Spicebush swallowtail. Illustration by Liessa Thomas Bowen

Colorful , like this great spangled fritillary, have made watching a Palamedes Swallowtail popular pastime. Photo courtesy of Thomas G. Barnes, University of ( palamedes) utterfly watching, though unlikely to match the widespread popularity of Family bird watching, has gained significant favor in recent years. Butterflies are B (sulphurs, whites, and yellows) colorful, diverse, abundant, and active during the day in warm months, making them an ideal pursuit for wildlife watchers. In fact, wildlife watching Cabbage White (Pieris rapae) as a whole, given impetus by the increased awareness of regional and ecologi- Clouded Sulphur ( philodice) cal diversity, has become one of this country’s fastest-growing outdoor recre- Orange Sulphur () ational activities. Cloudless Sulphur () Sleepy Orange ( nicippe) Butterflies and (the provide a home for more than 160 larval stage in the butterfly life cycle) butterfly . Some species are provide food for birds and other found statewide, while others are organisms, pollinate flowers, and are restricted to a specific or easy to attract to a garden or back- region. Scientists classify species yard landscape. Butterflies are found into a series of genera and families, throughout North Carolina and will based upon similar genetics or flourish within a well-designed similar physical characteristics. landscape of native in both Here is a sampling of the butter- rural and urban areas. Planting a flies you are likely to encounter in variety of both nectar plants for North Carolina: adults and host plants for caterpillars in a sunny location will ensure many Family Papilionidae hours of viewing pleasure as butter- (swallowtails) flies visit your garden. Pipevine Swallowtail Orange sulphur. () Illustration by Liessa Thomas Bowen Common butterflies of Zebra Swallowtail North Carolina (Eurytides marcellus) Family Black Swallowtail (gossamer-wings) North Carolina’s diverse natural (Papilio polyxenes) landscape includes coastal dunes, Eastern Tiger Swallowtail ( melinus) pocosins, sandhill savannahs, (Papilio glaucus) Red-Banded Hairstreak piedmont forests, wetlands, and Spicebush Swallowtail (Calycopis cecrops) mountain ranges. These () 2 North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Eastern Tailed-Blue American Lady ( virginiensis) (Everes comyntas) Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) Spring Azure ( ladon) Common Buckeye (Junonia coenia) Red-Spotted Purple ( arthemis astyanax) (Limenitis archippus) Monarch (Danaus plexippus)

Family Hesperiidae (skippers) Silver-Spotted () Least skipper. Long-Tailed Skipper Illustration by Liessa Thomas Bowen (Urbanus proteus) Southern Cloudywing Life cycle ( bathyllus) Eastern tailed-blue. Juvenal’s Butterflies and moths are unique Illustration by Liessa Thomas Bowen () because they change from a Horace’s Duskywing to a winged adult Family () through a process called metamor- (brushfoot butterflies) Least Skipper ( numitor) phosis. A typical butterfly’s life Fiery Skipper (Hylephila phyleus) begins as an , generally laid on American Snout Sachem ( campestris) the leaf of a host . A host ( carinenta) Clouded Skipper (Lerema accius) plant is a plant that caterpillars like Variegated Fritillary (Euptoieta claudia) Great Spangled Fritillary (Speyeria cybele) Pearl Crescent (Phyciodes tharos) Question Mark (Polygonia interrogationis) Eastern Comma (Polygonia comma) Mourning Cloak ()

A monarch butterfly changes from an egg (top right) to a caterpillar to a to a winged adult during a process called metamorphosis. Common buckeye. Illustration by Liessa Thomas Bowen Illustration by Liessa Thomas Bowen

