɑːndɪˌvuː ˈpɔɪnt/. “A recuperación y retorno del personal, given location at which to regroup before, restos humanos, material sensible o during or after an operation at a specified elementos vitales para la seguridad time or in a specified situation.” (NATO nacional. Standardization Agency, 2014) recovery site /rɪˈkʌvri ˈsaɪt/. “In personnel - punto de encuentro. Lugar determinado recovery, an area from which isolated donde reagruparse antes, durante o personnel can be recovered.” (Department of después de una operación a una hora o Defense of the United States of America, situación específica. 2007) report (aeronautical phraseology) /riˈpɔːrt/. - lugar de recuperación. En recuperación “Pass me the following information.” de personal, un área en la que se puede (Communications, 2002) recuperar al personal aislado. - report (aeronautical phraseology). recovery vehicle /rɪˈkʌvri ˈviːhɪkl/.̩ “In Páseme la siguiente información. personnel recovery, the vehicle on which request (aeronautical phraseology) isolated personnel are boarded and /rɪˈkwest/. “I should like to know…or I wish to transported from the recovery site.” obtain.” (Communications, 2002) (Department of Defense of the United States - request (aeronautical phraseology). Me of America, 2007) gustaría saber…o Quisiera obtener. - vehículo de recuperación. En rescue A/C /ˈmɪləˌteri ˈreskjuː/. Aircraft recuperación de personal, el vehículo en designed to carry out SAR and CSAR missions. el que se embarca y transporta al - Aeronave de rescate. Aeronave personal aislado desde el lugar de diseñada para llevar a cabo misiones SAR recuperación. y CSAR. refueling hose /ˌriːˈ uːəlɪŋ hoʊz/. “A flexible rescue combat air patrol (RESCAP) /ˈreskjuː pipe used to pump fuel from the bowser to ˈkɑːmbæt ˈer pəˈtroʊl/. “An aircraft patrol the aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005) provided over that portion of an objective - manguera de combustible. Tubería area in which recovery operations are being flexible utilizada para bombear conducted for the purpose of intercepting combustible de la cisterna a la aeronave. and destroying hostile aircraft.” (Department refueling probe /riˈ uːəlɪŋ proʊb/. A long of Defense of the United States of America, rigid or retractable tube, fitted to the front of 2007) an aircraft, which is inserted into a receptacle - patrulla aérea de combate en called drogue, enabling air-to-air refueling rescate/RESCAP. Patrulla aérea sobre un operations. (Bowyer, 2004) área objetivo, donde se están llevando a - sonda de repostaje. Tubo largo y rígido cabo operaciones de recuperación, con o retráctil, montado en la parte el propósito de interceptar y destruir delantera de una aeronave, que se aeronaves hostiles. inserta en un receptáculo llamado cesta, rescue strop /ˈreskjuː strɑːp/. “A piece of que permite las operaciones de rescue equipment which is placed around a reabastecimiento en vuelo. person's chest to secure that person to a reintegrate /riˈɪntəˌɡret/. “In personnel rescue line or helicopter hoist cable.” (NATO recovery, the task of conducting appropriate Standardization Agency, 2014) debriefings and reintegrating recovered - arnés de pecho. Parte del material de isolated personnel back to duty and their rescate que se coloca alrededor del family.” (Department of Defense of the pecho de una persona para asegurarla a United States of America, 2007) una cuerda de salvamento o cable de - reintegración. En recuperación de izado de un helicóptero. personal, la labor de llevar a cabo reservation /ˌrezərˈveɪʃn̩/. “In NATO reuniones y reintegración del personal Standardization, a formal statement by which aislado recuperado de vuelta al servicio a member nation describes the part of a activo y a su hogar. standard or standardization agreement that it release point /riˈliːs ˈpɔɪnt/. “In air transport, will not implement or will implement only a point on the ground directly above which
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 49 with limitations.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION in a combustion chamber, the products of AGENCY, 2013) combustion expanding through a nozzle and - reserva. En normalización OTAN, una producing thrust.” (HarperCollins Publishers) declaración formal, por la cual un país - motor cohete. Un motor a reacción cuyo miembro describe la parte de una norma combustible y oxidante se queman en o acuerdo de estandarización que no una cámara de combustión. Los será de aplicación o lo será con productos de combustión producen limitaciones para dicho país. empuje al expandirse a través una responsibility /riˌspɑːnsəˈbɪləti/. 1. An tobera. obligation or duty. 2. A person or thing for roger (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈrɑːdʒər/. which one is responsible. 3. Sensible “I have received all of your last transmission.” behavior. (Bowyer, 2004) (Communications, 2002) - responsabilidad. 1. Una obligación o - roger (aeronautical phraseology). He deber. 2. Persona o cosa de la que se es recibido la totalidad de su última responsable. 3. Comportamiento transmisión. sensato. rotary-wing /ˈroʊtəriˈwɪŋ/. “An aircraft with review /ˌriˈvjuː/. “The ac vity of checking a a rotor which provides lift, such as a normative document to determine whether it helicopter.” (Crocker, 2005) is to be reaffirmed, changed or withdrawn.” - ala rotatoria. Aeronave con un rotor que (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) proporciona sustentación, tal como un - revisión (análisis). La actividad por la helicóptero. que se comprueba un documento rotor blade /ˈroʊtə ˈbleɪd/. “A long thin normativo para determinar si debe ser aerofoil on a helicopter rotor.” (Crocker, reafirmado, cambiado o retirado. 2005) revision. /riˈvɪʒn̩/. “A major change that has - pala de rotor. Perfil aerodinámico largo an impact on the use made by the interested y delgado en el rotor de un helicóptero. parties of an AJP. Revisions require a new rotorcraft /ˈroʊtə ˈkræft/. “A heavier-than-air ratification process and result in new editions aircraft that depends principally for its of both STANAG and AP.” (NATO support in flight on the lift generated by one STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) or more rotors.” (Regulatory Information, - revisión (modificación). Cambio 2012) importante que tiene impacto en el uso - aeronave de rotor. Aeronave más que hacen de un AJP las partes pesada que el aire que depende para su interesadas. Las revisiones requieren un sostenimiento en vuelo principalmente nuevo proceso de ratificación y dan lugar de la sustentación generada por uno o a nuevas ediciones de STANAG y AP. varios rotores. rib /ˈrɪb/. “The part of an aircraft wing rudder /ˈrʌdər/. “The movable control structure that gives the wing its aerodynamic surface mounted on the trailing edge of the cross section. Sheet metal or fabric covers the vertical fin of an airplane.” (Crane, 2012). The ribs and gives the wing its airfoil shape.” rudder enables an airplane to yaw. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - timón de dirección. La superficie de - costilla. Parte de la estructura del ala de mando móvil montada en el borde de una aeronave que da la forma salida del estabilizador vertical de un aerodinámica al ala en su sección aeroplano. El timón de dirección permite trasversal. Las costillas están cubiertas al aeroplano guiñar. por chapa metálica o tela que dan al ala rules of engagement (ROE) /ˈruːlz əv su forma aerodinámica. enˈɡeɪdʒmənt/. “Directives issued by rocket /ˈrɑːkət/. “An aircraft propelled by competent military authority which specify ejected expanding gases generated in the the circumstances and limitations under engine from self-contained propellants and which forces will initiate and/or continue not dependent on the intake of outside combat engagement with other forces substances. (14 CFR part 1) encountered.” (NATO Standardization - cohete. Aeronave propulsada por la Agency, 2014) eyección de gases en expansión - reglas de enfrentamiento. Directivas generados en el motor a partir de emitidas por la autoridad militar propulsores autónomos, no competente que especifican las dependientes de la admisión de circunstancias y limitaciones, en virtud sustancias exteriores. de las cuales, dichas fuerzas iniciaran y/o rocket engine /ˈrɑːkət ˈendʒən/. “A reaction continuaran un el combate con otras engine in which a fuel and oxidizer are burnt fuerzas con las que se encuentren.
50 Aeronautical Military English Glossary runway /ˈrʌˌnwe/. “A strip of level, usually paved ground on which aircraft take off and land.” (Crocker, 2005) - pista de aterrizaje. Franja de tierra nivelada y normalmente pavimentada sobre la que aterrizan y despegan las aeronaves. runway exit /ˈrʌˌnwe ˈeɡzət/. “Taxiway
pavement provided for turnoffs from the
runway to a taxiway either at normal or high speed.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008) - salida de pista. Pista pavimentada provista para desvíos de pista de aterrizaje a rodadura, bien a velocidad normal o a alta velocidad. runway overrun /ˈrʌˌnwe ˌoʊvəˈrʌn/. “A stabilized or paved area beyond the end of a runway, of the same width as the runway plus shoulders, centered on the extended runway centerline.” (Crane, 2012)
- prolongación de pista. Superficie
allanada o pavimentada más allá del final
una pista de aterrizaje, de la misma
anchura que la pista más los arcenes,
centrada en la extensión del eje de pista.
