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Azadirachta Indica A. Joss. Neem, Margosa SO-ITF·SM·70 February UHM Meliaceae Mahogany Family

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Azadirachta Indica A. Joss. Neem, Margosa SO-ITF·SM·70 February UHM Meliaceae Mahogany Family Azadirachta indica A. Joss. Neem, margosa SO-ITF·SM·70 February UHM Meliaceae Mahogany family John A. Parrotta and A.N. Chaturvedi AzadirachJa indica A. Juss., commonly known as neem iJ' Climate English and Hindi and margosa and paraiso de India in Spanish, is a medium-sized to large tree characterized by its Throughout neem's native and introduced ranges, the short, straight bole, furrov.'ed, dark-brown to gray bark. and mean annual temperature ranges from 21 to 32 °C (7). ln dense, rounded crown of pinnate leaves (fig. 1). Native to India, it grows in regions with absolute minimum and max­ south Asia, neem is widely planted and naturalized in semi­ imum shade temperatures of 0 and 49 °C, respectively (78). arid areas throughout Asia and Africa. It has been introduced The normal rainfall within this range varies between 450 to several Caribbean islands where it is grown principally for and 1150 mm per )'ear (78), although neem sometimes grows shade, fuelwood, and numerous nonwood products obtained on sites receiving as little as 250 mm of annual rainfall. In from the leaves, fruits, and bark. These include medicinal and India. neem is used in afforestation programs in arid and insecticidal agents. Except in frost-prone and dry regions, semiarid regions of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, neem is evergreen. Maharashtra. Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. In the Sahelian zone of Africa. it is one of the best species for planting on sites receiving less than 600 mm of annual rainfall with a dry HABITAT season of 5 to 7 months duration <n. Native and Introduced Ranges Although its precise native range is not known, neem is thought to be indigenous to south Asia where it grows in natural forests in the drier- regions of southern India and Myanmar (formerly Burma) (28) (fig. 2). For many centuries, perhaps millenia, neem has been cultivated in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, southern Malaysia, and the drier lndonesian islands from Java eastward. It has become naturalized in various localities throughout that region (3, JO, 28, 82). During the 19th cen­ tury, oeem was introduced to Fiji and Mauritius where it has since become naturalized. Neem has also spread to other islands in the South Pacific (3). Neem was introduced into west Africa at the beginning of this century and, more recently, to other tropical and sub­ tropical regions in the Middle East, Central and South Amer· ica, the Caribbean, and southern Florida (2, 54, 74). In the Caribbean region, neem has become naturalized following its introduction as an ornamental and shade tree in Haiti, the British Virgin Islands, Antigua. Tunidad, and Surinam (3, 47, 48). Small-scale plantations ha\-e been established in the Dominican Republic, Cuba (11), southern Florida, Arizona, and on the Baja California peninsula (54). More extensive plantings have been established during the past 10 years in northern Australia where oeem is being evaluated as a spe­ cies for reforestation of bauxite strip mines.1 1Wood, Tim. 1993. Pensonal commurucation. On file with: Agri· dyne Tuchnologies. Inc., 417 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108. John A. Parrotta is a research forester at the International Institute of'ltopical Forestry, U.S. Department of Agnculture, Forest Servlce, Rio Piedra&. PR 00928-2500; in cooperatloo Wlth the Univemty of Puerw Rico, Rio Piedras, PR 00936-4984. A.N. Chatunedi, formerly of the lndJAn Forest Service, is a senior fellow at the Tat.a Energy Fieure L - A n«m (A%adirechta LDdica A JU#.) tree growing in Research Institute, 7 Jor Bagh, New Delhi 110003, India. India 1 Boivin, A. lebbek, Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dub., Sapindus emarginata Vahl., and Tamarindus indica L. In northern desert thorn forests, it grows in association with Acacia leucophloea Willd., A. senegal Willd., Balanites aegyp­ tiaca (L.) Del., Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr., Holoptelea integrifolia Planch., and Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce. In very dry teak forests, its associates include Anogeissus lati­ folia Wall., Boswellia serrata Roxb., Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr., Sterculia urens Roxb., and Tectona grandis L.f. In southern tropical dry mixed deciduous forests, neem grows with Acacia catechu Willd., A. latifolia, A. leucophloea, Bauhinia spp., Boswellia serrata, and Terminalia tomentosa W. & A., as well as in successional forests dominated by Acacia spp. and Anogeissus pendula Edgw. Neem is also found in southern tropical thorn forests with Acacia catechu, A. chundra Willd., A. ferruginea DC., A. laironum Willd., A. leucophloea, A. nilotica (L.) Del. ssp. indica (Benth.) Bren., Albizia amara, and Chloroxylon swietenia DC. Figure 2. -The approximate native and naturalized range of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) in south Asia, shown by the shaded area. LIFE HISTORY Soils and Tupography Reproduction and Early Growth In India, neem grows in the lowland plains and in montane Flowering and Fruiting. - Neem flowers are borne in areas that reach an elevation of approximately 1,850 m. In its narrow, branched clusters (panicles) 5 to 15 cm long (fig. 3). introduced range, neem is cultivated from sea level to a 1,500- Individual flowers are composed of 5 light-green, rounded m elevation (7, 54). calyx lobes; 5 white, oblong, rounded petals 0.5 cm long; 10 Neem is tolerant of most soil types including dry, stony, stamens united in a tube; and a pistil with a rounded ovary shallow soils, lateritic crusts, Vertisols, highly leached sands, and slender style. In its native range and in the Caribbean, and clays (78). It is well adapted to soils with pH values neem flowers between March and May (12, 48). In the Sudan­ ranging from 5.0 to 8.5, but grows best on deep, porous, well­ Sahelian zone of Africa, flowering generally occurs between drained soils with a pH of 6.0 to 6.5 (7, 31). It is moderately April and July ( 7). tolerant of highly alkaline soils with high levels of sodium, The olive-shaped fruits (drupes) are 1.0 to 2.0 cm long, carbonates, and bicarbonates (29) and has been successfully smooth, and greenish yellow to yellow when mature. Neem established on steep, highly eroded sites (15, 30) as well as on fruits ripen from June to August in India and between Sep­ degraded soils with calcareous hardpans close to the surface tember and December in the Sudan-Sahelian zone of Africa (15). Neem's growth is poor on seasonally waterlogged sites, (7, 12, 78). Fruits usually contain a single elliptic seed, occa­ silty sands, silty alluvial flats, and poorly drained clays (78) as sionally two, surrounded by a sweet pulp, which has a strong well as dry sands where the dry season water table is below garliclike odor. Fruit production usually begins when trees 18 m in depth (7). On soils deficient in zinc or potassium, are 3 to 5 years old and is profuse when trees become fully growth of neem trees is poor (54). The growth rate of neem productive at approximately age 10 (3, 54, 74). appears to be closely related to soil-moisture availability. Seed Production and Dissemination. -There are nor­ Growth is best on freely drained sites where the water table mally between 4,000 to 5,000 seeds per kilogram found in fluctuates between an approximate depth of 3 to 5 m neem fruits, although published data on seed weights range throughout the year. from 900 to 6,300 seeds per kilogram (7, 15). Seeds are Neem is a useful species for improving soil fertility on dispersed by birds. degraded dry sites due to the quality of its leaf litter and The fruits should be collected from branches when fully relatively rapid rate of leaf decomposition (58). On fallow, ripe or from the ground within 1 to 2 days after fruit fall. The sandy loam Ferric Acrisols in Togo, topsoil pH and calcium fruits are then spread on mats under light shade and air­ concentrations under 5-year-old neem stands increased dried for 4 to 5 days (72). After drying, they may be stored at at a more rapid rate than those in adjacent stands of ambient temperature in cloth sacks before sowing. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. and Albizia lebbek Seedling Development. - Germination in neem is epi­ (L.) Benth. (25). Increases in soil pH from 5.0 to 7.0 geous (7). Neem seeds do not require scarification, although under neem stands have been observed elsewhere in Africa depulping and cleaning seeds before sowing greatly improves (7, 58). germination (46). Germination is commonly between 60 and 85 percent for cleaned seeds sown within a week of collection Associated Forest Cover (7, 11, 46). Seeds do not retain their viability for more than 2 months and should be sown within 2 weeks of collection. The In India, neem is found in a variety of dry evergreen, rapid loss of viability after 2 weeks is accompanied by, or deciduous, and thorn forest types (14). In northern dry ever­ possibly due to, fermentation of the cotyledons, which causes green forests, it is commonly associated with Albizia amara a change in their color from green to brown (72). 2 Germination begins from 4 to 10 days after sowing and is collection. Depending on local conditions, good results have usually complete within 3 to 5 weeks (11, 46). Seeds may be been obtained through direct sowing by dibbling in bushes, sown either in seedling containers or in open beds at a broadcast sowing, and sowing in lines, mounds, or ridges (78). spacing of 2.5 cm in lines 15 cm apart. The seeds should be Seedlings raised in the nursery can be planted when they lightly covered with soil and watered sparingly.
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