14th edition (2015).

Genus Aphnaeus Hübner, 1819

In: Hübner, 1816-1826. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge: 81 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio orcas Drury, 1782, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 116 (91-293).).

= Aphnaemorpha de Nicéville, 1890. The butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon 3: 347 (503 pp.). Calcutta. Type-species: Papilio orcas Drury, by original designation.

= Paraphnaeus Thierry-Mieg, 1904. Naturaliste 1904: 140 (140-141). Type-species: Aphnaeus hutchinsonii Trimen, 1887, by monotypy. Treated as a subgenus of Aphnaeus Hübner by Stempffer, 1967: 154, in Ackery et al., 1995: 553 and as a valid genus by d’Abrera, 2009. Regarded as a synonym of Aphnaeus by Stempffer, 1954: 516 (Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 105: 516 (493-527), Heath, 1997 (Metamorphosis Occasional Supplement No. 2: 27 (1-60) and Heath & Pringle, 2011: 3.).

A purely Afrotropical genus containing 35 species. The exquisite ‘highfliers’ or ‘silver spots’ are robust, fast-flying insects, which are characterized by silver markings on the underside of the wings in most species. The genus was revised by Stempffer in 1954 and again in 2013 by Libert. On structural grounds they are closest to Cigaritis. There are forest-dwelling as well as savanna species, many of them scarce or even rare. Males of the forest species appear to defend territories from perches in the canopy, although they will sometimes choose perches on the edges of clearings. Savanna species are inveterate hilltoppers, often arriving on the summits only after 13h00. The larvae are obligately associated with ants, usually those of the genus Crematogaster. Peter Walwanda (vide Larsen, 2005a) believes that some species are associated with the ferocious tailor ants (genus Oecophylla). Most species have polyphagous larvae but females will only oviposit on trees harbouring the correct species of host-ant.

Libert (2013) divides the genus into 11 species groups and this order is followed below.

A. orcas species group Aphnaeus orcas (Drury, 1782) Aphnaeus argyrocyclus Holland, 1890 Aphnaeus nyanzae Stempffer, 1954 A. asterius species group Aphnaeus asterius Plötz, 1880 Aphnaeus asterius asterius Plötz, 1880 Aphnaeus asterius argenteola Holland, 1890 Aphnaeus boormani Libert, 2013 Aphnaeus chapini (Holland, 1920) Aphnaeus chapini chapini (Holland, 1920) Aphnaeus chapini ugandae Stempffer, 1961 Aphnaeus chapini occidentalis Clench, 1963 A. brahami species group Aphnaeus brahami Lathy, 1903 Aphnaeus brahmi brahmi Lathy, 1903 Aphnaeus brahmi ghanaensis Libert, 2013 Aphnaeus brahmi bakeri Libert, 2013

1 Aphnaeus brahmi coronae Talbot, 1935 Aphnaeus herbuloti Stempffer, 1971 A. jefferyi species group Aphnaeus jefferyi Hawker-Smith, 1928 Aphnaeus safiani Libert, 2013 Aphnaeus cameruna Libert, 2013 Aphnaeus marci Collins & Larsen, 2008 Aphnaeus curlei Libert & collins, 2013 A. jacksoni species group Aphnaeus jacksoni Stempffer, 1954 Aphnaeus jacksoni jacksoni Stempffer, 1954 Aphnaeus jacksoni pinkieana Collins & Libert, 2013 Aphnaeus charboneli Bouyer & Libert, 1996 Aphnaeus ebogo Libert, 2013 A. adamsi species group Aphnaeus adamsi Stempffer, 1954 Aphnaeus nimbaensis Sáfián & Libert, 2013 Aphnaeus liberti Bouyer, 1996 A. flavescens species group Aphnaeus flavescens Stempffer, 1954 Aphnaeus williamsi Carcasson, 1964 Aphnaeus abriana Collins & Libert, 2013 Aphnaeus mirabilis Sáfián & Collins, 2013 A. erikssoni species group Aphnaeus erikssonia Trimen, 1891 Aphnaeus mashunae Stempffer, 1954 Aphnaeus affinis Riley, 1921 Aphnaeus rex Aurivillius, 1909 Aphnaeus rex rex Aurivillius, 1909 Aphnaeus rex gardineri Libert, 2013 Aphnaeus kiellandi Stempffer, 1972 Aphnaeus marshalli Neave, 1910 Aphnaeus gilloni Stempffer, 1966 Aphnaeus gilloni gilloni Stempffer, 1966 Aphnaeus gilloni luwero Libert, 2013 A. hutchinsonii species group Aphnaeus hutchinsonii Trimen, 1887 Aphnaeus zanzibarensis Grose-Smith, 1889 Aphnaeus suk Libert, 2013 A. questauxi species group Aphnaeus questiauxi Aurivillius, 1903 A. neavei species group Aphnaeus neavei Bethune-Baker, 1926

A. orcas species group

*Aphnaeus orcas (Drury, 1782) Common Highflier

Papilio orcas Drury, 1782. Illustrations of Natural History 3: index, p. 46 & pl. 34 (76 pp.). London. Aphnaeus orcas Drury, 1782. d’Abrera, 2009: 698. 2 Aphnaeus orcas (Drury, 1782). Libert, 2013: 21.

Aphnaeus orcas. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 27mm. Bangui, R.C.A. Oct 72. Godart. (Henning collection – H343).

Alternative common name: Common Silver Spot. Type locality: [West Africa]: “Surinamen”. [False locality.]. Almost certainly Sierra Leone (Larsen, 2005a). Neotype male, Banta, Sierra Leone, 8 X 1903; NHM, London (designated by Libert, 2013: 23). Neallotype female, Moyamba, Sierra Leone, 10 I 1902, NHM, London (desiganted by Libert, 2013: 23). Diagnosis: Most similar to Aphnaeus argyrocyclus – see this species for differentiation. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (Mongala, Uele, Tshopo, Tshuapa, Equateur, Sankuru, Lualaba), Sudan, Uganda, Kenya (west, south-west), Tanzania (west), Zambia. Specific localities: Senegal – Ziguinchor (Libert, 2013); Djiblor (Libert, 2013). Gambia – Banjul (Libert, 2013). Guinea – Labe, Fouta Djalon (Libert, 2013); Kerouane (Libert, 2013). Ghana – Ankasa (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009); Kintampo (Libert, 2013). Togo – Sokode (Libert, 2013). Nigeria – Ibadan (Libert, 2013); Uzuakoli (Libert, 2013). Cameroon – Wak (Libert, 2013); Adamaoua Plateau (Libert, 2013). Gabon – Nyonie (van de Weghe, 2010); Pongara (van de Weghe, 2010); Kinguele (van de Weghe, 2010); Lope N.P. (van de Weghe, 2010); Ipassa (van de Weghe, 2010); Langoue (van de Weghe, 2010); Kongou (van de Weghe, 2010); Bitam (van de Weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (van de Weghe, 2010). Angola – Serra do Mucaba (Libert, 2013); Quango (Libert, 2013). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998); Bangui (male illustrated above). Democratic Republic of Congo – Sandoa (Berger, 1953); Omotumba (Berger, 1953); Upper Kasai (Stempffer, 1954). Sudan – Tembura (Libert, 2013); Imatong Mountains (Libert, 2013). Uganda – Toro (Sharpe, 1904); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Kasoge (Kielland, 1990d); Mihumu (Kielland, 1990d); Lubalizi (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Sitebi (Kielland, 1990d); Ntakatta Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Minziro Forest (Congdon & Bampton, 1995). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); 40 km west of Luanshya (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kawambwa (Heath et al., 2002); Kabompo (Heath et al., 2002); Lumangwe Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002).

3 Habitat: Forest, including riparian forest. In Tanzania at altitudes from 800 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Usually found singly, perched on a leaf or feeding from a flower (Larsen, 1991c). In West Africa it is the commonest species of Aphnaeus but may still be regarded as relatively uncommon (Larsen, 2005a). Males often perch with the wings two-thirds open, on forest edges, but they may also perch on bushes in forest clearings (Larsen, 2005a). Both sexes feed from flowers. Males mudpuddle; females rarely do so (Larsen, 2005a). J. Ciha (vide Larsen, 2005a) collected a male in a trap baited with a dead toad. Early stages:

Van Someren, 1974. “The eggs are laid on the leaves of Alchornea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae). Larvae rest and eventually pupate inside leaves which they curl over. They periodically emerge from these shelters to feed.”

Congdon & Bampton, 1995.

Larval food: Albizia species (Fabaceae) [Fontaine, 1988; Democratic Republic of Congo]. Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 327; Larsen, 2005a (Ankasa, Ghana)]. Allophylus species (Sapindaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, 1995; Minziro, Tanzania]. Blighia species (Sapindaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, 1995; Minziro, Tanzania]. Loranthus species (sensu lato) (Loranthaceae) [Gardiner, vide Larsen, 2005a]. Macaranga species (Euphorbiaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, 1995; Minziro, Tanzania]. Olea species (Oleaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, 1995; Minziro, Tanzania]. Paullinia species (Sapindaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, 1995; Minziro, Tanzania]. Rhus species (Anacardiaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, 1995; Minziro, Tanzania]. Scolopia species (Flacourtiaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, 1995; Minziro, Tanzania]. Scutia species (Rhamnaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, 1995; Minziro, Tanzania]. Uncaria species (Rubiaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, 1995; Minziro, Tanzania]. Associated ant: Larvae are attended by ants but can be reared in their absence [Fontaine, 1988; Gardiner, vide Larsen, 2005a]. ‘Cocktail ants’ (Formicidae) [Congdon & Bampton, 1995].

guttatus Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of Aphnaeus). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 201 (189-206). “Abo”.

hollandi Butler, 1902 (as sp. of Aphnaeus). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1902: 49 (44-51). “Congo Forest”.

rattrayi Sharpe, 1904 (as sp. of Aphnaeus). Entomologist 37: 203 (202-204). Uganda: “Toro”.

heliodorus Schultze, 1916 (as var. of Aphnaeus orcas). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 81 (A.11.): 112 (110-112). Cameroon: “Süd-Kamerun; Kongo-Gebiet”.

overlaeti Berger, 1953 (as female f. of Aphnaeus orcas). Lambillionea 52: 70 (68-70). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congo Belge, Lualaba, Sandoa”.

fontainei Berger, 1953 (as male f. of Aphnaeus orcas). Lambillionea 52: 70 (68-70). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congo Belge, Sankuru, Omotumba”.

paupera Stempffer, 1954 (as f. of Aphnaeus orcas). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 105: 498 (493-527). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Lulua, Sankuru, Upper Kasai”.

