Diseases of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology Diseases

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Diseases of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology Diseases

Centers for Disease Diseases of High-Consequence Control and Prevention National Center for Emerging and Pathogens and Pathology Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Prion and Public Health Office Poxvirus and Rabies Branch Bovine Spongiform Gerstmann-Straussler-Schneiker Encephalopathy (BSE) (Mad Viral Special Pathogens Branch Family Poxviridae Syndrome Cow) Family Filoviridae Family Arenaviridae Bovine Papular Stomatitis Virus Raccoonpox Virus Sporadic, Genetic, and Iatrogenic Reye Syndrome Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Ebola Virus Lassa Virus Cowpox Virus Skunkpox Virus Chronic Wasting Disease Fatal Familial Insomnia Sudan Virus Lujo virus Molluscum Contagiosum Virus Tanapox Guillain-Barre Syndrome Kawasaki Syndrome/Disease Lymphocytic Bundibugyo Virus Choriomeningitis Virus Monkeypox Virus Vaccinia Virus (Smallpox Vaccine) Machupo Virus (Bolivian Tai Forest Virus Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch Hemorrhagic Fever) Orf Virus Variola Virus (Smallpox) Junin Virus (Argentinian Reston Virus Actinomycoses and Nocardiosis Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) Hemorrhagic Fever) Pseudocowpox Virus Volepox Guanarito virus (Venezuelan Marburg Virus Anthrax Leptospirosis Hemorrhagic Fever) Family Rhabdoviridae Sabia Virus (Brazilian Ravn Virus Hemorrhagic Fever) Brucellosis Melioidosis (Burkholderia Non-rabies Lyssavirus Rabies Virus pseudomallei) Family Bunyaviridae Chapare Virus Buruli Ulcer Pasteurella sp. Infections Rift Valley Fever Family Flaviviridae Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch Capnocytophaga Rat-Bite Fever Crimean-Congo Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) hemorrhagic fever complex viruses Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Autopsy-Medical Examiner Pathology and Telepathology Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome TBE virus Histopathology Laboratory- (HPS) associated viruses Sudden Unexplained Death Tissue Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Far-eastern TBE virus Immunohistopathology Syndrome (HFRS) associated viruses Unexplained Fatal Illness Chronic Viral Diseases Branch Laboratory Family Paramyxoviridae Omsk Hemorrhagic Virus Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/ Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Testing Nipah virus Kyasanur Forest Disease virus (ME/CFS) Post-Infectious Fatigue HPV Associated Cancer and Hendra virus TBE virus Pre-cancer CS224082 September 2015.

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Raised Intracranial Pressure and Hydrocephalus
Raised Intracranial Pressure and Hydrocephalus Sept 2014 Raised Intracranial Pressure 500ml/day CSF made to replenish volume of 150ml. ICP = MAP-CPP. Normal ~10mmHg. Raised = >20mmHg sustained for >15min. ICP monitoring if severe HI & coma, intracerebral haemorrhage, Reye’s, hydrocephalus Causes of raised intracranial pressure Localised mass lesions: traumatic haematomas (extradural, subdural, intracerebral) Neoplasms: glioma, meningioma, metastasis Abscess Focal oedema secondary to trauma, infarction, tumour Disturbance of CSF circulation: obstructive hydrocephalus, communicating hydrocephalus Obstruction to venous sinuses: depressed fractures overlying venous sinuses, cerebral venous thrombosis Diffuse brain oedema or swelling: encephalitis, meningitis, diffuse head injury, SAH, Reye's syndrome, lead encephalopathy, water intoxication, near drowning Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Presentation Headache: nocturnal, on waking, worse on coughing/moving head ↓LOC: lethargy, irritability, slow decision making, abnormal behaviour → stupor, coma and death Vomiting Eye changes: irregularity or dilatation in one eye. Unilateral ptosis or III and VI nerve palsies. In later stages, ophthalmoplegia and loss of vestibulo-ocular reflexes. Papilloedema: blurring of disc margins, loss of venous pulsations, disc hyperaemia, flame haemorrhages. Later, obscured disc margins and retinal haemorrhages. Cushing reflex: ( ↑BP, widened pulse pressure and ↓HR). Other: Late hemiparesis Investigations CT/MRI Check and monitor ABG, blood glucose, renal function,
