Deterritorializing"Deterritorialization"- Fromthe Anti-Oedipus to A ThousandPlateaus

EugeneW. Holland

EIGHT YEARS AFTER THE ANTI-OEDIPUS, the long-awaited second volume of Capitalismand Schizophreniaappeared underthe title A Thousand Plateaus.? It hardly seemed to belong with the earlier volume, in one respect:the pointsof departurein Marx and Freud thatmade "capitalism and schizophrenia"a fittingrubric for the Anti-Oedipus all but disappearin A ThousandPlateaus, or ratherbecome submergedin a farvaster field of referencesranging from cell biologyto botanyand zoology to geologyand beyond. It is neverthelesssome of the connectionsbetween the two volumes thatI want to explorehere, by focusingon theevolution of a term crucialto themboth: territorialization. One way of understandingthe rela- tion of A ThousandPlateaus to the Anti-Oedipusis to imagineDeleuze and Guattarisetting out to "deconstruct"in the second volume any binary oppositions leftstanding at the end of the first.Not that Deleuze and Guattari are beholden to Derrida in this respect: schizoanalytic "deconstruction"(if it can be called that) derives fromthe unconscious logic of non-globalconnection and inclusivedisjunction, as specifiedin the Anti-Oedipus.2 The connectivesynthesis produces not the closed binary couple, "thisand that"but ratheran open-endedseries "this and thenthat and thenthis...." Inclusivedisjunction, similarly, generates not the closed binaryalternative "either this or that"but an open-endedseries of alterna- tives,"this or thator this...."Thus whereDerrida re-writes a binaryopposi- tion such as speech versus writing in terms of a single, broader "non-concept"like "writing"("arche-trace"), Deleuze and Guattariinstead defy binary closure by multiplying terms. The binary pair molar/molecularfrom the Anti-Oedipus,for example, is re-writtenin A ThousandPlateaus in termsof varyingdegrees of segmentarity(from rigid to supple) and in connectionwith yet another term,the line-of-flight. Despotic over-codingand civilized de-codingare re-writtenin termsof sig- nifyingand post-signifyingregimes, which exist alongside pre-signifying and counter-signifyingregimes. An opposition fundamentalto the Anti- Oedipus-paranoia versus schizophrenia-is re-located in A Thousand

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Plateauson the body-without-organs,of which thereare now at least three differentkinds, and so forth.The Anti-Oedipusof coursehad its own way of underminingthe binaryopposition of paranoiaversus schizophrenia:it performeda mode ofdiscourse that was paranoidand schizophrenicat the same time.That wasn't easy: paranoia and schizophreniaoccupy opposite ends of the social and libidinalspectrum in the Anti-Oedipus:paranoia designatesthe despotic over-codingof power thatimposes its absolute standard of value on individuals and social forms alike, whereas schizophreniadesignates the freeing of desireand social productionfrom theconstraints of any codingwhatsoever, and theirrelease into the affirm- ative improvisationof "permanentrevolution." Thus the "paranoid ten- dencies" of stylein the Anti-Oedipuslinked Marx and Nietzschewith the data of anthropologyand a critiqueof Freud and Lacan to produce a kind of revolutionaryunified field theory for the human sciences,while at the same timethe "schizoidtendencies" of the text reduced such an apparently all-encompassingargument to flightsof surreal imagery and schizophrenic word salad - fromwhich it is difficult(if not intentionallyimpossible) to draw any definitiveconclusions.3 Yet theAnti-Oedipus retained features of thetraditional "book" whose arborescenceA ThousandPlateaus opposes in thename of the rhizome: it was still fundamentallylinear, organized in chapterswhich moved fromin- dividual psychology(the desiringmachines), through a critique of the nuclear "holy family"of capitalismand psychoanalysis,to a typologyof socio-libidinalmodes ofproduction (savagery, despotism, capitalism), and concludedwith a definitionand programfor schizoanalysis. In A Thousand Plateaus,discursive innovation affects the work's organizationmore than its style.To be sure, conceptual"argument" is eschewed,as in the Anti- Oedipus,in favorof imagessuch as "faciality,""smooth" versus "striated" space, and so forth:these non-conceptsare strategically"under-deter- mined" so that theirunderstanding and extensionto otherdomains re- quires theinvention of novel connectionsrather than the mere application of a pre-establishedrule.4 More strikingstill, however, is the willfula- linearityof the text.5In pursuingthe binary oppositions left standing at the end of the Anti-Oedipus,the aim of a plateau is not just to multiply terminology,but to keep "deconstructing/multiplying"a given set of termsuntil a point is reached at which theyintersect with terms coming fromdeconstructions on otherplateaus, withoutever collapsinginto or becoming identicalwith them.Such intersectionswill forma rhizome, somethingthat develops "au milieu":in themiddle, in between.This proce- dure is whatgives A ThousandPlateaus its characteristic shape: moreor less