*Aphnaeus argyrocyclus Holland, 1890 Rare Highflier

Aphnaeus argyrocyclus Holland, 1890. Psyche, a Journal of Entomology. Cambridge, Mass. 5: 431 (423-431).

4 Aphnaeus argyrocyclus Holland, 1890. d’Abrera, 2009: 698. Aphnaeus argyrocychlus Holland, 1890. Van de Weghe 2010: 374. [misspelling of species name] Aphnaeus argyrocyclus Holland, 1890. Libert, 2013: 25.

Alternative common name: Rare Silver Spot (Larsen, 2005a). Type locality: Gabon: “Ogowe”. Holotype female, Kangwe, Gabon; in C.M.N.H., Pittsburgh. Neallotype male, Talaguga, Gabon; in C.M.N.H., Pittsburgh (Libert, 2013). Diagnosis: Male upperside similar to that of Aphnaeus orcas but greenish-blue less extensive on forewing; inner margin green in spaces 1a and 1b; three round green spots in cell; three small subapical spots; small spots in spaces 2 and 3; silver markings on underside somewhat reduced and ground colour reddish rather than tan; postdiscal silver markings of forewing underside not fused into a band, the spot in 4 shifted towards margin; postdiscal band on hindwing underside narrower and less regular than in Aphnaeus orcas (Larsen, 2005a). Distribution: Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (east and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (Equateur, Tshopo, Maniema), Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Liberia – Mount Nimba (Libert, 2013). Ivory Coast – Abengourou (Larsen, 2005a); Banco (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Kakum National Park (Larsen, 2005a); Bia (Belcastro, vide Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria – Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a); Ikom (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Ebogo (Libert, 2013); Mount Kala (Libert, 2013); Mount Ngoekele (Libert, 2013); Sangmelima (Libert, 2013); Bitje (Libert, 2013); Lomie (Libert, 2013); Maan (Libert, 2013); Moloundou (Libert, 2013); Yokadouma (Libert, 2013). Equatorial Guinea – Bioko (Libert, 2013). Congo – Brazzaville (Libert, 2013); Etoumbi (Libert, 2013); Mambili (Libert, 2013); Fort Rousset (Libert, 2013); Odzala (Libert, 2013); Ketta (Libert, 2013). Gabon – Ogowe (TL); Bitam (van de Weghe, 2010); Waka (van de Weghe, 2010); Lope N.P. (van de Weghe, 2010); Kangwe (Libert, 2013); Mouila (Libert, 2013); Talaguga (Libert, 2013). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998); Bangui (Libert, 2013); Bouchia (Libert, 2013). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kinshasha (Libert, 2013); Lukolela (Libert, 2013); Mbandaka (Libert, 2013); Kisangani (Libert, 2013); Kongour Forest (Libert, 2013); Makala (Libert, 2013); Makusa (Libert, 2013); Beni (Libert, 2013); Biakatu (Libert, 2013); Epulu (Libert, 2013); Mount Hoyo (Libert, 2013); Upper Kasai (Libert, 2013). Uganda – Tero (Libert, 2013); Mpanga-Mpigi (Libert, 2013); Bunyoro (Libert, 2013). Tanzania – Kere Hill, Minziro Forest (rare) (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is a rare butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 327]. Associated ant: Nothing published.

propinquus Holland, 1893 (as sp. of Aphnaeus). Entomological News 4: 25 (22-28). Gabon: “Upper Valley of the Ogove”.

*Aphnaeus nyanzae Stempffer, 1954

Aphnaeus nyanzae Stempffer, 1954. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 105: 499 (493-527). Aphnaeus nyanzae Stempffer, 1954. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. Aphnaeus nyanzae Stempffer, 1954. Libert, 2013: 28.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Katera, Sango Bay , XI 1953 (T.H.E. Jackson)”. Holotype male in the N.H. M., London (Libert, 2013). Distribution: Uganda. Known only from the type locality. Specific localities: Uganda – Sango Bay, Katera (TL).

5 Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

A. asterius species group

*Aphnaeus asterius Plötz, 1880 Brick Highflier

Aphnaeus asterius Plötz, 1880. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 201 (189-206). Aphnaeus asterius Plötz, 1880. d’Abrera, 2009: 700.

Alternative common name: Brick Silver Spot. Type locality: Ghana: “Aburi”. Neotype (female), Dunkwa, Ghana; N.H.M., London (Libert, 2013). Neallotype (male), Kibi, Ghana, 25 X 1973 (Th. Maessen); Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville (Libert, 2013). Diagnosis: Similar to Aphnaeus orcas but underside ground colour deep brick-red, with large numbers of small silver spots, those in space 1b fused to form a long, narrow streak, parallel to inner margin (Larsen, 2005a). Distribution: Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (Equateur, Sankuru), Uganda (Davenport, 1996; needs confirmation). Habitat: Primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is a scarce butterfly in West Africa (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

Aphnaeus asterius asterius Plötz, 1880

Aphnaeus asterius Plötz, 1880. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 201 (189-206). Aphnaeus asterius asterius Holland, 1890. Libert, 2013: 31.

Type locality: Ghana: “Aburi”. Neotype (female), Dunkwa, Ghana; N.H.M., London (Libert, 2013). Neallotype (male), Kibi, Ghana, 25 X 1973 (Th. Maessen); Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville (Libert, 2013). Distribution: Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (south). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Banco (Libert, 2013); Bayota Forest (Libert, 2013). Ghana – Aburi (TL); Atewa Range (Maessen, vide Larsen, 2005a); Kakum National Park (J. Kuhn, vide Larsen, 2005a); Abo (Libert, 2013); Apemedi (Libert, 2013); Bia (Libert, 2013); Bibiani (Libert, 2013); Kibi (Libert, 2013); Mpasaso (Libert, 2013); Tano Ofin (Libert, 2013); Gambaga (Libert, 2013); Dunkwa (Libert, 2013). Nigeria – Ilaro (Libert, 2013); Oni (Libert, 2013); Gambari (Libert, 2013); Ikeja (Libert, 2013).

chalybeatus Sharpe, 1890 (as sp. of Aphnaeus). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 6: 105 (103-106). Sierra Leone. Type in the N.H.M., London (Libert, 2013).

Aphnaeus asterius argenteola Holland, 1890

Aphnaeus argenteola Holland, 1890. Psyche, a Journal of Entomology. Cambridge, Mass. 5: 430 (423-431). Synonym of Aphnaeus asterius Plötz, 1880. Ackery et al., 1995. 6 Aphnaeus asterius argenteola Holland, 1890. Libert, 2013: 32., stat. rev. Type locality: Gabon: “Kangwe”. Holotype (male) in C.M.N.H., Pittsburgh. Neallotype (female), Kangwe, Gabon; in C.M.N.H., Pittsburgh. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (Equateur, Sankuru), Uganda (Davenport, 1996; needs confirmation). Known only from the type locality. Specific localities: Cameroon – Bakossi (Libert, 2013); Afanessele (Libert, 2013); Ebogo (Libert, 2013); Metet (Libert, 2013); Yaounde (Libert, 2013); Bitje (Libert, 2013); Moloundou (Libert, 2013). Gabon – Kangwe (TL); Ogowe (Holland, 1890); Lambarene (van de Weghe, 2010); Belinga (van de Weghe, 2010); Lope N.P. (van de Weghe, 2010). Congo – Dzanga (Noss, 1998); Etoumbi (Libert, 2013); Kelle (Libert, 2013); Mambili (Libert, 2013); Odzala (Libert, 2013). Central Afircan Republic – Bimon (Libert, 2013); Sangha (Libert, 2013). Democratic Republic of Congo – Lukolela (Libert, 2013); Mbandaka (Libert, 2013); Biakatu (Libert, 2013); Momove (Libert, 2013); Epulu (Libert, 2013); Katako-Kombe (Libert, 2013).

ilogo Holland, 1890 (as sp. of Aphnaeus). Psyche, a Journal of Entomology. Cambridge, Mass. 5: 429 (423-431). Gabon: “Upper waters of the River Ogove”. Type in C.M.N.H., Pittsburgh (Libert, 2013).

*Aphnaeus boormani Libert, 2013

Aphnaeus boormani Libert, 2013. Revision du genre Aphnaeus Hübner (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). A.B.R.I.: 33 (100 pp.).

Type locality: Nigeria: “Ewohimi, S Nigeria, I 1959 (J. Boorman); genitalia Libert 109-254”. Holotype (male) in A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Allotype (female), Uzuakoli (T.F. Davey); genitalia Libert 111- 148; in A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon. Specific localities: Nigeria – Ewohimi (TL); Uzuakoli (Libert, 2013); Ubiaja (Libert, 2013); Warri (Libert, 2013). Cameroon – Mamfe (Libert, 2013). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

*Aphnaeus chapini (Holland, 1920)

Spindasis chapini Holland, 1920. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 116, 225 (109-369). Aphnaeus chapini Holland, 1920. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. Aphnaeus chapini (Holland, 1920). Libert, 2013: 34.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Stanleyville, Niangara (28° 0' E, 3° 40' N), 17-19 XI 1910 (Lang & Chapin)”. Holotype (male) in A.M.N.H., New York. Distribution: Cameroon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

Aphnaeus chapini chapini (Holland, 1920)

Spindasis chapini Holland, 1920. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 116, 225 (109-369). Aphnaeus chapini chapini Holland, 1920. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. 7 Aphnaeus chapini chapini (Holland, 1920). Libert, 2013: 34.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Stanleyville, Niangara (28° 0' E, 3° 40' N), 17-19 XI 1910 (Lang & Chapin)”. Holotype (male) in A.M.N.H., New York. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Stanleyville, Niangara (TL).