runway visual range (RVR) /ˈrʌˌnwe ˈvɪʒuəl
ˈreɪndʒ/. “The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centerline of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centerline.” (Crane, 2012) - alcance visual en pista. La distancia a la que un piloto de una aeronave en el centro de la pista puede ver las marcas de pista, las luces que la trazan, o identificar su eje central.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 51 submarines, and specialized rescue teams and equipment to search for and rescue distressed persons on land or at sea in a permissive environment.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, sacrifice /ˈsækrəˌfaɪs/. “The act of giving up, 2007) destroying, permitting injury to, or forgoing - salvamento y rescate/SAR. El uso de something valued for the sake of something aeronaves, buques de superficie, having a more pressing claim.” (HarperCollins submarinos y equipos y material de Publishers) rescate especializados, para buscar y - sacrificio. El acto de darse por vencido, rescatar a personal en peligro sobre destruir, permitir lesiones o renunciar a tierra o mar en un entorno permisivo. algo valioso por el bien de algo que search and rescue numeric encryption grid clama mayor urgencia. (SARNEG) /ˈsɝːtʃ ənd ˈreskjuː nuːˈmerɪk safe life /ˈseɪf ˈlaɪf/. “The principle of putting enˈkrɪpʃən ˈɡrɪd/. “A predesignated ten-letter the least load or force on each component, so word without repeated letters used that it will last well beyond a plane’s expected exclusively by recovery forces or isolated life.” (Crocker, 2005) personnel to encrypt numerical data such as - vida útil. El principio de exigir la carga o position, time, headings, etc., in a covert esfuerzo mínimo a cada componente, de manner.” (Department of Defense of the forma que permanecerá útil mucho más United States of America, 2007) allá de la vida esperada de una aeronave. - SARNEG (traducción no utilizada). Una safety lock/pin /ˈseɪfti ˈlɑːk/ˈpɪn/. Device palabra preestablecida de diez letras sin used to prevent accidental movement of a repetirse, utilizada exclusivamente por component, or to disable a system from las fuerzas de rescate y el personal operating, during ground maintenance. aislado, para encriptar datos numéricos (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing) como: la posición, tiempo, rumbos, etc., - pasador de seguridad. Dispositivo de manera encubierta. utilizado para prevenir el movimiento search and rescue point (SARDOT) /ˈsɝːtʃ ənd accidental de un componente o ˈreskjuː ˈpɔɪnt/. “A predesignated specific desactivar un Sistema durante el location, relative to which isolated personnel mantenimiento en tierra. provide their position to recovery forces.” Sam Brownie belt. /ˈsæm ˈbraʊni ˈbelt/. “A (Department of Defense of the United States military officer's belt with a diagonal strap of America, 2007) across the right shoulder, designed to carry - SARDOT (traducción no utilizada). the weight of a pistol or sword.” Punto preestablecido, relativo al cual, el (HarperCollins Publishers) personal aislado proporciona su posición - cinturón-correaje de oficial. Cinturón de a las fuerzas de recuperación. oficiales militares con una correa secondary controls /ˈsekənˌderi kənˈtroʊlz/. diagonal en el hombro derecho, Controls that modify the effect of the diseñado para cargar con el peso de una ailerons, rudder, and elevators of an airplane, pistola o sable. and do not in themselves cause rotation of say again (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈseɪ the airplane about any of the three axes. əˈɡen/. “Repeat all, or the following part, of Wing flaps and trim tabs are examples of your last transmission.” (Communications, secondary controls. (Crane, 2012) 2002) - mandos de vuelo secundarios. Las - say again (aeronautical phraseology). superficies de mando que modifican el Repita la totalidad, o la parte siguiente, efecto de los alerones, timones de de su última transmisión. dirección y profundidad de un scramble /ˈskræmbl/.̩ “An order directing aeroplano, y que por si mismas no take-off of an aircraft as quickly as possible, provocan la rotación de la aeronave usually followed by mission instructions.” sobre alguno de sus tres ejes. Los flaps y (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) compensadores son ejemplos de - scramble (traducción no utilizada). Una mandos de vuelo secundarios. orden para que una aeronave despegue section /ˈsekʃn̩/. “1. As applied to ships or tan pronto como sea posible. naval aircraft, a tactical subdivision of a Generalmente seguida de instrucciones division. 2. A subdivision of an office, para una misión. installation, territory, works, or organization; search and rescue (SAR) /ˈsɝːtʃ ənd ˈreskjuː/. especially a major subdivision of a staff. 3. A “The use of aircraft, surface craft,
52 Aeronautical Military English Glossary tactical unit of the Army and Marine Corps - shall. Se utiliza para expresar una smaller than a platoon/flight and larger than disposición de carácter obligatorio. a squad. 4. An area in a warehouse extending should (TO understanding) /ʃʊd/. “Indicates a from one wall to the next; usually the largest preferred method of accomplishment.” (HQ subdivision of one floor.” (Director for Joint AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014) Force Development, 2010) - should. Indica el principal método de - sección. 1. Aplicado a buques o realización. aeronaves navales, subdivisión táctica de shoulder /ˈʃoʊldə/. “Prepared (paved or una división. 2. Subdivisión de una unpaved) area adjacent to the edge of an oficina, instalación, territorio, trabajo u operational pavement.” (Department of organización, especialmente, una Defense of The United States of America, subdivisión principal de un Estado 2008) Mayor. 3. Una unidad táctica del Ejército - arcén. Superficie preparada de Tierra o Infantería de Marina, más (pavimentada o no) adyacente al borde pequeña que un pelotón y más grande del pavimento operativo. que una escuadra. 4. Área en un almacén side cap /ˈsaɪd ˈkæp/. o depósito que se extiende de una pared - gorro o “buque”. a la siguiente. Normalmente la mayor skid /ˈskɪd/. “The (normally) tubular metal subdivisión de una planta. landing gear members that support some selflessness /ˈselfləsnəs/. “Devoted to others' types of helicopters on the ground.” welfare or interests and not one's own; (Heliplanners, 2013) unselfish; altruistic.” (HarperCollins - patín. El tren de aterrizaje Publishers) (normalmente) metálico y tubular que - abnegación. Devoción por el bienestar o soporta a algunos tipos de helicópteros los intereses de los demás y no los sobre tierra. propios; desinterés, altruismo. skid shoe /ˈskɪd ˈʃuː/. “A metal strip that is semi-active homing guidance /ˈsemi ˈæktɪv strapped to a landing skid to protect it from ˈhoʊmɪŋ ˈɡaɪdəns/. “A system of homing wear during landings. Skid shoes are distance wherein the receiver in the missile replaceable at much lower cost than skids.” utilizes radiations from the target which has (Heliplanners, 2013) been illuminated by an outside source.” - Zapata de deslizamiento. Banda (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) metálica fijada al patín de aterrizaje para - guiado semi-activo. Sistema de guiado a protegerlo del desgaste durante los distancia donde el receptor del misil aterrizajes. Las zapatas son utiliza las radiaciones reflejadas por el reemplazables a un costo mucho más objetivo, el cual está siendo iluminado bajo que los patines. por una fuente externa al misil. soldier /ˈsoʊldʒə/. “A person serving in an service point /ˈsɝːvəs ˈpɔɪnt/. “Receptacle, army; member of an army.” (HarperCollins embedded in certain airfield pavements, Publishers) containing outlets for utilities required to - soldado. Persona que sirve en un service aircraft.” (Department of Defense of ejército; miembro de un ejército. The United States of America, 2008) sortie /ˈsɔːr /. “In air operations, an - punto de servicio. Receptáculo operational flight by one aircraft.” (NATO integrado en el pavimento de ciertos Standardization Agency, 2014) aeropuertos, que contiene distintas - salida. En operaciones aéreas, un vuelo tomas de servicios requeridos por las operativo de una aeronave. aeronaves. spar /ˈspɑːr/. “The main span-wise, load- service ribbon /ˈsɝːvəs ˈrɪbən/. “A strip of carrying structural member in an airplane cloth, often of many colors, worn on the left wing.” (Crane, 2012) breast of the uniform to indicate an award of - larguero. Elemento estructural principal, a decoration or medal.” (HarperCollins soportador de carga, a lo largo de la Publishers) envergadura del ala de un aeroplano. - pasador. Tira de tela, a menudo de speak slower (aeronautical phraseology) varios colores, que se porta sobre el /ˈspiːk ˈsloʊə/. “Reduce your rate of speech.” pecho izquierdo del uniforme para (Communications, 2002) indicar una concesión de condecoración - speak slower (aeronautical o medalla. phraseology). Reduzca la velocidad a la shall (TO understanding) /ʃæl/. “Used to que habla. express a provision that is binding.” (HQ special air operation (SAO) /ˈspeʃl ̩ ˈer AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014) ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn̩z/. “An air operation conducted in
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 53 support of special operations and other occupancy of military aircraft during the clandestine, covert, and psychological course of movement from one location to activities.” (Director for Joint Force another.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010) Development, 2010) - operación aérea especial. Operación - base escala. Área de aterrizaje y aérea llevada a cabo en apoyo de las despegue con los servicios mínimos de operaciones especiales y otras mantenimiento, suministro y protección, actividades clandestinas, encubiertas o previstos para el estacionamiento psicológicas. temporal de aeronaves, en el transcurso special operations /ˈspeʃl ̩ ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn̩z/. de su desplazamiento de una localidad a “Military activities conducted by specially otra. designated, organized, selected, trained and STANAG (NATO standardization agreement) equipped forces using unconventional /ˈneɪtoʊ stændərdəˈzeɪʃn̩ əˈɡriːmənt/. “A techniques and modes of employment.” normative document, recording an (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) agreement among several or all NATO - operaciones especiales. Actividades member nations, that has been ratified at the militares llevadas a cabo por fuerzas authorized national level, to implement a especialmente designadas, organizadas, standard, in whole or part, with or without seleccionadas, entrenadas y equipadas, reservation.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION que utilizan técnicas y modos de empleo AGENCY, 2013) no convencionales. - STANAG. Documento normativo, spoiler /ˌspɔɪlər/. “A hinged surface on the registrando un acuerdo entre varios o upper wing which, when opened, decreases todos los países miembro de la OTAN, lift and increases drag.” (Crocker, 2005) que ha sido ratificado a nivel nacional, - spoiler (traducción no utilizada). para aplicación de un estándar, en su Superficie fijada con bisagras en la cara totalidad o parte, con o sin reserva. superior de un ala que, al abrirse, reduce standardization /stændərdəˈzeɪʃn̩/. “The la sustentación y aumenta la resistencia. development and implementation of Squadron. /ˈskwɑːdrən/. “The basic tactical concepts, doctrines, procedures and designs and administrative air-force unit, smaller than in order to achieve and maintain the an air group and larger than a flight” compatibility, interchangeability or (HarperCollins Publishers). A Squadron commonality which are necessary to attain provides a specific operational or support the required level of interoperability, or to capability (HQ USAF/A1, 2013). optimize the use of resources, in the fields of - Escuadrón. La unidad táctica y operations, materiel and administration.” administrativa básica de una fuerza (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013) aérea, más pequeña que un grupo y - Estandarización. El desarrollo y mayor que una escuadrilla. Un aplicación de conceptos, doctrinas, escuadrón proporciona una capacidad procedimientos y diseños con el fin de específica operativa o de apoyo. alcanzar y mantener la compatibilidad, squawk (aeronautical phraseology) intercambiabilidad o comunidad /ˈskwɒk/. “A term used by ATC to request a necesarias para alcanzar el nivel pilot to activate specific modes, codes, or requerido de interoperabilidad, o para functions on the aircraft transponder.” optimizar el uso de recursos, en teatros (Crane, 2012) de operaciones, material y - squawk (aeronautical phraseology). administración. Término utilizado por el control de standby (aeronautical phraseology) tránsito aéreo (ATC) para activar los /ˈstændˈbaɪ/. “Wait and I will call you.” modos, códigos o funciones específicas (Communications, 2002) en el transpondedor de la aeronave. - standby (aeronautical phraseology). Staff /ˈstæf/. “In a military organization, a Espere hasta que yo le llame. group of military and/or civilian personnel start-up /ˈstɑːrˈtəp/. “A procedure to start an assisting a commander.” (NATO engine.” (Crocker, 2005) Standardization Agency, 2014) - puesta en marcha. Procedimiento para - Estado mayor. En una organización el encendido de un motor. militar, el grupo de personal militar y/o State aircraft. /ˈsteɪt ˈerˌkræft/. “Means any civil que asiste al Comandante Jefe. aircraft owned or used by a State serving staging base /ˈsteɪdʒɪŋ ˈbeɪs/. “A landing and exclusively non-commercial government takeoff area with minimum servicing, supply, functions.” (Program on Humanitarian Policy and shelter provided for the temporary and Conflict Research, 2009)
54 Aeronautical Military English Glossary - aeronave de Estado. Significa cualquier by destructive and/or disruptive means.” aeronave perteneciente o utilizada por (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010) un Estado prestando servicio en - supresión de defensas aéreas enemigas. funciones exclusivamente no Actividad que neutraliza, destruye o comerciales. degrada temporalmente las defensas static discharger /ˈstætɪk dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒə/. “A aéreas enemigas en superficie, por device attached to an aircraft control surface medios destructivos y/o perturbadores. to discharge static electricity into the air.” survival, evasion, resistance and escape (Crane, 2012) (SERE) /sərˈvaɪvl ̩ ɪˈveɪʒn̩ rəˈzɪstəns ənd - descargador de estática. Dispositivo əˈskeɪp/. “Actions performed by isolated conectado a las superficies de control de personnel designed to ensure their health, una aeronave para descargar la mobility, safety, and honor in anticipation of electricidad estática en el aire. or preparation for their return to friendly station /ˈsteɪʃn̩/. “The place where a person control.” (Department of Defense of the or thing stands or is located, esp. an assigned United States of America, 2007) post, position, or location.” (HarperCollins - SERE (traducción no utilizada). Acciones Publishers) realizadas por el personal aislado que - destino. Lugar donde una persona o cosa garanticen su salud, movilidad, permanece o está ubicada, seguridad y honor, en previsión o especialmente, un destino asignado, preparación para su regreso bajo control posición o localidad. amigo. strategic transport aircraft /strəˈtiːdʒɪk trænˈspɔːrt ˈerˌkræft/. “Aircraft designed primarily for the carriage of personnel and/or cargo over long distances.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)
- aeronave de transporte estratégico.