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focusedanalysis on eachplateau, but with the connections among plateaus and theconsistency of terminology across the plateaus very much a matter of conjecture(although the conclusion does map one possibleset of con- nectionsamong terms and plateaus).It also contributestothe difficulty of discussinga singleterm in isolation from others, a tackwhich space limita- tionsnonetheless constrain us tohere. With that difficulty inmind, we can tracethe evolution of thenotion of "deterritorialization"from the Anti- Oedipusto A ThousandPlateaus.

Deterritorializationin the Anti-Oedipus

In the Anti-Oedipus,deterritorialization and its opposite,"reter- ritorialization,"are comparativelycircumscribed terms, with a very specificjob to do. Derivedinitially from Lacanian psychoanalysis, they functionas a kindof hinge-term to connectMarx and Freud,to articulate the conceptsof libido and labor-power.For Lacan, "territorialization" refersto the imprintof maternalnourishment and care-givingon the child'slibido, a processwhich creates charged erogenous zones and objects out oforgans and orifices.For Deleuze and Guattari,conversely, "deter- ritorialization"in the psychologicalregister designates the freeingof "schizophrenic"libido from pre-established objects of investment: from the Mother'sbreast, for instance, or fromthe family triangle of theOedipus complex.At thesame time,but in thesocial register,it designatesthe freeingof labor-power from the seigneurial plot of land, the assembly line, or othermeans of production.Deleuze and Guattarithus rewrite the processMarx called "primitive accumulation" interms of territorialization: withthe emergence of capitalismin England(when the Enclosure Acts privatizedcommon land forsheep grazing), peasants were deterritorial- ized fromthe land onlyto be reterritorializedonto textile looms in the nascentgarment industry. In linewith this dual-register use ofthe notion of territorialization,schizoanalysis expands the fieldof the libidinalto includethe investmentof humanenergy of any kind:perceptual and physical,cognitive and productive,desire and work. Capitalism,however, is notthe only mode of socio-libidinal produc- tion thatdeterritorializes; all powersocieties do so. Despotismdeter- ritorializesby forcibly transferring thefocus of desire and production from local territoriesto thetranscendent figure of thedespot; representatives and representationsof thedespot prosecute such transferenceby over- codingthe local codes of "savagery"and re-directingthem in his favor.

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(DespoticChristianity, for instance, over-codes ritual pagan observancesof the wintersolstice and the vernal equinox with celebrationsof Christ's birthand resurrection.) Capitalismdiffers from despotic power societyin thatit is an economic power society:it deterritorializesnot by over-codingvia representation, but by de-codingrepresentation altogether--by substituting a calculus of abstractquantities for the codes and over-codes that defined concrete qualities under savagery and despotism.6 Instead of over-coding, capitalismaxiomatizes: it joins the deterritorializedand de-coded flowof pure liquid wealth (investedas capital in a means of production)with anotherdeterritorialized and de-coded flow:pure labor-powerdisciplined or "skilled" to matchits given taskon the assemblyline or in some other manufacturingprocess. The tendencyof therate of profitto fallwill then forcethe addition of more axioms: productionprocesses are continually transformedby the inputof technicalinformation from the hard sciences. Crises of over-productionwill forcethe addition of still other axioms: consumerpreferences are continuallytransformed by advertisingso that consumptionis reterritorializedonto the pre-existingcommodities, there- by realizingprofit on investedcapital. In thiscontext, reterritorialization is the "dead hand of thepast," as Marxsaid, "thatweighs upon theliving..." The "constantrevolutionizing of production[and] uninterrupteddistur- bance of all social conditions"that for Marx "distinguishthe bourgeois epoch fromall earlierones"7 entail perpetualcycles of divestmentand re-investment:capital is extractedhere (the Rust Belt,the United States) and re-investedthere (the South,the PacificRim); specificlabor skillsare valorized here and now, only to become worthlessa few yearslater; con- sumer taste is programmedto suit the commoditiesof one production cycle,then de-programmed and re-programmedfor the next. On this account, deterritorializationlooked "good" and reter- ritorializationlooked "bad," inasmuchas deterritorializationdesignated the motorof permanentrevolution, while reterritorializationdesignated thepower relations imposed by theprivate ownership of capital. Libidinal- ly and economicallyproductive investment was tieddown againstthe flow of deterritorializationto pre-existingcapital-stock in orderto realizeprofit on previous investments;reterritorialization thus appeared as the dead hand of the past, weighingdown upon the deterritorializationsof the future.Hence the "celebration"in theAnti-Oedipus of schizophreniaas the movementof permanentrevolution freed from power relations.8