Butterflies in Your Backyard 3 to eat. soon hatch into roof. A butterfly can fly even if caterpillars, which act as eating these scales are removed. machines to devour leaves of the • Colors such as blue, green, host plant. Caterpillars often have violet, gold, and silver on butter- very specific food requirements fly wings are not caused by that restrict them to a particular pigment, but rather by light plant. After a few weeks, the reflecting off the wing scales. caterpillar molts into a mummy- • Depending upon the species, like stage with a hard protective adult butterflies can live from 1 casing, called a pupa or chrysalis. week to 9 months. The great purple hairstreak, like other While in the chrysalis, the caterpil- • Butterflies (and other ) butterflies, has a preferred host plant, mistletoe. Photo by Chris Moorman lar is transformed into an adult. At have an exoskeleton, or structural the end of about 2 weeks, the support on the outside of their adult emerges from the chrysalis, bodies, to protect them and keep Their colors may vary slightly, spreads and dries its wings, and in fluids so they don’t dry out. and females generally are larger than males. But size cannot be used to distinguish between the sexes because individuals of any single species may vary in how big they are, depending on the amount and quality of food they ate as caterpillars. • Most butterflies lay their eggs on a specific of plant, called their host plant, which their caterpillars later feed on. Excep- A monarch caterpillar (left) feeds on the foliage of its host plant, milkweed, before tions include Harvester caterpil- changing into an adult (right). Left photo courtesy of Thomas G. Barnes, University of Kentucky; right photo by Chris Moorman lars, which eat woolly aphids, and a few other caterpillars that eat rotting leaves rather than begins searching for food and a • Butterflies and caterpillars living plant foliage. mate. Following successful mat- breathe through “spiracles,” • Adult butterflies may feed on ing, the female begins her search which are tiny openings along nectar from flowers, but some for a host plant on which to the sides of their bodies. prefer rotten fruit or tree sap. deposit her eggs, and the life cycle • Butterflies can smell with their They suck the liquid food begins again. antennae. through a straw-like “tongue” • Butterflies have compound eyes that allow them to see the colors Physiology and behavior red, green, and yellow. Their eyes do not rotate to follow a • Butterflies and moths are insects predator’s movement; rather, in the order , mean- they detect movement as the ing “scaly-winged.” A person object moves from one facet of who studies these creatures is the eye to the next. called a “lepidopterist.” • Butterflies use special nerve cells • Moths may have whip-like, fern- called chemoreceptors on the like, or fuzzy antennae with no pads of their feet to “taste” food knobs at their ends. Butterfly Male eastern tiger swallowtails and identify leaves of their antennae are smooth, thin, and congregate at “puddling” areas. caterpillar’s host plant before Photo courtesy of Thomas G. Barnes, whip-like with a terminal knob. they lay their eggs. University of Kentucky • Butterfly wings are covered with • In some butterfly species, thousands of tiny overlapping females and males look different. scales arranged like shingles on a

4 North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service called a proboscis, which curls cavities. They emerge in search Why focus on native plants for up under the head like a of sap or rotten fruit on warm, butterfly habitat? watchspring when not in use. sunny days. • These plants require relatively • Male butterflies often congregate • Eggs, caterpillars, and adult little maintenance, watering, or at “puddling” areas, which butterflies have many predators. care because they are adapted to include mud puddles, moist soil To avoid them, females lay eggs a particular area. along stream banks, and in concealed locations on the • Native plants will attract butter- feces. There they ingest salts host plant, and caterpillars often flies native to the region. Cater- important in sperm production. look inconspicuous. To scare pillars are very picky eaters and • Different species of butterflies away predators, some caterpillars will eat only very specific host have characteristic behaviors. have large eye-spots that re- plants; native plants provide For example, some perch on semble a snake’s head. Other these specific food sources. leaves, guarding an area and caterpillars have protective • Some exotic plants grow with chasing away intruders. Others spines, release obnoxious scents, excessive vigor and compete for appear to constantly patrol or just plain taste bad. space with native plants. Be- certain areas and rarely perch. cause some exotics could “es- • Butterflies bask in the sun to cape” from your garden and warm their bodies before they threaten nearby wild habitat, fly. Their wings act as solar they should be specifically collectors. avoided (see Landscaping for • Butterflies are most active Wildlife with Native Plants, during the warmest parts of the AG-636-03). day, but in temperatures of over • Most ornamental plants are bred 100° F, they may become over- for color and bloom size, not for heated and seek shade. Passionflower and many other native nectar production. While these plants provide an ideal habitat for butterflies in your backyard. Photo courtesy of Thomas G. Barnes, University of Kentucky