Aeronave diseñada principalmente para el transporte de personal y/o carga en larga distancia.
strut /ˈstrət/. “A device that combines a shock
absorber and its mounting plates in one assembly, used in the suspension system of a landing gear.” (HarperCollins Publishers) - amortiguador. Dispositivo que combina un mecanismo para absorber impactos y sus piezas de montaje en un conjunto, utilizado en el sistema de suspensión del tren de aterrizaje. subordinate /səˈbɔːrdəˌnet/. 1. adjective “Under the power or authority of another.” (HarperCollins Publishers) 2. noun “A person who works under another person’s command or supervision.” (Bowyer, 2004)
- subordinado. 1. adjetivo Bajo el poder o autoridad de otro. 2. sustantivo Persona que trabaja bajo el mando o supervisión
de otra.
support /səˈpɔːrt/. “The ac on of a force, or
portion thereof, which aids, protects, complements, or sustains any other force.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - apoyo. Acción de una fuerza, o parte de la misma, que ayuda, protege, complementa o sostiene a cualquier otra fuerza. suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) /səˈpreʃn̩ əv ˈenəmi ˈer dəˈfensəz/. “Activity that neutralizes, destroys, or temporarily degrades surface-based enemy air defenses
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 55 que conecta la sección de cola de una aeronave a un fuselaje tipo vaina. tail rotor /ˈteɪl ˈroʊtə/. “The small, auxiliary rotor installed on the tail of a single-rotor helicopter. The tail rotor turns in a vertical tab /ˈtæb/. “A small, movable control hinged plane to produce thrust that counteracts the to the trailing edge of one of an airplane’s torque produced by the main rotor.” (Crane, primary flight control surfaces. Tabs can be 2012) used to help the pilot move the primary - rotor de cola. El pequeño rotor auxiliar control surface, or they can be used to instalado en la cola de un helicóptero produce an aerodynamic load on the primary mono-rotor. El rotor de cola gira en un surface that trims the aircraft for a hands-off plano vertical produciendo empuje que contrarresta el par producido por el flight condition.” (Crane, 2012) rotor principal. - compensador. Superficie móvil tanker A/C /ˈtæŋkər/. Aicraft designed to articulada en el borde de salida de las superficies primarias de control de un carry out air-refueling operations. aeroplano. Los compensadores se - aeronave cisterna. Aeronave diseñada utilizan para ayudar al piloto a mover los para llevar a cabo misiones de mandos de vuelo principales, o bien se reabastecimiento en vuelo. pueden utilizar para producir una carga target /ˈtɑːrɡət/. “An entity or object that aerodinámica en las superficies performs a function for the adversary primarias que equilibra a la aeronave considered for possible engagement or other para un vuelo recto y nivelado. action.” (Director for Joint Force tactical command (TACOM) /ˈtæktɪkl ̩ Development, 2010) kəˈmænd/. “The authority delegated to a - objetivo/blanco. Entidad u objeto que commander to assign tasks to forces under realiza alguna función para el adversario his command for the accomplishment of the y considerado para un posible ataque u mission assigned by higher authority.” (NATO otra acción. Standardization Agency, 2014) target acquisition /ˈtɑːrɡət ˌækwəˈzɪʃn̩/. “The - mando táctico. La autoridad delegada a detection, identification, and location of a un comandante para asignar cometidos target in sufficient detail to permit the a fuerzas bajo su mando para el effective employment of weapons.” (Director cumplimiento de la misión asignada por for Joint Force Development, 2010) una autoridad superior. - adquisición de blancos. La detección, tactical control (TACON) /ˈtæktɪkl ̩kənˈtroʊl/. identificación y localización de un blanco “The detailed and, usually, local direction and con el detalle suficiente para permitir el control of movements or maneuvers empleo eficaz de las armas. necessary to accomplish missions or tasks target tug A/C /ˈtɑːrɡət ˈtəɡ/. An aircraft that assigned.” (NATO Standardization Agency, tows some destroyable target with the 2014) purpose of gun or missile targeting and - control táctico. La dirección detallada y shooting practice. normalmente local, y el control de los - remolcador de objetivos. Una aeronave movimientos o maniobras necesarios que remolca cualquier tipo de objetivo para cumplir las misiones o cometidos destruible con el propósito de practicar asignados. el blocaje y disparo a cañón o misil. tactical transport aircraft /ˈtæktɪkl ̩ taxilane /ˈtæksileɪn/. “Designated path trænˈspɔːrt ˈerˌkræft/. “Aircraft designed marked through parking, maintenance or primarily for the carriage of personnel and/or hangar aprons, or on the perimeter of such cargo over short or medium distances.” aprons to permit the safe ground movement (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) of aircraft operating under their own power.” - aeronave de transporte táctico. (Department of Defense of The United States Aeronave diseñada principalmente para of America, 2008) el transporte de personal o carga en - línea de rodaje. Camino asignado y corta y media distancia. marcado en la zona de aparcamiento, tail boom /ˈteɪl ˈbuːm/. “A spar, or small- mantenimiento o hangares, o en los diameter structure that connects the tail perímetros de dichas plataformas, para section of an aircraft to a pod-type fuselage.” permitir el movimiento en tierra con (Crane, 2012) seguridad de las aeronaves que operan - larguero de cola (helicópteros). Mástil o con sus propios motores. estructura de pequeño tamaño diámetro
56 Aeronautical Military English Glossary taxiway /ˈtæksiˈweɪ/. “A specially prepared tilt-rotor /ˈtɪlt ˈroʊtə/. “An aircraft with or designated path, on an airfield or heliport rotors that can be switched from spinning other than apron areas, on which aircraft horizontally, usually during takeoffs and move under their own power to and from landings, to spinning vertically, as during landing, service and parking areas.” regular flight.” (HarperCollins Publishers) (Department of Defense of The United States - tiltrotor (traducción no utilizada). of America, 2008) Aeronave con rotores que pueden variar - pista de rodaje. Camino especialmente su rotación del plano horizontal, preparado o diseñado, en un aeropuerto normalmente durante aterrizajes y o helipuerto, distinto a las zonas de despegues, a rotar en un plano vertical, plataforma, en el cual se mueven las durante el vuelo regular. aeronaves mediante su propia energía, time on target (TOT) /ˈtaɪm ɑːn ˈtɑːrɡət/. hacia o desde las zonas de aterrizaje, “Time at which aircraft are scheduled to servicio y aparcamiento. attack or photograph a target.” Technical Order (TO) /ˈteknɪkl ̩ ˈɔːrdər/. “An - hora en el objetivo. Hora a la que las Air Force publication that gives specific aeronaves están programadas para que technical directives and information on ataquen o fotografíen un objetivo. inspection, storage, operation, modification to be assigned /tə bi əˈsaɪnd/. and maintenance of given Air Force items and - ser destinado o nombrado para ocupar equipment” (HQ USAF/IL, 2003). “In TOs the un puesto. word “shall” is used to express a provision to be on leave /tə bi ɑːn ˈliːv/. - estar de permiso. that is binding. “Will” may be used to express to be on/off duty /tə bi ɑːn/ˈɒf ˈduː /. a mandatory declaration of purpose or when - estar de/fuera de servicio. it is necessary to express a future event. The to be posted to /tə bi ˈpoʊstɪd tuː/. word “should” indicates a preferred method - ser destinado a. of accomplishment. The word “may” to march /tə ˈmɑːrtʃ/. “To walk with regular, indicates an acceptable or suggested means steady steps of equal length, usually in a of accomplishment group or military formation.” (HarperCollins - Orden Técnica. Publicación de una Publishers) fuerza aérea que da directivas técnicas - desfilar. Caminar con un paso regular y específicas e información en materia estable de igual longitud, normalmente de inspecciones, funcionamiento, en un grupo o formación militar. modificación, almacenamiento y mantenimiento de artículos y equipos toolkit /ˈtuːl ˈkɪt/. “A set of tools consisting of dados de la fuerza aérea. spanners, screwdrivers, pliers, etc.” (Crocker, terrain flight /təˈreɪn ˈflaɪt/. “Flight close to 2005) the earth's surface during which airspeed, - kit de herramientas. Juego de height and/or altitude are adapted to the herramientas que consta de llaves, destornilladores, alicates, etc. contours and cover of the ground in order to to stand at attention (drill) /tə ˈstænd ət avoid enemy detection and fire.” (NATO əˈtenʃn̩/. (AIR FORCE MANUAL 36-2203, 2013) Standardization Agency, 2014) - estar en posición de firmes (IOC). - vuelo a baja cota. Vuelo cercano a la to the rear-march (drill) /tə ðə ˈrɪr ˈmɑːrtʃ/. superficie terrestre en el que la velocidad, altura y/o altitud se adaptan a (AIR FORCE MANUAL 36-2203, 2013) los contornos y cobertura del terreno, - media vuelta-mar (IOC). (preventiva y con el fin de evitar la detección y el fuego ejecutiva). enemigo. tow (to) /ˈtoʊ/. “To pull an aircraft or vehicle threshold /ˈθreʃhoʊld/. “The beginning of the using a bar, rope, etc. attached to another part of the runway, usable for landing.” aircraft or vehicle.” (Crocker, 2005) (Crocker, 2005) - remolcar. Tirar de una aeronave o - umbral de pista. El comienzo de la parte vehículo utilizando una barra, cuerda, de la pista que es utilizable para el etc. unido a otra aeronave o vehículo. aterrizaje. towbar /ˈtoʊ ˈbɑːr/. throttle /ˈθrɑːtl/.̩ “The control in an aircraft - barra de remolque. that regulates the power or thrust the pilot trailing edge /ˈtreɪlɪŋ ˈedʒ/. “The back edge wants the engine to develop.” (Crane, 2012) of an airfoil, such as a wing, a helicopter rotor, - palanca de gases. El control de una or a propeller blade. It is the edge that passes aeronave que regula la potencia o through the air last.” (Crane, 2012) empuje que el piloto requiere que el - borde de salida. Borde posterior de un motor desarrolle. perfil aerodinámico, como un ala, rotor
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 57 de helicóptero, o pala de una hélice. Es el borde que atraviesa el aire en último lugar. transponder /trænˈspɑːndər/. “A device in an aircraft for receiving a radio signal and automatically transmitting a different signal so that an air traffic control station can
identify the aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005)
- transpondedor. Dispositivo en una
aeronave que recibe una señal radio y
automáticamente transmite una señal
diferente, de modo que una estación de
control de tránsito aéreo pueda
identificar la aeronave.
transport A/C /trænˈspɔːrt/. Aircraft designed to provide dedicated logistic support to all types of military operations (McGraw-Hill, 2002). - aeronave de transporte. Aeronave diseñada para proporcionar apoyo logístico dedicado a todo tipo de operaciones militares. turbofan /ˈtɝːboˌfæn/. “A jet engine in which most of the thrust is produced by air, accelerated by a large fan, which does not pass through the combustion chamber of the
engine”. (Crocker, 2005)
- turbofan (Traducción no utilizada).
