DOCSLIB.ORG

B4 Solar for Homes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
B4 Solar for Homes SOLAR FOR HOMES TYLER HUEBNER, RENEW WISCONSIN BETTER BUILDINGS BETTER BUSINESS CONFERENCE, WI DELLS • FEBRUARY 16, 2018 ABOUT RENEW WISCONSIN: FOUNDED 1991 SUPPORT FOR: - SOLAR - WIND - BIOMASS & BIOGAS - GEOTHERMAL - HYDROPOWER WHY SOLAR POWER IN WISCONSIN? CompareIT’S Solar SUNNY Resource ENOUGH by Region IN WISCONSIN Germany: 7% Solar Germany Wisconsin: USA USA 0.15% Solar Annual Insolation (kWh(kWh / m2 / year) Photos courtesy SunPeak INSTALLED SOLAR COSTS ARE DOWN 75% SINCE 2009 $8.00 16,000 $7.00 14,000 $6.00 12,000 $5.00 10,000 $4.00 8,000 $3.00 6,000 DC) - ($/watt) $2.00 4,000 (MW $1.00 2,000 Blended Average Solar PV Price Price PV Solar Average Blended $- 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Q3 2017 Solar PV Installations Forecasted Solar PV Prices Capacity PV solar Installed Annual TECHNOLOGY KEEPS IMPROVING: SOLAR PANEL EFFICIENCY INCREASES SOLAR IS RELIABLE Photo: Solar Power World Most solar panels sold today come with a 25 year manufacturers warranty. Why Wisconsin Families “Go Solar” Photo: Solar • Save money + Power World Hedge against rising utility prices • Increase the value of your home • Produce your own energy • Take meaningful action that you can feel good about! Why Wisconsin Families “Go Solar” Photo: Solar Power World Money leaving Wisconsin every year! WISCONSIN SOLAR POWERED HOMES: EQUIPMENT & APPLICATIONS “Grid-tied” Solar Electric System • Utility supplies any electricity not produced by panels (at night, cloudy days) • Least expensive • System size (in kW) determined by • Yo u r e l e c t r i c u s e • Yo u r property Components of a PV System “Panels” or “Modules” “Inverter” make up an “Array” • Converts DC electricity • Converts sunlight into from solar panels AC electricity electricity used by • No moving parts appliances • Warrantied for 25 years • Warrantied for 10 • Designed to handle golf years ball-sized hail • Connects to • Snow melts off due to monitoring equipment roof pitch and dark color Slide courtesy of MREA What makes a home good for solar? ¡ Do I have a south “ish” facing roof or location? ¡ East & West applications increasingly common ¡ Is my roof unshaded? ¡ Is my roof structurally sound? ¡ Do I expect my roof to last at least 10 more years? ¡ Is my home energy efficient? A 2017 MadiSUN installation by ¡ Do you want to “drive on sunshine?” Midwest Solar Power Wisconsin’s First Solar Subdivision to Rise in New Berlin - 34 residences - Solar on every roof - May 2017 ground- breaking SOLAR FOR HOMES: ECONOMICS & INCENTIVES Residential Renewables Rewards: 12% incentive off the system cost, capped at $2000 Budget of $1.35 million for 2018 Federal Tax Credits $15,000 Solar Cost Exercise - $1,800 - $3,960 $9,240 $15,000 Solar Cost Exercise - $1,800 - $3,960 $9,240 $15,000 Solar Cost Exercise - $1,800 - $3,960 $9,240 $15,000 Solar Cost Exercise - $1,800 - $3,960 $9,240 Tariff on Imported Solar Panels Electric Rates Utility Residential Rates / kWh Regular Time-of-Use We Energies 13.1¢ 19.7 / 9.0 Madison Gas & Electric 13.6¢ 23-29 / 7.5 Alliant 11.7¢ 17.9 / 7.4 Xcel 12¢ 19-20 / 7.5 Wisc. Public Service 10¢ 22 / 6 Net Metering Extra electricity you produce can be banked for later! Net Metering: Daily Snapshot Net Metering – Monthly Snapshot Solar Energy Value Same 5 kilowatt solar PV array Assume 1,200 kilowatt-hours of production for every kilowatt of solar (WI average) 6,000 kilowatt-hours of solar production per year Utility Residential Rates / kWh $ Savings in Year 1 – $ Savings in Year 1 – Regular Time-of-Use Standard Rates Time of Use Rates We Energies 13.1¢ 19.7 / 9.0 $786 $1021 Madison Gas & Electric 13.6¢ 23-29 / 7.5 $816 $1282 Alliant 11.7¢ 17.9 / 