Using native plants to attract butterflies

Native plants generally are defined as those that occurred in before European settle- Like this zebra swallowtail, many ment. Exotic plants are those that butterflies often bask in the early morning sunlight. Photo courtesy of Thomas G. Barnes, are not native. Plants native to University of Kentucky your area grow well because they are specifically adapted to the • Most species of butterflies climate, soils, temperature, and survive the winter by hibernat- precipitation. Native plants are ing as caterpillars, pupae, or those to which regional butterflies adults. A few spend the winter as have adapted, and therefore, they eggs. Fewer still migrate to are ideal for butterfly gardening warmer climates. and for larger restoration projects. • Those species that spend the A cluster of orange coneflower plants winter as adults tuck themselves with taller purple coneflowers growing behind loose bark or in tree in the background allows butterflies easy access to abundant nectar without excessive exposure to predators. Photo by Chris Moorman

Butterflies in Your Backyard 5 cultivars may be attractive to us, Table 1. Some native host plants for North Carolina butterflies. many provide little benefit to wildlife. Scientific Name Common Name Butterfly Larvae Trees Yellow Mourning Cloak, Dreamy Duskywing Creating a butterfly habitat Sweet Birch Betula nigra River Birch Carya glabra Pignut Hickory Banded Hairstreak Diversity Mockernut Hickory An effective butterfly habitat laevigata* Hackberry American Snout, Mourning Cloak, Question Celtis tenuifolia Sugarberry Mark, Hackberry Emperor, Tawny Emperor provides everything a butterfly Chamaecyparis thyoides Atlantic White Cedar Hessel’s Hairstreak needs to complete its life cycle. Fraxinus americana White Ash Eastern Tiger Swallowtail • Provide a good diversity of host Ilex opaca American Holly Henry’s Elfin plants to attract a variety of Juniperus virginiana Eastern Redcedar Juniper Hairstreak butterflies and their caterpillars Liriodendron tulipifera* Yellow Poplar Eastern Tiger Swallowtail (see Table 1). Caterpillars are Redbay Palamedes Swallowtail voracious but picky eaters, and Pinus echinata Shortleaf Pine Eastern Pine Elfin many feed only on a particular Pinus taeda Loblolly Pine Cottonwood Viceroy, Red-Spotted Purple species of plant. Prunus americana Wild Plum Coral Hairstreak, Eastern Tiger Swallowtail, • Choose a variety of nectar plants Chickasaw Plum Red-Spotted Purple, Spring Azure, Viceroy that will provide food through- * Black Cherry out the growing seasons, as Quercus spp. Oaks Banded Hairstreak, Edward’s Hairstreak, Gray Hairstreak, White-M Hairstreak, different species of butterfly are Horace’s Duskywing, Juvenal’s Duskywing active from early spring through Robinia pseudoacacia* Black Locust Clouded Sulphur**, Zarucco Duskywing, late fall (see Table 2). Silver-Spotted Skipper Carolina Willow Eastern Tiger Swallowtail, Mourning Cloak, • Choose flowers with blooms of Salix nigra* Black Willow Eastern Comma**, Red-Spotted Purple, Viceroy different sizes and depths. * Sassafras Spicebush Swallowtail Smaller butterflies, such as Ulmus alata Winged Elm Painted Lady**, Eastern Comma, Mourning Cloak, hairstreaks and skippers, have * American Elm Question Mark, Red-Spotted Purple** shorter proboscises and are Small Trees unable to reach the nectar in Alnus serrulata Alder Harvester (carnivorous larvae eat woolly aphids larger blooms. Larger butterflies, commonly found on alder) such as swallowtails, favor larger arborea Serviceberry Red-Spotted Purple, Viceroy** blooms. Asimina triloba Pawpaw Zebra Swallowtail • Consider the moisture and light Ironwood Eastern Tiger Swallowtail, Red-Spotted Purple requirements of plants before Cercis canadensis Redbud Henry’s Elfin introducing them to your Cornus Flowering Dogwood Spring Azure butterfly habitat. Choose only spp. Hawthorn Gray Hairstreak, Red-Spotted Purple**, Viceroy** the plants most appropriate for Myrica cerifera Wax Myrtle Red-Banded Hairstreak Rhus copallina Winged Sumac Red-Banded Hairstreak your area. Rhus glabra Smooth Sumac Symplocos tinctoria Sweetleaf King’s Hairstreak Shrubs Asimina parviflora Dwarf Pawpaw Zebra Swallowtail New Jersey Tea Mottled Duskywing Gaylussacia dumosa Dwarf Huckleberry Henry’s Elfin Gaylussacia frondosa Blue Huckleberry Ilex glabra Inkberry Henry’s Elfin Lindera benzoin Spicebush Palamedes Swallowtail, Spicebush Swallowtail Zebra swallowtail caterpillars feed serotinum Mistletoe Great Purple Hairstreak almost exclusively on pawpaw plants. Vaccinium arboreum Sparkleberry Brown Elfin Illustration by Liessa Thomas Bowen Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush Blueberry Vaccinium stamineum Deerberry