Aphnaeus chapini ugandae Stempffer, 1961

Aphnaeus asterius ugandae Stempffer, 1961. Annales Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale (8) 94: 59 (73 pp.). Aphnaeus chapini ugandae Stempffer, 1961. Clench, 1963: 45. Aphnaeus chapini ugandae Stempffer, 1961. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. Aphnaeus chapini ugandae Stempffer, 1961. Libert, 2013: 35.

Type locality: Uganda: “Masaka, Sango Bay, Katera, XI 1956 (T.H.E. Jackson)”. Holotype (male) in N.H.M., London. Allotype (female), Masaka, Katera, Sango Bay, Uganda, XI 1953 (van Someren); in N.H.M., London. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Beni (Libert, 2013); Mapimbi (Libert, 2013); Mamove (Libert, 2013). Uganda – Masaka, Sango Bay, Katera (TL).

Aphnaeus chapini occidentalis Clench, 1963

Aphnaeus chapini occidentalis Clench, 1963. Entomological News 74: 46 (43-49). Aphnaeus chapini occidentalis Clench, 1963. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. Aphnaeus chapini occidentalis Clench, 1963. Libert, 2013: 36.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Efulen, Cameroun, 2 IV 1925 (H.L. Weber)”. Holotype (male) in the C.M.N.H., Pittsburgh. Neallotype (female), Ebogo, Nyong R., Cameroon, X 1996 (S. Collins); A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Distribution: Cameroon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Cameroon – Efulen (TL); Ebogo (Libert, 2013); Yaounde (Libert, 2013); Bikoman (Libert, 2013); Bitje (Libert, 2013); Dja (Libert, 2013); Efulen (Libert, 2013); Akom II (Libert, 2013); Bertoua (Libert, 2013). Congo – Etoumbi (Libert, 2013); Kelle (Libert, 2013). Central African Republic – Bangui (Libert, 2013); Moloukou (Libert, 2013). Democratic Republic of Congo – Lukolela (Libert, 2013); Mbandaka (Libert, 2013); Dekese (Libert, 2013); Kasai (Libert, 2013).

A. brahami species group

*Aphnaeus brahami Lathy, 1903 Western Highflier

Aphnaeus brahami Lathy, 1903. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1903: 199 (183-206). Aphnaeus brahami Lathy, 1903. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. Aphnaeus brahami Lathy, 1903. Libert, 2013: 39.

Alternative common name: Western Silver Spot. Type locality: Nigeria: Anambara Creek near Asaba (A.J. Braham). Holotype (female) in N.H.M., 8 London. Neallotype (male), Wak, N Ngaoundere, Cameroon, X 2006 (ABRI coll.); A.B.R.I., Nairobi (Libert, 2013). Distribution: Senegal, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Burkina Faso, Ghana (Volta Region), Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya. Larsen (2005a) states that the species does not occur in the equatorial zone or in east Africa but this has been rendered incorrect by Libert (2013) in his review of the genus. Habitat: Guinea/Sudan savanna transition (Larsen, 2005a). Savanna (open woodland) for subspecies coronae. Habits: This is a rare species, most often met when hilltopping. S. Norman has a good series from the inselbergs around the town of Kaduna in Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Suspected to be Brachystegia species (Fabaceae) for subspecies coronae [Larsen, 1991c: 180]. Associated ant: Nothing published.

Aphnaeus brahami brahami Lathy, 1903

Aphnaeus brahami Lathy, 1903. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1903: 199 (183-206). Aphnaeus brahami Lathy, 1903. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. Aphnaeus brahami brahami Lathy, 1903. Libert, 2013: 39.

Type locality: Nigeria: Anambara Creek near Asaba (A.J. Braham). Holotype (female) in N.H.M., London. Neallotype (male), Wak, N Ngaoundere, Cameroon, X 2006 (ABRI coll.); A.B.R.I., Nairobi (Libert, 2013). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic. Specific localities: Nigeria – Anambra Creek near Asaba (TL); Abak (Larsen, 2005a); Kaduna (Larsen, 2005a); Nsukka near Obudu Town (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Wak (Libert, 2013). Central African Republic – Bangui (Libert, 2013); Ndolobo (Libert, 2013).

Aphnaeus brahami ghanaensis Libert, 2013

Aphnaeus brahami ghanaensis Libert, 2013. Revision du genre Aphnaeus Hübner (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). A.B.R.I.: 42 (100 pp.).

Type locality: Ghana: Amedzofe, I 2002 (R. Vorgas & S. Yevu). Holotype (female) in A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Allotype (male), Mate, Volta, Ghana, VI 2004 (ABRI coll.); in A.B.R.I., Nairobi (Libert, 2013). Distribution: Ghana, Benin, Burkina Faso. Specific localities: Ghana – Amedzofe (TL); Mate (Libert, 2013); Bia (Libert, 2013). Benin – Porto Novo (Libert, 2013) Burkina Faso – Bobo-Dioulasso (A. Gardiner, vide Larsen, 2005a).

Aphnaeus brahami bakeri Libert, 2013

Aphnaeus brahami bakeri Libert, 2013. Revision du genre Aphnaeus Hübner (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). A.B.R.I.: 42 (100 pp.).

Type locality: Guinea-Bissau: Caio, X-XII 2007 (J. Baker); genitalia Libert 110-126; BOLD: MLIB- 0119. Holotype (female) in A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Allotype (male), Caio, Guinea-Bissau, X-XII 2007 (J. Baker); in A.B.R.I., Nairobi (Libert, 2013). Distribution: Senegal, Guinea, Guinea Bissau. 9 Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a); Duhoma (Libert, 2013). Guinea – Mamou (Libert, 2013). Guinea-Bissau – Caio (TL); Rio Balana (Libert, 2013).

Aphnaeus brahami coronae Talbot, 1935 Crowned Highflyer

Aphnaeus coronae Talbot, 1935. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 71: 118 (69-78, 115-127, 147-153). Aphnaeus coronae Talbot, 1935. d’Abrera, 2009: 702. Aphnaeus brahami coronae Talbot, 1935. Libert, 2013: 43, stat. rev.

Alternative common name: Crowned Silver Spot. Type locality: Sudan: South Sudan. Mongalla Station (J.G. Owen). Holotype (male) in O.U.M.N.H., Oxford. Neallotype (female), Toror, Karamoja, Uganda, IV 1950 (T.H.E. Jackson); in N.H.M., London (Libert, 2013). Distribution: Sudan, Uganda, Kenya. Specific localities: Sudan – Mongalla Station (TL). Uganda – Labwor Hills, Karamoja (Stempffer, 1954); Soroti (Libert, 2013); Mt Cholol (Libert, 2013); Kadam (Libert, 2013); Toror (Libert, 2013); Utukei (Libert, 2013); Alirek (Libert, 2013). Kenya – Arabuko-Sokoke Forest; Tsavo National Park (Larsen, 1991c); Kakapel-Angurai (Libert, 2013); Malakisi(Libert, 2013); Jilore (Libert, 2013).

vansomereni Stempffer, 1954 (as f. of Aphnaeus coronae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 105: 512 (493-527). [Uganda]: “Labwor Hills, Karamoja”. In N.H.M., London.

littoralis Carcasson, 1964 (as ssp. of Aphnaeus coronae). Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society & Coryndon Museum 24 (4): 71 (67-72). Type locality: Kenya: “Sekoke Forest, Kilifi, Coast Province, Kenya”. Types in N.H.M., London. Synonymized with Aphnaeus brahami coronae Talbot, 1935 by Libert, 2013: 43.

*Aphnaeus herbuloti Stempffer, 1972

Aphnaeus herbuloti Stempffer, 1972. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 76: 267 (266-268). Aphnaeus herbuloti Stempffer, 1971. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. [date of authorship erroneous].

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroun, 8 km. au nord d’Edea, 10 IV 1970 (G. Herbulot)”; genitalia Stempffer 6433. Holotype (female) in M.N.H.N., Paris. Neallotype (male), Bitje, Ja R., Cameroon, VII-IX 1919 (Bates); genitalia Libert 110-120; coll. Fournier, M.N.H.N., Paris. Distribution: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Cameroon – 8 km north of Edea (TL); Bitje (Libert, 2013). Central African Republic – Bangui (Libert, 2013); Mbata (Libert, 2013); Yakoli (Libert, 2013). Democratic Republic of Congo – M’Pala (Larsen, 1986); Kapanga (Libert, 2013); Bangupa (Libert, 2013); Kisangani (Libert, 2013); Kafakumba (Libert, 2013). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

carcassoni Larsen, 1986 (as sp. of Aphnaeus). Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental de l’Afrique Noire (A) 45: 157 (151-172). [Tanzania]: “M’Pala”. Type in the N.H.M., London (Libert, 2013).Given in Ackery et al., 1995: 554 as a good species but synonymised with Aphnaeus herbuloti by Bouyer, 1996 (Entomologia Africana 1: 28 (25-28).). According to Larsen (2005a) the type locality is M’Pala, Tanganika Province, Democratic Republic of Congo, not Tanzania. Note: D’Abrera (2009: 700) avers that carcassoni Larsen, 1982 [sic] may be a synonym of brahami Lathy, 1903. However, he appears to

10 have been unaware that Bouyer (1996) had already synonymized carcassoni with herbuloti Stempffer, 1972. In addition d’Abrera (2009) lists carcassoni Larsen, 1986 as a valid species on p.702!

A. jefferyi species group

*Aphnaeus jefferyi Hawker-Smith, 1928 Jeffery’s Highflier

Aphnaeus jefferyi Hawker-Smith, 1928. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 3: 30 (30-31). Aphnaeus jefferyi Hawker-Smith, 1928. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. Aphnaeus jefferyi Hawker-Smith, 1928. Libert, 2013: 47.