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The Expansion of Deterritorializationin A ThousandPlateaus

But in A ThousandPlateaus, both de- and re-territorializationappear in a very different light. Their last traces of humanism and even anthropocentrismhave disappeared; the terms are now extended far beyond the sphereof human historyand psychodynamicsto characterize everythingfrom geological sedimentation, to whatused to be called "sym- biosis" between species, to the constitutionof proteinchains withinthe geneticcode. (The firstsigns of such an expansionof deterritorialization are alreadyevident in the studyof Kafkathat Deleuze and Guattaripub- lished in the timebetween the appearance of Volume I and Volume II of Capitalismand Schizophrenia.)9 Of particularinterest is the factthat the oppositionbetween deter- ritorializationand reterritorializationno longerregisters the interplayof social forces(such as permanentrevolution and privateappropriation) as it did in the Anti-Oedipus.Instead, deterritorialization involves a "double- becoming,"where one deterritorializedelement serves as a new territory foranother deterritorialized element (and "the leastdeterritorialized [ele- ment]reterritorializes on the mostdeterritorialized") (174). De- and re-ter- ritorializationare thus considered immanentto the diverse semiotic processes themselves-not imposed fromwithout, as catatoniawas im- posed on the schizophrenicby the institutionof psychiatry,according to theAnti-Oedipus. The black hole of the catatonicis now consideredto be a danger inherentin the process of schizophrenia,and deterritorialization and the body-without-organsare consideredto have similarlyinherent dangers.The binaryopposition privileging schizophrenia over paranoiain theAnti-Oedipus no longerholds in A ThousandPlateaus. The oppositions between over-coding/paranoia and de- coding/schizophreniaare re-writtenin A ThousandPlateaus as the dif- ferencebetween two regimesof signs,the signifying and thepost-signify- ing, and two regimes of faciality(two distinctwhite-wall/black-hole systems),the full-face and theaverted-face. For the most part, the signifying regimeretains the over-coding and paranoia of despotism,as per theAnti- Oedipus;it is now also characterizedas a regimeof "fullfaciality," wherein the face of the despot (Christ,the White Man) over-codesthe primitive body. What is new is the post-signifyingregime, characterized not by de- coding and schizophrenia,but by "subjectification"/"subjection"and the "avertedface." Whereas the transcendentalsignifier of thedespot imposes stable meaningfrom the center of a signifyingregime, meaning in postsig- nifyingregimes is instead foreveropen to subjectiveinterpretation: the

SubStance#66, 1991 60 Eugene W. Holland despot has turnedhis face away, the centerno longerholds, no transcen- dental signifierreigns supreme. The problemhere is that,without the guaranteesand prospectof completiononce promisedby a centered,fully signifyingregime, interpretation is pointless--andyet it continuesun- abated, ad infinitum:post-signifying regimes (to paraphraseDeleuze and Guattari,p.117) promoteendless "interpretosis"in a vacuum.

Subjectivityas a Black Hole, Social Existenceas a Blank Wall

Let us tryout some of thisnew terminologyin construingpost-revolu- tionaryFrance as an instanceof post-signifyingfaciality with a mixed regimeof (despotic) significanceand (modern)subjectification.10 The be- heading of Louis XVI deprives France of its despotic face, while the eliminationof feudal privilegeand the Declarationdes droitsde l'homme posit the formalequality of Frenchcitizen-subjects. In thiscontext, where heterogeneouspopulations enter into increasing contact with one another in the modem city,genres such as the "physiognomies"and the "tableaude Paris" emerge in an attemptto map and make sense of the increasingly complex and ill-definedsocial topographyof the Frenchpeople. These genresinstall or inhabita regimeof "signifying-subjectification,"in which meaning is generated from the confrontationof an anonymous and autonomoussubject with random scenes of citylife. A purely"signifying" regime was no longer possible: social structurewas no longer distin- guishedtopographically (based on land-ownershipor centeredon Versail- les), but mixed indiscriminately(under the impactof the market),so that citycontacts become haphazard; the observingsubject, meanwhile, was notofficially authorized, but appeared ratheras an "everyman." These genresappear transformedin theserial-realist novels of a Bal- zac, where the cityof Paris is notjust personified,but facialized:the Bal- zacian novel pitsthe black hole ofpersonal ambition against the white wall of nascentcapitalist social relations.This is a post-signifyingdiscourse no longersanctioned by a transcendentcentral power, but normalizedby the immanentadequation of a subjectand reality,wherein each supportsthe other. The authorityof the narratingsubject derives fromsuccessfully making "meaningful"statements about reality;the realityof observed scenes derivesfrom the documentaryexperience of the itinerantwriter.11 Balzac firstbecomes an "authorized"realist because of his success as a commercialauthor writing for the market,in depictingthe successes and

