Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11970-3 — the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal David Cohen , Yuma Totani Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11970-3 — The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal David Cohen , Yuma Totani Index More Information

Index

abduction of women, 18, 214 Beiping, 161, 162, 167, 168, Abe Genki, 186 169, 212 Act of State doctrine, 15, 90, 98, 314, 315, Berendson, Sir Carl, 43 441, 442, 489, 500–501, 501 Berlin, 31, 331, 383 admissibility, 54, 55, 56, 67 Bernard Opinion, 391–430, 403, 431, 466, affidavit evidence, 57–58 495. See also Bernard, Henri aggressive war. See crimes against peace Bernard, Henri, 44, 51, 142, 287, 354, 433, Akayesu Case, 516–17 435, 438, 439, 443, 507 Allied Council for Japan, 42 Blaskic Case, 519 Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 206, Boister, Neil, 2, 5, 21, 22, 255 358, 467 Borneo, 63, 206, 238, 239, 356, Anti-Comintern Pact, 31, 83, 121 358, 467 Araki Sadao, 158, 284–85, 389, 424 Boshin War, 106 Arimura Tsunemichi, 491 Bosnia, 372, 373 Arita Hachiroˉ, 281, 282 Boxer Protocol, 162 Atlee, Clement, 36 Brabner-Smith, John W., 76, atom bombing, 434, 447–49, 456–57, 469, 77, 78 470, 478–79, 480, 493, 494, 495, 499, Brackman, Arnold, 1, 435 501, 502–5 Bulgaria, 476, 477 Australia burden of proof, 7, 13, 19, 24, 197, 202, on the Japanese Emperor, 36, 42, 140, 204, 207, 231, 250, 257, 303, 321, 379, 401, 512 327, 359, 361, 362, 373, 388, 396, war crimes investigations by, 49, 306, 375 461, 512 Awaya Kentaroˉ, 18, 19 Burma, 206, 238, 239, 240, 361, 386, Ayabe Kijutsu, 241, 384 466, 489 Burma-Siam Death Railway, 204, 216, 219, B-29, 31–32, 33 350, 351, 360, 374, 386, 475, 489, 491, Baba Eiichi, 281, 282 493–94 bacteriological weapons, 202 Bagesora Case, 520 cabinet responsibility, 13–14, 199, 200, Baglishema Case, 519 204, 209, 212–13, 224, 230–31, bandits, 156, 157 245, 247, 248–50, 250–52, 320, Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct, 79 340, 341–48, 350, 351, 365–69, Banka Island, 206, 216 371, 379–80, 379–80, 381–83, Basic Principle of National Policy, 161, 383, 385, 388, 389, 417, 429, 461, 163–66, 175, 178, 179, 423 475, 480, 486, 490, 492, 515 Bataan Death Marches, 216, 221, 480, 491, Cairo Declaration, 29–30, 33, 86, 412 494, 500, 509 Cambodia, 57, 373, 513, 520. See also Batavia, 65 Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Bates, Miner S., 212 Cambodia Bauman, Zygmunt, 373 Celebici Case, 518, 517–19, 519, 520

