MINI REVIEW - OPEN ACCESS International Journal Of Early Stage Research

Contents lists available at bostonsciencepublishing.us International Journal Of Early Stage Research

Spider Toxin: Changing Poison into Medicine Gawade V.S *

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India. Email: [email protected]

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: “Poisonous substance determines Only the dose,” Paracelsus said. Previously called poisons, they are Received 15 May 2021 now considered drugs in the proper dosage. Botulinum toxin, which was discovered to be a neurotox- Revised 12 June 2021 in, is now used to treat chronic pain, depression, cosmetic purposes, and so on. Many snake venoms Accepted 17 June 2021 are also used to treat life-threatening diseases such as cancer. Available online 24 June 2021 © 2021, .Gawade V.S. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

1. Introduction 4. Venoms of Humans and have shared similar habitats since the begin- Spider venoms contain a variety of peptide toxins that have piqued ning of time. Since people dislike having spiders around them, they the interest of scientists as potential drug leads in pharmacology and prefer to kill as many as they can for a variety of reasons. One of these neurobiology. Spider toxins are composed primarily of 30-50 amino acid causes is the poison contained inside them. However, it has been dis- peptides with di-sulphide bonds that function as that mod- covered that they use this venom to destroy their prey as well as for ulate ion channels [2-4]. self-defense. They also use this venom to liquefy solid food so they cannot digest solid food. Scientists recently discovered that spiders and 5. Antimicrobial Activity humans share certain gene sequences that other do not. Recent research has discovered spider toxins that lack cysteine res- Humans’ search for understanding led them to discover different forms idue and have a secondary helical structure. These intriguing peptides of medicinal peptides found in spiders and use them to treat various are amphipathic and positively charged in nature, exhibiting antimicro- diseases. This article is solely dedicated to listing some spider venoms, bial activity through a pore-forming mechanism [5-12]. These spider peptides present in them, peptide mechanisms, and their use in various toxin peptides belong to the antimicrobial peptide family (AMP). Lyco- diseases. sin-II, derived from the spider L. singorensis, is a strong, broad-spectrum 2. antibiotic with rapid antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Spiders are eight-legged, air-breathing arthropods with chelicerae bacterial strains. Lycosin’s antibacterial role can be due to its membrane that carry fangs for injecting venom [1]. binding activity [13]. Kingdom: Animalia 6. Anticarcinogenic Activity Phylum: Arthropoda Spider peptides have been shown in different studies to have anti- Subphylum: cancer, antifungal, antimicrobial, and hemolytic efficacy [14]. Latarcin 2a, a cytolytic peptide, stimulated the development of pores in bilayers Class: Arachnida [15]. According to the findings, LTC2A has in vitro cytotoxicity against Order: Aranea human erythroleukemia cells [16]. Another research discovered that Ly- Sub orders: Mesothelae, Opisthothelae cosin-1 inhibited tumour cell growth in both in vitro and in vivo studies Mesothelae contains the family Liphistiidae and is Liphistius [17]. 3. Geographical Distribution 7.Antiarrhythmic Drug Except for Antarctica, they can be found on any continent. They The venom inhibits the stretching of the atrial chambers, have built themselves in all forms of habitats without the need for sea resulting in atrial fibrillation (Grammostola rosea) [18]. or air colonisation. 8. Treating Erectile Dysfunction According to Andrade et al., the armed-spider ( nigriventer) secretes a venom (-CNTX-Pn2a) that is responsible for erections in mice [19]. According to the report, the efficacy and specificity of this venom * Corresponding author. Mr. Gawade V.S. Assistant Professor, Department of Phar- maceutical chemistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceu- tical Sciences & Research, Pune, India Mob: +91- 8830699204 E-mail address: [email protected]

1 MINI REVIEW - OPEN ACCESS Gawade V.S. / International Journal Of Early Stage Research render it a lead molecule for developing into an erectile dysfunction 11. Yan L, Adams M. Lycotoxins, antimicrobial peptides from venom of Gawade V.S drug. the wolf spider Lycosa carolinensis. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 2059– 2066. 9. Antimalarial Toxins 12. Wang Y, Wang L, Yang H, Xiao H, Farooq A, Liu Z, Hu M, Shi X. The (2021) Spider Toxin: Changing Poison into Medicine. Int J Early Stage Res, 1(1); 1-2 Psalmopeotoxin I (U1-TRTX-Pc1a) and Psalmopeotoxin II (U2-TRTX- Spider Venom Peptide Lycosin-II Has Potent Antimicrobial Activity Pc1a) are peptides derived from the venom of the tarantula Psalmopoeus against Clinically Isolated Bacteria. Toxins 2016; 8: 119. cambridgei that are selective against Plasmodium falciparum [20]. 13. Dubovskii P, Vassilevski A, Kozlov S, Feofanov A, Grishin E, Efremov 10. Conclusion R. Latarcins: versatile spider venom peptides. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; As intriguing as spider toxin is, it can be used to treat a variety 72(23): 4501-4522. of ailments. There are several peptides that have yet to be identified. 14. Won A, Ruscito A, Ianoul A. Imaging the membrane lytic activity of undiscovered magical abilities Structure activity research. The relation- bioactive peptide latarcin 2a. Biochem Biophys Acta 2012; 1818(12): ship of spider venom peptides may cause them to lead molecule that 3072-3080. protects against a variety of diseases. The discovery of the mechanism 15. Vorontsova OV, Egorova NS, Arseniev AS, Feofanov AV. Haemolytic of action can also help to solve the mystery of the difference between and cytotoxic action of latarcin Ltc2a. Biochimie 2011; 93(2): 227- its poisonous and medicinal actions. 241. Conflict of Interest 16. Liu Z, Deng M, Xiang J, Ma H, Hu W, Zhao Y, Li DW, Liang S. A novel None spider peptide toxin suppresses tumor growth through dual signal- ing pathways. 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