7.4 $702 $916 Xcel 12¢ 19-20 / 7.5 $720 $990 Wisc. Public Service 10¢ 22 / 6 $600 $1080 Solar Energy Value Same 5 kilowatt solar PV array Assume 1,200 kilowatt-hours of production for every kilowatt of solar (WI average) 6,000 kilowatt-hours of solar production per year Utility Residential Rates / kWh $ Savings in Year 1 – $ Savings in Year 1 – Regular Time-of-Use Standard Rates Time of Use Rates We Energies 13.1¢ 19.7 / 9.0 $786 $1021 Madison Gas & Electric 13.6¢ 23-29 / 7.5 $816 $1282 Alliant 11.7¢ 17.9 / 7.4 $702 $916 Xcel 12¢ 19-20 / 7.5 $720 $990 Wisc. Public Service 10¢ 22 / 6 $600 $1080 “Simple Payback” Exercise Solar “Simple Payback” on Regular Rates – Average $720 per year in solar value Solar ”Simple Payback” on Time-of-Use Rates – Average $1080 per year in solar value “Simple Payback” Exercise Solar “Simple Payback” on Regular Rates – Average $720 per year in solar value 12.8 years Solar ”Simple Payback” on Time-of-Use Rates – Average $1080 per year in solar value 8.6 years Solar homes sold 20% faster and for 17% more than the equivalent non-solar homes across several subdivisions (construction by different builders). NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) In a study across six states, Berkeley National Lab found that home buyers will pay a premium for solar homes. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory RENEW WISCONSIN RENEW WISCONSIN PRESENTATION RENEW WISCONSIN PRESENTATION 2018 Wisconsin Solar Group Buys SOLAR FOR HOMES: ELECTRIC CARS Courtesy of Greentech Media, July 22, 2014 SOLAR FOR HOMES – THANK YOU & QUESTIONS TYLER HUEBNER, RENEW WISCONSIN BETTER BUILDINGS BETTER BUSINESS CONFERENCE, WI DELLS • FEBRUARY 16, 2018.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Environmental and Economic Benefits of Building Solar in California Quality Careers — Cleaner Lives
    Environmental and Economic Benefits of Building Solar in California Quality Careers — Cleaner Lives DONALD VIAL CENTER ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE GREEN ECONOMY Institute for Research on Labor and Employment University of California, Berkeley November 10, 2014 By Peter Philips, Ph.D. Professor of Economics, University of Utah Visiting Scholar, University of California, Berkeley, Institute for Research on Labor and Employment Peter Philips | Donald Vial Center on Employment in the Green Economy | November 2014 1 2 Environmental and Economic Benefits of Building Solar in California: Quality Careers—Cleaner Lives Environmental and Economic Benefits of Building Solar in California Quality Careers — Cleaner Lives DONALD VIAL CENTER ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE GREEN ECONOMY Institute for Research on Labor and Employment University of California, Berkeley November 10, 2014 By Peter Philips, Ph.D. Professor of Economics, University of Utah Visiting Scholar, University of California, Berkeley, Institute for Research on Labor and Employment Peter Philips | Donald Vial Center on Employment in the Green Economy | November 2014 3 About the Author Peter Philips (B.A. Pomona College, M.A., Ph.D. Stanford University) is a Professor of Economics and former Chair of the Economics Department at the University of Utah. Philips is a leading economic expert on the U.S. construction labor market. He has published widely on the topic and has testified as an expert in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, served as an expert for the U.S. Justice Department in litigation concerning the Davis-Bacon Act (the federal prevailing wage law), and presented testimony to state legislative committees in Ohio, Indiana, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Utah, Kentucky, Connecticut, and California regarding the regulations of construction labor markets.