6 North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Table 1. Some native host plants for North Carolina butterflies (continued).

Scientific Name Common Name Butterfly Larvae Vines Aristolochia macrophylla Dutchman’s Pipe Pipevine Swallowtail Passiflora incarnata Passionflower Gulf Fritillary, Variegated Fritillary, Zebra Swallowtail Herbs and Wildflowers Agalinus spp. Gerardia Common Buckeye plantaginifolia Plantain-Leaved Pussytoes American Lady Antennaria solitaria Solitary Pussytoes Aristolochia serpentaria Virginia Snakeroot Pipevine Swallowtail Aruncus dioicus Goat’s Beard Dusky Azure Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed Monarch Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Weed Asclepias variegata White Milkweed Aster carolinianus Climbing Aster Pearl Crescent Aster novae-angliae New England Aster Baptisia tinctoria Wild Indigo Wild Indigo Duskywing Boehmeria cylindrica False Nettle Eastern Comma, Question Mark, Red Admiral Partridge Pea Cloudless Sulphur, Little Yellow, Sleepy Orange Chelone glabra White Turtlehead Baltimore Checkerspot, Common Buckeye** Taller plants like joe-pye-weed can be Cimicifuga racemosa Black Cohosh great nectar sources for butterflies, but Cirsium horridulum Yellow Thistle Little Metalmark, Painted Lady they should be placed behind lower- Desmodium spp. Beggarlice Silver-Spotted Skipper, Hoary Edge, growing plants. Photo by Chris Moorman Northern Cloudywing, Southern Cloudywing, Gray Hairstreak, Eastern Tailed-Blue Eupatorium fistulosum Joe-Pye-Weed Pearl Crescent • Visit butterfly gardens at local obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco American Lady nature centers or botanical Helianthus atrorubens Sunflower Silvery Checkerspot gardens and observe which Laportea canadensis Wood Nettle Eastern Comma, Red Admiral flowering plants attract butterflies. capitata Bush Clover Eastern Tailed-Blue • Do not get discouraged if a Virginia Bush Clover particular plant does not attract Linaria canadensis Blue Toadflax Common Buckeye Penstemon laevigatus Smooth Beardtongue Common Buckeye butterflies as anticipated. Experi- Ruellia caroliniensis Wild Petunia Common Buckeye ment and find out which plants Tephrosia virginiana Goat’s Rue Southern Cloudywing, Northern Cloudywing work in your butterfly habitat. Thaspium barbinode Meadow Parsnip Black Swallowtail • Peelings and cores of fruit Thaspium trifoliatum Hairy-Jointed Meadow Parsnip (peeled, overly ripe bananas Trifolium carolinianum Carolina Clover Clouded Sulphur, Eastern Tailed-Blue, Orange work well) can be discarded in Trifolium reflexum Buffalo Clover Sulphur, Gray Hairstreak, Northern Cloudywing Urtica chamaedryoides Heartleaf Nettle Painted Lady**, Eastern Comma, partially shaded nooks in the Urtica dioica Stinging Nettle Question Mark, Red Admiral garden where they will attract Viola spp. Violets Fritillaries butterflies that eat rotting fruit. Zizia aptera Heart-Leaved Alexanders Black Swallowtail Zizia trifoliata Golden Alexanders Design Grasses and Sedges Andropogon spp. Bluestem, Broomsedge Common Wood-Nymph, Various Skippers Plan your butterfly habitat before Erianthus spp. Plumegrass buying and putting in any plants. spp. Panic Grasses Decide how much space you want Schizachyrium scoparius Little Bluestem to dedicate to your butterfly habitat. Tridens flavus Purple Top • Map the area in its current Arundinaria gigantea Switchcane Southern Pearly-Eye, Creole Pearly-Eye, Various Skippers condition, then create a map for Carex spp. Sedges Various Satyrs your projected habitat, making Uniola latifolia River Oats Northern Pearly-Eye sure to provide for all the basic butterfly needs (sun, shelter, * Trees that can be pruned and kept at shrub size by cutting them to the ground every 2-3 years. In this way, people with small yards can increase tree species diversity. larval host plants, and adult ** Rarely uses this host plant in North Carolina. nectar plants). Butterflies in Your Backyard 7 • Your butterfly habitat will • Many nectar and larval host your local environment and the function best in a sunny loca- plants grow tall. Taller plants and native plant population. tion. Most butterflies are active shrubs provide butterflies with • Make “puddling” (ingestion of only in the sun, and many shelter from wind and rain. salts from watery or damp butterfly larval and nectar plants • Remember that many of your ground) easy for male butterflies require sunny habitats. plants will grow larger and by designing water puddles and • Place taller plants and shrubs multiply each year as they wet, sandy areas into the habitat behind smaller plants and ground mature. Be sure to leave room for and by allowing animal feces to covers to maximize visibility and each plant to grow and expand. remain in the landscape. enjoyment of your design. • Do not dig plants from the wild • Provide a few large flat rocks for • Concentrate flowering plants unless you are part of an orga- butterflies to perch on while with similar blooming periods to nized plant rescue. Select nurs- basking in the sun. allow butterflies easy access to ery-grown native species or • You can provide shelter for the seasonally abundant nectar cultivate your own from nurs- butterflies in your habitat by sources without excessive ery-bred native seeds. By using leaving snags (standing dead movement and increased expo- nursery stock from a reputable trees) or a brush pile. There is little sure to predators (see Table 2). dealer, you will help preserve evidence to suggest that butter- flies actually use butterfly houses.

