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Copyright by Cameron Simpson Severts 2018 Copyright by Cameron Simpson Severts 2018 The Report Committee for Cameron Simpson Severts Certifies that this is the approved version of the following Report: “Deutsche Zeitung” The Hopes and Fears of a New Minority: A German Language Newspaper in Yugoslavia, 1926-1937 APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Amy H. Liu, Supervisor Bella B. Jordan “Deutsche Zeitung” The Hopes and Fears of a New Minority: A German Language Newspaper in Yugoslavia, 1926-1937 by Cameron Simpson Severts Report Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin May 2018 Dedication For my great-grandparents Adolf Wohlgemuth and Pauline Franke. Thank you for having the foresight to emigrate from Eastern Europe in 1911. Your timely actions saved your descendants from unspeakable horrors. If it weren’t for your bravery, I likely would have never been born. Acknowledgements Many thanks to Dr. Amy Liu and Dr. Bella Jordan for accepting to be my supervisors and for being very supportive over the last year. I likely would have shied away from this topic if it weren’t for your encouragement. Thanks as well to Agnes Sekowski for listening to my hairbrained schemes and then making the best ones happen. Extra special thanks to my wife Katya for being simply awesome and for helping me focus on the end of the tunnel. v Abstract “Deutsche Zeitung” The Hopes and Fears of a New Minority: A German Language Newspaper in Yugoslavia, 1926-1937 Cameron Simpson Severts, M.A. The University of Texas at Austin, 2018 Supervisor: Amy H. Liu The purpose of this research is to identify the key interests, themes and fears related to ethnic German minorities in the former Yugoslavia between World War I and World War II. The research analyzes hundreds of editions of Deutsche Zeitung, a German-language newspaper printed in Yugoslavia from 1926 to 1937. The newspaper acts as a window through which one can gain insights into the experiences of a group of people who, in the aftermath of the First World War, found themselves to be a new minority in a newly-formed country. In order to understand the experiences of this new minority, this research tracks the format, language and recurring themes of the newspaper as its print run spanned a very politically turbulent period that slowly marched Southeastern Europe to war and ethnic cleansing. vi Table of Contents List of Illustrations: ............................................................................................................ ix Introduction: .........................................................................................................................1 Chapter One: The Target Audience ....................................................................................6 Southeastern Europe: A Regional History of German Settlement ............................6 Ostsiedlung .................................................................................................................6 Drang Nach Osten and Generalplan Ost .....................................................................7 Ethnic German Migration to the Balkans .................................................................10 Ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia .................................................................................12 German Newspapers in Yugoslavia ..........................................................................17 Chapter Two: Format and Structure .................................................................................18 Language and Script .................................................................................................18 Format and Frequency ..............................................................................................22 Das Leben im Bild ....................................................................................................23 Chapter Three: Objectives and Themes ............................................................................24 The Mission Statement .............................................................................................24 A Glimpse into Everyday Life ..................................................................................28 The New Minority ....................................................................................................29 Regional Identifiers for Ethnic Germans ..................................................................30 Ethnic Germans in Poland ........................................................................................33 Ethnic Germans in Czechoslovakia ..........................................................................36 Ethnic Germans in South Tyrol ................................................................................39 vii Ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia .................................................................................41 German Language Rights .........................................................................................42 The League of Nations ..............................................................................................44 Habsburg Nostalgia...................................................................................................45 The Spanish Civil War ..............................................................................................47 Adolf Hitler and Early Nazism .................................................................................49 Antisemitism and Anti-Sovietism .............................................................................51 The Descent into Nazi Propaganda ...........................................................................53 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................56 Works Cited .......................................................................................................................58 viii List of Illustrations Illustration 1: Locations of German settlements in Eastern Europe; 1925 ......................8 Illustration 2: Ethnic map of Yugoslavia in 1941..........................................................12 Illustration 3: Map of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes; 1919 ....................15 Illustration 4: The Schwabacher font in Deutsche Zeitung ...........................................20 Illustration 5: The first issue of Das Leben im Bild; 1932 ............................................23 Illustration 6: Mission statement from the first issue of Deutsche ................................24 Illustration 7: The first issue of Cillier Zeitung; 1848 ...................................................25 Illustration 8: The ad page from 15 June 1930 ..............................................................28 Illustration 9: Soap ad featuring a woman in Ragusa in folk dress ...............................29 Illustration 10: Map of the predominance of German speakers in Poland; 1931 ...........34 Illustration 11: Map of the locations of ethnic Germans in Czechoslovakia; 1936. .......36 Illustration 12: Adolf Hitler on the September 1934 cover of Das Leben im Bild .........54 ix Introduction Eastern Croatia is best known in modern memory as the site of the bloodiest fighting between the Yugoslav National Army (JNA) and the rebelling state of Croatia during the breakup of Yugoslavia. A casual car trip eastward through the region of Slavonia still shows many signs of the fighting, as one passes bullet-riddled homes, shattered factories, a water tank punctured by explosive shells, and signs lining the roads declaring POZOR – MINE! (Warning – Mines!). But the towns along the road not only show a history of violence, but also an older, deeper history; one of settlement and coexistence. On the road between Vinkovci and Vukovar, one passes through a number of small towns, each established as a community for one single ethnicity. The language changes on the street signs as the car travels through each one, announcing the background of the inhabitants: first Croatian, then Serbian, then Croatian again; then Hungarian, then Rusyn, then Serbian again. One village name stands out as unique: Nijemci. If the visitor knows Croatian, then they will know that the name of the village means Germans. The puzzled visitor inquires of the taxi driver the reason for such a town name. Ne znam, he replies, meaning I don’t know. The Vukovar Municipal Museum, awash with EU funds, offers a fine collection of artifacts and exhibitions dedicated to the history of the city. Largely focused on the destruction of Vukovar during the Yugoslav Wars, it is housed in a large manor home destroyed by JNA shelling. The name of the building is also intriguing: Eltz Manor. Housed within the museum is a permanent display on newspapers printed in Vukovar during the 1 1800s and 1900s, with a specific focus on how each ethnicity in the city utilized their own language in print as a means for political motivation, often along nationalistic and religious lines.1 Another sign of Teutonic influence arises again; this time more clearly: a number of newspapers on display are in the German language. Another display clearly shows that the towns of Vukovar, Vinkovci, and most especially Osijek, had significant German populations, and that the lands which made up Yugoslavia had German settlements which lasted several centuries. As 1944 and 1945
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