    [Show full text]
  • US Solar Industry Year in Review 2009
    US Solar Industry Year in Review 2009 Thursday, April 15, 2010 575 7th Street NW Suite 400 Washington DC 20004 | www.seia.org Executive Summary U.S. Cumulative Solar Capacity Growth Despite the Great Recession of 2009, the U.S. solar energy 2,500 25,000 23,835 industry grew— both in new installations and 2,000 20,000 employment. Total U.S. solar electric capacity from 15,870 2,108 photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) 1,500 15,000 technologies climbed past 2,000 MW, enough to serve -th MW more than 350,000 homes. Total U.S. solar thermal 1,000 10,000 MW 1 capacity approached 24,000 MWth. Solar industry 494 revenues also surged despite the economy, climbing 500 5,000 36 percent in 2009. - - A doubling in size of the residential PV market and three new CSP plants helped lift the U.S. solar electric market 37 percent in annual installations over 2008 from 351 MW in 2008 to 481 MW in 2009. Solar water heating (SWH) Electricity Capacity (MW) Thermal Capacity (MW-Th) installations managed 10 percent year-over-year growth, while the solar pool heating (SPH) market suffered along Annual U.S. Solar Energy Capacity Growth with the broader construction industry, dropping 10 1,200 1,099 percent. 1,036 1,000 918 894 928 Another sign of continued optimism in solar energy: 865 -th 725 758 742 venture capitalists invested more in solar technologies than 800 542 any other clean technology in 2009. In total, $1.4 billion in 600 481 2 351 venture capital flowed to solar companies in 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Photovoltaic Manufacturing: Industry Trends, Global Competition, Federal Support
    U.S. Solar Photovoltaic Manufacturing: Industry Trends, Global Competition, Federal Support Michaela D. Platzer Specialist in Industrial Organization and Business January 27, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42509 U.S. Solar PV Manufacturing: Industry Trends, Global Competition, Federal Support Summary Every President since Richard Nixon has sought to increase U.S. energy supply diversity. Job creation and the development of a domestic renewable energy manufacturing base have joined national security and environmental concerns as reasons for promoting the manufacturing of solar power equipment in the United States. The federal government maintains a variety of tax credits and targeted research and development programs to encourage the solar manufacturing sector, and state-level mandates that utilities obtain specified percentages of their electricity from renewable sources have bolstered demand for large solar projects. The most widely used solar technology involves photovoltaic (PV) solar modules, which draw on semiconducting materials to convert sunlight into electricity. By year-end 2013, the total number of grid-connected PV systems nationwide reached more than 445,000. Domestic demand is met both by imports and by about 75 U.S. manufacturing facilities employing upwards of 30,000 U.S. workers in 2014. Production is clustered in a few states including California, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, and Washington. Domestic PV manufacturers operate in a dynamic, volatile, and highly competitive global market now dominated by Chinese and Taiwanese companies. China alone accounted for nearly 70% of total solar module production in 2013. Some PV manufacturers have expanded their operations beyond China to places like Malaysia, the Philippines, and Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Progress Toward 100% Clean Energy
    PROGRESS TOWARD 100% CLEAN ENERGY IN CITIES & STATES ACROSS THE U.S. NOVEMBER 2019 Introduction 1 in 3 DESPITE FEDERAL POLICY DESIGNED TO PROMOTE FOSSIL FUELS, A RENEWABLE ENERGY TRANSITION IS UNDERWAY, LED BY COMMUNITIES Americans AND STATES THROUGHOUT THE U.S. A growing number of cities are lives in a city or state that has choosing to transition to 100% clean energy – and dozens have already hit that committed to, or achieved, target – while the list of states committed to a 100% renewable energy future 100% clean electricity. also continues to grow. This local and state demand has contributed to a near doubling of renewable energy generation since 2008.1 Clean energy communities are finding that the benefits of switching to renewable energy include local job creation, clean air, and resilience. More than 200 Increasingly, the cost calculation is also in favor of renewable resources compared to fossil fuels. Another major motivator is climate change. The cities and counties electricity sector is responsible for 28% of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 11 states, Puerto Rico, and in the United States, second only to transportation.2 With a decarbonized grid, the District of Columbia we can decrease GHG emissions from both the electricity and transportation sectors as the nation transitions to electricity as a transportation fuel source. have a 100% commitment or achievement. Progress on 100% clean energy commitments has been rapid. More than a dozen U.S. states, districts, and territories and greater than 200 cities and counties now have committed to or already achieved 100% clean electricity. This means that one out of every three Americans (about 111 million Americans Renewable energy and 34% of the population) lives in a community or state that has committed generation throughout to or has already achieved 100% clean electricity.