Aphnaeus jefferyi male underside, Cameroon

Alternative common name: Jeffrey’s Silver Spot. Type locality: [Kenya]: “Kitale, 2 III 1925 (G.W. Jeffery)”. Holotype (female) in the N.H.M., London. Neallotype (male), Soy, W. Kenya, 2 V 1939 (C. Cripps); genitalia Stempffer 3411; in N.H.M., London. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north- west). Recorded, in error, from Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana and Cameroon by Bouyer & Libert (1996), Larsen (2005a) and Vande Weghe (2010). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Biakatu (Libert, 2013). Uganda – Mpanga Mpigi (Libert, 2013); Jinja (Libert, 2013). Kenya – Kitale (TL); Kipkaren (near Turbo) (Larsen, 1991c); Soy in the Cherangani Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega (Libert, 2013). Tanzania – Munene Forest, Bukoba (single female) (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Woodland (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habits: This is a rare species (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

*Aphnaeus safiani Libert, 2013

Aphnaeus safiani Libert, 2013. Revision du genre Aphnaeus Hübner (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). A.B.R.I.: 48 (100 pp.).

11

Type locality: Ghana: Mate, Volta, IX 2009 (S. Yevu). Holotype (male) in A.B.R.I, Nairobi. Allotype (female), Sagamase, Kibi, Atewa Mountains, Ghana, I 2005 (S. Collins); in A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Cameroon. Specific localities: Guinea – Popodora, Labe, Fouta Djalon (Larsen, 2005a; Libert, 2013). Sierra Leone – Guma Valley, Freetown (S. Collins, November, 1991, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Mate, Volta (TL); Kibi, Atewa Mountains (Libert, 2013); Bibiani (Libert, 2013); Amedzofe (Libert, 2013); Gbledy (Libert, 2013). Cameroon – Ebogo (Libert, 2013); Mbam Massif (Libert, 2013). Habitat: Savanna. Habits: A rare species (Libert, 2013). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

*Aphnaeus cameruna Libert, 2013

Aphnaeus cameruna Libert, 2013. Revision du genre Aphnaeus Hübner (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). A.B.R.I.: 49 (100 pp.).

Type locality: Cameroon: Maan, S. Cameroon, VI 2001 (ABRI coll.). Holotype (male) in A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Known only from the male holotype (Libert, 2013). Distribution: Cameroon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Maan (TL). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

*Aphnaeus marci Collins & Larsen, 2008

Aphnaeus marci Collins & Larsen, 2008. Metamorphosis 19 (2): 67 (42-113). Aphnaeus marci Collins & Larsen, 2008. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. Aphnaeus marci Collins & Larsen, 2008. Libert, 2013: 50.

Aphnaeus marci male holotype upperside Aphnaeus marci male holotype underside

12 Type locality: Cameroon: Wak (07 42 N, 13 33 E), N. Cameroon, V 2007 )ABRI coll.). Holotype (male) in A.B.R.I., Nairobi. The female is unknown (Libert, 2013). Distribution: Cameroon (north). Specific localities: Cameroon – Wak (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

*Aphnaeus curlei Libert & Collins, 2013

Aphnaeus curlei Libert & Collins, 2013. Revision du genre Aphnaeus Hübner (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). A.B.R.I.: 50 (100 pp.).

Type locality: Zambia: Mutinondo, 1 500 m, E. Zambia, 4 XII 2007 (T.C.E. Congdon); genitalia Libert 109-246. Holotype (male) in A.B.R.I., Nairobi. The female is unknown (Libert, 2013). Distribution: Uganda (north), Kenya (north-west – Suk Mountains?). Specific localities: Zambia – Mutinondo (TL); Ikelenge (Libert, 2013). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

A. jacksoni species group

*Aphnaeus jacksoni Stempffer, 1954 Jackson’s Highflier

Aphnaeus jacksoni Stempffer, 1954. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 105: 512 (493-527). Aphnaeus jacksoni Stempffer, 1954. d’Abrera, 2009: 702. Aphnaeus jacksoni Stempffer, 1954. Libert, 2013: 52.

Alternative common name: Jackson’s Silver Spot. Type locality: [Uganda]: Labwor Hills, Karamoja, IV 1950 (T.H.E. Jackson); genitalia Stempffer 3241. Holotype (male) in the N.H.M., London. Allotype (female), Albert Hill, Mt Kadum, Karamoja, Uganda (V.G.L. van Someren); in the N.H.M., London. Distribution: Cameroon, Uganda (north-east). Recorded, in error, from Kenya by Ackery et al., 1995. Habitat: Savanna. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

Aphnaeus jacksoni jacksoni Stempffer, 1954

Aphnaeus jacksoni Stempffer, 1954. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 105: 512 (493-527). Aphnaeus jacksoni Stempffer, 1954. d’Abrera, 2009: 702. Aphnaeus jacksoni jacksoni Stempffer, 1954. Libert, 2013: 52.

13 Type locality: [Uganda]: Labwor Hills, Karamoja, IV 1950 (T.H.E. Jackson); genitalia Stempffer 3241. Holotype (male) in the N.H.M., London. Allotype (female), Albert Hill, Mt Kadum, Karamoja, Uganda (V.G.L. van Someren); in the N.H.M., London. Distribution: Uganda. Specific localities: Uganda – Labwor Hills, Karamoja (TL); Albert Hill, Mt Kadum (Libert, 2013); Mt Utukei (Libert, 2013); Mt Utut (Libert, 2013); Mt Cholol (Libert, 2013).

Aphnaeus jacksoni pinkieana Collins & Libert, 2013

Aphnaeus jacksoni pinkieana Collins & Libert, 2013. Revision du genre Aphnaeus Hübner (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). A.B.R.I.: 53 (100 pp.).

Type locality: Cameroon: Wak, N. Cameroon, VI 2006 (ABRI coll.). Holotype (male) in the A.B.R.I., Nairobi (Libert, 2013). Allotype (female), Wak, N. Cameroon, V 2003 (ABRI coll.); in the A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Known only from the type locality (Libert, 2013). Distribution: Cameroon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Wak (TL).

*Aphnaeus charboneli Bouyer & Libert, 1996 Charbonel’s Highflier

Aphnaeus charboneli Bouyer & Libert, 1996. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 101 (1): 49 (49-52). Aphnaeus charboneli Bouyer & Libert, 1996. d’Abrera, 2009: 702.

Alternative common name: Charbonel’s Silver Spot. Type locality: Cameroon: Etoud, XII 1983 (M. Libert). Holotype (male) in the M.N.H.N., Paris. Allotype (female) Matumbi, Democratic Republic of Congo, 5 VI 1992 (R. Ducarme); in the collection of R. Ducarme. Distribution: Ghana (Larsen, 2005a), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Ghana – Tano Ofin (ABRI collectors, vide Larsen, 2005a); Bia (Libert, 2013); Bibiani (Libert, 2013); Kibi (Libert, 2013). Cameroon – Etoud (TL). Central African Republic – Bobelet (Libert, 2013). Democratic Republic of Congo – Matumbi (Libert, 2013). Habitat: Upland evergreen forest in Ghana but in forest at sea-level in Cameroon (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is an extremely rare butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

*Aphnaeus ebogo Libert, 2013

Aphnaeus ebogo Libert, 2013. Revision du genre Aphnaeus Hübner (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). A.B.R.I.: 55 (100 pp.).

Type locality: Cameroon: Ebogo, III 2000 (ABRI coll.); genitalia Libert 110-133. Holotype (male) in the A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Allotype (female), Ebogo, Cameroon, V 2000 (ABRI coll.); in the A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Distribution: Cameroon. Known only from the type locality (Libert, 2013). Specific localities:

14 Cameroon – Ebogo (TL). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

A. adamsi species group

*Aphnaeus adamsi Stempffer, 1954

Aphnaeus adamsi Stempffer, 1954. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 105: 513 (493-527). Aphnaeus adamsi Stempffer, 1954. d’Abrera, 2009: 702. Aphnaeus adamsi Stempffer, 1954. Libert, 2013: 56.

Type locality: Cameroon: Bitje, Ja River. Holotype (male), Bitje, Ja River, IX 1908; coll. Adams; genitalia Stempffer 3245; in the N.H.M., London. Allotype (female), Katako-Kombe, Sankuru, Democratic Republic of Congo, 16 XII 1951 (M. Fontaine); in the M.R.A.C., Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (south-central). Specific localities: Cameroon – Bitje, Ja River (TL); Maan (Libert, 2013); Ebogo (Libert, 2013); Dja (Libert, 2013); Akonolinga (Libert, 2013); Nyong (Libert, 2013). Central African Republic – Batalimo (Libert, 2013). Democratic Republic of Congo – Lake Ma Vallee, near Kinshasa (Libert, 2013); Lualuabourg (Libert, 2013); Djeka-Mbudi (Libert, 2013); Katako-Kombe (Libert, 2013). Early stages:

Callaghan, 1993.

Larval food: Nothing published? Associated ant: Nothing published.

*Aphnaeus nimbaensis Sáfián & Libert, 2013

Aphnaeus nimbaensis Sáfián & Libert, 2013. Zootaxa 3718 (2): 195 (193-199). Aphnaeus nimbaensis Sáfián & Libert, 2013. Libert, 2013: 58.

Type locality: Liberia: “Mt. Gangra, Nimba Mountains, Western Range, Nimba County, 16.02.2012. Leg.: Sáfián, Sz. & Strausz, M. Coordinates: 7°32'44.44"N, 8°38'9.27"W”. Holotype male in ABRI, Nairobi, Kenya. The female is unknown. Distribution: Liberia. Specific localities: Liberia – Mt. Gangra (TL); Libercell Telecommunications Tower, East Nimba N.R. (7°32'6.05"N, 8°31'37.95"W) (Safian et al., 2013). Habitat: Submontane Forest (Safian et al., 2013). Habits: Males are known to hilltop (Safian et al., 2013). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

*Aphnaeus liberti Bouyer, 1996

Aphnaeus liberti Bouyer, 1996. Entomologia Africana 1: 27 (25-28). 15 Aphnaeus liberti Bouyer, 1996. Libert, 2013: 59.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Mount Messa”. Holotype (female), Mount Messa, Cameroon, XII 1987 (M. Libert); in the M.N.H.N., Paris. Neallotype (male), Ebogo, Nyong R., Cameroon, IX 2005 (ABRI coll.); in the A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Distribution: Cameroon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Mount Messa (TL); Ebogo (Libert, 2013). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

A. flavescens species group

*Aphnaeus flavescens Stempffer, 1954 Creamy Highflier

Aphnaeus flavescens Stempffer, 1954. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 105: 514 (493-527). Aphnaeus flavescens Stempffer, 1954. d’Abrera, 2009: 702. Aphnaeus flavescens Stempffer, 1954. Libert, 2013: 60.

