Clean Air Strategy & Action Plan for Cardiff
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The City of Cardiff Council -Clean Air Strategy & Action Plan Clean Air Strategy & Action Plan for Cardiff March 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1- THE NEED FOR A CLEAN AIR STRATEGY & ACTION PLAN 1 CHAPTER 2- BACKGROUND TO AIR QUALITY ISSUES 8 2.1 PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTS 8 2.2 AIR QUALITY POLICY AND LEGISLATION 10 2.2.1 UK AIR QUALITY STRATEGY AND LAQM 10 2.2.2 EUROPEAN AIR QUALITY DIRECTIVES 11 2.2.3 AIR QUALITY OBJECTIVES AND LIMIT VALUES 11 2.3 AIR QUALITY IN CARDIFF 12 2.3.1 MONITORING 12 2.3.2 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AREAS 12 2.3.3 AIR QUALITY ACTION PLAN 13 2.3.4 LOCAL AIR QUALITY TARGETS 14 2.3.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT 15 2.3.6 AIR POLLUTION AND AREAS OF DEPRIVATION 16 2.3.7 CLEAN AIR ZONES 16 2.4 LOCAL ISSUES IMPACTING ON IMPROVING AIR QUALITY 15 CHAPTER 3 PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT CONTROL 16 3.1 PROSPERITY FOR ALL 16 3.2 WELL-BEING OF FUTURE GENERATIONS (WALES) ACT 2015 16 3.2.1 CARDIFF WELL-BEING PLAN 2018-2023 18 3.3 PLANNING POLICY WALES 18 3.4 CARDIFF’S LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2006-2026 19 3.5 SUPPLEMENTARY PLANNING GUIDANCE (SPG) 21 3.5.1 PLANNING OBLIGATIONS SPG (JANUARY 2017) 21 3.5.2 MANAGING TRANSPORTATION IMPACTS (INCORPORATING PARKING STANDARDS) SPG 22 3.5.3 CARDIFF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE SPG 22 3.5.4 PLANNING FOR HEALTH AND WELL-BEING SPG 24 3.5.5 PLANNING GUIDANCE FOR THE PROVISION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING POINTS 24 3.6 DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT CONSULTATIONS 24 3.6.1 PLANNING CONDITIONS AND PLANNING OBLIGATIONS 25 CHAPTER 4 TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT AND ACTIVE TRAVEL 26 4.1 TRANSPORT STRATEGY 26 4.1.1 LOCAL TRANSPORT PLAN 26 4.2 CAPITAL CITY REGIONAL DEAL 27 4.3 ACTIVE TRAVEL (WALES) ACT 2013 27 4.4 CYCLING STRATEGY AND INTEGRATED NETWORK MAP 27 4.5 NEXTBIKE SCHEME 28 Page | i 4.6 SCHOOL ACTIVE TRAVEL PLANS 28 4.7 CITY CENTRE TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS 29 4.7.1 REDUCING CONGESTION 29 4.8 CAR CLUBS 29 4.9 20 MPH ZONES 29 4.10 EV INFRASTRUCTURE 30 4.11 LOW EMISSIONS TRANSPORT STRATEGY 30 4.11.1 ON STREET RESIDENTIAL CHARGING POINTS 30 4.11.2 ELECTRIC CHARGING POINTS AT COUNCIL FACILITIES 31 4.12 FREIGHT AND COMMERCIAL TRANSPORTATION 31 CHAPTER 5 PUBLIC TRANSPORT 32 5.1 BUSES 32 5.1.1 CLEANING THE BUS FLEET 33 5.2 CARDIFF CAPITAL REGIONAL METRO 35 5.3 BUS TRAVEL TO SCHOOLS 35 5.4 TRAINS 36 CHAPTER 6 ADDITIONAL REGULATORY MEASURES 37 6.1 CLEAN AIR ZONES 37 6.2 URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 39 6.3 TAXI LICENSING 41 6.3.1 BACKGROUND 41 6.3.2 CROSS BORDER ISSUES 41 6.3.3 WELSH GOVERNMENT TAXI AND PRIVATE HIRE VEHICLE LICENSING IN WALES CONSULTATION 2017 42 6.3.4 PROPOSALS 42 6.4 VEHICLE IDLING CHARGES 43 6.5 REVIEW OF CAR PARKING CHARGES AND RESIDENTIAL PERMITTING CHARGES 44 CHAPTER 7 INFLUENCE AND DELIVER TRANSPORT BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE 45 7.1 COMMUNICATIONS 45 7.1.1 CAR-FREE DAY 45 7.2 COLLABORATION WITH OTHER STAKEHOLDERS 47 7.2.1 PROPOSALS 47 CHAPTER 8 ASSESSMENT OF ACTIONS TO DELIVER STRATEGIC MEASURES 48 8.1 SUMMARY OF ACTIONS 48 8.2 DELIVERING LEGAL COMPLIANCE 48 8.3 ASSESSMENT OF MEASURES 49 8.4 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT 71 8.4.1 CONSULTATION ON THE GREEN PAPER ON TRANSPORT AND CLEAN AIR 71 Page | ii 8.5 SHORTLIST OF LOCAL MEASURES 71 8.5.1 ENHANCE LOCAL PLANNING POLICY 72 8.5.2 ENHANCE CARDIFF’S TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 72 8.5.3 INCREASE THE UPTAKE OF SUSTAINABLE AND ACTIVE TRAVEL 73 8.5.4 RENEWABLE FUELS STRATEGY AND IMPROVE EV/ 0EV INFRASTRUCTURE 73 8.5.5 REGULATORY INTERVENTIONS 73 8.5.6 PUBLIC INFORMATION AND BEHAVIOUR CHANGE INITIATIVES 73 8.6 TIMELINE FOR DELIVERY OF ASSESSMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PREFERRED MEASURES 74 CHAPTER 9 PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT 75 List of Tables Table 1- Composition of Cardiff's Vehicle Fleets ..................................................................................................... 2 Table 2- UK and EU Air Quality Objectives for NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 .................................................................... 11 Table 3- Five year dataset for monitored annual average NO2 levels at residential facades. .............................. 14 Table 4- Council Expectations on the Provision of EV Charging Points ................................................................. 24 Table 5- Euro Standards of Cardiff Bus ................................................................................................................. 34 Table 6- Cardiff Bus Fleet Hourly Breakdown on Westgate Street ....................................................................... 