Motor a reacción en el que la mayor
parte del empuje se produce por air,
acelerado por un gran ventilador, que no
pasa a través de la cámara de
combustión del motor.
turbojet /ˌtɜːboʊˈdʒet/. “A tunnel-like reaction engine in which air is drawn in, compressed by spinning blades attached to the turbine shaft, and mixed with atomized fuel, with the resultant mixture being ignited in combustion chambers to produce a powerful jet that drives the engine's turbines and provides thrust.” (HarperCollins
Publishers)
- turborreactor. Motor de reacción en
forma de túnel en el que el aire es
aspirado, comprimido por álabes
giratorios unidos al eje de la turbina y
mezclado con combustible atomizado.
La mezcla resultante se enciende en
cámaras de combustión para generar un
potente chorro que impulsa la turbina
del motor y produce empuje.
turbulence /ˈtɝːbjələns/. “Air turbulence caused by eddies produced as air flows over and around such obstructions as buildings, trees, and rough terrain.” (Crane, 2012) - turbulencia. Turbulencias del aire causadas por remolinos producidos al fluir el aire sobre y alrededor de obstrucciones tales como edificios, árboles y terreno escarpado.
58 Aeronautical Military English Glossary
underslung load /ˌʌndəˈslʌŋ loʊd/. “In
helicopter transport operations, any external
load hanging under the helicopter fuselage.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) - carga colgada. En el operaciones de transporte con helicópteros, cualquier carga externa que cuelga bajo el fuselaje del helicóptero. unguided bomb. /ʌnˈgaɪdɪd ˈbɑːm/. See dumb bomb. - bomba no guiada. Ver bomba tonta. utility helicopter /juːˈtɪləti ˈhelɪˌkɑːptər/. “A multi-purpose helicopter capable of lifting troops, but which may be used for command and control activities, logistic transports and
casualty or aeromedical evacuation.” (NATO
Standardization Agency, 2014) - helicóptero utilitario. Helicóptero polivalente capaz de transportar tropas, además de poder ser utilizado en actividades de mando y control, transporte logístico aero-evacuaciones médicas o de bajas.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 59 - condiciones VFR. Condiciones meteorológicas iguales o mejores que el mínimo para volar bajo reglas de vuelo visual. vortex generators (aerodynamics) /ˈvɔːrteks valor /ˈvælər/. “Marked courage or bravery” ˈdʒenəreɪtr̩z/. “Small rectangular, low aspect (HarperCollins Publishers) ratio airfoils mounted on the upper surface of - valor. Notable coraje o valentía. the wings of some high-speed airplanes. (. . .). verify (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈverəˌfaɪ/. Vortex generators prevent the air separating “Check and confirm with originator.” from the surface of the wing.” (Crane, 2012) (Communications, 2002) - generadores de vórtice. Pequeñas - verify (aeronautical phraseology). superficies sustentadoras, de baja Compruebe y confirme al originador. relación de aspecto, montadas en la vertical speed indicator (VSI) /ˈvɝːtɪkl ̩ ˈspiːd superficie superior de las alas de algunos ˈɪndəˌketər/. “A flight instrument which aeroplanos de alta velocidad. Los generadores de vórtice impiden que el indicates the rate of climb and descent.” aire se separe de la superficie del ala. (Crocker, 2005) - indicador de velocidad vertical (VSI). Instrumento de vuelo que indica la tasa de ascenso y descenso. vertical stabilizer /ˈvɝːtɪkl ̩ ˈsteɪbəˌlaɪzər/. “The fixed vertical surface in the empennage of an airplane.” (Crane, 2012) - estabilizador vertical. La superficie vertical fija en el empenaje de cola de una aeronave. vertical take-off and landing /ˈvɝːtɪkl ̩ ˈteɪk ɒf ənd ˈlændɪŋ/. “The capability of an aircraft to take-off and land vertically and to transfer to or from forward motion at heights required to
clear surrounding obstacles.” (NATO
Standardization Agency, 2014) - despegue y aterrizaje vertical. La capacidad de una aeronave para despegar y aterrizar en vertical, y realizar la transferencia desde o hacia el movimiento hacia delante a las alturas necesarias para librar los obstáculos de que la rodean. very-high-frequency omnirange navigation equipment (VOR) /ˈveri ˈhaɪ ˈfriːkwənsi ˈɑːmnəreɪndʒ ˈnævəˈɡeɪʃn̩ ɪˈkwɪpmənt /. “A type of electronic navigation equipment in which the instrument in the cockpit identifies the radial, or line from the VOR station measured in degrees clockwise from
magnetic north, along which the aircraft is
located.” (Crane, 2012) - VOR (traducción no utilizada). Un tipo de equipo de navegación electrónica en el que el instrumento en cabina identifica el radial, o línea desde la estación VOR medida en grados respecto al norte magnético, a lo largo del cual se encuentra la aeronave. Visual Flight Rules (VFR) conditions /ˈvɪʒuəl ˈflaɪt ˈruːlz kənˈdɪʃn̩z/. “Weather conditions equal to or better than the minimum for flight under visual flight rules.” (Crane, 2012)
60 Aeronautical Military English Glossary understand your message and will comply with it.” (Communications, 2002) - wilco (aeronautical phraseology). (Abreviación de “will comply”). Entiendo su mensaje y voy a cumplirlo. warhead /ˈwɔːrˌhed/. “That part of a missile, will (TO understanding) /wɪl/. “Used to projectile, torpedo or any other munition, express a mandatory declaration of purpose intended to inflict damage.” (NATO or when it is necessary to express a future Standardization Agency, 2014) event.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, - cabeza de guerra/ojiva. Parte de un 2014) misil, proyectil, torpedo o cualquier otra - will. Se utiliza para expresar una munición, destinada infligir daños. requerimiento de cumplimiento warning (TO understanding) /ˈwɔːrnɪŋ/. obligatorio, o cuando es necesario “Highlights an essential operating or expresar un suceso futuro. maintenance procedure, practice, condition, winch /ˈwɪntʃ/. “A machine used for pulling or statement, etc., which, if not strictly moving heavy loads. A cable is wound around observed, could result in injury to, or death a drum turned by a geared hand crank or of, personnel or long term health hazards.” some type of motor. The load is attached to (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014) the cable and is moved by it.” (Crane, 2012) - advertencia (conocido como warning). - montacargas/grúa. Maquina utilizada Destaca un procedimiento de operación para elevar o mover cargas pesadas. Un o mantenimiento, practica, condición o cable se enrolla alrededor de un tambor estado esencial que, de no observarse girado por un polipasto o algún tipo de estrictamente, podría resultar en motor. La carga está unida al cable y se lesiones o muerte de las personas, o desplaza con este. riesgos para su salud a largo plazo. wing /ˈwɪŋ/. 1. “The part of a heavier-than-air warrant officer /ˈwɔːrənt ˈɑːfəsər/. “An aircraft that produces aerodynamic lift to officer of the U.S. armed forces ranking above support the aircraft in the air against the force a noncommissioned officer but below a of gravity” (Crane, 2012). 2. “A level of commissioned officer and holding office on a command below the NAF or higher warrant instead of a commission.” headquarters. A wing has a distinct mission (HarperCollins Publishers) with significant scope. A wing is usually - oficial de complemento. Un oficial de las composed of a primary mission group (e.g., fuerzas armadas de los Estados Unidos, operations, training) and the necessary jerárquicamente entre los suboficiales y supporting groups” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013). oficiales de carrera, que desempeña sus - ala. 1. Parte de una aeronave más funciones en base a un certificado en pesada que el aire que produce lugar de un despacho o nombramiento. sustentación aerodinámica, para weight and balance sheet /ˈweɪt ənd ˈbæləns sostener la aeronave en el aire, en contra ˈʃiːt/. “A sheet which records the distribution de la fuerza de la gravedad. 2. Nivel de of weight in an aircraft and shows the centre mando por debajo de una NAF o nivel of gravity of an aircraft at take-off and superior. Un ala está compuesta landing.” (NATO Standardization Agency, normalmente por un grupo para la 2014) misión principal (p.ej., operaciones, entrenamiento) y los grupos de apoyo - hoja de equilibrio y peso. Hoja donde se necesarios. registra la distribución de peso en una aeronave, y muestra la posición del words twice (aeronautical phraseology) centro de gravedad de la aeronave en el /ˈwɝːdz ˈtwaɪs/. “As a request: despegue y aterrizaje. Communication is difficult. Please send every Wheel well/bay /ˈwiːl ˈwel / ˈbeɪ/. “A space in word or groups of words twice. As the fuselage or wing structure in which the information: Since communication is difficult, wheel is housed after retraction”. (Crocker, every word or group of words in this message 2005) will be sent twice.” (Communications, 2002) - compartimento del tren de aterrizaje. - words twice (aeronautical Espacio en el fuselaje o estructura del ala phraseology). Como petición: La donde se aloja el tren tras la retracción. comunicación es difícil. Por favor, envíe wilco (aeronautical phraseology) /wlˈ̩ koʊ/. cada palabra o grupos de palabras dos “(Abbreviation for “will comply”). I veces. Como información: Dado que la comunicación es difícil, cada palabra o
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 61 grupos de palabras de este mensaje serán enviados dos veces.
62 Aeronautical Military English Glossary
yaw /ˈjɒ/. “A flight condition of an aircraft in
which the aircraft rotates about its vertical
axis.” (Crane, 2012) - guiñada. Condición de vuelo de una aeronave en la que ésta rota sobre su eje vertical.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 63
64 Aeronautical Military English Glossary References HQ AFMC/PA. (2006). TO 00-20-1 AEROSPACE EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE INSPECTION, DOCUMENTATION, POLICIES AND PROCEDURES.
AF/A1S (Col Patrick J. Doherty). (2013). AIR FORCE MANUAL 36-2203.
Bowyer, R. (2004). Dictionary of military terms. Bloomsbury: Macmillan Education.
Cambridge University Press. (2014). Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Retrieved from http://www.cambridge.org
Communications. (2002). Oxford: Oxford Aviation Training.
Crane, D. (2012). Dictionary of Aeronautical terms. Newcastle, Washington: ASA Editorial Staff.
Crocker, D. (2005). Dictionary of Aviation. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Department of Defense of the United States of America. (2007). JP 3-50 Personnel Recovery.
