Danced

Socia-Economic Survey Of The Indigenous Communities From The Soak, and Districts Surrounding The Maliau Basin

November 2000 .

Authors: Judeth John Baptist, Robin Fedilis Lojiwin & Lasung M u rang .Department of Museum, Locked Bag 2015, 88566 , Sabah, Mqlaysia Phone: +60) 88 253 199 Fax: (+60) 88 240 230 .. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY

OF

THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

FROM THE

SOOK, NABA WAN AND KALABAKAN DISTRICTS

SURROUNDING THE MALIAU BASIN I I I I I

BY

JUDETH JOHN BAPTIST ROBIN FED ILlS LOJIWIN LASUNG MURANG

DEPARTMENT OF SABAH MUSEUM I

I I CONTENTS INTRODUCnON Page 1 2 OBJECTIVES 2 SURVEY SITES 3 METHODOLOGY 5 5 FINDINGS 5 5.1 DemographicCharacteristics 5 5.2 Land Ownership 12 5.3 Main EconomicActivities 12 5.3.1 Agriculture 13 5.3.2 Hunting 15 5.3.3 Other Usesof Forest Resources 18 5.3.4 Handicrafts 18 5.3.5 CookingFuel 18 5.3.6 TraditionalMedicinal Plants 18 5.3.7 Fishing 19 5.4 Standardof Living 19 I 6. OTHER OBSERVATIONSREGARDING MALIAU BASIN 21 7. CONCLUSIONS I 21 8 RECOMMENDATIONS 22 REFERENCES 23

APPENDIX I: ANALYSIS OF RESPONDENTS'ANSWERS 25

Socio-EconomicResearch Survey... Sook 26 Socio-EconomicResearch Survey. ..Nabawan 35 I Socio-EconomicResearch Survey... Kalabakan 43 APPENDIX II: ADDmONAL PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES 52

APPENDIX III: MAPS 70

Map of Sook 71 Map ofNabawan, 72 Map of Kalabakan 73

I APPENDIX IV: DAILY ACTMTY REPORT 74 I I

4. INTRODUCTION

The name "Maliau" comes from a Tagal (fahol) M LlfUtword o/iou meaning"bowl" or "basin." It figures in several legends of the Tagal Murut. The Tagal believe that the Maliau) Basin is the resting place for spirits of the dead. It is said tc be a magical place, the home of a, mythical dragon-like creature which lives under the waters oj its seven-tieredwaterfall. It is also described as being a haven for wild animals which come tog ~er unafraid to lick salty watersofe a mysterious spring on every full-moon night. There is a lak in Maliau known as Linunmunsut,f which is renowned amongst local peoples for its abundance 0 freshwater fish.

The Maliau Basin Conservation Area is one of the 1a remainingpristine rainforestareas on the island of , and is an important heritage sLte for environmentalpreservation, scientific research and carefully selected eco-tourism. Fom Lerlyit covered39,000 hectares and was part of the Yaysan Sabah Concession Area. In 1997, 11was upgradedto Class I Protectional Forest Reserve of 58, 840 hectaresand now includes additiol1 foreststo the north and eastof the Basin. So far only 25% of the Basin in the southwesthas been explored.

The Area is managedby Yayasan Sabahon behalf of the Maliau Basin ManagementJevelopment, Committee,which includesthe state Ministry of Tourism Environment,Science and Technology,Sabah Forestry Department, Universiti Ma aysia Sabahand otherbodies. With the assistanceof DANCED (Danish Cooperationfor EnVlIonmentand Development),detailed studiesare cuuently beingconducted for a comprehensive11lanagement plan to be completedby 2002.

Protectionof the Maliau Basin is currentlybeing thJ by i1legalloggers,poachers, and gatherersof gaharu and birds' nests. Many of the 1Jlegal loggers, who often use heavyvities machinery,appear to be from Indonesia,while the otheracti' are carried out by local peoplesoming from surroundingvillages whose traditional lands are bec encroachedupon by outside developments.The unexplorednorthern part of the Basinis closeto the villages of Pinangahand19ai , whose people are generally known as Orang Sm and speak Upper languagesof the Paitanic Family, and Inarad which is mlImy Tanggara Murut who speak a dialect of BookanMumt. The - Road, wh1( :n will be sealedby 2004, runs along the westernside of the Basin and is situatednear many logging camps. Apart from motorloes vehicles,people can enterthe Basinon foot and by usingcar alongthe KuamutRiver.

This report is part of a larger study carried out b'r the Departmentof Sabah Museum amongstall the communitiessurrounding the Maliau Basn ConservationArea, to ascertainthe pressureson traditional resourcesby outside developmel1IS, the extent of poaching by local[he peoplesand their awarenessof the significanceof Maliau. datapresented here was collected from three areas-Sook, Nabawan-Pensiangan,and Kalabro~-during a shortten-day field trip. Four days were used for traveling to and from theseplace: which left only six days for actual data collection in the field. The short time period alS( somewhatlimited the numbers ofouaints, respondentswhich were interviewed. Despite these conf this brief study provides aniwareness important survey of the activities taking place and the of the local communities involved.

1.st'eatened 2. OBJECTIVES

The main objectivesof this socio-economicsurvey ~ere:

to identify the main socio-economic activities land utilisation of the communitiesIn on the periphery of the Maliau Basin Conservati ~ Area, in the Nabawan,Pensiangan ~ District, SookSub-District and the Kalabakanar

to ascertainthe potential threat of these actij especially hunting and land clearing,for the conservationof the Maliau Bas~l

to ascertainthe level of awarenessof surroundin~ local communitiesas to the status1 and importance of the Maliau Basin Conservatio~Area

to offer recommendationsas to how to increas this awarenessand reduce further encroachmentsinto the ConservationArea t

3. SURVEYSITES

The Sook Sub-District is an area of 787 squaremiles with a population of 17, 271 and 86 villages. In former times, Sook was inhabited mainly by M llTUtiCpeoples, particularly the Sook1 Murut (who spoke a dialect of Paluan Murut), some Book (sometimes called Baukan) Murut and Tagal Murut. These peoples practiced traditional shiftin ~cultivation and hunting. ExtensiveIf logging of the area during the 1970s and the establishment the huge Desa Cattle Beef Project under KPD (Korporasi Pembangunan Desa) in the early 1980s displaced many traditional communities and brought in Dusunic peoples, including Kuijau Dusun and Kadazandusun,barren Paitanic peoples and others. Today, the area is almost totally of forests.

The District ofNabawan, Pensiangan,has a total arel of around608,909 hectares. It has a population of 19,081 and contains 79 villages of mo ly Tagal (rahol) Murut speakers. Speakersof other Murutic languages,and someDusunic an Paitaniclanguages are also present.Ilg Traditionally the Tagal Murut are shifting cultivators cutt. small swiddens from secondary forest who supplementtheir diets with hunted game and esh water fishing. Although some logginghas beenundertaken, much forestis extantand river i are still viable. Plansto sealroadse and supply electricityto the district are underway. During early 1990s,KPD set up a tapioca processingfactory in Sapulot,which employedlocal people This was unsuccessfuland closed down in 1995. Sincethen, KPD hasencouraged the former 'actorystaff to collect productsfrom uu. the rivers and foreststo sell at its weekly tamuin Kota Kinab

The sparsely populated Kalabakan area in the f1If southeast comer of Sabah wasridong, traditionally inhabited by two main indigenous groups-the who are culturally related to the Bulusu' and other societies connected with the Bulung t1court of east Kalimantan, and the Kalabakan Mumt. Today's population of 2,235 includes 0 ers such as Orang Sungai, Iban andlocated Javanese. Although the Luasong Forest ResearchCentre is in the Kalabakan area, most; of the forests have been logged and replaced with vast tra of palm oil plantations (no figures regarding the area of the district were available).

Although displaying wide cultural and linguisti variations, most of the original communitiesin these areastraditionally practiced shifting~ultivation of hill rice together with hunting and fishing. Today, cashcropping is becoming in :;reasingly popular. The decline of.ced forestsand the presenceof huge oil palm plantationshave pI a drain on natural resources and

dvities,: 3

require muchmore land than traditional swiddenagriculture. This hasplaced local communities underpressure, which in turn threatensthe Maliau Basin ConservationArea as people begin to encroachinto its confines.