34 Table 7- Cardiff Bus fleet with ULEB funding (2021) ............................................................................................. 35 Table 8- Qualitative Assessment Tool for Assessing Actions ................................................................................ 50 Table 9- Qualitative Assessment of Actions to Deliver Strategic Measures .......................................................... 59 List of Figures Figure 1- 2017 Monitored NO2 Results and Existing AQMAs in Cardiff ................................................................. 4 Figure 2- Updated Baseline NO2 PCM Modelling Results Identifying Exceeding Road Links in Cardiff 2015 .......... 5 Figure 3- NOx Emission % Source Apportionment, JAQU ........................................................................................ 6 Figure 4- Effects of Poor Air Quality in Terms of Population Affected and Severity ............................................... 9 Figure 5- AQMA NO2 Source Apportionment Assessments ................................................................................... 15 Figure 6- Cardiff NO2 Data 2016 and 2014 WIMD Health Data for Cardiff .......................................................... 13 Figure 7- The Well- being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 Matrix .......................................................... 17 Figure 8- Integrated Network Map ....................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 9- NO2 Source Apportionment (Westgate Street) ...................................................................................... 33 Figure 10 ............................................................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 11 ............................................................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 12 ............................................................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 13- Proposed Timeline to Develop and Implement Measures to Achieve Compliance for NO2 ................. 74 Page | iii Chapter 1- The Need for a Clean Air Strategy & Action Plan Clean air is essential for a good quality of life, and poor air quality is considered the largest environmental risk to public health in the UK.1 It has been reported that air pollution problems persist in Wales and pose significant public health risks.2 The evidence linking poor health outcomes with exposure, even low pollutant concentrations, only continues to strengthen. It is therefore plausible that everyone is affected by air pollution to some extent.3 In the UK, in the context of air quality management, the main air pollutants which are the primary public health concern, are particulate matter, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and the principle source of these pollutants is from road transport emissions.4 It has been published that air quality has significantly improved in the UK over the past years.5 Defra states “Total UK emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) fell by almost 70% between 1970 and 2015 and by over 19% between 2010 and 2015.” In Wales, the most widely exceeded limit value is the annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentration (40µg/m3). Despite these somewhat improved levels, there are around 40 Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) declared by Local Authorities in Wales. Very few AQMAs have been revoked and those persons living and working within these defined areas are susceptible to high concentrations of air pollutants than elsewhere. Welsh Government (WG) explain that from a public health perspective there is no defined ‘safe’ level of exposure, and the national air quality objectives used to identify AQMAs should not be seen as ‘safe’ levels. Air pollution can cause adverse effects on health and quality of life at lower exposures, depending on the circumstances of the exposed individual. As a consequence, the majority of the avoidable health burden associated with air pollution in Wales is the result of population exposures outside AQMAs. High on the agenda for UK Government is to tackle air pollution and protect the health and well-being of the UK population.5 A multi-sectorial approach is needed to develop and effectively implement long term policies and strategies that reduce risks of air pollution to health (WHO Regional Office for Europe 2013). This approach is supported across Wales through the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 20156 (National Assembly for Wales 2015), that includes goals to achieve a healthier Wales, that is more globally responsible and equal, through thinking more about the long-term, looking to prevent problems and taking a more joined-up approach. Many of the actions required to address air quality will have additional benefits to health and well-being by increasing levels of physical activity, improving mental well-being, and decreasing social isolation. 1World Health Organisation (2017). Evolution of WHO air quality