Department of Defense of The United States of America. (2008). UFC 3-260-01 Airfield and Heliport Planning.
Diccionario de términos técnicos y militares. (2001). Lackland, TX: Inter-American Air Forces Academy.
Director for Joint Force Development. (2010). Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine
Encyclopædia Britannica. (2011, Septiembre 22). Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fighter
Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch. (2012). Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook-Airframe Volume1. Oklahoma City: U.S. Department of Transportation.
HarperCollins Publishers. (n.d.). CollinsDictionary.com. Retrieved from http://www.collinsdictionary.com/
Heliplanners. (2013, october). Retrieved from http://heliplanners.com/news.htm
HQ AFCESA/CEXX. (2008). AIR FORCE PAMPHLET 10-219, VOLUME 2 Civil engineer disaster and attack preparations. Retrieved from http://www.e-publishing.af.mil
HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318. (2014). AF TECHNICAL ORDER SYSTEM.
HQ AFPC/DPP Col. Steven F. Maurmann. (2004). AFMAN 36-2108 ENLISTED CLASSIFICATION. Retrieved from http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/
HQ USAF/A1. (2013). AFI 38-101, Air Force Organization. Washington, D. C.
HQ USAF/IL. (2003). AIR FORCE POLICY DIRECTIVE 21-1 (Lt Gen Zettler).
McGraw-Hill, S. P. (2002). McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Aeronautical Military English Glossary 65 Mortensen, D. R. (1987). A Pattern for Joint Operations: World War II Close Air Support, North Africa. Washington D.C.: Office Of Air Force History Washington D.C.
NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing. (n.d.). Aircraft Maintenance Specialist Course. Geilenkirchen.
NATO. (2002). AJP-3.3 Allied Joint Air & Space Operations Doctrine.
NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY. (2013). AAP-47 Allied Joint Doctrine Development. Brussels.
NATO Standardization Agency. (2014). AAP-06 NATO glossary of terms and definitions. Brussels.
Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research. (2009). Manual on International Law. Bern: Harvard University.
Regulatory Information. (2012, January 1). 14 CFR part 1. 49 U.S.C. 106, 40113 and 4470.
66 Aeronautical Military English Glossary
Appendix II: Aeronautical Military English Answer Book
145
Aeronautical & Military English
Answer book
Content
Unit 1 ...... 1 Reading review ...... 1 Listening 1 ...... 1 Vocabulary exercises ...... 2 Unit 2 ...... 3 Reading review ...... 3 Vocabulary exercises ...... 3 Listening 2 ...... 4 Unit 3 ...... 5 Reading review ...... 5 Vocabulary exercises ...... 5 Listening 3 ...... 6 Unit 4 ...... 7 Reading review ...... 7 Vocabulary exercises ...... 7 Listening 4 ...... 8 Unit 5 ...... 10 Reading review ...... 10 Vocabulary exercises ...... 10 Listening 5 ...... 11 Unit 6 ...... 13 Reading review ...... 13 Vocabulary exercises ...... 13 Listening 6 ...... 13 Unit 7 ...... 16 Reading review ...... 16 Vocabulary exercises ...... 16 Listening 7 ...... 17 Unit 8 ...... 19 Reading review ...... 19 Vocabulary exercises ...... 19 Listening 8 ...... 19 Unit 9 ...... 21 Reading review ...... 21 Vocabulary exercises ...... 21 Listening 9 ...... 21
Aeronautical Military English Answer Book
Unit 1 Reading review 1.1. Farman’s is a biplane. The Antoniette and Bleriot’s are monoplanes. 1.2. “…Mr. Hubert Latham, an airman already famed for his daring.” 1.3. The transportation problem. Using a detachable wings design. Listening 1 Transcript pg. 3
National Museum of the USAF: The Early Years
It is most fitting that the Museum is located nearby Ohio, the home of Wilbur and Orville Wright. The Wright brothers knew that the U.S. Army would be an essential customer to make their flying machine company a success. It took them until 1909 to convince the Army Signal Corps to buy an airplane, and they sold one to the government only after passing many rigorous tests, for endurance, distance and speed.
At the entrance to the Early Years Gallery you stand next to an exact reproduction of the Wright 1909 Flyer, the world’s first military heavier-than-air flying machine. It is easy to imagine how great the potential for accidents must have been, and you may begin to understand how courageous these early pilots were.
One exhibit is a testament to that very fact. Photographs and a broken propeller recall a day in September 1908 when Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge died in a crash during a flight trial with Orville Wright, thus becoming the world’s first military aircraft fatality.
Nearby, you’ll also see the Curtiss’s pusher, an aircraft designed by another famous early aviation pioneer Glen Curtiss, and the second type of airplane purchased by the military. Notice the second seat behind the pilot for a passenger or perhaps a student pilot to give him some feel for the aircraft before he was to fly solo.
Also look for the Bleriot monoplane. In 1909 a French man by the name of Louis Bleriot, using a monoplane of his design, completed the first successful powered flight across the English Channel. Nothing could have more dramatically awaken the Great Britain to the thread posted to their security by this new invention.
Within a few years, Americans also realized that the oceans presented no barriers to airplanes. Exercise 2 pg. 3 2.1. Endurance, distance and speed. 2.2. Photographs and a broken propeller. 2.3. For a passenger or perhaps a student pilot to give him some feel for the aircraft before he was to fly solo. 2.4. A monoplane. 2.5. The first successful powered flight across the English Channel.
1 Aeronautical Military English Answer Book
Vocabulary exercises
Exercise 3 pg. 3 3.1. aerostats, reconnaissance. 3.7. military aircraft 3.2. rotary-wing, propeller. 3.8. target tug 3.3. lifting body. 3.4. rocket. 3.5. gliders. 3.6. jet propulsion, fixed-wing.
Exercise 4 pg. 3
anti-submarine 6 electronic warfare 2 rescue 10
attack 7 fighter 4 tanker 11
bomber 1 gunship 9 transport 13
command and multi-role fighter 12 reconnaissance 8 control 3
cruise missile 5
Exercise 5 pg. 4 5.1. meaning 4 5.2. meaning 3 5.3. meaning 1 5.4. meaning 2
Exercise 6 pg. 4 6.1. propeller 6.6. elevator 6.2. piston engine 6.7. rudder 6.3. landing gear 6.8. vertical stabilizer 6.4. fuselage 6.9. aileron 6.5. horizontal stabilizer 6.10. wing
Aeronautical Military English Answer Book 2
Unit 2 Reading review 1.1. False 1.2. False 1.3. True 1.4. True Vocabulary exercises
Exercise 2 pg. 7 2.1. staging base Exercise 5 pg. 8 2.2. bare base 5.1. alert aircraft parking/pad 2.3. main operating base 5.2. taxiway 5.3. intermediate area Exercise 3 pg. 7 5.4. holding point 3.1. cluster 5.5. displaced threshold 3.2. zone 5.6. runway overrun 3.3. alert condition 5.7. runway exit 3.4. concertina wire 5.8. runway 3.5. base boundary 5.9. high-high speed taxiway turnoff 3.6. dean of academics 5.10. apron 3.7. barracks 5.11. control tower Exercise 4 pg. 7 5.12. landside facilities 4.1. soccer pitch 5.13. aircraft arresting cable 4.2. parking lot 5.14. aircraft arresting system 4.3. Command Section building 5.15. instrument landing system 4.4. mess 5.16. service point 4.5. main gate 4.6. hospital 4.7. Dean of Academics building 4.8. motor pool 4.9. flag pole
4.10. barracks 4.11. power plant 4.12. parade ground
4.13. athletics track 4.14. obstacle course
3 Aeronautical Military English Answer Book
Listening 2 Transcript pg. 8
Around the Air Force: Joint Base Andrews
Hello and welcome to Around the Air Force, I’m Staff Sergeant Shaun Hostutler.
Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Arizona won the 2012 Commander in Chief’s Award for installation excellence. As the winner, the base will receive one million dollars for quality of life improvements.
Joint Base (JB) Andrews recently completed an assessment to evaluate its performance as a joint base. Andrews was named the number one for Air Force led joint bases after scoring a 96 out of 100. Airman 1st Class Daniel Burkhart shows us why it’s a tittle that’s well deserved.
What’s so special about Joint Base Andrews? Is it that it hosts the largest security forces group in the Air Force? That it’s the place Air Force One calls home? That it has one of the busiest military firing ranges in the world? Or perhaps because it hosts the largest air show in the Department of Defense? Well, all of the above of course, but most importantly, it’s how JB Andrews functions as a joint team that makes the biggest impact, which recently earned this joint installation the distinction of being the number one Air Force-led joint base in the entire Department of Defense.
We have 250 matters that we report on all across the base, whether it is on fire emergency services or taking out the trash. -Miss Emily Moore is the Joint Basing Program Manager- We’ve met 96% of those standards though we are measured against as a joint base. -Although there is not an award category for this distinction, it is a badge of honor and a source of encouragement for support staff and leadership-. The coming output level standards is one measure of success, but the ultimate measure of success is how satisfied our customers are. –Mister Glen Garrison is the Deputy Director of Installation Mission Support-. Really the number one ranking belongs to the entire installation, not just the Air Force, not just Navy, but all the residents, all the Wings, all the tenants on this installation because it is truly a partnership. –Reporting from JB Andrews, I’m Airman 1st Class Daniel Burkhart-. Exercise 6 pg. 8 6.1. Its performance as a joint base. 6.2. How JB Andrews functions as a joint team. 6.3. There is not an award category for this distinction. 6.4. How satisfied our customers are. 6.5. No. To the entire installation, all the tenants.
Aeronautical Military English Answer Book 4
Unit 3 Reading review 1.1. It means to present a threat to the enemy either by land, air or sea, but two or more of them at the same time. 1.2. Land versus land, air versus air, sea versus sea. 1.3. “…synchronized to produce a cumulative effect greater than the sum of its parts.” 1.4. No, that is one major disadvantage indeed. 1.5. Joint operations, because they are more complex. Vocabulary exercises Exercise 2 pg. 11 Exercise 3 pg. 11 2.1. Deputy Commander 3.1. constituted 2.2. branches 3.2. activated 2.3. Headquarters 3.3. designated 2.4. Staff / Chief of Staff 3.4. assigned 2.5. Air Base Wing / wings 3.5. inactivated
Exercise 4 pg. 11 - Full Command - SPAF Department of Defense - Operational Command - Allied Command Operations (ACO), Mons - Administrative Control - SPAF Personnel Major Command - Functional Command - SPAF Command and Control System - Operational Control – Joint Force Command (JFC), Brunsum - Tactical Command – Allied Air Command (CC Air), Ramstein - Tactical Control – CAOC Torrejón Exercise 5 pg. 12 Allied Joint An Allied publication containing doctrine applicable to NATO and AJP Publication NATO-led operations.”
ratification In NATO standardization, the formal declaration by which a ratificación NATO member nation confirms its consent, with or without reservation, to be committed to a NATO standardization agreement.” joint A publication to stand in for approved joint doctrine in order to directrices operational meet the immediate operational needs of forces in the field.” operativas guidelines conjuntas STANAG A normative document, recording an agreement among several STANAG or all NATO member nations, that has been ratified at the authorized national level, to implement a standard, in whole or part, with or without reservation.” amendment A minor change that has no significant impact on the use made enmienda by the interested parties of an AJP.” reservation In NATO Standardization, a formal statement by which a member reserva nation describes the part of a standard or standardization agreement that it will not implement or will implement only with limitations.”