535

536 Index

Changsha, 472 Damste, Sinninge, J. S., 207 Charter of the United Nations, 157 Dandoˉ Shigemitsu, 12, 13 Chiang Kai-shek, 125, 169, 173, 180, 183, deportation, 37, 38, 192, 194, 201, 214, 185, 326, 327, 336, 423, 425, 428 346, 374 Chifley, J. B., 36 destruction of property, 38, 201, 206, 207, China Incident, 171, 172, 173, 183, 215, 234, 208, 209, 212 328, 332 Dohihara Kenji, 50, 155, 160, 217, 238, 239, China, Republic of. See Chiang Kai-shek 240, 296–97, 297, 318–20, 356–57, 357, Ching-Dohihara Agreement, 162 358, 359–60, 360, 384, 424 Chisholm, James, 217 Doolittle Flyers, 10, 220, 384 Churchill, Winston, 36, 412 Double Tenth Trial, 465 Class A, 38, 40, 42, 48, 53, 65, 66, 69, 399 Einsatzgruppen, 345 comfort women, 233, 354 enslavement, 30, 38, 192, 194, 201, 315 command responsibility, 189, 198, 234, 255, European Convention on Human Rights, 497 343, 345, 347, 358, 514, 515, 516, 517, ex post facto, 10, 11, 12–13, 15, 24, 88, 518, 519, 520 94, 188, 190, 191, 192, 256, 265, Commentaries on the Constitution of the 313, 317, 318, 393, 400, 414, 415, Empire of Japan, 117 443, 499, 500 Comyns-Carr, Arthur S., 77 execution of Allied air crew, 492–93, 500 Concerning the Instruction and Control of extermination, 38, 192, 194, 315, 323, 366, the Speeches and Actions of the Army 367, 372, 381, 488 Unites and Units and Army Men Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Returned from the China Incident Cambodia, 55, 505 Area, 234–35, 359 conspiracy, 14, 37, 69, 71, 73, 72–79, 79, fair-trial protection, 6, 7, 46, 48, 53–61, 140, 80, 82, 83, 84, 90, 92–93, 99–100, 101, 258, 311, 392, 398–99, 420, 450, 128, 129, 130, 143–187, 190, 193, 194, 497–98, 504 195–96, 196, 199, 260, 262, 265–66, 266, Far Eastern Commission, 42–44 267, 266–68, 268–70, 271–84, 284–92, February 26 Incident, 164, 285 292–93, 293–95, 295, 301, 296–304, 307, FEC 007/3, 42, 43, 44 316–18, 320, 321, 328, 329, 331, 332, flying balloons, 504 334, 335, 338, 340, 349, 365, 390, 392, forced labor, 34, 207, 214, 483–84, 484 395, 399, 400, 437, 438–39, 440, 442, forced prostitution, 18, 214, 354, 467. See also 450, 455, 452–58, 464, 496, 510, 511 comfort women Constitution of the Empire of Japan, 103–5, Formosa. See Taiwan 106, 112, 113, 114, 115–16, 117–18, 138 Four-Power reply, 34, 35, 36 Corregidor, 221 Freedom and People’s Rights Movement, 106 Covenant of the League of Nations, 80, 156 French Indochina, 65, 83, 179, 181, 185, 206, Covenant of the League of Nations’ Charter, 239, 298 157 Frick, Wilhelm, 462 Cramer, Myron C., 50, 51, 263, 287, Fritzsche, Hans, 256, 309 355, 380 Fujita Hisakazu, 14, 20 crime-base evidence, 205, 225, 236, 374 Fundamental Policy for the Disposition of the crimes against humanity, 6, 38, 40, 65, 71, China Incident, 171–73 73, 84, 97, 101, 190, 192–93, 194, 203, Funk, Walter, 463 268, 315–16, 346, 389, 401, 408, 496, Fuwa Hiroshi, 240 505, 511 crimes against peace, 69–100, 143–187, Gauss, C. E., 212, 213 255–338, 391–458, 496–512 Geneva Conventions, 1929, 24, 200–201, 205, criminal organizations, 41 219, 330, 348, 351, 382, 397, 436, 476, cross-examination, 46, 55, 57, 60–61 478, 480, 481, 483–85, 485, 488 Cryer, Robert, 2, 5, 21, 22, 255 German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 121

