THINGS PAST and PRESENT a Study on the Setting of the Epistle of Barnabas

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THINGS PAST and PRESENT a Study on the Setting of the Epistle of Barnabas THINGS PAST AND PRESENT A Study on the Setting of the Epistle of Barnabas Jaripekka Juhala Master’s Thesis November 2020 UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI – HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO Faculty – Tiedekunta/Osasto Department – Laitos Faculty of Theology Department of Biblical Studies Author – Tekijä Jaripekka Juhala Title – Työn nimi Things Past and Present A Study on the Setting of the Epistle of Barnabas Subject – Oppiaine New Testament Studies Level – Työn laji Month and year – Aika Number of pages – Sivumäärä Master’s Thesis November 2020 77 (88) Abstract – Tiivistelmä Epistle of Barnabas, included in the collection of Apostolic Fathers, is an early christian text composed betweed AD 70–135, today mostly known for its anti- Judaism. It enjoyed some popularity in the early church, being for example in- cluded in Codex Sinaiticus. The purpose of this work is to treat in depth a set of introductory questions, which rarely receive in-depth treatments: unity, form, dating and provenance. In the past interpolatory theories have been proposed to explain some inco- herencies in the text. There’s also an abrupt transition in Barn. 17 from theological to ethical teaching, a section known as the Two Ways, and an ancient Latin ve- rion omits the Two Ways section. Nevertheless the text shows highly unified style and the Two Ways themes are present throughout. The Latin version is clearly secondary. The text should be treated as unity. Despite clear epistolary features, it’s often been suggested that the text isn’t a true letter but a treatise. The epistolary features have been explained as fiction, pseudepigraphy or following literary conventions. As the epistle is anonymous but includes repeating personal references, no clear parallel exists. The explanations given for the epistolary features are unsatisfactory, and today the text is often recognized as a real letter. Various more precise datings have been suggested based on allusions in chapters Barn. 4 (10 kings) and Barn. 16 (temple). When evaluated, all the sug- gestions are revealed to be problematic, including the lately popular ones based on the Hadrianic temple of Jupiter, which might have never existed. Its best to settle with the range AD 70–135. Various locations have been suggested as the origin of the epistle with many different lines of evidence. These are handled in detail, including the more exotic ones. The insight that a letter has both an origin and a destination makes it pos- sible to settle one of these: The destination must have been in Egypt based on the early reception of the text there. The main contributions of this work are settling the destination of the epistle and bringing the problems of the dating based on the Hadrianic temple to light. Evaluating these questions is an important basis for reconstructing the purpose of the epistle. Also a couple of interesting subjects for future study were noticed along the way. Keywords – Avainsanat Epistle of Barnabas, Apostolic Fathers, Two Ways, Bar Kokhba Where deposited – Säilytyspaikka Helsinki University Library (E-thesis) Additional information – Muita tietoja HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO – HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion Laitos – Institution Teologinen tiedekunta Eksegetiikan osasto Tekijä – Författare Jaripekka Juhala Työn nimi – Arbetets titel Menneet ja nykyiset Tutkimus Barnabaan kirjeen johdanto-opista Oppiaine – Läroämne Uuden testamentin eksegetiikka Työn laji – Arbetets art Aika – Datum Sivumäärä – Sidoantal Pro gradu -tutkielma Marraskuu 2020 77 (88) Tiivistelmä – Referat Barnabaan kirje, joka kuuluu Apostolisiin isiin, on varhaiskristillinen teksti, joka ajoittuu vuosiin 70–135. Se muistetaan usein juutalaisvastaisuudestaan. Ensim- mäisinä vuosisatoina se oli paikoin suosittu teksti, ja se sisältyykin esimerkiksi Codex Sinaiticukseen. Tämän työn tavoitteena on tutkia joukkoa johdanto-opillisia kysymyksiä: yhtenäisyyttä, kirjallisuuslajia, ajoitusta ja alkuperäseutua. Tekstin tiettyjä epäjohdonmukaisuuksia selitettiin aikanaan redaktiokriittisil- lä hypoteeseilla. Huomionarvoinen on myös luvussa 17 oleva jyrrkä taite opilli- sen ja eettisen osuuden välissä. Varhainen latinankielinen käännös ei sisällä tätä jälkimmäistä osuutta, joka tunnetaan myös nimellä Kaksi tietä. Kirjeen teksti on kuitenkin tyylillisesti yhtenäinen ja Kahden tien opetuksen teemat näkyvät myös alkuosassa. Latinankielinen käännös on toissijainen. Kirjettä tulee pitää yhtenäi- senä. Huolimatta tekstissä olevista kirjeen piirteistä, sen on usein ehdotettu ole- van ennemminkin tutkielma. Kirjemuoto on selitetty fiktiona, pseudepigrafiana tai kirjallisten traditioiden seuraamisena. Koska kirje toisaalta on anonyymi, mutta