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I I I PLATE II: YayasanOil Palm Plantationsin the Kalabakanarea I I .I

5

METHODOLOGY

The field work was conducted in two phases. During the first phase, surveys of Nabawan, Pensiangan,Pagalungan, Sapulot and Sook were undertaken. The second phase I coveredthe Kalabakanarea.

Structuredquestionnaires were used for interviews with a randomsample of informants throughoutthe three areas. Questionnairesincluded cultural as well as socio-economicquestions to fully understandthe communitiesbeing surveyed(see Appendix I for summariesof the socio- I economicfmdings from the three areas). A photographicdocumentation of the peoplesand areasbeing surveyed,using both still camerasand videotaping,accompanied the interviews.

Discussionsabout the studywere also held with district officers, native chiefs andvillage headmen,and a literature survey aboutthe communitiesin questionand similar socio-economic studieswas also conducted.

5. FINDINGS

5.1 Demographic Characteristics

As shown in Figure 1, a total of 33 villages were visited during the survey and 80 respondentswere interviewed. Figures for the total populationof eachvillage were not always available, but the main ethnic groups present in each case were readily ascertained. By comparingFigure 1 with the results of the questionnairesin Appendix I, the actual ethnic profIle of the respondentscan be clearly seen.

The "Dusun" shown in the Sook data includes Kadazandusunand Kuijau Dusun, while Murot refers mainly to Tagal Murot. It is not clear at this stagewhat is the classificationfor Lobou. Informantsclaimed they were of the Dusunic family, but it is possiblethat Lobou is a Paitanic languageas is Minokok. The large percentageof Dusunic peoples (71%) in Sook is probablydue to the numbersof thesegroups who have cometo the area in recenttimes and the relatively easieraccess to a major town, in this caseKeningau. This proximity to a town is also reflectedin the main occupationsof the respondents-mostwere farmers at Nabawan(89%) and Kalabakan(50%), while informants at Sook were each 29% governmentservants, farmers and others.

The "Murut" in the Nabawan data refers to the Tagal Murut who usually refer to themselvesas Tahol. They form the largest and most widespreadMurutic languagegroup in Sabah,and their rich traditional culture still flourishes in the Nabawanand Pensianganareas, despiteimoads made by outsiders. OneTagal Murut village, Kg. Pagalungan,is situatedclose to the Malaysian-Indonesianborder on the SapulotRiver, near where a Departmentof Immigration outpost is located. Immigrants from Kalimantan regularly travel into Sabahvia the Sapulot River.

The "Mumt" in the Kalabakandata refers to the KalabakanMumt who speak another languagein Sabah'sMumtic Family of Languages. They are indigenousto the Kalabakanarea and have traditional contacts with the Tidong, anothernative group in the area. Although concentratedin the Tawau area, the Tidong live in various locations down the east coast of

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Borneo, including , Merotai, Kalabakan, and Nunkan. They are relatedto the Bulusu' and other peoples who have historical connectionsto the traditional court at Bulunganin EastKalimantan.

Figure I: Numbersof respondentsinterviewed from eachvillage visited duringthe socio-economicsurvey

Total No of Respondentl Principal Ethnic Group District ~ulation Kg LaiyonKg. 3 0 Murut Malinja Tiga 1 0 Murut Kg. Pulutan I 1 0 Murut -I Kg. Sikalabot : 1 68 Murut I Kg. Empat (Murni) , 1 325 Murut Kg. Kagulangu 1 26 Murut Nabawan! Kg. Sandukan 1 104 Murut Pensiangan Kg. Kainggalan 2 94 Murut Kg Salong 1 X Murut Kg. Panabaan 4 67 Murut Kg. Salangan 1 X Murut Kg. Tataluan 2 109 Murut Kg. Padang Talangkai 1 X Murut 18 X Murut

Total No of Respondentl Principal Ethnic Group District Popula~o~ Batu Lima Tibou 1 x Belud Ulu Murut 4 x Murut Seludung Laut 1 x Murut Pinang,Kalabakan 1 x Murut Kg. Ulu Kalabakan 1 x Murut 1 x Murut Kalabakan Lubang Buaya Rancangan Kalabakan 4 x ~g, Jawa and Others Kg. Mangga 2 x Batu 2, Kalabakan 7 x and Oth~rs Kalabakan Pekan 3 x ~ Luasong 2 x Tidon~ ~akandot 1 Luasong 1 x Murut and Others

IIiQQ!!9~~~9ta~IbanVillage I ;/ 7

PLATE V: Kg. Pagalungannear the borderbetween and Indonesia

PLATE VI: The SapulotRiver 8

PLATE VII: Immigrantsfrom Kalimantanentering Sabah via the SapulotRiver

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PLATE VIII: Kg. Pagalunganin the Nabawan-PensianganDistrict

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As shown in Figure 2, most of the intervieweeswere men. This was partly due to the constraintsof time and respondents'availability duringthe field work, and also dueto the nature of the activities being surveyed. Hunting, together with heavy agricultural work and most fishing, is the main task of men in traditional communitiesin Sabah,while womendo the lighter outdoorswork andtake chargeof activities within the house. I

Male Female

Kalabakan 75% 25%

Nabawan 100% 0%

Sook 71% 29%

Figure 2: Percentageof respondentsaccording to gender in the Socio-Economicsurvey conducted in villages surroundingthe Maliau Basin

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As shown in Figure 3, the largestreligious affiliation of the informantsis Christianity, with 92% for Nabawan,71% for Sook,and 54% for Kalabakan. The Tagal Murut, especiallyin the Nabawanarea, are mainly membersof the SidangInjil Borneo (SIB) an evangelicalprotestant church,while many of the Dusunicpeoples in the Sookarea are RomanCatholics among others. The comparativelyhigh percentage(46%) of Muslims at Kalabakanis becausethe Tidong are traditionally a Muslim people.

Christian Islam Pagan Kalabakan 54 46 0

Sook 71 29 0

Nabawan 95 5 3

100 90 80 70 60 I 50 40 30 20 10 0 ~ ~o

Figure 3: Percentageof respondentsby religious affiliation

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As illustrated in Figure 4, the agesof the respondentsranged between late teensand over 70, with the mean in the 30 to 50 years age bracket. All respondentswere married and had children. The numbers of children in families of respondentsin Figure 5 matchedagainst the ages of respondentsin Figure 4, indicate that populationsin the three districts probably include I sizablenumbers of children. The 80 respondentshave produceda total of 357 children, which points to a growing population. Family size also possiblyindicates a high birthrate. Although most respondentshad between2 and 10 children, somein Kalabakanand Nabawanrecorded 12 and 15.

Figure 4: Numbersand percentage of respondentsby age group for surveyin Kalabakan,Sook and Nabawan districts

Kalabakan Sook Nabawa!L Number ,...,

of children No % No % No % 1 child 1 4 2 14 0 0 2 childrerl 6 21 0 0 3 8 3 children \ 3 11 4 29 0 0 4 children -. 4 14 1 7 3 8 5 children, 5 18 2 14 1 3 6 children. 1 4 2 14 0 0 7 children 3 11 1 7 2 5 8 children 2 7 0 0 6 16 9 childrer 0 0 1 7 0 0 10 children"11 1 4 2 14 2 5 children 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 children, 1 4 0 0 2 5 13 childrert 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 14 childre~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 children. 1 4 0 0 1 3

Figure 5: Family size of respondentsin terms of numbersof children for surveyin Kalabakan,Sook and Nabawan districts

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5.2 Land Ownership The data on land ownership(Figure 6) reflects the nature of the local populace in the three areas. Land held under CustomaryRights for indigenousvillage residentsare claimed by 36%, 14 % and 26% of informantsfrom Kalabakan,Sook and Nabawanrespectively, while those holding Native Title are 14%, 29% and 20% respectively. The high number of LeaseApproved holders (50%) at Sook possibly indicatesthat theseparticular respondentsmay have come into the district from elsewhereand applied for land, as suggestedearlier in Sections3 and 5.1. A surprising percentage of informants at Kalabakan (32%) and Nabawan (26%) consider themselveslandless. Also at Nabawan,16% hold receiptsfor land and 3% actuallyhave CL land.