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The Ecology of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh: a Nexus of Land-Use Change and Opportunistic Feeding Behavior in Bats
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Ebola Virus Disease
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The Munich Outbreak of Cutaneous Cowpox Infection: Transmission by Infected Pet Rats
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Zoonotic Diseases of Public Health Importance
ZOONOTIC DISEASES OF PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE ZOONOSIS DIVISION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF HEALTH SERVICES) 22 – SHAM NATH MARG, DELHI – 110 054 2005 List of contributors: Dr. Shiv Lal, Addl. DG & Director Dr. Veena Mittal, Joint Director & HOD, Zoonosis Division Dr. Dipesh Bhattacharya, Joint Director, Zoonosis Division Dr. U.V.S. Rana, Joint Director, Zoonosis Division Dr. Mala Chhabra, Deputy Director, Zoonosis Division FOREWORD Several zoonotic diseases are major public health problems not only in India but also in different parts of the world. Some of them have been plaguing mankind from time immemorial and some have emerged as major problems in recent times. Diseases like plague, Japanese encephalitis, leishmaniasis, rabies, leptospirosis and dengue fever etc. have been major public health concerns in India and are considered important because of large human morbidity and mortality from these diseases. During 1994 India had an outbreak of plague in man in Surat (Gujarat) and Beed (Maharashtra) after a lapse of around 3 decades. Again after 8 years in 2002, an outbreak of pneumonic plague occurred in Himachal Pradesh followed by outbreak of bubonic plague in 2004 in Uttaranchal. Japanese encephalitis has emerged as a major problem in several states and every year several outbreaks of Japanese encephalitis are reported from different parts of the country. Resurgence of Kala-azar in mid seventies in Bihar, West Bengal and Jharkhand still continues to be a major public health concern. Efforts are being made to initiate kala-azar elimination programme by the year 2010. Rabies continues to be an important killer in the country.
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Replication of Marburg Virus in Human Endothelial Cells a Possible Mechanism for the Development of Viral Hemorrhagic Disease
Replication of Marburg Virus in Human Endothelial Cells A Possible Mechanism for the Development of Viral Hemorrhagic Disease Hans-Joachim Schnittler,$ Friederike Mahner, * Detlev Drenckhahn, * Hans-Dieter Klenk, * and Heinz Feldmann * *Institut fir Virologie, Philipps-Universitdt Marburg, 3550 Marburg, Germany; tInstitutftirAnatomie, Universitdt Wiirzburg, 8700 Wiirzburg, Germany Abstract Rhabdoviridae, within the new proposed order Mononegavi- Marburg and Ebola virus, members of the family Filoviridae, rales (10). Virions are composed of a helical nucleocapsid cause a severe hemorrhagic disease in humans and primates. surrounded by a lipid envelope. The genome is nonsegmented, The disease is characterized as a pantropic virus infection often of negative sense, and 19 kb in length (3, 11, 12). Virion parti- resulting in a fulminating shock associated with hemorrhage, cles contain at least seven structural proteins (8, 13-16). and death. All known histological and pathophysiological pa- Filovirus infections have several pathological features in rameters of the disease are not sufficient to explain the devas- common with other severe viral hemorrhagic fevers such as tating symptoms. Previous studies suggested a nonspecific de- Lassa fever, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and struction of the endothelium as a possible mechanism. Con- Dengue hemorrhagic fever (5). Among these viruses, filovi- cerning the important regulatory functions of the endothelium ruses cause the highest case-fatality rates ( - 35% for MBG [61 (blood pressure, antithrombogenicity, homeostasis), we exam- and up to 90% for EBO, subtype Zaire [17]) and the most ined Marburg virus replication in primary cultures of human severe hemorrhagic manifestations. The pathophysiologic endothelial cells and organ cultures of human umbilical cord events that make filovirus infections of humans so devastating veins.