kuitenkin sisältää paljon henkilökohtaisia kommentteja, vastaavia vertailutekstejä ei löydy. Kirjemuodolle annetut selitykset ovat epätyydyttäviä, ja nykyään teksti usein tunnustetaan oikeaksi kirjeeksi. Perustuen luvuissa 4 ja 16 oleviin vihjauksiin kirjeelle on ehdotettu useita tarkempia ajoituksia. Kaikista näistä kuitenkin paljastuu lähemmässä tarkastelus- sa ongelmia, mukaanlukien viime aikoina suositusta ehdotuksesta, joka perustuu Hadrianuksen rakentamaan Jupiterin temppeliin – jota ei kuitenkaan kenties kos- kaan ollut olemassa. On paras tyytyä vuosiin 70–135. Monia eri seutuja on ehdotettu kirjeen alkuperäksi hyvin erilaisin perustein. Nämä käytiin yksityiskohtaisesti läpi, huomioiden myös harvinaisemmat perus- teet. Koska teksti on kirje, lähettäjän ja vastaanottajan sijainti ovat irrallisia ky- symyksiä. Tätä ymmärrystä hyödyntäen toinen näistä voidaan ratkaista: kirje on lähetetty Egyptiin, koska se tunnettiin varhain lähinnä siellä. Tämän tutkimuksen merkittävimmät tulokset ovat kirjeen vastaanottajan si- jainnin ratkaiseminen ja Hadrianuksen rakentaman temppelin historiallisten on- gelmien esiintuominen. Johdanto-opillisten kysymysten tarkastelu on tärkeä läh- tökohta kirjeen tarkoituksen tutkimukselle. Ohessa tässä tarkastelussa löytyi pari mielenkiintoista uutta tutkimusaihetta Avainsanat – Nyckelord Barnabaan kirje, Apostoliset isät, Kaksi tietä, Bar Kokhba Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringsställe Helsingin yliopiston kirjasto (E-thesis) Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter Acknowledgements First of all I want to thank my supervisor ThD Matti Myllykoski. Without his insight- ful advise this work wouldn’t have found its focus and form. He’s a true, honest aca- demic, who isn’t afraid to hold controversial views and, what’s more, change them. It’s an honor to have the privilege of knowing him. I’m indebted to MSc Tuomas Kangasniemi for teaching me the importance of clear writing, and to professor Anne Gudme for demonstrating that “show, don’t tell” applies to academic writing too. Without them my text would be infinitely mo- re convoluted. I’m grateful to MD Kirsi Koivulehto for all the support. My thanks to professor Yaron Z. Eliav for sending me a copy of one of his articles in the age they weren’t readily available online. PhD Johannes Haataja has helped me in innu- merable ways, from setting up backups to photographing volumes in the Cambridge University Library rare book section; but most of all I’m blessed to have a true friend like him. My wife Pirkkoliisa and our children Joonatan, Eelis and Elna are the source of my happiness every day. Without you no achievement would have meaning. And most of all, acutely aware of my own limits, I want to thank my Lord: to you I owe everything I am. νυνὶ δὲ καὶ τὸ ποιῆσαι ἐπιτελέσατε iv Contents Acknowledgements iv Contents v 1 Introduction 1 2 The Text 3 2.1 Manuscripts and Editions ....................... 3 2.2 The Two Ways and Redaction Criticism ............... 6 2.3 Form .................................. 11 3 Date 17 3.1 General Timeframe .......................... 17 3.2 Chapter 16 ............................... 17 3.3 Chapter 4 ............................... 23 3.4 Additional arguments ......................... 26 3.5 What if… ............................... 27 3.6 Conclusions .............................. 29 4 Provenance 30 4.1 Stating the question .......................... 30 4.2 Similarities with Other Writings ................... 31 4.3 Sitz im Leben ............................. 33 4.4 Reception ............................... 35 4.4.1 Reception up to the 4th Century ............... 35 4.4.2 In Egypt ............................ 37 4.4.3 Outside Egypt ......................... 42 4.4.4 The Epistle as an Authoritative Writing ........... 44 4.5 On circumcision (Barn 9:6) ...................... 45 4.6 A Botanical Excursus ......................... 50 4.7 Conclusions .............................. 53 5 Summary 55 Bibliography 59 Sources and Tools .............................. 59 Secondary Literature ............................ 65 Index of Sources lxxviii v 1 Introduction The Epistle of Barnabas is an early Christian writing composed between AD 70–135, in the Greek speaking parts of the Roman Empire. It enjoyed some popularity in the early church, being for example included in Codex Sinaiticus. Since 17th century it has been published in the collection of Apostolic Fathers. The text is preserved in its entirety in its original Greek and a Latin translation. The author has utilized earlier sources. Judaism is the subject of the epistle in one way or another. Little more can be said without running into disputed issues. The precise date is notoriously controversial, and providence doesn’t fare much better. The designation epistle is in itself problematic, as there is no concensus on the literary form. The unity of the text isn’t always accepted, with
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