5 Aeronautical Military English Answer Book
Listening 3 Transcript pg. 12 Commanding the NATO Response Force.
- Can you tell me what really happened with the explosion on the power plant? Did you already receive reports and from who?
From a temporary military headquarters outside the Latvian capital of Riga. NATO Officers are commanding the NATO Response Force. During exercise Steadfast Jazz, they are training the full spectrum of potential missions the NATO Response Force could face, from combat operations to humanitarian support or the protection of critical infrastructure.
- The main effect that happened today is that we had an explosion in electric power plant of Estonia, and we are now finding out how much it has an impact on the lives of the Estonian people. So therefore I have to look at my engineer who is deciding how much power Estonian is going to lose by this explosion, and if we can find power somewhere else from other countries.-
The Joint Operation Center is where all the information from the field comes together and is distributed to the appropriate decision makers working in the Command and Control Headquarters.
- One major takeaway from these exercises actually is its multinationality, environment working from different nations on the task that we mostly do every day, but the exercise is actually all about being joint, working with different nations, we're working with different Services, for the one goal, for the same goal.-
As of 2014 NATO's High Readiness Response Force will be commanded form Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum in the Netherlands.
- Thank you for your support, all right... There are several goals we want to achieve. First and foremost, I have to demonstrate that my Headquarters is able to run joint operations. In other words, that I am able to command air, land, sea forces and also Special Forces and their logistic tools. The second part is, and that is why the exercise this year is having this demonstration effect, it is combined with a live "ex", with a live fire in Poland. We are by 20 nations, exercise combat mission that is visible assurance, you can see it how capable they are.-
Steadfast Jazz involves around 6,000 troops and it's the Alliance's largest exercise since 2006. All 28 NATO allies, as well as Finland, Sweden and Ukraine are taking part in the exercise. Around 3,000 troops are participating in live exercise training and another 3,000 headquarters personnel are involved in a command and control drill.
- I'm Mike Mühlberger reporting for the NATO Channel from Riga.- Exercise 6 pg. 12 6.1. The NATO Response Force. 6.2. The Joint Operation Center is where all the information from the field comes together and is distributed to the appropriate decision makers. 6.3. In 2014, “as of 2014”. 6.4. That he is able to command air, land, sea forces and also Special Forces and their logistic tools. 6.5. All 28 NATO allies, as well as Finland, Sweden and Ukraine
Aeronautical Military English Answer Book 6
Unit 4 Reading review 1.1. False 1.2. True 1.3. False 1.4. True 1.5. True Vocabulary exercises Exercise 2 pg. 15
mess dress 8 aiguillette 3 medal 14
full dress uniform 13 peaked cup 12 badge 11
blues uniform 15 epaulette 4 brassard 1
flight duty uniform 2 service ribbon 6 beret 7 battle dress uniform 9 garrison cap 10
Sam Brownie belt 5
Exercise 3 pg. 15 Discipline 1. Control which an army has over its soldiers’ behavior. 2. Disciplina Rules and regulations which maintain control. 3. Self-control. Companionship “Having someone you know and like with you, instead of being Compañerismo on your own.” (HarperCollins Publishers) Valor “Marked courage or bravery” Valor
Selflessness “Devoted to others' welfare or interests and not one's own; Abnegación unselfish; altruistic.” (HarperCollins Publishers) Oath of Service “A solemn promise of loyalty and obedience made by people Jura de Bandera when joining the armed forces. Morale “Moral or mental condition with respect to courage, discipline, Moral confidence, enthusiasm, willingness to endure hardship, etc. within a group, in relation to a group, or within an individual.” Integrity “The quality or state of being of sound moral principle; Integridad uprightness, honesty, and sincerity.” Obedience “The state, fact, or an instance of obeying, or a willingness to Obediencia obey; submission.” (HarperCollins Publishers)
Sacrifice “The act of giving up, destroying, permitting injury to, or Sacrificio forgoing something valued for the sake of something having a more pressing claim.” Duty “1. Conduct based on moral or legal obligation, or a sense of Deber propriety. 2. A sense or feeling of obligation. 3. Service, esp. military service.”
Exercise 4 pg. 16 4.1. station 4.4. called up 4.2. was on duty 4.5. was posted to 4.3. are on leave
7 Aeronautical Military English Answer Book
Listening 4 Transcript pg. 16
Medal of Honor in Iraq.
Today’s episode will be about the two Medal of Honor recipients in operation Iraqi Freedom thus far. Paul Ray Smith who received the medal on April 5th 2005, and Jason Dunham, who has not yet received this medal, but he is scheduled to as of November 10th 2006. Both medals were awarded posthumously.
Despite the war having lasted three and a half years, which is just as long as World War II (WWII) lasted for the United States in the 1940’s, these are the only two Medals of Honor awarded. In WWII, however, there were 464 medals awarded.
The rarity of Medals of Honor in modern warfare is probably due to the fact that the fighting is focused more around short intense skirmishes rather than long sieges and defensives. Also fewer soldiers are actually involved in the fighting during modern wars than during early twentieth century wars.
First, Paul Ray Smith.
In the year 2003, Paul Ray Smith of Texas was a soldier in the U.S. Army, specifically a Sergeant 1st Class, which is one step above the Staff Sergeant rank and one step below the 1st Sergeant rank. He was the commander of the 1st Platoon of B Company of the 11th Engineer’s Battalion of the 3rd Infantry Division. The 3rd Infantry Division is nicknamed the “Rock of the Marne” from World War I, and its motto is “We shall remain”.
Paul Smith’s unit was part of a push towards Saddam Hussein International Airport to the Karbala Gap. On April 4th 2003, Paul Smith and 100 other members of the Engineer Battalion were assigned to defend the highway between Bagdad and the airport. The airport was 1 mile west of the city limits.
A preliminary group of enemy soldiers approached the road block and the ensuing battle resulted in the capture of a few enemy prisoners of war. Sergeant Smith then had to set up a prisoner of war camp for the prisoners, and the best place was a nearby tower and an enclosure with a wall around it about the size of half a football field.
He and 16 other men were to set up the camp and defend it. However, while they were preparing this prisoner of war camp, one of Smith’s sixteen men of 1st Platoon spotted 100 or more enemy soldiers massing in the trenches beyond the gate. In Smith’s words, the American soldiers were in a world of hurt.
Then, this mass of enemy soldiers from the Iraqi Republican Guard, opened upon Smith’s men with machine guns, RPG’s and mortars. In response, Smith caught in an M2 Bradley, named after the WWII General Omar Bradley, infantry fighting vehicle and sent it through the gate to start shooting at the Republican Guardsmen. The Bradley suppressed the Iraqis with its 25mm M242 Bushmaster chain gun.
However, the Bradley couldn’t suppress all the enemy Iraqis and some did manage to circle around and flank Smith’s sixteen men. To counter this, Smith sent a M11 Armored Personnel Carrier (APC) around to prevent the Iraqis from completely circling around the compound. In addition, the Iraqis had succeeded in capturing a nearby tower outside the compound from which they were firing down upon the engineers.
Aeronautical Military English Answer Book 8
The M113 APC did manage to take care of these enemies in the tower, but soon after it, it was hit by a mortar, put out of action, and its three crew members were seriously wounded, and also more Iraqis went into the tower, so the tower was not completely pacified. Also, the Bradley had taken several rocket propelled grenades and it was forced to retrieve back out of the compound and back to an aid station which was a short distance behind the compound further down the highway.
This is part of the reason why Smith held his ground and the compound, because the aid station was far too vulnerable to fend off an attack. So now, Smith had 16 men, no armor and three wounded crew members against 100 attacking Iraqi Republican Guardsmen. His first action now, was to rescue the three wounded crew members. Under heavy fire, he entered the APC three times and pulled the wounded out. Then, he and specialist Michael Seaman entered the APC which was immobilized but still intact and Smith ordered Seaman to feed bullets into the 50 caliber machine gun mounted on top of the M113 APC while Smith fired it.
First though, he ordered Seaman to drive the M113 back into the compound, so Smith could have a larger field of fire.
Once in position, Smith kept firing from the machine gun going through three whole boxes of ammunition, and each box contains 100 rounds each, so that’s 300 round total, which is quite a lot.
This whole time, Smith was under fire from three directions and his entire torso and head were exposed. However, as one of Smith’s fellow soldiers put it, there was no fear in him whatsoever. In the end though, it was the Iraqis in the tower that got him.
Although a fire team had gone up into the tower and cleared it of Iraqis, the final few shots fired by the Republican Guardsmen from the tower at the APC, ricocheted off the hull of the APC, and went through Smith’s jaw and into his head.
Throughout the fighting, Smith had also taken 13 shots on the torso, although his body armor had stopped all 13. The raid on the tower signified the end of the attack. Smith had killed 50 enemy Iraqis and almost single-handedly fought off 100 of them, saving the lives of his 16 men and the over 100 wounded at the aid station a short distance behind the compound.
But by the time they got back to the aid station, Smith was already dead due to the ricocheted bullet in his head. Two years after his actions, on April 5th 2005, Paul Ray Smith was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor by George W. Bush.
Exercise 5 pg. 16 5.1. he is scheduled to 5.2. two Medals of Honor awarded 5.3. short intense skirmishes/ sieges and defensives 5.4. Staff Sergeant/1st Sergeant rank 5.5. were assigned to defend 5.6. spotted 100 or more/ trenches beyond the gate 5.7. held his ground/ aid station was far too vulnerable 5.8. posthumously awarded
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Unit 5 Reading review 1.1. Manpower is quite reduced compared to the workload they have lately. 1.2. 17 groups of three crew chiefs each. That is 51 crew chiefs. 1.3. He means that the effort margin has been reduced to the limit or even beyond it. Work is done thanks to the military colleagues from Forward Operating Bases and to their enormous work experience. 1.4. They need to set up a permanent deicing team. Extra personnel might be provided from other units, drivers at least. 1.5. It takes 5 months in total. Vocabulary exercises Exercise 2 pg. 19 Exercise 3 pg. 19 2.1. engine run 2.2. caution boarding step 3 toolkit 13 2.3. Certificate of Airworthiness refueling hose 8 towbar 4 2.4. airframe Ground Power Unit 2 jack 10 2.5. tow baggage cart 11 cover 6 2.6. push-back acoustic earmuffs 7 plug 14 2.7. Foreign Object Damage safety lock/pin 12 chock 5 fire extinguisher 1 bowser 9 2.8. bleed air system 2.9. marshalling 2.10. Anti-icer Exercise 4 pg. 20
Warning - “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, statement, etc., which, if not strictly observed, could result in injury to, or death of, personnel or long term health hazards.” Caution - “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, statement, etc., which, if not strictly observed, could result in damage to, or destruction of, equipment or loss of mission effectiveness.” Note - “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, condition, or statement.” Shall - “Used to express a provision that is binding.” Will - “Used to express a mandatory declaration of purpose or when it is necessary to express a future event.” Should - “Indicates a preferred method of accomplishment.” May - Indicates an acceptable or suggested means of accomplishment.”