SubStance #66,1991 Deterritorialization 61 failuresof othercitizen-subjects negotiating market society, not by any decreeof the king, his court, or theAcademie Franqaise. In histake-off on thetableau de Paris genre ("Tableaux Parisiens" in Les Fleursdu Mal),Baudelaire puts such normalized realist discourse to flight. Evenwhile placing modernist poetry in close contact with the modern city, Baudelaireworks both to denydiscursive mastery of the real and to sub- vertthe subject of desire.In thepoems of the "diurnal" cycle, the urban fldneurappears lost and mystifiedamidst the teeming cityscapes he en- counters,unable to derivestable meaning from them. In thepoems of the "nocturnal"cycle, conversely, the urbannight-owl feverishly evokes scenesof lustand passionin a vainattempt to re-kindlehis own world- wearydesire.12 Taken to the extreme,each of thesetendencies courts seriousdanger: desperate interpretation bounces off the blank wall of the meaninglesscity, relegating the fldneur to privateinteriority ("Le Cygne," "Les SeptVieillards"). Monadic subjectivity itself, in turn,disappears into theblack hole of hopelessdesire whose only true end is death("Danse Macabre,""RWve Parisien"). The lastpoem of thenocturnal cycle, however, stages the perpetual re-awakeningof the city in the absence of any observing subject: the event- freeimperfect tense and theelimination of the first-person pronoun trans- formthe tableau de Paris and normalized-realistnarrative into a "planeof consistency"where anything could happen to anyone because nothing yet has and no one is there.In the "TableauxParisiens," as glossedby Mallarm6,"rien n'a eu lieuque le lieu"("nothing has takenplace butthe place").This transformation sets the stage for the final poem of Les Fleurs du Mal,"Le Voyage"(which appears for the first time, like the "Tableaux Parisiens",in thesignificantly revised second edition of thecollection). Herethe blank wall of meaningless experience and theblack hole of tragic subjectivityare both left far behind, as an indeterminate"we" of collective enunciationembarks on a voyage"to plumb the depths of the unknown in searchof the new." Thepost-signifying regime of subjectification thus still struggles with an after-imageofthe regime of significance in thefigure of some (absent) guarantoror guaranteeof stablemeaning, its onlyresource and solace beingthe delusion of individual subjectivity. Desire is eitherblocked, as by themeaninglessness of existence in theSartrean "Absurd," bouncing off theblank wall back ontothe desolate subject; or surrendered,as in the Lacanianmetonymy of desire for the lost object, falling into the black hole oftragic subjectivity ... OR (recallthe importance of the third, fourth, nth termin an inclusiveseries) . . . or it refusesboth extremes(and the ex-

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clusive disjunctionpromoting them as the only alternatives),re-surfaces fromthe black hole of subjectivityto inscribeor pierce the blank wall of social existence,forms a rhizomeof collective enunciation, criss-crosses the deterritorializedearth on an endless voyageof explorationand discovery.