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Reye's Syndrome Difficult Its 32A, 381
662 BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 20 SEPTEMBER 1975 5 Dwyer, A. F., Newton, N. C., and Sherwood, A. A., Clinical Orthopaedics amino-acid pattern.7 Confirmation of the diagnosis requires and Related Research, 1969, 62, 192. Br Med J: first published as 10.1136/bmj.3.5985.662 on 20 September 1975. Downloaded from 6 Dewald, R. L., and Ray, R. D., Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 1970, liver biopsy, but this is frequently ruled out by the prolonged 52A, 233. prothrombin time. There is variable but often intense fatty 7O'Brien, J. P., et al.,Journal of Bone and Joint Sturgery, 1971, 53B, 217. infiltration of the liver, with diffuse vacuolation of the hepa- 8 MacEwen, G. D., Bunnell, W. P., and Sriram, K., Jrournal of Bonie and Joint Suirgery, 1975, 57A, 404. tocytes without nuclear displacement and no hepatocellular 9 Ransford, A. O., and Manning, C. W. S. F.,3Journal of Bone andJoint Sur- necrosis.8 gery, 1975, 57B, 131. Since the diagnosis of is 1 Ponseti, I. V., and Friedman, B.,Jrournal of Bone andJoint Surgery, 1950, Reye's syndrome difficult its 32A, 381. incidence may be higher than is generally realized. About I James, J. I. P.,3Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 1951, 33B, 399. 400/,, of children diagnosed in life die.9 Features associated 12 James, J. I. P., Scoliosis. E. &. S. Livingstone, Edinburgh & London, 1967. 13 Nachemson, A., Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 1968, 39, 466. with poor prognosis include a blood ammonia level higher 14 Nilsonne, U., and Lundgren, K-D., Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, than 200 tmol 1, a rapid progression to deep coma, a pro- 1968, 39, 456.
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Sasaki et al. Virology Journal 2012, 9:240 http://www.virologyj.com/content/9/1/240 RESEARCH Open Access Molecular detection of a novel paramyxovirus in fruit bats from Indonesia Michihito Sasaki1†, Agus Setiyono3†, Ekowati Handharyani3†, Ibenu Rahmadani4, Siswatiana Taha5, Sri Adiani6, Mawar Subangkit3, Hirofumi Sawa1, Ichiro Nakamura2 and Takashi Kimura1* Abstract Background: Fruit bats are known to harbor zoonotic paramyxoviruses including Nipah, Hendra, and Menangle viruses. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of paramyxovirus RNA in fruit bats from Indonesia. Methods: RNA samples were obtained from the spleens of 110 fruit bats collected from four locations in Indonesia. All samples were screened by semi-nested broad spectrum reverse transcription PCR targeting the paramyxovirus polymerase (L) genes. Results: Semi-nested reverse transcription PCR detected five previously unidentified paramyxoviruses from six fruit bats. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these virus sequences were related to henipavirus or rubulavirus. Conclusions: This study indicates the presence of novel paramyxoviruses among fruit bat populations in Indonesia. Background indicate the presence of henipavirus or henipa-like The genus Henipavirus in the subfamily Paramyxoviri- viruses in Indonesian fruit bats, suggesting the need for nae, family Paramyxoviridae, contains two highly patho- further epidemiological investigations. genic viruses, i.e., Hendra virus and Nipah virus. Hendra Menangle virus, belonging to the genus Rubulavirus of virus causes fatal pneumonia and encephalitis in horses the Paramyxoviridae family, has been identified in ptero- and humans. The first case was identified in 1994 and pus bats from Australia [14]. Menangle virus is a zoo- Hendra virus disease still continues to arise sporadically notic paramyxovirus that causes febrile illness with rash in Australia [1,2].
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WHO | World Health Organization
WHO/CDS/CSR/99.1 Report of the meeting of the Ad Hoc Committee on Orthopoxvirus Infections. Geneva, Switzerland, 14-15 January 1999 World Health Organization Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response This document has been downloaded from the WHO/CSR Web site. The original cover pages and lists of participants are not included. See http://www.who.int/emc for more information. © World Health Organization This document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization (WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organization. The document may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale nor for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. The mention of specific companies or specific manufacturers' products does no imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Contents Introduction 1 Recent monkeypox outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo 1 Review of the report of the 1994 Ad Hoc Committee on Orthopoxvirus Infections 2 Work in WHO Collaborating Centres 3 Analysis and sequencing of variola virus genomes 3 Biosecurity and physical security of WHO collaborating laboratories 4 Smallpox vaccine stocks and production 4 Deliberate release of smallpox virus 4 Survey of WHO Member States latest position on destruction of variola virus 4 Recommendations 5 List of Participants 6 Page i REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE AD HOC COMMITTEE ON ORTHOPOXVIRUS INFECTIONS Geneva, Switzerland 14-15 January 1999 Introduction Dr Lindsay Martinez, Director, Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response (CSR), welcomed participants and opened the meeting on behalf of the Director-General of WHO, Dr G.H.
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Specimen Type, Collection Methods, and Diagnostic Assays Available For
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