    [Show full text]
  • RECORD of DECISION Gemini Solar Project
    RECORD OF DECISION Gemini Solar Project Case File Number: N-84631 DOI-BLM-NV-S010-2018-0051-EIS May 2020 Prepared by United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Las Vegas Field Office 4701 N. Torrey Pines Drive Las Vegas, NV 89130 GEMIN1 SOLAR PROJECT RECORD OF DECISION Executive Summary This document constitutes the Record of Decision (ROD) of the United States Department of the Interior (DOI), regarding the Solar Partners XI, LLC's (Applicant) application fora right-of-way (ROW) grant for the Gemini Solar Project (Project) and the associated amendment to the Las Vegas Resource Management Plan of 1998, as amended (1998 Las Vegas RMP). This decision is supportedby the analysis included in the Proposed Resource Management Plan Amendment (RM.PA) andFinal Environmental lmpact Statement (FBlS) for Ulis project that was published on December 27, 2019. This ROD makes two decisions: • First, it approves the issuance of a Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) Title V ROW grant to the Applicant to construct, operate, maintain, and decommission a solar facility analyzed in the Proposed RMPA/Final EIS as the Hybrid Alternative. • Second, it amends the Visual Resource Management (VRM) Class 111 objective in the 1998 Las Vegas RMP to a VRM Class TV objective, to allow for management activities that require major modifications of existing landscape character. This decision reflects careful consideration of the Proposed Action, the various alternatives, and the issues identified in the Propo$ed RMPA/Final EIS. This decision best fulfillsthe BLM' s and DOJ's stallllory mission and responsibilities. Introduction The Applicant amended an existing ROW grant application with the BLM to construct, operate, maintain, and decommission the Project on July 21, 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Direct-SOUL-Powers 1
    PSC REF#:364951 Public Service Commission of Wisconsin RECEIVED: 04/26/2019 11:42:42 AM BEFORE THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION OF WISCONSIN Joint Application of American Transmission Company LLC and Dairyland Power Cooperative - Wisconsin, as Electric Public Utilities, for Certificate of Public Convenience Docket No: 05-CE 146 and Necessity and WDNR Utility Permit Cardinal-Hickory Creek 345 kV Transmission Line Project DIRECT TESTIMONY OF WILLIAM E. POWERS, P.E. ON BEHALF OF S.O.U.L. OF WISCONSIN, INC. APRIL 26, 2019 Table of Contents Page I. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 II. Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................................... 2 III. Legal Framework................................................................................................................... 3 IV. Applicants Provide No Evidence That Upper Midwest Wind Power That Would Flow Over CHC Is Substantially Lower Cost Than Other Wind or Solar Power Alternatives Available to Wisconsin Utilities ............................................................................................ 4 V. The Number of Wind Projects in the MISO Queue Is No Indication of the Demand for ...... that Wind Power Capacity ..................................................................................................... 6 VI. There Is No Peak Load or Retail Electric Sales Growth Occurring in Wisconsin ...............