Landowner Kalabakan Sook Nabawan (acres) No % No % No % Below 5 11 29 5 36 2 5 5 3 11 1 7 1 3 7 2 7 0 0 0 0 10 1 4 2 14 1 3 12 1 4 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 3 8 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 1 4 5 36 3 8 Above 20 0 0 0 0 3 8 None 0 0 1 7 25 66

Figure 6: Landtenure of respondentsinterviewed in socio-economicsurvey for Kalabakan(28 persons),Sook (14 persons)and Nabawan (38 persons)districts

5.3 Main Economic Activities The main economic activities for villages are farming activities using some modem techniques,traditional agriculture such as shifting cultivation, hunting, fishing, cash cropping, raising livestock, cottageindustries and logging, as outlined in Figure 7. Hunting and fishing provide importantsources of protein for communitiespracticing shifting cultivation.

Figure 7: Village sourcesof income,based on numbersand percentages of respondentsin the districts of Kalabakan(28 persons),Sook (14 persons)and Nabawan (38 persons)

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From examiningthis table, it can be seenthat logging is an economicactivity for some villages in the heavily logged Sookarea, but is not for Kalabakanand Nabawan. By contrast, hunting is an importanteconomic activity for villages in Nabawan(79%) where viable forestscan still be found as opposedto the other two areas (29%). The presenceof viable forests also accountsfor the importance of village cottage industries (76%) in Nabawan, as opposedto Kalabakan(21%) and Sook(7%). Similarly, the presenceof healthyrivers in Nabawandue to the still extant forests accounts for the high level of riverine fishing in Nabawan(92%). These figures for Nabawancould also be due to KPD encouraginglocal villagers to collect produce from their land, forestsand rivers for sale at the KPD tamu.

Agriculture

As indicated in Figure 8, the traditional shifting cultivation of hill rice is still widely practiced in Nabawan (82%) and Sook (79%) but has declined in Kalabakan (32%), probably due to the wide tracts of land now under oil palm cultivation in that area. Figure 9 also indicates that the output of rice per harvesting season, estimated in numbers of sacks weighing 50, is less for Kalabakan than for the other two districts (the higher output of 50 10 60 sacks for Sook may indicate the use of modem fertilizers, as opposed to more traditional methods in Nabawan). The range of other crops cultivated in the villages is shown in Figure 10.

Kalabakan 32%

Sook 82%

Nabawan 79%

SHIFTING CULTIVATION

32%

EJ Kalabakan m [J Soak EJ .Nabawan 82%

Figure 8: Percentageof respondentsstill practicing shifting cultivation from the three areas Kalabakan(28 persons),Sook (14 persons)and Nabawan (38 persons)

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Figure 9: Averageproduction of rice per harvestingseason (I sack= 50 kilos)

Kalabakan Sook Number of . Nabawan Number of Number Of

people % people % people l % Vegetable 0 0 1 7 7 18 Tapioca 21 75 10 71 34 89 Maize 14 50 12 86 36 95 Coconut 18 64 8 57 5 13 Sweet Potato 0 0 2 14 0 0 Ginger 0 0 2 14 9 24 Others 16 21 1 7 29 76

Figure 10: Othergarden crops cultivated by respondents

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Various forms of livestock are raised. As shownin Figure 11, chickensare rearedin all villages. Buffaloesare rearedin Sookby the respondentswho are mainly Dusunic,but are not so important amongstthe Murut of Nabawan(data for Kalabakanwas not available, but buffaloes are rarely seenthere). The percentageof respondentsrearing dogs is highestin Nabawan(87%), comparedto Kalabakan (43%) and Sook (50%). This is becausehunting is a very important traditional activity in Tagal Mumt culture,and it requiresskillful healthydogs.

"""-""--r).Lstrict Kalabakan Soak Nabawan Livesto~ No % No % No % Chicken 21 75 12 86 35 92 Duck 1 4 2 14 5 13 Goats 1 4 3 21 X X Buffaloes X X 6 43 3 8 Cows X X X X 5 13 Dogs 12 43 7 50 33 87 !:!g~ X X 1 721 X X21 X X 3 8

Figure 11: Main types of livestock reared

5.3.2 Hunting

Hunting and fishing provide importantsources of protein for villagers practicing shifting cultivation. As shown in Figure 12, huntinghas declined in Sook and Kalabakanbut is still an important economic activity in Nabawanwhere most game is caught from secondaryforests. Hunting is a significant cultural activity for Tagal men, and the game caughtis sharedamongst extendedfamilies in the longhousecommunity. Tagal culture centresaround a seriesof feasts and exchangesof meat, throughoutthe year, which supportsthe network of kinship relationships in the society.

The destructionof forestsdue to logging by outsiders,especially in the Sapulotarea, has forced manytraditional huntersto encroachinto the primary forestsof Maliau.

No of respondents Target area for Hunting Practicing Hunting District Forest Logged Area PrimaryiSecondary~ No % No-29 36YO No % Sook 4 29 5 40 :%2925890 0 Kalabakan 11 39 8 7 :- 0 0 Nabawan 36 95 18-47 34 I 0 0

Figure 12: Numbersof respondentspracticing hunting andtarget areas 16

The means of transportation used for hunting can provide a rough guide to the amount of damage to forests caused by this activity. As shown in Figure 13, walking is still the preferred mode of transport for hunters, although 50% respondents from Nabawan also use landcruisers and in Kalabakan boating is also used. Logging companies provide token compensation to a few village people, who then use the money to buy landcruisers. With these environmentally destructive vehicles, they are able to drive deep into the primary forest where they have not ventured before.

I ~istrict I Kalabakan Soak Nabawan T ran s p o-rrJ No % No % No % landcruiser 4 36 1 25 18 50 lorry 0 0 0 0 0 0 On foot 9 82 4 100 27 75 Boat 4 36 0 0 0 0

Fig!lre 13: Modesof transportationfor hunting accordingto numbersand percentages of respondents

From examiningFigure 14, it can be seenthat the types of game caughtin the three areas reflect the availability and conditionof forests. By far the more diverserange of gameand larger animalsare hunted at Nabawanin contrastto the othertwo areas. None of the huntersgo for the extremelyrare elephantsand Sumatranrhino, but.the Tagal Murut of Nabawancan still catchthe occasionalbanteng (native wild cattle).

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I Figure 14: Targetspecies caught per hunterper hunting trip (basedon numbersand percentages of respondents)

Most hunting is undertaken for immediate domestic consumption or for preservation as jaruk and smoked meat. This is especially so for Tagal villages in Nabawan where hunting for meat for feasts, an important component in socio-cultural economic exchanges,is a major reason.

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The Tagal Mumt have many important feasts,perhaps the most extensivebeing the tinauh or final bridewealth installment which takes place many years after a couple has married and includesseveral days of feastingand exchangeof producebetween the two setsof extendedkin.

District Kalabakan Sook Nabawan Animals No % No I~ No %

Domestic Consump 9 82 4 100 36 100 Preservation 10 91 4 100 36 100 Smoke 11 100 4 100 25 69 Fat Oil 10 91 4 100 31 86 Feast 10 91 4 100 36 100 Sold for cash 4 36 2 50 4 11 Figure 15: Purposesfor huntingby respondents

Traditional taboos connected with hunting are still widely practiced in Nabawan, where much of the traditional Tagal Murut culture is still intact. This is less so in Kalabakan, where oil palm plantations have encroached into traditional hunting areas and much of the hunting is said to be done by sawmill workers and other outsiders. The suggested absence in Sook may be due to the Dusunic communities living here, many of whom may have moved into the area over the years, and the closer proximity to Keningau. --- Yes No Kalabakan 82% 18% I 120%

Sook a 100%

100% Nabawan 56% 44%

BOOk

60°,(, ~ ~

40%

20%

0% ~ ~o

Figure 16: Useof taboosLconnected with hunting by respondents I

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5.3.3 Other Uses of Forest Resources

Comparingthe results for use of otherjungle products, it can be seenthat in all three areas,rattan is an important product. Damar and gaharu can also be sourcedfrom secondary I forests. 5.3.4 I Handicrafts The production of handicraftsis a significantactivity for all respondentsfrom Nabawan, and71 % of those from Kalabakanand Sook. The dataindicates that forestsare the prime source for raw materials, with higher percentagesin all categoriesbeing used by respondentsfrom Nabawan. Handicraft productionfor sale for cashis an importanteconomic activity in Nabawan (95%), but not so much in Kalabakan (29%) and Sook (36%). This suggeststhat the loss of forests in thesetwo areashas led to a declinein potentialincome from this source.