Table 2. Native nectar plants and their primary blooming period. Blooming Blooming Scientific Name Common Name Dates Scientific Name Common Name Dates Aesculus pavia Red Buckeye March-April Hydrangea arborescens Wild Hydrangea May-July Amelanchier arborea Serviceberry March-April Phlox carolina Carolina Phlox May-July Gelsemium sempervirens Carolina Jessamine March-April Rudbeckia hirta Black-Eyed Susan May-July Flowering Dogwood March-April Penstemon canescens Hairy Beardtongue May-July Prunus americana Wild Plum March-April Rhododendron calendulaceum Flame Azalea May-July Prunus angustifolia Chickasaw Plum March-April Apocynum cannabinum Indian Hemp (Dogbane) May-July Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush Blueberry March-May Coreopsis falcata Sickle Tickseed May-July Cercis canadensis Redbud March-May Coreopsis verticillata Threadleaf Coreopsis May-July Aquilegia canadensis Wild Columbine March-May Passiflora incarnata Passionflower May-July Ilex vomitoria Yaupon March-May Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Weed May-Aug. Halesia tetraptera Carolina Silverbell March-May Heliopsis helianthoides Ox-Eye May-Oct. Symplocos tinctoria Sweetleaf March-May Basswood June Gaylussacia dumosa Dwarf Huckleberry March-June Cyrilla racemiflora Titi June-July Rhododendron periclimenoides Wild Azalea April-May Clethra alnifolia Sweet Pepperbush June-July Rhododendron atlanticum Dwarf Azalea April-May Rhus glabra Smooth Sumac June-July Gaylussacia frondosa Blue Huckleberry April-May Oxydendrum arboreum Sourwood June-July Houstonia caerulea Bluets April-May Rhododendron maximum Rosebay Rhododendron June-Aug. Salvia lyrata Lyreleaf Sage April-May Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush June-Aug. Lyonia lucida Fetterbush April-May Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower June-Aug. Crataegus spp. Hawthorn April-May Monarda fistulosa Wild Bergamot June-Sept. Ilex decidua Possumhaw April-May Rose Mallow June-Sept. Ilex verticillata Winterberry April-May Aralia spinosa Devil’s Walking Stick June-Sept. Prunus serotina Black Cherry April-May Impatiens capensis Jewelweed June-frost Prunus pennsylvanica Fire Cherry April-May Phlox paniculata Summer Phlox July-Aug. Rhododendron catawbiense Catawba Rhododendron April-June Pycnanthemum incanum Hoary Mountainmint July-Aug. Ilex opaca American Holly April-June Stokesia laevis Stoke’s Aster July-Aug. Kalmia latifolia Mountain Laurel April-June Monarda didyma Beebalm July-Sept. Coreopsis lanceolata Lance-Leaved Coreopsis April-June Liatris spicata Blazing Star July-Sept. Geranium maculatum Wild Geranium April-June Rhus copallina Winged Sumac July-Sept. Rubus spp. Blackberry, Dewberry April-June Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed July-Sept. Liriodendron tulipifera Yellow Poplar April-June Vernonia noveboracensis Ironweed July-Sept. Coreopsis auriculata Eared Coreopsis April-June Lobelia cardinalis Cardinal Flower July-Oct. Vaccinium stamineum Deerberry April-June Eupatorium fistulosum Joe-Pye-Weed July-Oct. Silene virginica Fire Pink April-July Helianthus angustifolius Swamp Sunflower July-frost Vaccinium arboreum Sparkleberry May-June Monarda punctata Horsemint Aug.-Sept. Asclepias variegata White Milkweed May-June Rudbeckia fulgida Orange Coneflower Aug.-Oct. Penstemon laevigatus Smooth Beardtongue May-June Lobelia puberula Blue Lobelia Aug.-Oct. Ilex glabra Inkberry May-June Helianthus atrorubens Sunflower Aug.-Oct. Itea virginica Virginia Willow May-June Solidago spp. Goldenrod Aug.-Oct. Ceanothus americanus New Jersey Tea May-June Ipomoea coccinea Red Morning Glory Aug.-frost