    [Show full text]
  • Fedgazette NINTH DISTRICT FEATURE JANUARY 2012
    Page 7 fedgazette NINTH DISTRICT FEATURE JANUARY 2012 Incentives promote a boom-and-bust pattern of development—a rush to install systems when incentive dollars are available, followed by a period of retrenchment when support fades. This phenomenon, known in the industry as the “solar-coaster,” is particularly evident in the market’s response to rebate programs. Solar forecast: Sunny with a chance of rain Solar-electric installs have surged in the district, but the industry remains dependent on subsidies By PHIL DAVIES Senior Writer In 2008, general contractor Jim Davis saw an opportunity in the shining new world of photovoltaics—generating electric- ity from the sun’s rays. Increasing numbers of homeowners and businesses were interested in the technology as a way to produce their own power, and generous government incentives defrayed the high cost of solar-electric systems. Davis and a partner founded Synergized Solar, a one-stop shop for professional installers of solar photovoltaic systems. The River Falls, Wis., wholesaler sells solar PV systems that include everything from silicon panels to motorized racks that follow the sun to wiring that ties the systems into the electric grid. Synergized has sold hundreds of systems for both commercial and residential projects to installers in Wisconsin, Minnesota and other Midwestern states. But today the company’s prospects don’t look as bright. Competition from national solar PV wholesalers in a grow- ing but still very small equipment market has cut into sales; last fall, 2011 revenues were on pace to fall below the $2 million the firm took in the previous year.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Annual Report
    2020 Annual Report Corporate Headquarters SunPower Corporation 51 Rio Robles San Jose, California 95134 408.240.5500 sunpower.com ©2021 SunPower Corporation. All Rights Reserved. SUNPOWER, the SUNPOWER logo and all other trademarks cited herein are the property of SunPower Corporation in the U.S. Executive Officers Thomas Werner President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board Manavendra Sial Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Kenneth Mahaffey Executive Vice President and General Counsel Douglas Richards Executive Vice President, Administration Board of Directors Thomas Werner Chairman of the Board François Badoual Director Catherine Lesjak Director Thomas McDaniel Director Julien Pouget Making solar + storage simple Director for everyone Denis Toulouse Director We believe clean energy and backup storage should be accessible to everybody. That’s why SunPower designs Franck Trochet all-in-one residential and commercial solar solutions Director backed by personal customer service and the industry’s Laurent Wolffsheim most comprehensive warranty. And with over 35 years Director of dedicated solar experience, we’re the only U.S.-based solar company that’s been around longer than our Patrick Wood III 25-year warranty. Director 2020 Annual Report CEO Letter Dear Shareholders, Among the many things that became clear in 2020, we learned that widespread renewable energy adoption is a reality. People and businesses are demanding better, cleaner, more resilient, and more affordable energy. That future is here: according to the International Energy Agency 90 percent of new worldwide electricity capacity came from renewable sources in 2020. The markets have spoken, and SunPower is delivering. Poised to enable a new era of distributed energy and self‐produced power Last August, SunPower embarked on a new chapter as we completed our spin‐off with Maxeon Solar Technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Case Studies Table of Contents Summary
    Solar Case Studies Table of Contents Summary . 3 Tri-County Electric Cooperative . 4 Southern Maryland Electric Cooperative . 8 San Miguel Power Association . 13 Okanogan County Electric Cooperative . 19 Green Power EMC . 25 Cherryland Electric Cooperative . 29 Kit Carson Electric Cooperative . 38 Great River Energy . 46 Summary Fast evolving technologies and policy initiatives are transforming all sectors of the elec- tric utility industry, including electric cooperatives. No energy source is changing faster or generating more questions than solar energy. Promoted by federal and state mandates and financial incentives, the use of photovolta- ic panels to produce electricity is surging. Declining system costs have made the tech- nology more affordable and further juiced the solar surge. That growth, however, is not without consequences for how cooperatives do business. There are serious implications, financial, technical and strategic. As solar generation's capacity grows and solar power's cost continues to decrease, non-utility providers are inviting consumers to choose solar for a portion of their elec- tric power needs. Many electric cooperatives are wrestling with the question of how to respond. Is solar a promising opportunity for future growth? Or is it a competitive threat to cooperatives’ core business? Electric cooperatives are embracing the challenge and in many places leading the way in bringing solar energy to people. Across the country, co-ops have almost 240 megawatts of solar capacity online or on the drawing board. By empowering their consumer-mem- bers to have a role in determining how their energy needs are met, cooperatives provide innovative solutions that balance their business priorities and consumer goals while ensuring reliable, affordable and sustainable electric power for all.