Aphnaeus flavescens. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 30mm. Ndola, Zambia. 28.8.78. A. Heath. (Henning collection – H344).

Alternative common name: Creamy Silver Spot. Type locality: [Malawi]: “Limbe” (false locality according to Libert, 2013). Holotype (male), Nkata Bay, Malawi; genitalia Stempffer 3244; in N.H.M., London. Allotype (female), Chintechi, Malawi, I - IV 1924 (T.H. Lloyd); in the N.H.M., London. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Zilo (Libert, 2013); Kibombama (Libert, 2013); Kyankwale (Libert, 2013); Kinsenda (Libert, 2013). Tanzania – Lubalizi Valley, 1 200 m (Kielland, 1990d; single female). Malawi – Nkata Bay (TL); Chinteche (Libert, 2013). Zambia – Chisamba (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002; male illustrated above); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Ikelenge (Libert, 2013); Chilyongoli (Libert, 2013); Mosa (Libert, 2013); Munkuntna (Libert, 2013); Miengwe (Libert, 2013). Habitat: Savanna. Habits: A single female was found mudpuddling by Kielland in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. 16 Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

*Aphnaeus williamsi Carcasson, 1964 Williams’ Highflier

Aphnaeus flavescens williamsi Carcasson, 1964. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society & Coryndon Museum 24 (4): 70 (67-72). Aphnaeus flavescens williamsi Carcasson, 1964. Ackery et al., 1995: 555. Aphnaeus williamsi Carcasson, 1964. Bouyer, 1996: 27 stat. rev. Aphnaeus flavescens williamsi Carcasson, 1964. D’Abrera, 2009: 702. (see Note, below). Aphnaeus williamsi Carcasson, 1964. Libert, 2013: 62.

Alternative common name: Williams’ Silver Spot. Type locality: Kenya: “Sekoke Forest, Kilifi, Coast Province, Kenya”. Holotype (male), Sekoke Forest, IV 1957 (J.G. Williams); in the N.H.M., London. Allotype (female), Sekoke Forest, IV 1957 (J.G. Williams); in the N.H.M., London. Distribution: Kenya (coast). Specific localities: Kenya – Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (TL); Kilifi (Larsen, 1991c); Mrima Hill (Larsen, 1991c); Shimoni Peninsula (Larsen, 1991c). Habitat: Savanna on the fringes of coastal forest? (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: A very rare butterfly (Larsen, 1991c). Little is known in regard to its habits; the few specimens known have been found feeding from flowers (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

Note: Treated as a subspecies of flavescens by d’Abrera (2009: 702), who was apparently unaware that Bouyer (1996) had raised it to species level.

*Aphnaeus abriana Collins & Libert, 2013

Aphnaeus abriana Collins & Libert, 2013. Revision du genre Aphnaeus Hübner (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). A.B.R.I.: 63 (100 pp.). Aphnaeus abriana Collins & Libert, 2013. Libert, 2013: 63.

Type locality: Tanzania: Madibira. Holotype (male), Madibira, 12 XII 2008 (T.C.E. Congdon & M. Hussein); in the A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Distribution: Tanzania. Known only from the type locality. The female is unknown. Specific localities: Tanzania – Madibira (TL). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland (Libert, 2013). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

*Aphnaeus mirabilis Sáfián & Collins, 2013

Aphnaeus mirabilis Sáfián & Collins, 2013. Zootaxa 3718 (2): 194 (193-199). Aphnaeus mirabilis Sáfián & Collins, 2013. Libert, 2013: 64.

Type locality: Liberia: “Gpaba (Gbarpa), Nimba Mountains, Western Range, Nimba County, 09.02.2012. Leg.: Sáfián, Sz. & Strausz, M. Coordinates: 7°28'38.59"N, 8°38'46.04"W”. Holotype female in the A.B.R.I., Nairobi, Kenya. The species is known only from the holotype female (Libert, 17 2013). Distribution: Liberia (Nimba Mountains). Specific localities: Liberia – Gpaba (TL). Habitat: Lowland forest (Safian et al., 2013). Habits: The holotype female was found mud-puddling during a very dry period (Safian et al., 2013). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

A. erikssoni species group

*Aphnaeus erikssoni Trimen, 1891 Eriksson’s Highflier

Aphnaeus erikssoni Trimen, 1891. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 86 (59-107). Aphnaeus erikssoni Trimen, 1891. Stempffer, 1954: 507. Aphnaeus erikssoni Trimen, 1891. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Aphnaeus (Aphnaeus) erikssoni Trimen, 1891. Pringle et al., 1994: 168. Aphnaeus erikssoni Trimen, 1891. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. Aphnaeus erikssoni Trimen, 1891. Libert, 2013: 66.

Type locality: [Angola]: “Between Ehanda, in the Southern Ombuela (or Ambuella) country and Omborombongo, in Central Damaraland”. Holotype (female), Ehanda, IX 1887 (A.W. Eriksson); in the Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town. Neallotype (male), Kafakumba, Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo; genitalia Stempffer n 3247; in the N.H.M., London. Distribution: Angola (south), Democratic Republic of Congo (south-east – Lualaba), Zambia (north- west), Namibia (Caprivi). Specific localities: Angola – Between Ehanda and Omborombongo (TL); Inga (Libert, 2013); Libollo (Libert, 2013); Osi (Libert, 2013). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kafakumba (Berger, 1951); Kapanga (Libert, 2013); Mpala (Libert, 2013). Zambia – Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Kabompo River (Heath et al., 2002); Chalimbana (Heath et al., 2002); 100 km west of Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Kafue Township (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mkushi (Heath et al., 2002); Shiwa Ngandu (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002); Kalombo Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Lukanga (Heath et al., 2002); Luena (Heath et al., 2002); Sefula River (Heath et al., 2002); Ikelenge (Libert, 2013). Namibia – Bwabata N.P., central Caprivi (S. Braine; single male; (Libert, 2013)). Habitat: Habits: Males hilltop, flying very rapidly around trees on the summits. Females are usually encountered on the slopes, sometimes when they are feeding from flowers. It has been observed in numbers feeding from the flowers of Brachystegia trees, as well as sucking from damp spots (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: The spring and early summer months (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Gardiner, A., in Pringle et al., 1994: 169 [for subspecies gardineri, as “undescribed race from the Matobo Hills, Bulawayo”]. “The life history of this undescribed race [from the Matobo Hills, Bulawayo] of this insect has now been traced by A.J. Gardiner, who has furnished brief notes concerning it: The female lays her eggs singly on young twigs, or on branches of the foodplant, during early spring. On emergence the larva moves to the young foliage, where it lies on the upper surface of a leaf. After the third instar, it enters into the nest of the host ant (a Crematogaster species), where it remains until shortly before the following spring, coming out of the ant’s nest to feed on the foliage at night. It then pupates within the ant’s nest, approximately one month before emerging.”

18

Larval food: Burkea africana Hook. (Fabaceae) [Gardiner, A., 1990: 10; Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe; for subspecies gardineri Libert, 2013]. Convolvulus species (Convolvulaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 180; for subspecies rex]. Associated ant: Crematogaster species [Gardiner, A., in Pringle et al., 1994: 169; Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe; for subspecies gardineri].

bruneeli Berger, 1951 (as sp. of Aphnaeus). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 45: 55 (55- 56). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kafakumba”. Types in M.R.A.C., Belgium.

*Aphnaeus mashunae Stempffer, 1954

Aphnaeus erikssoni mashunae Stempffer, 1954. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 105: 507 (493- 527). Aphnaeus erikssoni mashunae Stempffer, 1954. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Aphnaeus (Aphnaeus) erikssoni mashunae Stempffer, 1954. Pringle et al., 1994: 169. Aphnaeus erikssoni mashunae Stempffer, 1954. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. Aphnaeus mashunae Stempffer, 1954. Libert, 2013: 68, stat. rev.

Aphnaeus mashunae. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 32mm. Christon Bank, Salisbury, S.R. 30.8.1962. C.B. Cottrell. (Transvaal Museum – TM3815).

Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: “Mashonaland: Gadzima, Umfuli River”. Holotype (male), Gadzima, Umfuli River (G.A.K. Marshall); in the N.H.M., London. Neallotype (female), Harare, Zimbabwe, 18 IX 1988 (bred, I. Mullin); in the A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Distribution: Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Harare area). Specific localities: Malawi – Chinteche (Libert, 2013); Chinunda (Libert, 2013); Fort Jameson (Libert, 2013); Nyika (Libert, 2013). Zambia – Miengwe (Libert, 2013); Mkushi (Libert, 2013); Mutinondo (Libert, 2013); Shiwa Ngandu (Libert, 2013). Zimbabwe – Gadzima, Umfuli River (TL); Harare (Pringle et al., 1994); Marandella (Libert, 2013). Habitat: Habits: Flight period: Early stages:

Mullin, in Pringle et al., 1994: 169 [as Aphnaeus (Aphnaeus) erikssoni mashunae; Harare, Zimbabwe]. “The life history of this race [mashunae], recorded by Mullin from Harare, follows: Females lay their eggs on twigs or young shoots of Julbernadia globiflora, apparently only on trees inhabited by Crematogaster 19 ants. The second and third instars are a bright green with anterior and posterior segments a dark claret colour, with a dorsal stripe of the same colour. The larva has a flattened appearance. The final instar larva is greyish in colour and the pupa is brown. Some larvae were found on the trees in small shelters made from young leaves ‘sewn’ together. From the third instar it lives in holes it has bored into the wood of the tree – possibly these are ant holes enlarged by the larvae. The larvae were attended by Crematogaster ants. The larva pupates within its shelter.”

Larval food: Burkea africana Hook. (Fabaceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 169; as erikssonia mashunae]. Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin (Fabaceae) [Gardiner, A., 1990: 10; as erikssonia mashunae]. Associated ant: Crematogaster species [Mullin, in Pringle et al., 1994: 169; as erikssonia mashunae].

*Aphnaeus affinis Riley, 1921

Aphnaeus affinis Riley, 1921. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 249 (234-259). Aphnaeus affinis Riley, 1921. d’Abrera, 2009: 701. Aphnaeus affinis Riley, 1921. Libert, 2013: 70.