Cookingfuel

Although gas and kerosene can be purchased from commercial enterprises, wood is still important as cooking fuel. In all cases,the wood used is extracted from secondary and logged over forests, I never from primary forest. I 5.3.6 Traditional medicinalplants Apart from rice, various other crops and fruit trees are cultivated in village gardens. Forests provide wild fruits and vegetables, as well as medicinal plants. The comparatively lower use of medicinal forest plants by Kalabakan respondents (64% as compared to 100% at Nabawan I and 93% at Sook) is due to the massive encroachment into traditional forest lands by oil palm estates (Figure 17). This is also suggested by further data in the appendices where abundant quantities of medical plants can be extracted in large quantities from Nabawan forests, but only

to small amounts are found and collected from Kalabakan sources.

I Kalabakan 64% I Nabawan 93% Sook 100% I

I Figure 17: Medical plantsextracted from the forest

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5.3.7 Fishing I River fishing is another important economicactivity. As mentioned earlier, the data suggeststhat the high percentageof respondentsengaged in fishing in Nabawan(92%) compared to Sook (79%) and Kalabakan(82%) is due to the relative lack of pollution in Nabawan'srivers. The wider range of fishing techniquesand comparatively higher percentageof their use in Nabawan,as shown in Figure 18, also suggeststhat fishing is more successfulhere due to the more viable river waters.

Soak Kalabakan Nabawan Q~gMethods~--~::~ct net No Percentage No Percentage I~%No Percentage I 11 100% 21 I 26 74%

tra~ 3 27% 23 100% 22 63%

Poisoning (Tuba) I 0 0 1 4% 8 23%

6 55% 20 87% 34 97%

Electric shockj~q~g~erator 0 0 0 0 2 6%

Others 11 100% 6 26% 28 80%

Figure 18: Numbersand percentages of respondentsusing variousmethods of fresh waterfishing

I 5.4 Standard of Living In determiningthe standardof living, factors suchas educationallevel of respondents, I availability of healthfacilities, water supplyand possessionof consumergoods can be used.

ISecondary I 3 , 11 I 1 , 7 I 1 , 3 I

INon-formal I I I I I , I 'schooling '7 I 11 I 2 I 14 I 6 I 15 I

Figure 19: Educationallevel of respondents

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Thereis only one secondaryschool in eachof the three areas. Due to distanceand other factors, not all respondentshave beenable to attain secondaryeducation. The infonnants from Kalabakanhad accessto only one primary school in the area,hence the lower numbershaving primary schooleducation.

---~ ct ! Health faciliffie-s--- Government clinic

I Private clinic I 12 I 43 I 4 I 29 I 29 I 76 I

INone I I I I I I I I I 6 I 21 I 10 I 71 I 9 I 24 I

Figure 20: Accessto healthfacilities

As shown in Figure 20, none of the respondentsfrom Sookand Nabawanand only 36% from Kalabakan have access to governmentmedical facilities. Private clinics reach more respondents,but thesefigures are still insufficient for adequatecare.

The availability of clean water for drinking and bathingis also inadequate. Only 61% of Nabawan informants have accessto piped water, while just 36% from Sook use gravitational supplies. There are no proper water suppliesat all for all the Kalabakanrespondents, and they dependentirely on rainwater,polluted river waterand drum supplies.

istrict Kalabakan Sook Nabawan Method No % No % No % Pipe water 0 0 0 a 23 61 Gravity 0 0 5 36 0 0 Rain water 24 86 2 14 1 3 River 2 7 12 86 0 0 Drum 11 39 0 a 0 0 None 0 0 0 a 21 55

Figure 21: Availability of fresh watersupplies to respondents

The possessionof consumergoods and modemmaterial possessions also reflectsthis low standardof living (Figure 22). Radiosare the most commonarticle, followed by television sets (battery operated except in Sapulot which has an electricity supply). Refrigeration is not availableexcept for a mere 8% ofNabawanrespondents. I I .. istrict Kalabakan Soak Nabawan Material No % No % No % Motor vehicle 2 7 3 21 9 24 Motorcycle 3 11 4 29 3 8 Television 14 50 8 57 11 29 Radio 14 50 11 79 38 100 Bicycle 2 7 0 0 2 5 Chain saw 5 18 8 57 22 58 Boat 14 50 0 0 27 71 Refrigeration 0 a 0 0 3 8 Gen-set 4 14 4 29 14 37 Others 1 4 0 0 0 0

I Figure 22: Possessionof consumergoods by numbersand percentages of respondents

6. OTHER OBSERVATIONS REGARDING MALIAU BASIN 50 % of respondentsfrom Nabawanknew of the existenceof Maliau Basin, in contrastto 29% from Kalabakanand 21% from Sook. Of these,only 32% of those from Nabawanand 14% from Sook had heard about Imbak Valley, whereas50% of Kalabakanrespondents knew of it. This is becausethe 1mbakValley is located nearerto Kalabakanand many local peopleshad worked for a largetimber companythere.

Few respondents(26% Nabawan),29% Sook, 14% Kalabakan)were aware of logging activities in their area or stategovernment plans for a huge pulp and papermill in the Kalabakan areanear the Maliau Basin.

The majority of respondentsdid not want agreethat the governmentshould acquiretheir land and resettlethem elsewhere.

CONCLUSIONS Fromthis brief socio-economicsurvey, it is clear that logging in the Sook,Nabawan and Kalabakanareas has destroyed vast tracks of forestsand polluted rivers which has deprivedmany local peoples of their traditional protein sources,clean water, medicinal plants, materials for making handicrafts and other resources. While a few individuals may have acquired some monetarygains, logging onthe whole has not benefitedvillage peoplebut ratherhas increasingly causedhardship and broughta comparativelylower standardof living.

The recentdevelopment of huge oil palm plantationsin theseareas has further aggravated these problems. Plantationshave spread across the tiny traditional swiddens of shifting cultivators to further restrict the lives and activities of indigenouscommunities. This has pushed somepeople to seekland further afield, which has led to encroachmentinto the Maliau Basin ConservationArea. I I

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The token Immigration Department outposts at Fag, ~abawan-Pensiangan,and Kalabakan do very little to stem the flow of immigrants from ~;donesia1.manyof whom seriously damagethe forests with excessive gaharu gathering and hunti1

The constructionof a highway from Keningau righ down tq Tawau, which has been;s approvedby the state government,will provide greateracc ~ to the ~a1iau Basin and further threatenits pristine existence.

8. RECOMMENDATIONS

The following recommendationsare suggestedto pres~rve the Maliau Basin ConservationArea:

a dialogue should be held betweenlocal comnunity l ~ ers, Chief Development

Officer, Yayasan Sabah, Maliau Basin ConseJation C mmittee, Department of SabahMuseum, DANCED andthose involved in oggmg

the dialogue should be followed up with a series ( worksh~pson conservationand sustainable development I

SabahMuseum should be empoweredto OrganiZmobile e~bitions and distribute,ortance educationalkits with colourful posterson the im~ of the Maliau Basinand its conservationto all thesecommunities

the Sabah State Government should declare that 1 Ma1ia~Basin ConservationArea~nsure is a world heritage site, and take serious action to th4t this is maintained I

the SabahState Government should, through sa Muse~, governmenttourism~d bodies and NGOs such as World Wild Life F~ Mala sia, preservethe Maliau Basinas a carefullymanaged eco-tourism destin :lon the local indigenouscommunities should be direc y invol1d in this preservatio~and utilisation for tourism, especiallyin terms of empoyment, anagement,promotIon, research,and in further developmentsin terms of andicra manufactureand sales, cultural performancesand otheractivities I

a forest corridor should be maintained between M iau Bar and the Danum Valley to enable endangeredspecies such as the Sumatra rhino d elephants to mix and breed and thus ensurethe maintenance of their ge e pools

detailedexploration, research and documentation re~aining untouched75% of the Maliau Basinshould be carriedout I

the largely ineffective Immigrationcheck points: pagal i gan and Kalabakan should be upgraded and strengthenedto prevent ille: al i:mmi ration and more closely monitorthe activities of those enteringSabah, M. aysla

I

~~ungan,~eIIIloftheI 23

REFERENCES

DAILY EXPRESS.2000. "Maliau Basin -fountain of life." IDaily Exkress, Sunday 30thJuly, p.IO.