8 North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Use these designs as ideas for your butterfly landscape. You can attract butterflies from spring through fall by including plants with different blooming periods and caterpillar host plants. For better butterfly viewing, taller plants should be clustered in the back and smaller plants in the front. Illustrations by Liessa Thomas Bowen Maintenance • Throughout the growing season, leave the dead flower heads and dead foliage on your plants or you may accidentally remove eggs or pupating butterflies. • If neatness is in your blood, consider allocating a few plants as butterfly host plants. Leave those plants alone, but remove and relocate caterpillars from individual plants, if you like. • Wildlife habitat, whether for Smaller butterflies, like this red-banded hairstreak (left), have short proboscises and birds or butterflies, is best left are unable to reach the nectar in large blooms. Larger butterflies, like the eastern untidy. As native grasses and tiger swallowtail (right), favor larger blooms. Photos by Chris Moorman wildflowers grow, bloom, and set seed, they may grow fast, tall, and a bit scraggly. Nature is not always perfectly ordered, and the most effective butterfly gardens will follow in nature’s footsteps. • To keep your garden looking and performing its best requires research, planning, and annual maintenance. Although you’ll probably discover that many butterflies quickly find your new plantings, expect to wait several years before your butterfly Goldenrod (left), ironweed (right), and other late-flowering plants provide important garden becomes fully established nectar sources for butterflies like the viceroy (left) and gulf fritillary (right) during a and, therefore, fully appreciated time of the year when many popular ornamentals are not in bloom. by the butterflies. Left photo courtesy of Thomas G. Barnes; right photo by Chris Moorman