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Chanteli R., Solwezi”. Holotype (male), Chanteli River, Solwezi, VIII 1917 (H.C. Dollman); in the N.H.M., London. Neallotype (female), Lukanga River, Democratic Republic of Congo, 7 IX 1915; genitalia Stempffer 3410; in the N.H.M., London. Distribution: Angola (north-east), Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba, Shaba), Zambia (north). Specific localities: Angola – Henrique de Carvalho (Libert, 2013). Democratic Republic of Congo – Elisabethville (Berger, 1953); Kafakumba (Libert, 2013); Lumbumbashi (Libert, 2013). Zambia – Chanteli River, Solwezi (TL); Ikelenge (Libert, 2013); Ndola (Libert, 2013); Lusaka (Libert, 2013). Habitat: Habits: Flight period: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

Note: D’Abrera (2009: 701) avers that affinis my be a junior synonym of marshalli but makes no formal taxonomic changes in this regard.

seydeli Berger, 1953 (as ssp. of Aphnaeus affinis). Lambillionea 52: 68 (68-70). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congo Belge, Haut Katanga: Elisabethville”. Type in the M.R.A.C., Tervuren, Belgium.

*Aphnaeus rex Aurivillius, 1909

Aphnaeus rex Aurivillius, 1909. Arkiv för Zoologi 5 (5): 5 (29 pp.). Aphnaeus erikssoni rex Aurivillius, 1909. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Aphnaeus erikssoni rex Aurivillius, 1909. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. Aphnaeus rex Aurivillius, 1909. Libert, 2013: 71.

20

Aphnaeus rex rex. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Zimbabwe. 24 September 1984. Collector unknown. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Deutsch Ostafrika: Kigonsera”. Holotype (female), Kigonsera, Tanzania, XI 1906; Zoologisches Staatsammlung, Munich. Neallotype (male), Kigonsera, Tanzania (Ertl); Zoologisches Staatsammlung, Munich. Distribution: Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique (Congdon et al., 2010). Habitat: Habits: Flight period: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

Aphnaeus rex rex Aurilillius, 1909

Aphnaeus rex Aurivillius, 1909. Arkiv för Zoologi 5 (5): 5 (29 pp.). Aphnaeus erikssoni rex Aurivillius, 1909. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Aphnaeus erikssoni rex Aurivillius, 1909. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. Aphnaeus rex Aurivillius, 1909. Libert, 2013: 71.

Aphnaeus rex rex. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Zimbabwe. 24 September 1984. Collector unknown. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Deutsch Ostafrika: Kigonsera”. Holotype (female), Kigonsera, Tanzania, XI 1906; Zoologisches Staatsammlung, Munich. Neallotype (male), Kigonsera, Tanzania (Ertl); Zoologisches Staatsammlung, Munich. Distribution: Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique (Congdon et al., 2010).

21 Specific localities: Tanzania – Kigonsera (TL); Madibira (Congdon, vide Kielland, 1990d); Ndumbi Gorge (Congdon, vide Kielland, 1990d); Milo (Mt Livingstone) (Libert, 2013); Kongwa (Libert, 2013). Malawi – Mt Zomba (Congdon et al., 2010); Blantyre (Libert, 2013); Mulanje (Libert, 2013); Masongaleni (Libert, 2013). Zimbabwe – Christmas Pass near Mutare (TL); Vumba (Pringle et al., 1994); Mutare (Pringle et al., 1994); Butler South (Pringle et al., 1994; male illustrated above); Chimanimani Mountains (Pringle et al., 1994); Chitora (Libert, 2013); Cross Kopje (Libert, 2013); Bindura (Libert, 2013); Filabusi near Bulawayo (Libert, 2013).

barnesi Stempffer, 1954 (as ssp. of Aphnaeus erikssoni). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 105: 507 (493-527). Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: “S. Rhodesia: Christmas Pass, 4,000 ft., near Umtali”. Treated as a synonym of Aphnaeus rex Aurivillius, 1909 by Libert (2013: 73).

Aphnaeus rex gardineri Libert, 2013

Aphnaeus rex gardineri Libert, 2013. Revision du genre Aphnaeus Hübner (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). A.B.R.I.: 74 (100 pp.).

Type locality: Zimbabwe: Bulawayo. Holotype (male), Circular Drive, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, 15 IX 1975 (A.J. & M.W. Gardiner); in the N.H.M., London. Distribution: Zimbabwe. Known only from the type locality. Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Bulawayo (TL).

*Aphnaeus kiellandi Stempffer, 1973

Aphnaeus erikssoni kiellandi Stempffer, 1973. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 77 (76?): 250 (249-252). Aphnaeus erikssoni kiellandi Stempffer, 1972. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. [date of authorship erroneous?]. Aphnaeus kiellandi Stempffer, 1972. Libert, 2013: 75, stat. rev.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Tanzanie, Mpanda, Sitebi”. Holotype (male), Sitebi, Tanzania (J. Kielland); in the M.N.H.N., Paris. Allotype (female), Sitebi, Tanzania (J. Kielland); in the M.N.H.N., Paris. Distribution: Tanzania (south-west). Specific localities: Tanzania – Sitebi, Mpanda (TL); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Chala Mountain in Ufipa (Kielland, 1990d); Mihumu (Libert, 2013); Tabora (Urumwa Forest) (Libert, 2013); Umalila F.R. (Libert, 2013); Madibira (Libert, 2013). Habitat: Open habitats and deciduous woodland (Kielland, 1990d). It occurs at altitudes between 1 150 and 1 900 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Kielland (1990d) noted that both sexes feed from flowers on bushes. Flight period: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

*Aphnaeus marshalli Neave, 1910 Marshall’s Highflier

Aphnaeus marshalli Neave, 1910. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 48 (2-86). Aphnaeus marshalli Neave, 1910. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Aphnaeus (Aphnaeus) marshalli Neave, 1910. Pringle et al., 1994: 169. Aphnaeus marshalli Neave, 1910. d’Abrera, 2009: 701. Aphnaeus marshalli Neave, 1910. Libert, 2013: 76.

22

Aphnaeus marshalli. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 33mm. Laurenceville, Vumba, S.R. 6:9:63. D.M. Cookson. (Transvaal Museum – TM3817).

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Upper Lofu valley, Tanganyika plateau, about 40 miles south of the Lake”. Holotype (male), Upper Lofu Valley, 26 VIII 1908 (S.A. Neave); in the N.H.M., London. Neallotype (female), Umtali District, Zimbabwe, 19 IX 1946 (P.A. Sheppard); in the N.H.M., London. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south-east – Shaba), Tanzania (south-west – Kigoma), Zambia, Zimbabwe (north-east). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Lumbumbashi (Libert, 2013). Tanzania – Mihumu in Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Kampisa in Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Luganzo (Libert, 2013); Mwanipalanga (Libert, 2013). Malawi – Zomba Mountain (Libert, 2013); Nyika (Libert, 2013); Thazima (Libert, 2013). Zambia – Upper Lofu valley (TL); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); 100 km west of Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Chalimbana (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Sefula River (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mkushi (Heath et al., 2002); Lukanga (Heath et al., 2002); Luena (Heath et al., 2002). Zimbabwe – Chitora Hills, 60 km south of Mutare (Pennington); Cross Kopje near Mutare (Pringle et al., 1994); Vumba (Pringle et al., 1994); near Harare (Duke); Nyanga (Cox); Laurenceville (male illustrated above); Butler South (Libert, 2013). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland (Pringle et al., 1994). Habits: Males hilltop, defending territories from a favourite perch slightly below the summits. Both sexes have been observed mud-puddling, in numbers, on the Vumba (Pringle et al., 1994). Kielland (1990d) also noted the species mudpuddling in Tanzania. Flight period: September and October (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Brachystegia boehmii Taub. (Fabaceae) [Paré, in Gardiner, A., 1990: 10; requires confirmation]. Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin (Fabaceae) [Mullin, in Gardiner, A., 1990: 10]. Associated ant: Nothing published.

*Aphnaeus gilloni Stempffer, 1966 Red Highflier

Aphnaeus gilloni Stempffer, 1966. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental de l’Afrique Noire (A) 28: 1575 (1554-1586). Aphnaeus gilloni Stempffer, 1966. d’Abrera, 2009: 701. Aphnaeus gilloni Stempffer, 1966. Libert, 2013: 77.

Alternative common name: Red Silver Spot. Type locality: Ivory Coast: “Lamto”. Holotype (female), Lamto, Ivory Coast, II 1965 (Gillon); in the M.N.H.N., Paris. Neallotype (male), Lipke Mate, Ghana, 9 II 1971 (Th. Maessen); in the M.N.H.N., 23 Paris. Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Cameroon, Uganda. Habitat: Habits: Another rare species, rarely encountered. Males are known to hill-top, the best time being around 10h00. They fly very fast and are difficult to see but make a clearly audible clicking noise in flight (Maessen, vide Larsen, 2005a). Flight period: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

Aphnaeus gilloni gilloni Stempffer, 1966

Aphnaeus gilloni Stempffer, 1966. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental de l’Afrique Noire (A) 28: 1575 (1554-1586). Aphnaeus gilloni Stempffer, 1966. d’Abrera, 2009: 701. Aphnaeus gilloni Stempffer, 1966. Libert, 2013: 77.

Type locality: Ivory Coast: “Lamto”. Holotype (female), Lamto, Ivory Coast, II 1965 (Gillon); in the M.N.H.N., Paris. Neallotype (male), Lipke Mate, Ghana, 9 II 1971 (Th. Maessen); in the M.N.H.N., Paris. Distribution: Ivory Coast (type locality only), Ghana (Volta Region), Cameroon (Bouyer & Libert, 1996). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Lamto (TL). Ghana – Likpe (Maessen, vide Larsen, 2005a); Lolobi (Libert, 2013); Amedzofe (Libert, 2013). Cameroon – Banyo (Libert, 2013); Wakaso (Libert, 2013); Adamaoua (Libert, 2013).

Aphnaeus gilloni luwero Libert, 2013

Aphnaeus gilloni luwero Libert, 2013. Revision du genre Aphnaeus Hübner (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). A.B.R.I.: 78 (100 pp.). Aphnaeus gilloni luwero Libert, 2013. Libert, 2013: 78.