DESCHAMPS, Vince. 1994. "The Outlook for Community-J= sed Res ~urce Management in the Danau SentarumWildlife Reserve, West Kalimantan, donesia" Paper presented at I Borneo ResearchCouncil 3rdBiennial International CI nference,Pontianak, Indonesia, 10-14 July. I

DEVUNG, G. Simon. 1996. "Forest Resource Use And Man ement ~ the Upper Bahau, East

Kalimantan. Traditional Institutions and Practices." 1 aper pres nted at Borneo Research I , Council 4th Biennial International Conference, Brunei arussal , 10-15June. [District Office Staff] [n.d.] "MaklumatMahkamah anak Ne~ :eriDaer*Nabawan Pensiangan." Unpublishednotes from NabawanDistrict Office file~

[Haji Ismail Haji Ahim] [n.d.] "MaklumatAsas KawasanKg Kalabak~,Tawau ." Unpublished notes,Tawau Municipal Councilfiles. l

KAN Yaw Chong. 2000. "Magnificient (sic) Maliau fits the ~ Dai~ Express,30 July, p.

KING, Julie K. and JohnWayne King (eds). 1997. LangUagso/sabat: A SurveyReport Pacific Linguistics, SeriesC, -No. 78, Canberra:~'ep~en of Linguistics,Researchverslty. Schoolof Pacific Studies,The AustralianNationalUn

KING, V.T. and M.G.J. Parnwell. 1996. "EnvironmentalC Loc~~Responsesand Rurald Developmentin Malaysian Borneo. Paper present~ at Bo eo Research Council 4th I InternationalBiennial Conference,Brunei Darussal , 10-15 J e. MARSH, Clive and BarbabasGait. 1988. "Effects of L gging Onl RUfal Communities: Atangan." [] Comparative Study of Two Villages in Ulu Kinab1 Yayasan Sabah ForestryYayasan u Division Information Paper, No. 20. Kota Kinabalu: abah.

PRYER, W.B. 1887. "Diary of a Trip up the Kinaba~ Rivqr." Photocopy of typed manuscript. Departmentof SabahMuseum. I

SIDU, Jiram. 2000. "Socio-EconomicSurvey of the Longh com~ unities in the Vicinity of

LEWS." Development ofLanjak-Entimau Wildlife l Sanctua as a Totally ProtectedYokoha

Area. Phase I & Phase 11. Kuching: IlTO, a and Forestry Department,Kuching

SCHULZE, Heiko and Suriani Suratman. 1999. "MOdemiSin Sabah's ~mal1holding Agriculture:

The Case of Murut Shifting Cultivators." Villagers ~ in Trans~tion. Case Studies from I Sabah. Kota Kinabalu: Universiti Malaysia Sabah. SPITZACK, JohnA. 1986. "Notes on Cultural and Socio- Conditions of the UpperIlnstitute KinabatanganPeople." Unpublishedpaper. Summer qf Linguistics.

uselill."~conomiqnge,19an~I 24

[Sub-DistrictOffice Staff] [n.d.] "MaklumatAsas Daerah K til SOOk.,! Unpublishednotes from SookSub-District Office files.

UESUGI, Tomiyuki. 1994. "Bridewea1th Exchange and Soci Sabah, East Malaysia." Paperpresented at Borneo Re International Conference, Pontianak, 10-14 July. ~

YAY ASAN SABAH. [2000] Maliau Basin Conservation Alea. Ko4 Kmabalu: Conservation & Environment Department, Forestry Division. Y aya~an Sabah-l APPENDIX I: ANALYSIS OF RESPO~ ANSWERS

DENTS' SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEAR (SURVEY (Surrounding Maliau Basin Conse1 ation Area) Sook

Data/Information

1 Gender

Male: 10 71%

Female 4 29%

2. Ethni c/Grou p/Language:

i) Mumt a) Murut Tahol/Tahol 1 7~ b) Murut Bookan c) MurutPaluan

ii) Dusunic a) Dusun 9 64% b) Kwijau c) Lobou 1 7% iii) Paitainic a) Minokok 2 14%

iv) Others 1 7%

3 Religion

i) Islam 4 29% ii) Christian 10 71% ill) Pagan iv) Others

4. Status

Married 14 100% Single

.'. I

5 Age i) 15 -20 1 7% ii) 30 3 21% iii) 40 3 21% iv) 50 5 36% v) 60 1 7% vi) 70 1 7% vii) Above 80

6. Main occupationsof respondents:

i) GovernmentServant 4 29% ii) Farmer 4 29% iii) Headvillage 2 14% iii) Others 4 29%

7 Numbers of Children i) I 2 14% ii) 2 iii) 3 4 29% iv) 4 1 7% v) 5 2 14% vi) 6 2 14% vii) 7 1 7% viii) 8 ix) 9 1 7% x) 10 2 14% xi) 11 xii) 12 xiii) 13 xiv) 14 xv) 15

8 Land ownership i) Below 5 acres 5 36% ii) 05 Acres 1 7% iii) 07 Acres iv) 10 Acres 2 14% v) 12 Acres vi) 13 Acres vii) 14 Acres viii) 15 Acres 5 36% ix) Above 20 acres x) None 1 7% 9, Land statusand tenure i) LA 7 50% ii) NT 4 29% iii) CL iv) RSP v) Customaryright 2 14% vi) None 1 7%

10 Village's sourceof income

i) Farming 12 86% ii) Agriculture products 4 29% iii) Hunting 4 29% iv) Fishing v) Cashcrop 2 14% vi) Livestock 9 64% vii) Cottageindustries 1 7% viii) Logging 2 14%

11 Agriculture

11.1 Percentageof respondentswho still practi~~eshifting cultivation (slashand bum) I 11 79%

11.2 Swidden agricultural cycles for planting i) 1 year 1 10 91% ii) Twice a year 1 9% iii) Others

11.3 Average production of rice per harvesting IIseason(50 kilos each sack)

i) 10-20 3 27% ii) 21- 30 3 27% iii) 31- 40 1 9% iv) 41- 50 2 18% v) 51- 60 2 18% vi) 61- 70 vii) 71- 80

11.4 Other gardeningproduce planted

i) Vegetables 1 7% ii) Tapioca 10 71% iii) Maize 12 86% v) Coconut 8 57% vi) SweetPotatoes 2 14%

ll-rice vi) Ginger 2 14% vii) Com 9 64% vii) Others

1.5 Fruit Trees i) JackFruit 7 50% ii) Durian 10 71% iii) Rambutan 8 57% iv) Mangoes 10 71% iv) Mangosteen 1 7% vi) Pineapple 8 57% vii) Banana 10 7}% vii) Others 1 7%

11.6 CashCrops i) PalmOil ii) Cocoa iii) Rubber 1 7% v) Coffee 1 7% vi) Tobacco 1 7% vi) Others

12 Livestock i) Chicken 12 86% ii) Ducks 2 14% iii) Goats 3 21% iv) Buffaloes 6 43% v) Cows vi) Dogs 7 50% vii) Pigs 1 7% viii) Others 3 21%

13 Hunting

13.1 Average number of respondentsstill practil hunting 4 29%

13.2 Frequencyof hunting trip i) Oncea year ii) Twice a year iii) Oncea month 1 25% iv) Twice a month 1 25% v) Other 2 50%

13.3 Targetarea for hunting i) Primary Forest 4 100% ii) SecondaryForest 4 100%

ping iii) LoggedForest

13.4 Meansof transport( hunting i) Landcruiser 1 25% ii) Lorry iii) On Foot 4 100% iv) Boat

13.5 ~umbe~of personsinvolved perhunting tpp 1) 1 person ii) 2. persons 2 50% iii) 3 persons 2 50% iv) 4-10 persons v) Other

13.6 Target speciestaken i) Elephant ii) SumatranRhino iii) Wild Buffaloes iv) Wild Pig 4 100% v) SambarDeer 1 25% vi) Barking Deer 2 50% vii) MouseDeer 2 50% viii) Flying Lemur ix) OrangUtan x) Monkey 2 50% xi) Flying Fox xii) Civet Cat xiii) Others 2 50%