Deterritorializationin Signifyingand Post-SignifyingRegimes

A ThousandPlateaus thus distinguishes among threekinds or degrees of deterritorializationwith respect to regimesof signsand faciality: (1) Signifyingregimes are characterizedby merely relativedeter- ritorialization,for although discourse can be producedendlessly, it is only assignedmeaning by thedespot or his priests,always pinnedto thewhite wall of thedespot's face. (2) Deterritorializationbecomes absolutein post-signifyingregimes withan avertedface, inasmuch as thereis no commonmeasure by which to compareand judge subjectiveinterpretations; it remains negative insofar as interpretationultimately leads to the unproductiveblack hole of "just one man's opinion". (3) Deterritorializationbecomes absoluteand positiveonly when the search formeaning is abandoned in favorof experimentation,and when such experimentationintersects and connectswith the experimentsof othersin a depersonalized,collective form of enunciation,such as is sug- gestedby theindeterminate "we" of Baudelaire'sfinal "Voyage".3 We are clearlyquite far fromthe notionof deterritorializationas it appeared in the Anti-Oedipus,where the termdesignated "merely"the revolutionarypotential of human history, as opposed to reterritorialization as the "dead hand of thepast." This is partlybecause theplateau we have been considering("On Several Regimesof Signs") explicitlyeschews his- tory,presenting instead an abstracttypology of sign regimes.Post-signify- ing subjectificationmay well describe,say, romanticismat the fall of the ancienregime, but it characterizesequally well theProtestant Reformation, the Jewishexodus fromEgypt, and so forth.This is not to say, however, that the focus on history(and even an insistenceon universalhistory), whichdistinguishes Deleuze and Guattarifrom so muchpoststructuralism today,is suddenlygone fromA ThousandPlateaus. On thecontrary, there is continuedreflection on history,which is unavoidably the history"of" capitalism-i.e. historyas it is produced and definedby capital: as the inexorablespread of the marketworldwide. "There is only one world

SubStance #66,1991 Deterritorialization 63 market,"Deleuze and Guatarriinsist: "the capitalist one" (455),in relation to which the various kinds of State (ex-"socialist"ones as well as ex- "liberal-democratic"ones, and dependentneo-colonial as well as revolu- tionarypost-colonial states) merely serve as so manydifferent "models of realization" of capitalistaxioms. The two momentsof territorialization which theAnti-Oedipus grounded in the dynamicof capitalexpansion are now re-distributedover, on one hand, trans-nationalcapital as locus of high-speeddeterritorialization and, on the otherhand, various formsof State as loci of reterritorialization.

Beyond Post-SignifyingSubjectification

It is in this connection(among others)that a new-foundcaution-a kind of "post-anti-humanism"-intervenesin A ThousandPlateaus to qualify the formeranti-Oedipal enthusiasmfor the para-personal,the molecular,the schizophrenic. "It is timeonce again,"they say at one point, "to multiplypractical warnings" (188). For thenew post-signifying regime of subjectificationappears to be alreadyon thewane, itsmode of subjection to classical marketcapitalism being replaced by an even newermode of "machinicenslavement" to the axioms of advanced monopolycapitalism whichbypasses subjectivityaltogether. Market research these days-com- mercialand politicalalike-no longerbothers to interviewsample subjects fortheir personal responsesto testads; instead it hooks up machinesto measuregalvanic skin response, pupil dilation,and heartrate. Conscious, subjectiveresponses become increasinglyirrelevant as theaxioms of high- speed capital plug more and more directlyinto the body and the uncon- scious, creatingever-new artificial organs to respond to the objectsit has produced to satisfythem (temporarily). In thislight, some degreeof "reter- ritorialization"looks prettygood, if only for defensivepurposes. As Deleuze and Guattarirecommend,

... youhave to keep small supplies of signifiance and subjectification, ifonly to turnthem against their own system when circumstances demand it... and youhave to keep small rations of subjectivity in sufficient quantity to enableyou to respond to the dominant reality. (160) This may sound a lot less revolutionarythan the Anti-Oedipus,and perhaps it is. A ThousandPlateaus is in any case a lot less romantic.Any lingeringsuspicions of an earlierexaggerated or uncriticalenthusiasm for "schizophrenia"should now be dispelled by the verycautious, nuanced treatmentof deterritorializationand the body-without-organs.Indeed, if

SubStance#66, 1991 64 Eugene W. Holland therubric "capitalism and schizophrenia"no longerseems appropriatefor the second volume,it is largelybecause schizophreniahardly gets men- tionedin A ThousandPlateaus (and doesn't appear in the Englishindex at all). Capitalism,on theother hand, receivesrenewed attention as a major agencyof deterritorialization,though "only" in the sphereof human his- tory.14Here, Deleuze and Guattarievidence a combinationof sheer ad- mirationand hard-headedcritical analysis of the dynamicsof capitalist expansionand consolidationthat in Marxwould have been called "dialec- tical." Even considered in this respect alone, without mention of its remarkablecontributions to linguistics,comparative anthropology, zoo- semiotics,theories of the State,and so on, A ThousandPlateaus represents an invaluablesequel to theAnti-Oedipus. TheOhio State University