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Listening 5 Transcript pg. 20
Crew chief: A1C Russell Wilson.
The A-10 wouldn’t fly without crew chiefs like Airman 1st Class Russell Wilson. Before his jet takes off, he has examined everything, from screws to flight controls. - We maintain the aircraft, aircraft forms. Ensure that the aircraft is capable to fly another sortie. Make sure…we check all the servicing. Basically we are in charge of the entire aircraft-. Part of his servicing checks include LOX, or Liquid Oxygen. LOX is extremely cold, nearly a negative 100 degrees Celsius, and can seriously injure a person, which is why wearing protection here. Keep in mind, he is working under the desert sun, combined with the heat from jet exhaust. – Loxing is part of our servicing, ensures the air crew can still have breathable oxygen. It’s just the way that they breathe as they are above a certain climb up to they can’t get pure oxygen or get oxygen out of the air that they are in. Then they breathe through their mask and we service it to ensure that they have enough for their mission. - Having a job with so much responsibility, it’s easy to understand why crew chiefs might believe they’re one of the more important players on the flight line team, but airman Wilson has a “down to earth perspective. - We’ve got to have weapons so we’ve got to have avionics, I don’t feel there is any more important job than anybody else, but, yes, there are key roles and I believe that I am filling one. But, every job is key-. And those jobs are key in supporting a global war on terrorism. It’s a job airman Wilson performs with humility, yet with a touch of pride. – I keep the jet in the air, it supports the ground troops who are more on the global war on terrorism as far as it’s on the ground that we are- So the next time you see this, know there are crew chiefs like airman Wilson to help make it happen. Staff Sgt. Brandom Hoyt, Bragram Airfield, Afghanistan.
This is who we are: Crew chiefs of Red Flag
Airman Eugene Travis Misawa, Japan, I’m a crew chief for the 35th Fighter Wing. This’d be my second experience of Red Flag. the large portion of being a crew chief comes from, probably behind the scenes, you’re differ shifts, you know, working ten hours, twelve ours to make sure that this aircraft gets two hours of flight time. With Red Flag we have fast turns, we have, you know, an aircraft that needs to go up immediately within half an hour. We get that opportunity to really push ourselves. To start up my day, most of it, just morning brief, tools, from there I go out to my aircraft to make sure all my proper tech data is ready to go. Most of time I check in my servicing, hydro fluids, I check my brakes, I check oil, I like to clean up the canopy a little bit. Basically making sure my aircraft is safe for a pilot. You know, cause these pilots are, you know, they’re putting their lives in pretty much our hands, they’re trusting us to make sure this aircraft are safe to go. I get to work with one of the most lethal weapons on the planet, and it’s, I mean, not many people could say that. It’s an amazing feeling to get to actually do this. I won’t always say that it’s the most glorious job, there is a lot of work into it, you get dirty, you’re away from family a lot of the time, you spend a lot of time on the flightline when you are tired, you are exhausted, you just… But, at the end of the day, you know, all set and done, you got that aircraft in the air, you know, we do make a difference out here, we defend our country, this is what we do, this is how we do it.
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Exercise 5 pg. 20 5.1. screws/flight controls. 5.2. Liquid Oxygen. 5.3. a negative 100 degrees/protection. 5.4. service. 5.5. global war. 5.6. ground troops. Exercise 6 pg. 20 6.1. Two times. 6.2. Morning briefing and get tools. 6.3. To make sure that the aircraft is safe for a pilot. 6.4. There is a lot of work, you get dirty, stay away from family, tiring and exhausting.
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Unit 6 Reading review 1.1. False (the lack of afterburners) 1.2. True 1.3. False (“The major change brought about by this generation aircraft was that it was no longer necessary to visually acquire opponents to neutralise them and gain control of the air.”) 1.4. True 1.5. True 1.6. False (it is stealth technology what provides such a feature) Vocabulary exercises Exercise 2 pg. 23 2.1. head up display (HUD) 2.11. nozzle 2.2. pod 2.12. inlet duct 2.3. elevon 2.13. turbojet 2.4. ejection seat 2.14. pylon 2.5. canopy 2.15. air brake 2.6. canard 2.16. brake parachute 2.7. radome 2.17. drop tank 2.8. refueling probe 2.18. afterburner 2.9. forward-looking infrared (FLIR) 2.19. hardpoints 2.10. radar decoy 2.20. aircraft arresting hook
Exercise 3 pg. 24 Exercise 4 pg. 24 3.1. air liaison officer 4.1. pressure bulkhead 3.2. escort 4.2. MAWS 3.3. Antiradiation/passive 4.3. air corridor 3.4. hung ordinance 4.4. terrain flight 3.5. superiority 4.5. inertial navigation system 3.6. Airspace Coordinating Measures 4.6. IFF/engage 3.7. CAP 4.7. target acquisition 3.8. laser guided 4.8. sorties
Listening 6
Transcript pg. 24
Around the Air Force: Joint Strike F-35
Joint Strike F-35
-Hello and welcome to Around the Air Force, I’m SrA Alina Richard, thanks for joining us. As we try to do more with less in today’s budget savvy Air Force, getting the absolute most of each and every asset is more important than ever, and the F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike
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Fighter is a prime example of versatility. SSgt. Michael Brady shows us how the F-35 program is coming along.
-The F-35 Lightning II, also known as the Joint Strike Fighter, is soaring through the skies at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. This 5th generation fighter is considered by some to be the future of manned fixed-wing tactical aviation for the Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps, as well as eight partner nations. This new aircraft is multi-role, basically a jack of all trades, capable of ground attack, reconnaissance and air defense missions. All while maintaining its stealth capabilities.
-But one of the most popular features of this plane, for those lucky enough to have flown it is that –it’s easy to fly- or so says Col. Art Tomassetti, a marine fighter pilot who’s been around the program since the Lighting II was just a drawing on paper. –I got to watch the drawing, turn into something that started to look like an airplane- he says that when a plane is easy to fly, it allows the pilot to concentrate on what’s really important. –The pilot doesn’t have to worry so much about how am I gonna do the take off today? How am I gonna do the landing today? How am I gonna get the airplane to go from point A to point B today? What the pilot can focus on is, what is the mission today?
-Col. Tomassetti, who’s spent the past fourteen years of his career associated with the Joint Strike Fighter program, says that the cockpit is very clean compared to what he and his fellow pilots are used to. –All those buttons, knobs and switches and dials aren’t there like they were in the other airplanes I’ve flown. What I have in front of me is a big TV screen. –I kinda describe it as essentially two iPads sitting in front of you, but in one complete piece of glass. And it’s touch screen, it’s voice interactive…
-The Lightning II comes in three variants: The F-35A, which is for standard airfield operations, the F-35B for tactical take-off and landings, and the F-35C for carrier operations. Those three will replace a number of legacy aircraft, to include; the A-10, F-18, F-16, AVAB, F-117 and the GR-7.
-The thing about the pilots at Eglin Air Force Base is that they’re not just flying the aircraft, they’re testing it as well. When the F-35 arrived at Eglin a little over a year ago, nobody showed up saying- Here is the book on how to operate or maintain F-35. –They were expected to fend for themselves. –Here is a blank sheet of paper, please write down how to operate and maintain F-35s so that you can pass it on to the next group.
-It’s not just the different services and nationalities learning how to use this brand new equipment, its different career fields as well. Pilots and maintainers are both training at the Joint Strike Fighter Integrated Training Center at Eglin. The maintainers train on computers in a virtual environment that simulates an F-35, as well as on full-scale mock-ups of the plane that look and feel like the real thing. –The concept though, it is to do, is much hands on training in this controlled environment, and less time actually utilizing the aircraft itself. –The curriculum is still in its testing phase, but the students who’ve graduated are already on the flightline.
-We are the very first maintainers to work this aircraft active duty so there is challenges that are going to be…you know…ahead of us, that we are gonna overcome, but…right now…like I said, from the ground up. –When I look back some day and I see F-35’s filling the ramps at bases across United States and where ever we may deploy, I can look back and think that, you know, at the very beginning, when there were only nine aircraft in the Air Force that I had a role in that. – But until then, the pilots, maintainers, Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps are working diligently to make sure that the F-35 lifts up to its expectations as the future of manned fixed-wing tactical aviation. From Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, SSgt. Michael Brady.
Aeronautical Military English Answer Book 14
Exercise 5 pg. 24 5.1. It is capable of ground attack, reconnaissance and air defense missions. 5.2. The F-35A, which is for standard airfield operations, the F-35B for tactical take-off and landing, and the F-35C for carrier operations. 5.3. No. All those buttons, knobs and switches and dials aren’t there like they were in the other airplanes. There is only a big TV screen. 5.4. It was a blank sheet of paper. Pilots at Eglin AB had to write down how to operate the aircraft.
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Unit 7 Reading review 1.1. No. The nations have taken initiatives in order to alleviate the shortcomings that have been identified in that field. 1.2. It refers to the Spanish Army and Navy. 1.3. No, its purpose is to fulfill the new dimension required by in-theater airlift capability. 1.4. Pumas and Superpumas. 1.5. Helicopter NH-90. 1.6. Yes. “…a Spanish Air Force that will be even more mobile, flexible and interoperable with other national and allied Services.” Vocabulary exercises Exercise 2 pg. 27 Exercise 3 pg. 27 vortex generators 13 actuator 3 3.1. embarkation order. wheel well/bay 2 fin 9 3.2. strategic. static discharger 14 bulkhead 5 3.3. centre of gravity. leading edge 1 strut 4 trailing edge 10 spoiler 6 3.4. anchor cable. flight deck 12 tab 8 3.5. airdrop platform. cargo ramp 11 engine nacelle 7 3.6. dispersion. 3.7. jump speed. 3.8. release point. 3.9. gravity extraction. 3.10. free drop. Exercise 4 pg. 28 Electronic - Military action that exploits electromagnetic energy to provide Warfare situational awareness and achieve offensive and defensive effects ESM - That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to search for, intercept and identify electromagnetic emissions and to locate their sources for the purpose of immediate threat recognition. It provides a source of information required for immediate decisions involving electronic countermeasures, electronic protective measures and other tactical actions. EPM - That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to ensure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite the enemy's use of electromagnetic energy. ECM - That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum through the use of electromagnetic energy. electronic - Use of electromagnetic energy for offensive purposes. attack electronic - Use of electromagnetic energy to provide protection and to ensure defense effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. electronic - The deliberate radiation, reradiation or reflection of electromagnetic jamming energy with the object of impairing the effectiveness of hostile electronic devices, equipment or systems. electronic - In electronic countermeasures, the deliberate use of neutralization electromagnetic energy to either temporarily or permanently damage enemy devices which rely exclusively on the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Listening 7 Transcript pg. 28
Last AWACS returns home from Afghanistan.
That’s 30.000 feet, a plane circles over northern Afghanistan. Over originally a civilian aircraft, rows of chairs have been replaced by powerful computers connected to a large RADAR, giving aerial command and control of the battlefield.
This is the legendary AWACS, or Airborne Warning and Control System, and this week is sort of flying its final mission in Afghanistan, as NATO withdraws its forces from the country.