Type locality: Uganda: Kateta Hills, near Serere Soroti. Holotype (male), Kateta Hills, XII 1998 (S. Collins); in the A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Distribution: Uganda. Specific localities: Uganda – Katata Hills (TL); Nakasongola (Libert, 2013).

A. hutchinsonii species group

*Aphnaeus hutchinsonii Trimen, 1887# Hutchinson’s Highflier

24

Perched males of Hutchinson’s Highflier (Aphnaeus hutchinsonii) Images courtesy Steve Woodhall

Aphnaeus hutchinsonii Trimen, 1887. South-African butterflies: a monograph of the extra-tropical species 2 Erycinidae and Lycaenidae: 148 (242 pp.). London. Aphnaeus hutchinsoni Trimen. Swanepoel, 1953a. [misspelling of species name] Aphnaeus hutchinsonii Trimen, 1887. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Aphnaeus hutchinsoni Trimen, 1887. Kielland, 1990d. [misspelling of species name] Aphnaeus (Paraphnaeus) hutchinsonii Trimen and Bowker, 1887. Pringle et al., 1994: 170. [misattribution of authorship] Paraphnaeus hutchinsoni Trimen, 1887. d’Abrera, 2009: 702. [placed in synonymized genus; misspelling of species name]. Aphnaeus hutchinsonii Trimen, 1887. Libert, 2013: 81.

Aphnaeus hutchinsonii male (Wingspan 32 mm). Left: upperside. Right: underside. KwaMhlanga, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 23 September 2012. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Aphnaeus hutchinsonii. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Hornsnek, Gauteng, South Africa. 23 September 1986. D.A. Edge. Images M.C. Williams ex Edge Collection

Alternative common name: Hutchinson’s Silver Spot. 25 Type locality: [South Africa]: “E. Natal. Upper Districts: Estcourt”. Neotype (male), Estcourt, Natal, South Africa; BMNH(E) # 862010; in the N.H.M., London. Neallotype (female), Estcourt, Natal, South Africa: BMNH(E) # 862012; in the N.H.M., London. Original description: “Exp. al., male 1 in. 6 lin. Male. Fuscous, with disco-inner-marginal area from base widely suffused with violaceous-blue in both wings; six conspicuous white spots in subapical area of fore-wing. Fore-wing: blue occupies basal two-thirds of discoidal cell, and all the space between first median nervule and inner margin, except a moderately wide border on hind-margin; immediately beyond extremity of cell a rather large subquadrate pure white spot; a submarginal row of five similar but rather smaller spots, of which the third (between lower radial and third median nervules) is out of line with and beyond the rest, the upper two almost united, and the lower two (between third and first median nervules) a little apart; costa yellow-ochreous at and near base, with a reddish stain. Hind-wing: blue occupies entire cellular and discal area, being bounded superiorly by subcostal nervure and its second nervule, inferiorly by submedian nervure, and externally by a hind-marginal border rapidly narrowing inferiorly; lower part of hind-marginal border traversed by an ill-defined ochre-red streak widening on anal-angular projection. Underside: dull, pale ochreous-yellow, with numerous (mostly large) silvery-white spots, distinctly outlined with black, and further less regularly edged with ferruginous. Fore-wing: the following silvery markings, viz., along costal border and superiorly touching its edge, a moderately-sized longitudinally ovate spot close to base, – two large transversely-lying spots (or short bands), one crossing discoidal cell, the other just beyond that last named, and a still smaller one just before apex; two submarginal spots, one small and round, between lower radial and third median nervules, the other large and elongate on the median nervules; another spot (the smallest on the wing) in discoidal cell below and slightly beyond basal spot on costa; between first median nervule and submedian nervure, a very large superiorly arched and black-edged but inferiorly and interiorly ill- defined white patch, slightly silvery in its upper part; traces of a ferruginous line very near and parallel to hind- margin, which is narrowly edged with black. Hind-wing: the following silvery spots, viz., at base, one in size and shape like that in fore-wing, but placed transversely; before middle, a transverse row of four, of which the first is large and very round, between costal and subcostal nervures, – the second in discoidal cell, also rounded, but very much smaller, – the third very small, and with the fourth (smaller, quadrate, and farther from base) situate on inner margin; and about and beyond middle an irregular series of four very large differently-shaped spots (the central one, just at extremity of cell, the largest and roundest, and the lowest, on inner margin, very elongate and crossed by a black line), and two very small ones, situate respectively below upper and middle large spots; two very small similar spots respectively at the beginning and end of a submarginal ferruginous streak; a blackish spot on anal-angular projection; hind-margin narrowly edged with black. Head reddish-brown; a conspicuous white spot on vertex and two smaller ones in front; palpi white with black tips; antennae dark reddish-brown with cream-coloured tips; eyes narrowly edged with white; thorax brown beneath, spotted with white; legs reddish- brown, barred here and with white, and with tufts of white hair on coxae; abdomen black, with white segmental stripes on the sides and beneath. (Described from a single specimen in worn condition, in which the tails and part of the anal-angular lobe of the hind-wings are wanting.)” Distribution: Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Specific localities: Mozambique – Goba (Pennington). Zimbabwe – Lower Sabi Valley (Plowes and Cottrell). Botswana – Lobatse (Dickson & Kroon, 1978); Diabo (R. Plowes & T. Larsen vide Larsen, 1991); between Kanye and Jwaneng (Larsen, 1991). Limpopo Province – Ofcolaco (Swanepoel, 1953); Letaba – Farm Isoavina (Swanepoel, 1953); Molimo’s location (between Daviesville and Elim Hospital) (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane – Veekraal (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus district (Swanepoel, 1953); Waterberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Naboomspruit (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik (Swanepoel, 1953); Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Levubu (Pringle et al., 1994); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (Williams, 25 September, 2006); Soetdoring Farm [-24.561 28.233] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Barberton – Sheba Mine (Swanepoel, 1953); Lydenburg district (Swanepoel, 1953); Pilgrim’s Rest district (Swanepoel, 1953); Nelspruit (Pringle et al., 1994); Steelpoort (Pringle et al., 1994). North West Province – Brits (Pringle et al., 1994); Rustenburg (Pringle et al., 1994); Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006). Gauteng – Pretoria North (Pringle et al., 1994); Tswaing (Swanepoel, 1953); Hornsnek (Edge, 1990). Free State Province – Harrismith (SABCA). KwaZulu-Natal – Estcourt (TL; Hutchinson and Morrison); Estcourt – Mielietuin (Swanepoel, 1953); Hluhluwe (Swanepoel, 1953); False Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Lebombo foothills (Pringle et al.,

26 1994); Kosi Bay (R. Kyle, 2003). Western Cape Province – Wilderness (Swanepoel, 1953). Habitat: Mesic to arid savanna. Habits: Males are avid hilltoppers, arriving on the tops of hills and ridges at about 13h00. A perch on a twig, a metre or two above the ground, is usually selected. In Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve a male was seen to consistently perch in the crown of trees on a ridge, from 4 to 5 m above ground level (Williams, unpublished, 2006). It returns to this perch after brief but very rapid flights around its territory. Some further observations on hilltopping behaviour in this species have been recorded by Woodhall (1989c). Females have been seen mudpuddling by Pennington (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: September to December, but commonest in September and October (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Swanepoel, 1953: 163 [between Daviesville and Elim Hospital, Limpopo Province].

Clark & Dickson, 1971: 149, plate 74 [as Aphnaeus hutchinsonii hutchinsonii; Limpopo Province]. “Egg: 1.1 mm diam. x 0.6 mm high. Laid singly on young twigs. The eggs hatch after about 7-11 days. Larva: 1st instar 1.5 mm, growing to 3 mm, 2nd instar growing to 4 mm, 3rd instar growing to 6.5mm. (The duration of instars has not been noted.) The tubercles are present in all instars but the honey-gland does not appear until the 3rd instar. On hatching, the young larva bores into a young shoot on which it feeds and, as it grows, it moves to a larger part of the branch.” “Recorded from eggs and larvae from the Northern Transvaal.”

Gardiner, 1990.

Edge, 1990: 16 [Hornsnek, Pretoria district, Gauteng]. “The life history described below is recorded from ova and larvae collected at the northern base of the Magaliesberg in the vicinity of Hornsnek. Burkea africana [the larval foodplant] is extremely plentiful along this slope, growing in a distinct altitude belt, with Acacia species below and other flora predominating higher. The most favoured trees are fully grown but slower in generating new growth. The female deposits her ova on young shoots which are a rusty red colour at the base, lending the larvae extremely good camouflage protection. The favoured trees also will contain a good population of Crematogaster ants (presumed to be C. castanea) and have many holes in the bole and branches.” “Egg laying: ...the female lays on the younger shoots, but slightly lower down the shoot where it is very knobbly. The grey egg looks exactly like the small knobs on the twigs. The eggs are most frequently laid in pairs, but sometimes only one will be laid, or more. In one case eight fertile eggs were found on a single shoot of the food plant! In many cases the shoots selected for laying were at head height or below, although the females were also seen ovipositing near the top of the trees. Egg Description: The eggs are grey in colour [and] are 1,1 mm diameter x 0,6 mm height. Hatching takes place after 7-12 days. Larvae Description: 1st instar 1,5 mm long on hatching, growing to 3,0 mm in 5-6 days; 2nd instar growing to 4,5 mm in 6-8 days; 3rd instar growing to 9-10 mm in 12-14 days; 4th instar growing to 14-15 mm in 10-11 days; 5th instar growing to 20-22 mm in up to 60 days (semi diapause). The colouration in the first three instars is cream and brownish red – a combination which blends well with the young shoots of the food plant. In the 4th and 5th instar the larva is generally grey with black markings. The larvae are gregarious and during the day hide in grooves they have eaten out of the soft part of the twig at the base of the leaf shoots. In the 2nd instar they spin a light cocoon over their sheltering place. They are constantly attended by the ants who imbibe the fluid secreted by the honey glands. At night they emerge from their hiding places and climb the leaf shoots to feed, either on the young leaves or on the flower buds. They have also been observed feeding during the day. Parasites: A very high mortality rate was experienced in captivity with some kind of small fly (presumably) which lays eggs on the larva which later emerge as a swarm of small maggots devouring the larva. Pupation: The larvae bore holes into the tree trunk to prepare for pupation. Unfortunately all the larvae died before pupation could be effected.”