Butterflies in Your Backyard 9 Butterfly conservation

• Encourage your neighbors and local school officials, businesses, or parks officials to put in butterfly plantings of their own so you all can create a network of butterfly habitats throughout your community. • Gardening with native plant species can increase critical habitat for both larvae and adult butterflies. • Minimize the use of pesticides. Chemicals that kill pests also kill butterflies and beneficial insects. Pesticides can be toxic to birds, too, and runoff can con- taminate streams and water systems. • Butterfly-releases at weddings or other occasions have become popular, but are not recom- mended for a number of reasons. These butterflies can spread diseases to the native butterfly population. They may interbreed with the native population,

causing genetic problems or interfering with natural migra- tion patterns. They also gener- ally die quickly because they are released during an inappropriate season or are not equipped to handle the particular environ- ment where they are released.

10 North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Internet resources E-mail forum Opler, P. A., and R. T. Peterson. 1992. Field Guide to Eastern Notes on the Butterflies of CarolinaLeps is a listserve-style e- Butterflies (Peterson Field North Carolina mail forum for butterfly enthusi- Guides). : Houghton www.ncsparks.net/butterfly/ asts to discuss all aspects of Mifflin Co. nbnc.html butterfly life in the Carolinas, including butterfly finding, Pyle, R. M., and S. A Hughes. North American Butterfly butterfly identification, trip re- 1992. Handbook for Butterfly Association ports, butterfly counts, butterfly Watchers. New York: Houghton www.naba.org behavior, backyard butterflying, Mifflin Co. Carolina Butterfly Society butterfly gardening, butterfly Wasowski, Sally, and Andy www.carolinabutterflysociety.org photography, and butterfly club Wasowski. 1994. Gardening with information. To subscribe, send Native Plants of the South. Dallas, Butterflies of North Carolina the message text “subscribe : Taylor Publishing Co. www.rlephoto.com/butterflies/ carolinaleps” (without the quotation butterflies.html marks) to [email protected]. For more information, re- Leave the subject line blank, and Butterflies of North America quest the following Working do not write anything else in your www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/ With Wildlife (WWW) and message text. You will receive an distr/lepid/BFLYUSA/ Urban Wildlife (AG) publica- automated confirmation, which bflyusa.htm tions from your local Coopera- includes a file of information. For tive Extension Service Center or Xerces Society more details, send e-mail to find them on the Internet at www.xerces.org [email protected]. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/forestry/. National Audubon Society • Songbirds, WWW-4. www.audubon.org Additional resources • Snags and Downed Logs, WWW-14. National Wildlife Federation Ajilvsgi, G. 1990. Butterfly Garden- www.nwf.org ing for the South. Dallas, Texas: • Hummingbirds and Butterflies, Taylor Publishing Co. WWW-20. Northern Prairie Wildlife Resource Center Barnes, Thomas G. 1999. Garden- • Managing Backyards and www.npwrc.usgs.gov ing for the Birds. Lexington: The Other Urban Habitats for Birds, University Press of Kentucky. AG-636-01. Glassberg, J. 1999. Butterflies • Landscaping for Wildlife with Through Binoculars, The East. Native Plants, AG-636-03. New York: Oxford University Press.

Butterflies in Your Backyard 11 Funding for this publication was provided in part through an Urban and Community Forestry Grant from the North Carolina Division of Forest Resources, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, in cooperation with the USDA Forest Service, Southern Region.

Prepared by Liessa Thomas Bowen, Graduate Research Assistant, North Carolina State University Chris Moorman, Extension Wildlife Specialist, North Carolina State University

Contributing authors John Connors, Naturalist Center Coordinator, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Nick Haddad, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University Mark Johns, Wildlife Biologist, North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission Jesse Perry, Director of Public Programs, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Jeffrey Pippen, Research Associate, Biology Department, Duke University

© 2002 North Carolina State University

5,200 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $4,888.00 or $0.94 per copy.

Published by North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Employment and program opportunities are offered to all people regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and local governments cooperating.

12/02—9M—JL/VG AG-636-02

E03-42807