NOTES

1. L'Anti-Oedipe,Vol. 1 of Capitalismeet schizophrdenie.(Paris: Minuit,1972) [Englishtranslation as Anti-Oedipus:Capitalism and Schizophreniaby R. Hurley,M. Seem, H. Lane. (New York: Viking,1977)]; Mille Plateaux,Vol. 2 of Capitalismeet schizophrinie(Paris: Minuit, 1980) [English translationas A ThousandPlateaus: Capitalismand Schizophrenia by B. Massumi(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1987)]; page references to theEnglish translations follow citations in thetext and notes. 2. See especiallypp.1-16, 68-84, and 106-109;Deleuze's Diffirenceet rdpetition (1968) and Logiquedu sens (1969) are contemporaneouswith Derrida's early works Speechand Phenomena,Of Grammatology,and Writingand Difference(all of whichap- pearedin 1967). 3. On the role of "style" in the Anti-Oedipus,see my "The Anti-Oedipus: Postmodernismin Theory,or thepost-Lacanian historical contextualization of psychoanalysis,"Boundary 2 14:1(1988) 291-307. 4. In a perspectiveinformed (like Lyotard's)by a readingof Kant, Deleuze emphasizesthe distinction between free aesthetic and rule-boundrational judgment; see his La philosophiecritique de Kant(Paris: PUF, 1963).[English translation as Kant's CriticalPhilosophy by H. Tomlinsonand B. Habberjam(Minneapolis: University of MinnesotaPress, 1984)]. 5. Deleuze and Guattarisuggest at one point thattheir writing is based on short-termrather than long-term memory (16), whichmay contributeto thebook's non-linearity.(There is occasionto speculatehere on therelation between short-term memorydiscourse and postmodernism.) 6. Schizoanalysiswould situate deconstruction historically in relationto the processesof deterritorialization and particularlythe de-coding that accompanies it.

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7. See "The CommunistManifesto" in Lewis Feuered., Marxand Engels:Basic Writingson Politicsand Philosophy(Garden City,N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959) pp.6-41; quotationfrom p.10. 8. It should be clear that this celebration had nothing to do with "the schizophrenic"as a clinicalentity--whose catatonic state is blamed in the Anti- Oedipuson the psychiatricestablishment's refusal to countenancethe processof schizophrenia,as befitsGuattari's long-standing commitment to the"anti-psychiatry" movement;see esp. pp.88,113, and 122-37. 9. Kafka:Pour une littdrature mineure (Paris: Minuit, 1975). [English translation as Kafka:Toward a MinorLiterature by D. Polan (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1986)]; see my "Commentary"in thespecial issue ofThe Journal of Modern Greek Studieson "MinorLiterature" [8:1 (May 1990)]125-33. 10. The followingis based on myBaudelaire and Schizoanalysis: The Socio-Poetics of Modernism(forthcoming from Cambridge University Press). It maynot be possibleto deploy Deleuze and Guattari'sterminology fruitfully or convincinglyin as shortan essayas this;but the attempt is surelyin linewith their willful under-determination of "concepts" and theiradvocacy of writingfor short-termrather than long-term memory. 11. On normalizationin post-signifyingregimes see pp.129ff.;for more on Balzac along theselines, see Chapter3 of ChristopherPrendergast's The Order of Mimesis: Balzac,Stendhal, Nerval, Flaubert (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). 12. On the diurnaland nocturnalcycles of the "Tableaux Parisiens,"see Ross Chambers,"Trois paysages urbains: Les Poemesliminaires des 'TableauxParisiens'," ModernPhilology 80:4 (May 1983)372-89; and "Are Baudelaire's'Tableaux Parisiens' about Paris?" in On Referringin Literature,Issacharoff and Whiteside,eds. (In- dianapolis: IndianaUniversity Press, 1987) 95-110. 13. The bestreal instanceof absolutelydeterritorialized collective enunciation I know of is stillimprovisational jazz; see my "'Introductionto theNon-Fascist Life': Deleuze and Guattari's'Revolutionary' Semiotics," Esprit Createur XXVII:2 (Summer 1987)19-29. 14. See in particularPlateau 12 "1227: Treatiseon Nomadology- The War Machine,"esp. pp.416-423;Plateau 13 "7000B.C.: Apparatusof Capture"; and Plateau 14 "1440:The Smoothand theStriated," pp.490-92.

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