After 1240 missions and 12.240 hours in the sky, the AWACS fleet left Mazar-I-Sharif in Afghanistan and landed back in its home base in Geilenkirchen, Germany.
AWACS captain Charlie Stachour explains the role that AWACS fulfilled in Afghanistan.
–What we do is essentially like air traffic control for the sky. So, we are trying to put the Allied Forces airplanes separated from each other, and if there are enemy airplanes in the air, then we are trying to put our Allied Forces pointed towards the correct direction to defend our borders or our territories as necessary-.
The AWACS has been deployed in Afghanistan providing support since January 2011. While working in an environment with so many different cultures and languages on display might seem problematic. The AWACS program has proved that military cooperation between nations can be effective.
–NATO AWACS is very unique, it’s the platform in which it’s owned by an alliance, not an actual country. It’s really a proof of concept for NATO itself.
You’ve got 16 different nations, you could have each nation represented on the airplane at that time! For example, my crew right now, I have a German navigator, I have a German engineer, I have a Turkish copilot, we have Danish and Norwegian in the back.
We have many of these nations which sometimes don’t always have past histories that seem to go all along, and then we are all proving that we can work together in a dynamic environment to accomplish our mission-.
NATO has determined that AWACS will not be required for the resolute support mission which begins on the 1st of January 2015, as the new mission will focus on training, advising and assisting the Afghan Forces.
It’s likely this crucial asset will not sit idle for long however. Over the past three decades it’s more than proved its worth.
–The men and women who have conducted this vital mission since January 2011 have made a tremendous difference to our forces in Afghanistan. They provided the eyes in the sky for countless troops who have relied on them for critical information, supporting thousands of missions.
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Air Force Report: NATO Jump
This is an Air Force Report. Training with our international counterparts is a key to strengthening our military relations. SSgt. Catherine Carbullido captures some of that training at International Jump Week. The 435th Contingency Response Group (CRG) hosted their first International Jump Week and brought together military members from Germany, Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands. – It’s been interesting the last two days, because all of the U.S. jumpers have jumped under the command of German jumpmasters, and today, thirty U.S. jumpers jumped under the command of Italian jumpmasters, and then the remainder of the Italians jumped under the command of German jumpmasters-. The 435th CRG says they plan to make this a yearly event and they hope to continue to build confidence and relations with our allies. Air Force Sgt. Catherine Carbullido, Ramstein Air Base, Germany.
Exercise 5 pg. 28 5.1. Rows of chairs. It was originally a civilian aircraft. 5.2. Airborne Warning and Control System. 5.3. “Like air traffic control for the sky”. 5.4. No, the AWACS program has proved that military cooperation between nations can be effective. 5.5. It belongs to the Alliance. 5.6. There are two Germans. Navigator and Engineer. 5.7. No. Training, advice and assistance. Exercise 6 pg. 28 6.1. This is the first edition. 6.2. Once a year. 6.3.
DAY JUMPERS JUMPMASTERS YESTERDAY U.S. GERMAN TODAY 1ST JUMP U.S. ITALIAN TODAY 2ND JUMP ITALIAN GERMAN
Aeronautical Military English Answer Book 18
Unit 8 Reading review 1.1. True (flight crew plus medical personnel) 1.2. False (almost always escorted by another Super Puma) 1.3. False (the escort first overflies the LZ and then circles around the LZ providing air cover) 1.4. True (additional seated wounded might be carried depending on the heat and altitude which impact considerably on the helicopter’s performance) 1.5. False (deploying with HELISAF was more often than not a duty repeated every year) Vocabulary exercises
Exercise 2 pg. 31 2.1. authentication 2.6. crash locator beacon 2.2. EPA 2.7. reintegrate 2.3. RAS 2.8. act of mercy 2.4. SERE 2.9. OSC 2.5. SARNEG 2.10. ditching Exercise 3 pg. 31 3.1. covert 3.6. skid shoes 3.2. exfiltration 3.7. coaxial rotor 3.3. booby trap 3.8. deception 3.4. range-finder 3.5. Hovering
Exercise 4 pg. 32
tilt-rotor 8 autogiro 11 coaxial rotors 12 tail rotor 10 winch 6 rescue strop 2 underslung load 4 skid 3 cyclic pitch control 1 collective pitch control 7 tail boom 9 rotor blade 5
Listening 8 Transcript pg. 32
Around the Air Force: Angel Thunder
- Hello and welcome to Around the Air Force, I’m SSgt. Mike Hutchinson.-
-Exercise Angel Thunder 2013 is a Joint Service Multinational Interagency Combat Search and Rescue exercise. Senior Airman Renée Carberry takes us to some of its training locations for the details.-
-More than 2000 participants will train to the full spectrum of personnel recovery capabilities, such as air assets, ground recovery and special forces teams.-
-Exercise Angel Thunder provides a variety of recovery training scenarios as well as simulates deployment conditions and contingencies. Some of the scenarios include Combat
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Search and Rescue missions involving pararescuemen treating victims, and A-10’s providing cover to ground recovery troops during a rescue after a vehicle was hit by an Improvised Explosive Device. One of the benefits of this type of training is the overall experience.-
-Actually doing the jumps, actually going through the emotions that you would with a real patient.-
-The training scenarios taking place range from the Pacific Ocean to Clovis, New Mexico, with participants from 19 different countries.-
-For the Air Force Broadcasting Service, I’m Senior Airman Renée Carberry.
Around the Air Force Jun. 13
-…while this week’s aircraft accident was real, exercise Red Flag Alaska does provide a training opportunity for pilots who have to eject from the aircraft. PO3 A.C. Rainey shows us a scenario that trains not only downed pilots, but the joint forces that rescue them.- When a pilot gets shot down in combat, it takes more than just luck to bring them back home, which is why Red Flag Alaska exercises prepare coalition combat pilots, helicopter rescuers and SERE survival specialists for the worst.- -What this is gonna do is it’s gonna give some our aircraft commanders and the people who are flying an idea of what to expect if a real world Combat Search and Rescue incident occurs. It’s gonna enhance their warfighting capability. Basically, it’s gonna give them the ability to react better to any situation in a real combat scenario.- -While pilots in the air defend their missing companions, survivors on the ground practice vital tactics they all need to be found.- -My expectations are to learn combat survival and hopefully be able to take that back to the rest of my squadron, as well as give our SERE guys back at my own base tips on what we did at Red Flag, help make our survival better a but also make me a better combat air crew. So there if I am shot down for some reason I can make the rescue happen quicker on my end and have there not be a delay.- -The exercise however, helps more than just the individual warfighter.- -We deploy, we train with different agencies, we need to train the same way, we need to train with these different agencies. And we have, even though we are all on the military, we all speak the military language, there are differences in the way that we talk and we need to bring those together.- -And with every one training together, no one is ever left behind. PO3 A.C. Rainey, Eielson AFB, Alaska.- Exercise 5 pg. 32 5.1. A Joint Service Multinational Interagency Combat Search and Rescue exercise. 5.2. Air assets, ground recovery and Special Forces teams. 5.3. An Improvised Explosive Device. 5.4. A-10. 5.5. The overall experience.
Exercise 6 pg. 32 6.1. Coalition combat pilots, helicopter rescuers and SERE survival specialists. 6.2. Vital tactics they all need to be found. 6.3. To his SERE guys back on his home base. 6.4. …..no one is ever left behind.
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Unit 9 Reading review 1.1. False. “…while others are corporate entities” (1st paragraph, 3rd line) 1.2. False. “It must be emphasised that this unwieldy construction does not compromise safety” (2nd paragraph, 1st line) 1.3. False. “…the SES of 2004 and the SES II of 2009 both failed to deliver, and SES II+, which has not been yet adopted, is heading in the same direction.” (3rd paragraph, 4th line) 1.4. True. “…in recent years the tempo of institutional activity around the subject has increased.” (4th paragraph, 3rd line) 1.5. True. “…but appear paralysed in the face of Member States’ intransigence.” (6th paragraph, 2nd line) Vocabulary exercises Exercise 2 pg. 35 Exercise 3 pg. 35 2.1. ATIS 3.1. standby - go ahead. 2.2. ceiling 3.2. disregard – read back –report. 2.3. contact point – ETA 3.3. squawking – negative. 2.4. freezing rain 3.4. break break. 2.5. crosswind component 3.5. check – wilco. 2.6. QFE 3.6. request – words twice. 2.7. flight plan
2.8. ATS – FIR 2.9. heading 2.10. aerodrome traffic circuit
Exercise 4 pg. 36 4.1. air speed indicator (ASI) 4.2. VOR 4.3. attitude indicator 4.4. HSI/DME/VOR 4.5. altimeter 4.6. vertical speed indicator (VSI) Listening 9 Transcript pg. 36
Around the Air Force: Air Traffic Controllers
-Hello and welcome to Around the Air Force, I’m SrA Alina Richard. The airmen who are most responsible for making sure planes take off and land safely aren’t in the cockpit, they are in the tower. A1C Anthony Hetlage takes us to the flightline at JB Langley-Eustis, Virginia, where air traffic controllers get a bird’s eye view of the action.
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-The chatter of air traffic controllers may seem like another language, but it’s the language of safe air travel. Air traffic controllers at Langley handle the safe and expeditious flow of aircraft operations like landings and take-offs. There are several stations of responsibility in a control tower that require a separate air traffic controller. Local control speaks with airborne aircraft while ground control handles all aircraft and vehicles on the flightline going to and from the runway. At the same time, flight data coordinates all flight plans and updates weather and advisories. Air traffic Control Apprentice, A1C Joshua Shaffer, describes why being on one of those stations his favorite part of the job. -My favorite part of the job is getting in position, because it’s different every day, you never know what you’re gonna see and you’re required to adapt to the different stuff every day, and that’s what’ll make you a better controller. -A simulator trains airmen to help them become more proficient at each station in the tower. Air Traffic Control Journeyman SrA Jonathan Moline talks about the challenges that being a controller brings. -Stress, It’s a high level of stress, there is a lot of book knowledge that has to be remembered. You have to have very good situational awareness and very good short term memory. When things happen you have to be able to remember exactly without having the time necessarily to write them down. And when you call back on you have to be able to repeat them, and that can be a tough challenge sometimes. -The controller at Langley deal with F-22 Raptors, T-38 Talons and F-16 fighting Falcons on a daily basis. They also work with Navy helicopters when they are in need of training. Airman Moline gave some advice to anyone looking in becoming an air traffic controller. -Maintain a level head and not be nervous. Nervousness is what kills you and as long as you think, keep a cool head and think clearly, that’s 99% of it. -The airmen in the tower share in the responsibility for the safety of each aircraft arriving and departing from Langley AB. A1C Anthony Hetlage, Langley AB, Virginia. Exercise 5 pg. 36 5.1. Three. Local control, Ground Control and Flight Data. 5.2. They coordinate all flight plans and update weather and advisories. 5.3. “Favorite part of the job is getting in position, because it’s different every day”. 5.4. You have to have very good situational awareness and very good short term memory. 5.5. With Navy helicopters.
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Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook
Appendix III: Listening media CD
(See attached Compact Disk©)
173
Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook
References
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