13.7 Methodsof hunting i) Traditionaltraps 2 50% ii) Dogs 3 75% iii) Guns 4 100% iv) Spears v) Parang vi) Others 1 25%

13.8 Numberof animalstaken every hunting s ~ason i) 1 1 25% ii) 2 -4 2 50% iii) 5 -8 iv) Others v) None. 3 75% 13.9 Purposeof Hunting i) DomesticConsumption 4 100% ii) Preservation 4 100% iii) Smoke 4 100% iv) Fat Oil 4 100% v) Feast(wedding, death, others) 4 100% vi) Sold for cash 2 50%

13.10 Taboo involved during hunting

Respondentpercentage Yes: No: 4 100%

14. Otherjungle products/producetaken from the for ~st(Including primary, logged and secondaryareas) i

i) Rattan 9 64% ii) Damar 1 7% iii) Gaharu(Tree) 5 36% iv) Timber v) Fuel wood vi) Medicinal plant vii) Others 2 14%

1~ Handicrafts

15 Numbersof respondentstill makingtraditional craft 10 71%

15.2 Raw material

i) Rattan 2 20% ii) Bamboo iii) Others 8 80%

15.3 Raw materialsgathered from

i) Forest 10 100% ii) Purchasefrom the shop 2 20% iii) Plantedat the garden 2 20%

15.4 Use of crafts

i) Sold for cash 5 50% ii) Domesticuse 10 100% iii) Others

. 16 Cookingfuel

16.1 Types of cooking fuel used at eachhousehold

i) Gasstove 9 64% ii) Kerosene 14 100% iii) Fire wood 14 100% iv) Others 0 0%

16.2 Firewood gathered from i) Primary Forest 14 100% ii) SecondaryLogged Forest 14 100% iii) Others 4 29%

17. Medicinal Plants

17.1 Numberof respondentsstill using the forestto harvesttraditional plants 13 93%

17.2 Usesof traditionalplants i) Sold for cash (commercial) 7 50% ii) Personal consumption 6 43% I iii) Others

17.3 Quantities found in the forest

i) Rare 1 8% ii) Abundant 12 92%

17.4 Quantitiesof medicinalplants harvested each time I i) In-small quantities 5 38% 8 62% I ii) In-largequantities 18 Fishing activitiespractices (Fresh water fish)

18.1 Average number of respondentsstill catching (Fresh water fish) 11 79% 18.2 Used fresh water personal consumption: 11 79% 18.3 Sold for cash : -

18.4 Method of catchingfish

11 100% i) Drifting net: 3 27% ii) Traditionaltraps: iii) Poisoning(tuba): 6 55% iv) Castingnet: v) Electric shock(Using Gen-set): vi) Others: 11 100%

19 Education,Health and WaterSupply:

19. Education(School)

i) Primary 11 79% 11 Secondary 1 7% iii) Non-formal schooling 2 14%

19.2 Healthfacilities

i) Availability of governmentclinics (Easilyaccess a clinic) ii) Privateclinics 4 29% ii) None 10 71%

19.3 Water supply

i) Pipe water ii) Gravity 5 36% iii) Rain water 2 14% iv) River 12 86% v) None

20 Modem materialowned by respondents

i) Motor Vehicle: 3 21% ii) Motorcycle: 4 29% iii) Television: ~ 57% iv) Radio: 11 79% v) Bicycle: vi) Chain saw: 8 57% vii) Boat: viii) Refrigerator: ix) Gen-set: 4 29% x) Others:

21 General

21.1 Knowledgeof respondentregarding Maliau Basin 3 21%

21.2 Differentiate between Maliau and 1mbak valley 2 14% I I 21.3 Knowledgeregarding logging activities 4 29% 21.4 Resettlementschemes (incase of land takenover by government)

Agreed 1 7% Disagreed 13 93%

... SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH SURVEY (Surrounding Maliau Basin Conservation Area) Nabawan

Data/Information

Gender

Male: 38 100%

Female:

2. Ethnic/Group/Language:

i) Murut a) Mumt Tahol/Tahol 28 74% b) Mumt Bookan c) Mumt Paluan

ii) Dusunic a) Dusun 7 18% b) Kwijau c) Lobou iii) Paitainic a) Minokok 1 3%

iv) Others 2 5%

3 Religion

il Islam 2 5% ill Christian 35 92% ill) Pagan 1 3% iY} Others

Status

Married 38 100% Single

4. Age i) 20 4 11% ii) 30 15 39% iii) 40 7 18% iv) 50 4 11% v) 60 7 18% vi) 70 1 3% vii) Above 80

6. Main occupationsof respondents:

i) GovernmentServant ii) Farmer 34 89% iii) Headvillage 3 8~ iii) Others 1 3%

7 Numbers of Children i) 1 ii) 2 3 8% iii) 3 iv) 4 3 8% v) 5 1 3% vi) 6 vii) 7 2 5% viii) 8 6 16% ix) 9 x) 10 2 5% xi) 11 xii) 12 2 5% xiii) 13 xiv) 14 xv) 15 1 3%

8. Land ownership i) Below 5 acres 2 5% ii) 05 Acres 1 3% iii) 07 Acres iv) 10 Acres 1 3% v) 12 Acres vi) 13 Acres 3 8% vii) 14 Acres viii) 15 Acres 3 8% ix) Above 20 acres 3 8% x) None 25 66%

5. 9 Land statusand tenure i) LA ii) NT 11 29% iii) CL 1 3% iv) RSP 6 16% v) Customaryright 10 26% vi) None 10 26%

10. Village's sourceof income

i) Farming ii) Agriculture products 11 29% iii) Hunting 30 79% iv) Fishing 35 92% v) Cashcrop 7 18% vi) Livestock 2 5% vii) Cottageindustries 29 76% viii) Logging

11 Agriculture

11.1 Percentageof respondentswho still practice shifting cultivation (slash and bum): 31 82%

1.2 Swidden agricultural cycles for planting hill-rice i) I year 13 42% ii) Twice a year 7 23% iii) Others 11 35%

11.3 Averageproduction of rice per harvestingseason (50 kilos eachsack)

i) 10- 20 13 42% ii) 21- 30 12 39% iii) 31- 40 6 19% v) 41- 50 v) 51- 60 iii) 61- 70 iv) 71- 80

11.4 Other gardeningproduce planted

i) Vegetables 7 18% ii) Tapioca 34 89% iii) Maize 36 95% v) Coconut 5 13% vi) SweetPotatoes vi) Ginger 9 24% vii) Others 5 13%

11.5 Fruit Trees i) JackFruit 30 79% ii) Durian 30 72% iii) Rambutan 34 89% iv) Mangoes 34 89% iv) Mangosteen vi) Pineapple 30 79% vii) Others 14 37%

1.6 CashCrops i) Palm Oil ii) Cocoa iii) Rubber 1 3% v) Coffee 5 13% vi) Tobacco 1 3% vi) Others

12 Livestock i) Chicken 35 92% ii) Ducks 5 13% iii) Goats iv) Buffaloes 3 8% v) Cows 5 13% vi) Dogs 33 87% vii) Pigs viii) Others 8 21%

13 Averagenumber of respondentsstill practicinghunting 36 95%

13.1 Frequencyof hunting trip i) Oncea year 2 6% ii) Twice a year 5 14% iii) Oncea month 3 8% iv) Twice a month 8 22% v) Other 18 50%

13.2 Targetarea for hunting i) Primary Forest 18 50% ii) SecondaryForest 34 94% iii) Logged Forest 13.3 Meansof transport( hunting) i) Landcruiser 18 50% ii) Lorry iii) On Foot 27 75% iv) Boat

13.4 1) 1 person ii) 2. persons 15 39% iii) 3 persons 7 18% iv) 4-10 persons 22 58% v) Other 1 3%

13.5 Targetspecies taken i) Elephant ii) SumatranRhino iii) Wild Buffaloes 1 3% iv) Wild Pig 36 100% v) SambarDeer 28 78% vi) Barking Deer 33 92% vii) MouseDeer viii) Flying Lemur ix) OrangUtan x) Monkey 23 64% xi) Flying Fox xii) Civet Cat 6 17% I xiii) Others 7 19% 13.6 Methodsof hunting i) Traditionaltraps 31 86% ii) Dogs 29 81% iii) Guns 20 56% iv) Spears v) Parang 6 17% vi) Others 21 58%