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Clean-Energy Industries and Green Jobs
    General Acknowledgements This research report is an university-based report that is independent of political affiliations, parties, and nongovernmental advocacy organizations. Research was supported by the National Science Foundation’s Program on Science and Technology Studies for the grant “The Greening of Economic Development” (SES-0947429). The grant enabled a summer training seminar led by David Hess (a professor of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), with support from coinvestigator Abby Kinchy (an assistant professor of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute). Eight doctoral students in the social sciences who focus on environmental, science, and technology studies were selected for participation in the seminar based on a national competition. The training seminar enabled coursework and hands-on experience for the graduate students based on interviews and documentary research for sections of this report. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Specific acknowledgements to the many people we talked with are at the end of each state case study. Cover photos by Jaime D. Ewalt and Wayne National Forest. Inside photos by David A Banks, Jaime D. Ewalt, David J. Hess, Matthew Hoffmann, and Neville Micallef. Suggested Citation Hess, David J., David A. Banks, Bob Darrow, Joseph Datko, Jaime D. Ewalt, Rebecca Gresh, Matthew Hoffmann, Anthony Sarkis, and Logan D.A. Williams. 2010. “Building Clean-Energy Industries and Green Jobs: Policy Innovations at the State and Local Government Level.” Science and Technology Studies Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • Market Trends 2 013
    U.S. Solar MARKET TRENDS 2 013 JULY 2014 Larry Sherwood U.S. Solar MARKET TRENDS 2 013 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Solar energy markets are booming in the United Important CURRENT TRENDS States due to falling photovoltaic (PV) prices, strong consumer demand, available financing, Photovoltaic JULY 2014 Larry Sherwood renewable portfolio standards (RPSs), and • California was the most important market financial incentives from the federal government, in 2013. Fifty-seven percent of U.S. capacity states and utilities. Thirty-four percent more PV installed in 2013 occurred in the Golden State, capacity was installed in 2013 than the year and the capacity installed during 2013 was 161 before. Developers completed three large percent greater than what was installed concentrating solar power (CSP) plants with a in 2012. combined capacity of nearly 0.8 GWAC at the • Residential capacity installed in 2013 grew by end of 2013. Solar installations accounted for 68 percent in the U.S., fueled by the increasing 31 percent of all electric power installations use of leases and third-party ownership of these completed in 2013. systems. Over 145,000 residential PV systems were installed during the year. The federal Investment Tax Credit (ITC) of 30 percent of the installed cost is an important • Utility sector capacity installed grew by 47 foundational incentive for most installations. percent. Ten PV installations, each larger than 100 MW , were completed in 2013. Installed prices for distributed PV installations fell DC by at least 11 percent in 2013 and have fallen by • Hawaii had the highest per capita installed 44 percent since 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Utility-Scale Concentrating Solar Power and Photovoltaics Projects: a Technology and Market Overview Michael Mendelsohn, Travis Lowder, and Brendan Canavan
    Utility-Scale Concentrating Solar Power and Photovoltaics Projects: A Technology and Market Overview Michael Mendelsohn, Travis Lowder, and Brendan Canavan NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-51137 April 2012 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Utility-Scale Concentrating Solar Power and Photovoltaics Projects: A Technology and Market Overview Michael Mendelsohn, Travis Lowder, and Brendan Canavan Prepared under Task No. SM10.2442 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report 1617 Cole Boulevard NREL/TP-6A20-51137 Golden, Colorado 80401 April 2012 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]