27

Aphnaeus hutchinsonii. Left – eggs and host ant. Right – first instar larvae. Images courtesy Jeremy Dobson

Larval food: Burkea africana Hook. (Fabaceae) [Edge, 1990: 16; Hornsnek, Pretoria district, Gauteng]. Loranthus species (sensu lato) (Loranthaceae) [Swanepoel, 1953: 164; between Daviesville and Elim Hospital, Limpopo Province]. Vachellia robusta (Burch.) Kyal & Boatwr. (Fabaceae) [Migdoll, 1987: 189; as sp. of Acacia]. Viscum species (Viscaceae) [Clark & Dickson, 1971: 149]. Associated ant: (Probably) Crematogaster castanea [Edge, 1990: 16].

*Aphnaeus zanzibarensis Grose-Smith, 1889

Aphnaeus zanzibarensis Grose-Smith, 1889. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 136 (121-137). = Aphnaeus hutchinsonii drucei Neave, 1904. Jackson, 1937: 338. Aphnaeus zanzibarensis Grose-Smith, 1889. Libert, 2013: 82, stat. rev.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Mombassa, East Coast of Africa”. Holotype (male), Mombasa, Kenya (Last); in the N.H.M., London. Neallotype (female), Isiolo, Kenya, VI 1967 (S.C. Collins); in the A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Distribution: Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Specific localities: Somalia – Afgoi (Libert, 2013); Bidendulah (Libert, 2013); Mandera (Libert, 2013). Uganda – Labwor (Libert, 2013); Aramo Hills (Libert, 2013). Kenya – Mombasa (TL); Mount Elgon (Jackson, 1937); north of Kitale (Larsen, 1991c); South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991c); Ngong (Larsen, 1991c); Sultan Hamud (Larsen, 1991c); Marsabit (Larsen, 1991c); Witu (Larsen, 1991c); near Nanyuki (M.C. Williams, unpublished); Gwasi Hills (Libert, 2013); Isiolo (Libert, 2013); Ortum (Libert, 2013); Kalin (Libert, 2013). Tanzania – Mwanza, Unyamwezi (Neave, 1904); Northern Highlands (Kielland, 1990d); Longido (Libert, 2013); Oldeani (Libert, 2013); Lake Manyara (Libert, 2013); Usambara (Libert, 2013); Mandera (Libert, 2013); Kongwa (Libert, 2013); Dar es Salam(Libert, 2013); Tendaguru (Libert, 2013). Habitat: Habits: A relatively common species of Aphnaeus (Larsen, 1991c). Flowers are visited (Larsen, 1991c). Flight period: Early stages:

Jackson, 1937: 216 [as Aphnaeus hutchinsonii drucei; Mount Elgon, Kenya]. “Egg. The egg is grey to black, the surface heavily and symmetrically pitted. Circular at base, the walls rise vertically to a rounded top, 1 mm. in diameter. It is laid singly on the twigs of the tree where the bark is old enough to have become lignified, and is even laid on dead branches. Larva. Light greenish when young, later changing to dark brown and when full grown it is dull purplish-grey. The head is very large, dull brown, with a sharply ridged collar. Segments very clearly defined and deeply incised; it is dorsally flattened, the sides falling away vertically from the ridged edges of the dorsum so that a cross-section would be square. The larva, when half

28 grown, is covered with short hair especially laterally, and has a black dorsal line which disappears later leaving only small lateral fringes of hair. The anal segments are flattened and posteriorly rounded, segment 11 being laterally enlarged with a transverse ridge across it, carrying at each extremity a prominent brown external tubercle. The actual organs are short thick whitish structures which are continuously and very rapidly exserted and retracted in the presence of ants. The larva bores into the smaller branches, leaving large circular burrows in one of which it pupates. Ants are constantly in attendance, and are in fact essential to its life, for if they are removed the tubercles and gland gradually grow mould and the larva dies. Length, 30 mm. Pupa. The pupa is placed inside one of the excavated tunnels. First, the surface of the tunnel is lined with silk, then both ends are sealed with thickly spun silk wads, leaving an enclosed area roughly 1½ in. long, inside which to pupate in complete seclusion from ants. The pupa is long and narrow, the abdominal segments being rather prominent and doubled back at the posterior extremity to form a short stalk ventrally for attachment to the surface of the tunnel. Thorax regularly domed. It is brown speckled with black, and is lighter dorsally. Length, 20 mm. Note on probable food. The very powerful head and mouth-parts seem to suggest that the larva feeds on bark or more probably on the inner heart-wood of the twigs. It certainly bores tunnels into these, but will not feed up in captivity. Its actions, on the other hand, seem to point to a concentrated food, for it will remain motionless in the same place for several days without apparently feeling the need for food. Possibly an ant fungus is the food, in which case the powerful jaws would serve merely to enable the larva to bore into the nests in search of it. It remains in its own tunnels, although it can also be found just inside the entrances of those of the ants. In the immature stage it is found on the twigs, and will in captivity feed up for a short time on the leaves. Locality. Mt. Elgon, 18 miles S.W. of Kitale, 6-7000 feet, March, 1933.”

Van Someren, 1974. “Eggs laid on leaves of host plant, but larvae always found within galls or swellings at point of implantation of parasitic Loranthus [sensu lato]. These galls are found on Acacia stenocarpa Hochst., and Entada abyssinica Stend. (Mimocaceae). Larvae appear to feed on woody substance of swellings and are associated with ants; but tunnels used by larvae, and in which they pupate, free of ants.”

Carcasson, 1981. [Collin's handguide to the butterflies of Africa].

Larval food: Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A.Rich. (Fabaceae) [Jackson, 1937: 216; Mount Elgon, Kenya]. Loranthus species (sensu lato) (Loranthaceae) [Jackson, 1937: 216, Mount Elgon, Kenya; Swanepoel, 1953: 164; between Daviesville and Elim Hospital, Limpopo Province]. Vachellia hockii (De Wild.) Seigler & Ebinger (Fabaceae) [Jackson, 1937: 216; as Acacia stenocarpa Hochst.; Mount Elgon, Kenya]. Associated ant: Nothing published.

drucei Neave, 1904 (as sp. of Aphneus [sic]). Novitates Zoologicae 11: 338 (323-363). [Tanzania]: “Mwanza, Unyamwezi, German E. Africa”. Type in the O.U.M.N.H., Oxford. Treated as a synonym of Aphnaeus zanzibarensis Grose-Smith, 1889 by Libert, 2013: 82.

*Aphnaeus suk Libert, 2013

Aphnaeus suk Libert, 2013. Revision du genre Aphnaeus Hübner (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). A.B.R.I.: 83 (100 pp.).

Type locality: Kenya: Kongolai. Holotype (male), Kongolai, Kenya, 4000 ft, W. Kenya, III 1975 (S.C. Collins); in the A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Allotype (female), Suuk, 4000 ft, W. Kenya, VIII 1972 (S.C. Collins); in the A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Distribution: Uganda, Kenya. Specific localities: Uganda – Mt Toror (Libert, 2013); Utut (Libert, 2013); Chao Hill (Libert, 2013). Kenya – Kongolai (TL); Suk (Libert, 2013); Kacheleba (Libert, 2013); Kenailmet (Libert, 2013); Mt Kulal (Libert, 2013). Habitat: Habits: Flight period: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

29 Associated ant: Nothing published.

A. questauxi species group

*Aphnaeus questiauxi Aurivillius, 1903

Aphnaeus questiauxi Aurivillius, 1903. Arkiv för Zoologi 1: 252 (245-254). Aphnaeus questiauxi Aurivillianus, 1903. d’Abrera, 2009: 700. [misspelling of author’s name]. Aphnaeus questiauxi Aurivillius, 1903. Libert, 2013: 84.

Aphnaeus questiauxi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 30mm. Mkushi, Zambia. 10/9/78. A. Heath. (Henning collection – H 345).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congogebeit: Katanga”. Holotype (male), Katanga (L. Questiaux); Institut Royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles. Neallotype (female), Changwena, Mkushi, N. Zambia, 10 IX 1978 (A. Heath); in the A.B.R.I., Nairobi. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south-east – Lualaba), Zambia. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Katanga (TL); Kapanga (Libert, 2013); Zilo (Libert, 2013); Kibombona (Libert, 2013). Zambia – Changwena Falls, Mkushi (Heath et al., 2002); Shiwa Ngandu (Heath et al., 2002); Mporokoso (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mkushi (male illustrated above); Mumbwa (Libert, 2013); Mutinondo (Libert, 2013). Habitat: Habits: Flight period: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Isoberlinia angolensis var. niembensis (Fabaceae). [A. Gardiner, vide Libert, 2013: 86]. Associated ant: Nothing published.

A. neavei species group

*Aphnaeus neavei Bethune-Baker, 1926

30 Neave’s Highflier

Aphnaeus neavei Bethune-Baker, 1926. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 17: 397 (384-402). Aphnaeus neavei Bethune-Baker, 1926. d’Abrera, 2009: 702. Aphnaeus neavei Bethune-Baker, 1926. Libert, 2013: 86.

Alternative common name: Neave’s Silver Spot. Type locality: [Kenya]: “Magogoni swamp, near Witu”. Holotype (male), Magogoni Swamp, Kenya, 29 II 1912 (S.A. Neave); in the N.H.M., London. Allotype (female), Magongoni Swamp, near Witu, Kenya, 29 II 1912 (S.A. Neave); in the N.H.M., London. Distribution: Kenya (north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Magogoni swamp, near Witu (TL); Garissa (Larsen, 1991c); Garsen (Larsen, 1991c); near Voi (Warren-Gash, 1993); Tana River (Larsen, 2013); Witu (Larsen, 2013). Habitat: Dry acacia savanna at altitudes below 200 m, in the Tana River basin. Habits: This is a rare and local species (Larsen, 1991c). Flight period: Taken in August near Voi (Warren-Gash, 1993). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Nothing published.

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