13.7 Number of animals taken every hunting season i) I 9 25% ii) 2-4 19 53% iii) 5 -8 3 8% iv) Others 3 8~ v) None 2 6%

13.8 Purposeof Hunting i) DomesticConsumption 36 100% ii) Preservation 36 100% I iii) Smoke 25 69% iv) Fat Oil 31 86% v) Feast(wedding, death, others) 36 100% vi) Sold for cash 4 11%

13.9 Tabooinvolved during hunting

Respondentpercentage Yes: 16 44% No: 20 56%

14 Otherjungle products/producetaken from the forest(Including primary, logged and secondaryareas)

i) Rattan 16 42% ii) Damar 20 53% iii) Gaharu (Tree) iv) Timber v) Fuel wood 4 11% vi) Medicinal plant I vii) Others 4 11%

115 Handicrafts

15.1 Numbersof respondentstill makingtraditional craft 38 100%

15.2 Raw material

i) Rattan 29 76% u ii) Bamboo 16 42% iii) Others 6 16%

I 15.3 Raw materialsgathered from

i) Forest 36 95% I ii) Purchase from the shop 1 3% iii) Planted at the garden 1 3%

I 15.4 Use of crafts

i) Sold for cash 36 95% ii) Domesticuse 19 50% iii) Others 4 11% I I 16 Cooking fuel

16. Types of cooking fuel used at eachhousehold

i) Gasstove 30 79% ii) Kerosene 13 34% iii) Fire wood 26 68%

Irl 16.2 Firewoodgathered from rJJ

i} Primary forest 4 11% I ill Secondaryor logged 32 34% !ill Others 4 11% I 16 Number of respondentsstill using the forest to harvest traditional plants 38 100% 16. Uses of traditional plants i) Sold for cash (commercial) 2 5% ii) Personal consumption 31 82% iii) Others 5 13%

17.2 Quantitiesfound in the forest

i) Rare 5 13% ii) Abundant 33 87% I 17.3 Quantitiesof medicinalplants harvested each time

i) In-small quantities 11 29% I ii) In-largequantities 27 71% I 18. Fishing activitiespractices (Fresh water fish) 18.1 Average number of respondentsstill catching (Fresh water fish) 35 92% 18.2 Used fresh water personalconsumption: 32 84% I 18.3 Sold for cash: 5 13% 18.4 Method of catching fish

I i) Drifting net: 26 74% ii) Traditional traps: 22 63% iii) Poisoning (tuba): 8 23% I iv) Casting net: 34 97% v) Electric shock (Using Gen-set): 2 6% I vi) Others: 28 80%

I I

19 Education,Healthand Water Supply

19. Education(School)

i) Primary 31 82% 11 Secondary 1 3% iii) Non-formal schooling 6 15%

19.2 Healthfacilities

i) Availability of governmentclinics (Easilyaccess a clinic) I ii) Privateclinics 29 76% iii) Traditionalmedicine iv) None I 9 24%

19.3 Water supply

i) Pipe water 23 61% ii) Gravity iii) Rain water 1 3% iv) River None 21 55% I v) 20 Modem materialowned by respondents I * i) Motor Vehicle: 9 24% ii) Motorcycle: 3 8% iii) Television: 11 29% iv) Radio: 38 100% v) Bicycle: 2 5% I vi) Chain saw: 22 58% vii) Boat: 27 71% viii) Refrigerator: 3 8% I ix) Gen-set: 14 37% x) Others:

I 21 General I 21 Knowledge of respondentregarding Maliau Basin 19 50% 21.2 Differentiatebetween Maliau and1mbak valley 12 32%

21.3 Knowledgeregarding logging activities 10 26 % I I I

21.4 Resettlement schemes(incase of land taken over by government)

Agreed 11 29% Disagreed 27 71%

I

I I I

I I

I I I I I .I SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH SURVEY (SurroundingMaliau Basin ConservationArea) Kalabakan

Data/Information

I 1 Gender I Male: 21 75% Female: 7 25%

2. Ethnic/Group/Language

i) Murut 14 50% ii) Tidong 10 36% iii) Than 1 4% iv) Java 1 4% v) Bajau 1 4% vi) Sungei 1 4%

3 Religion

i) Islam 13 46% ii) Christian 15 54% iii) Pagan I iv) Others I 4 Status Married 28 100% I Single 0 0% 5 Age i) 20 3 11% I ii) 30 9 32% iii) 40 5 18% iv) 50 5 18% v) 60 5 18% vi) 70 1 4% vii) Above 80

I I .. I

6 Main occupationsof respondents:

i) GovernmentServant 1 4% ii) Farmer 14 50% iii) Headvillage 1 4% iii) Others 12 43%

7 Numbers of Children i) 1 1 4% ii) 2 6 21% iii) 3 3 11% iv) 4 4 14% v) 5 5 18% vi) 6 1 4% vii) 7 3 11% viii) 8 2 7% ix) 9 x) 10 1 4% xi) 11 xii) 12 1 4% xiii) 13 xiv) 14 xv) 15 1 4%

8 Land ownership i) Below 5 acres 11 39% ii) 05 Acres 3 11% I iii) 07 Acres 2 7% iv) 10 Acres 1 4% v) 12 Acres 1 4% I vi) 13 Acres vii) 14 Acres viii) 15 Acres 1 4% I ix) None 9 32% 9. Land statusand tenure i) LA 8 -29% ii) NT 4 14% iii) CL I iv) RSP v) Hak asasi(Customary right) 10 36% I vi) None 9 32% 10. Village's sourceof income

i) Farming 22 79% I I I I

ii) Agriculture products 10 36%

iii) Hunting 8 ~-29% -- iv) Fishing iv) Cashcrop v) Livestock 11 39% vi) Cottageindustries 6 21% I vii) Logging 1 Agriculture

11.1 Percentageof respondentswho still practice shifting cultivation (slash and bum) 9 32%

11.2 Swidden agricultural cycles for planting hill-rice i) 1 year 1 11%

ii) Twice a year I 6 67% iii) Others 2 22%

11.3 Averageproduction of rice per harvestingseason (50 kilos eachsack)

i) 10- 20 8 50% ii) 21- 30 1 4% iii) 31- 40 iv) 41- 50 v) 51- 60 vi) 61- 70 vii) 71- 80 I viii) None 13 46% I 11.4 Othergardening produce planted i) Vegetables ii) Tapioca 21 75% I iii) Maize 14 50% v) Coconut 18 64% vi) SweetPotatoes vi) Ginger vii) Others 16 57%

I 11.5 Fruit Trees i) Jack Fruit ii) Durian 18 64% I iii) Rambutan 20 71% iv) Mangoes 18 64% iv) Mango steen 16 57% I vi) Pineapple 16 57% I I I

vii) Others 2 7%

1.6 CashCrops i) PalmOil ii) Cocoa iii) Rubber v) Coffee I vi) Tobacco vi) Others

I 12 Livestock i) Chicken 21 75% ii) Ducks 1 4% iii) Goats 1 4% iv) Buffaloes v) Cows vi) Dogs 12 43% vii) Pigs viii) Others

13 Hunting

13.1 Averagenumber of respondentsstill practicinghunting 11 39%

13.2 Frequencyof huntingtrip i) Oncea year ii) Twice a year iii) Oncea month 2 18% iv) Twice a month 2 18% v) Other 7 64%

13.3 Targetareas for hunting i) Primary Forest 8 73% I ii) SecondaryForest 7 64% iii) LoggedForest

I 13.4 Meansof transport( hunting) i) Landcruiser 4 36% ii) Lorry iii) On Foot 9 82% iv) Boat 4 36%

I 13.5 Number of persons involved per hunting trip i) 1 person ii) 2. persons 2 18% iii) 3 persons ,~~ 3 27% I I I I

iv) 4-10 persons 4 36% v) Other 2 -18% 13.6 Targetspecies taken i) Elephant ii) SumatranRhino iii) Wild Buffaloes iv) Wild Pig 10 91% v) SambarDeer 5 45% vi) Barking Deer 3 27% vii) MouseDeer I viii) Flying Lemur ix) OrangVtan x) Monkey 2 18% I xi) Flying Fox xii) Civet Cat I xiii) Others 2 18% 13.7 Methodsof hunting i) Traditionaltraps 9 82% ii) Dogs 8 73% iii) Guns 3 27% iv) Spears 1 9% v) Parang vi) Others 1 9%

13.8 Number of animals taken every hunting season i) 1 1 9% ii) 2 -4 4 36% ill) 5 -8 1 9% iv) Others 5 -45% v) None -

13.9 Purposeof Hunting I i) DomesticConsumption 9 82% ii) Preservation 10 91% iii) Smoke 11 100% I iv) Fat Oil 10 91% v) Feast(wedding, death, others) 10 91% I vi) Sold for cash 4 36% 13.10 Taboo involved during hunting

I Respondentpercentage Yes: 2 18% I No: 9 82% I I I I I 14 Other jungle products/produce taken from the forest (Including primary, logged and secondary areas)

i) Rattan 15 54% ii) Damar iii) Gaharu(Tree) 2 7% iv) Timber v) Fuel Wood I vi) Medicinal plant vii) Others 19 68%

I 15 Handicrafts I 15 Numbers of respondentstill making traditional craft 20 71% 15.2 Raw material

i) Rattan 15 75% ii) Bamboo 6 30% iii) Others 15 75%

15.3 Raw materials gathered from

i) Forest 18 90% ii) Purchase from the shop I iii) Planted at the garden 6 30%

15.4 Use of crafts

i) Sold for cash 8 73% ii) Domesticuse 10 50% I iii) Others I 16. CookingFuel 16.1 Types of cooking fuel used at eachhousehold

I i) Gasstove 17 61% ii) Kerosene 17 61% iii) Fire wood 26 93% iv) Others 1 4% I 16.2 Firewoodgathered from I I i) Primary forest 20 71% ii) Secondaryor loggedforest 14 50%- iii) Others 14 50% - Medicinal Plants

17. Numberof respondentsstill using the forestto harvesttraditional plants 18 64~

17.2 Usesof traditionalplants

i) Sold for cash(commercial) 2 11% I ii) Personalconsumption 16 89% iii) Others I 17.3 Quantitiesfound in the forest

i) Rare 13 72% I ii) Abundant 5 28% I 17.4 Quantitiesof medicinalplants harvested each time i) In-small quantities 18 100% I ii) In-largequantities 18. Fishing activitiespractices (Fresh water fish)

18.1 Average number of respondentsstill catching (Fresh water fish) 23 82% 18.2 Used fresh water personal consumption: 23 82% I 18.3 Sold for cash: 6 21% 18.4 Method of catchingfish

i) Drifting net: 21 91% ii) Traditional traps: 23 100% iii) Poisoning (tuba): 1 4%-.- I iv) Casting net: 20 87% v) Electric shock (Using Gen-set): I vi) Others: 6 26% I 19. Education,Healthand Water Supply 19.1 Education(School) I i) Primary 18 64% I I

17. I

ii Secondary 3 11% iii) Non-formalschooling 3 11% 19.2 Healthfacilities

i) Availability of governmentclinics 10 36% (Can easilyaccess a clinic) ii) Privateclinics 12 43% iii) None 6 21% I 19.3 Water supply i) Drum 11 39% ii) Pipe water iii) Gravity iv) Rain water 24 86% v) River 2 7% vi) None

20 Modernmaterial owned by respondents

i) Motor Vehicle: 2 7% ii) Motorcycle: 3 11% iii) Television: 14 50% iv) Radio: 14 50% v) Bicycle: 2 7% vi) Chainsaw: 5 18% vii) Boat: 14 50% viii) Refrigerator: ix) Gen-set: 4 14% I x) Others: 1 4% 21 General

I 21 Knowledgeof respondentregarding Maliau Basin 8 29% I 21.2 Differentiatebetween Maliau and1mbak valley 14 50% 21.3 Knowledgeregarding logging activities 4 14%

I 21.4 Resettlementschemes (incase of land takenover by government)

Agreed 8 29% I Disagreed 20 71% I I I I I I

I APPENDIX II: ADDITIONAL PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES I I I I I

I I

I I I

PLATE XV: Cleared swiddens near the roadside on road to Kampung Sinua,Sook

PLATE XVI: Planted swidden between a river and the road on the way to Kampung Sinua, Sook PLA' XVII People carrrying firewood on Sook road to Kampung Sinua, Sook

PLAT] XVIII : Mumt burial house, on the way to Kampung Sinua Sook PLATE XXVII Yayasan Sabahstaff and SabahMuseum staff interviewingrespondents at Rumah Bengkel, Nabawan

PLATE XXVIII: Encik JaddaSuhaimi, Yayasan staff interviewing respondent I

PLATE XIX: Balai Raya,Kampung Sinulihan, Sook, Keningau.

PLATE :xx SekolahRendah Kebangsaan Sinua, Sook.

PLA' XXX\i Boat on polluted Kalabakan River

PLATExxxv Kalabakan River .

PLATE XXXI:

PLATE XXXII: SabahMuseum staff interviewing Kalabakan Mumt respondents at Kg. Mumt II, Kalabakan 0

PLATE XXXVII: Modern house at Kg. Murut fl, Kalabakan

PLATE XXXVIII: FELDA Oil palm plantation encroaching on traditional swidden at Kg. Ulu, Kalabakan rI PLATE.XXXIX: at polluted river at Kampung Ulu

PLATE XXXX: Sekolah Rendah KebangsaanKalabakan

Kalabakan,ogs I I

PLATEXXXXI: Encik Sirik Ansuria, ofKampung Limbawan , Keningau an Iban Warrior and hunter who came to from , Sarawak before World War II. He claims to have killed over 300 rhinocerous from Maliau in his younger days

I I I .I APPENDIX III: MAPS

Map of Sook

Map of Nabawan, Pensiangan

Map of Kalabakan

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~ APPENDIX IV: DAD...Y ACTIVITY REPORT I

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..,' IJI 0 0 0 u Daily Activitv ReDort

Date Location Nqtes

4 July 2000 Kota Kinabalu -Luasong via Nabawan pr~ imary ~;urvey and stop-by overnight at Luasong at to collect in rmationl 5 July 2000 Brief visits to several village around T~king photographs and Kalabakan village involved are as follows: in~rviewin!J people 1. Kg. Murut II2. Murut Ulu 6 July 2000 Visits to 2 more villages Interviewing and taking 1. Kg. RancanganKalabakan phbtograph,s of the village I 2. Pekan Kalabakan 7 July 2000 Went to Tawau to meet the Ketua Daerah G~thering information Tawau re~arding ~~alabakan area and I brjef interview with the Ketua D~erah 8 July 2000 Departed back to Kota Kinabalu via Talking photographs I Nabawan road and stop-by at Paaalunaan 31 July 2000 Kota Kinabalu to Sapulut. Overnight at Jot rney to Sapulut and stop- Sapulut by at Ni3bawan to meet OJ rid Officer n 1 August 2000 Interview respondents at kampung In~erviewing 18 respondents KQ. SaDulut. Overniaht at SaDulut at ~his villaqe 2 August 2000 Proceeded to Nabawan and survey Interviewing 20 respondents 0 continued. Overniqht at Nabawan Resthouse at I~abawan 3 August 2000 Proceeded to Sook Cdnducted interviews which in~olved 7 villages and there w~re 1.4 respondents in~rviewedl in this district 4 August 2000 Survey continued at Sook and the evening proceed back to Kota Kinabalu 27 October 2000 Kota Kinabalu to Nabawan. Overnight at Jot rney via Nabawan road and Nabawan st p-by at Nabawan to collect in rmation from Ketua Q~erah 28 October 2000 Nabawan to Kalabakan. Overnight at Interviewing respondent at Luasona mile 5. Tibou Kalabakan 29 October 2000 Surveyed and interviewed at Kg. Ulu Murut, O~ly 9 respondents were Serudung Laut, Pinang Kalabakan and intjerviewed LubanQBuaya 30 October 2000 Surveyed and interviewed at Kg. Rancangan Only 16 respondents were Kalabakan, Kg. Mangga, Batu 2 Kalabakan interviewed and Kalabakan Pekan 31 October 2000 Surveyed and interviewed at Kg. Makandoi Only 3 respondents were Luasonq. in~erviewecl. I 01 November 2000 I I R~turned to Kota Kinabalu

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