Index 537

Germany. See also Tripartite Pact Hirohito, 18, 26, 29, 35, 36, 39, 42, 66, compared with the Allied Powers, 432, 67, 87, 122, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 434, 447–48, 448, 469–70 135, 138, 139, 142, 150, 153, 154, unconditional surrender by, 9, 94–95, 157, 158, 159, 160, 164, 169, 174, 95, 393 179, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, victor’s justice views in, 7–8, 8, 11, 220, 249, 259, 287, 288, 299, 310, 256, 498 323, 335, 341, 379, 380, 398, 400, Glueck, Sheldon, 411, 439 482, 512 Goette, John, 329 clean-slate order by, 139, 184 Gotovina Case, 374 monologue by, 40, 160 government responsibility, 200, 209, 225, non-prosecution of, 10, 17, 18, 43, 44, 106, 231, 248, 249, 250–52. See also cabinet 141, 142, 392, 398, 399, 401 responsibility Hirota Koˉki, 3, 14, 50, 116, 123, 161, Great Britain 164–66, 167–68, 169–70, 172–73, on the Japanese Emperor, 35–36, 36, 42, 174, 175, 178, 186, 187, 210, 400 211–13, 228–31, 249, 280–84, Grew, Joseph, 212 285, 286, 299–300, 324–28, 332, Guam, 216 337, 344, 367, 368, 377, 379, 389, Guangdong, 471 402, 403, 418–24, 424, 425–30, 460, Guilin, 354, 472 516–18, 519 Hitler, Adolf, 10, 31, 157, 293, 309, habeas corpus, 52, 352, 355, 362 323, 334, 370, 372, 378, 382, Hague Conventions, 1907, 11, 24, 89, 201, 412, 421 200–201, 214, 219, 341, 348, 351, 395, Hokkaid, 34 397, 436, 463, 476, 477, 476–78, 485, Honjoˉ Shigeru, 155, 164 486, 488, 499 Honma Masaharu, 52, 216, 229, 345, 479, Hainan Island, 206 480, 494 Hamaguchi Osachi, 150 Horinouchi Kensuke, 167, 168, 169 Hankou, 212, 213, 232, 377, 425 Horwitz, Solis, 103, 135 Hara Teizoˉ, 467 Hoshino Naoki, 46, 47, 50, 124, 424 Hara Yoshimichi, 183 Hostage Case, 460, 463, 468, 514, Harada Kumao, 66, 67, 132 519, 520 Hashimoto Kingoroˉ, 151, 256, 297–98, 299, Ho-Umezu Agreement, 162 320–21, 424 Hull, Cordell, 185 Hata Shunroku, 50, 121–22, 122, 214, 232, 298–99, 321–22, 357–58, 359, 360, 361, Ichigaya, 44, 48 384–85, 386, 424, 425–26 Ikejiri Satoshi, 240 Hayashi Kyuˉjiroˉ, 152 incident (jihen), 148, 149, 157, 214, 215, Hayashi Senjuˉr oˉ , 154, 186 320, 323, 326, 328, 371, 422. See also Hazeyama Tetsuo, 240, 241 China Incident, Lukouchiao, Mukden, Hell Ships, 216, 490 Manchuria Heydrich, Reinhard, 372 Indian National Army, 509 Hidaka Shunrokuroˉ, 226, 229 Instrument of Surrender, 35, 86, 95, 96, 309, High Command Case, 6, 228, 240, 241, 242, 310, 497 248, 347, 357, 363, 436, 460, 463, 468, International Committee for the Nanjing 478, 489, 514, 520 Safety Zone, 209, 212 Higurashi Yoshinobu, 19 International Committee of the Red Cross, 56, Hilberg, Raul, 373 201, 237 Hiranuma Kiichiroˉ, 50, 53, 114, 115, International Covenant on Civil and Political 116, 121, 122, 159, 186, 287–88, Rights (ICCPR), 497, 504 299–300, 323, 322–24, 327, International Criminal Court (ICC), 520. 365–67, 367, 368, 375, 381, See also Rome Statute of the 383, 389, 424, 488 International Criminal Court

538 Index

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Italy, 37, 81, 83, 177, 184, 476, 477. See also (ICTR), 258, 505, 513–521 Tripartite Pact International Criminal Tribunal for the former Itoˉ Hirobumi, 107, 117, 118, 119 Yugoslavia (ICTY), 55, 264, 505, Itoˉ Nobufumi, 212 513–521 Iwo Jima, 31 International Military Tribunal (IMT) Charter, 7, 8, 9, 38, 45, 69, 86–87, 87, 88, Jackson, Robert H., 441, 445, 446, 90, 94–95, 192, 193, 199, 315, 453, 477, 447, 452 501, 502. See also London Agreement Japan Indictment, 73, 77, 79, 188, 189, 190, 192, 10th Army, 226, 228 193, 194, 195, 202 14th Area Army, 189, 238, 239, 242 Judgment, 70, 87, 88–89, 90, 94, 25th Army, 241 99–100, 256, 262, 263, 265, 266, 7th Area Army, 239, 240–41, 356, 268–70, 293, 296, 309, 310, 311, 359, 384 314–16, 345, 363, 370, 392, 393, Army General Staff, 44, 62–63, 107, 110, 406–7, 407, 409, 439, 440–41, 154, 155, 166–68, 170–71, 172, 173–75, 453–54, 454, 462, 477, 478, 489, 177, 178, 229, 267, 287, 293, 326, 342 502, 507, 510, 514 Board of Marshals and Fleet Admirals, 107 International Military Tribunal for the Far East Burma Area Army, 239, 240–41, 331, 360, (IMTFE) 386 Charter, 8, 9, 10, 41, 42, 40–42, 51, 53–56, Cabinet, 66, 85, 93, 105, 106, 109, 110–11, 69, 72, 76, 79, 86, 88, 94, 96, 163, 192, 112, 113, 114, 115–20, 115–20, 122, 123, 193, 194, 199, 263, 264, 268, 270, 274, 125–27, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134, 301, 309–10, 310, 311, 315, 317–18, 139, 140–41, 148, 276, 280–82, 282–83, 393–94, 399, 400, 403, 405, 407, 408, 284–91, 294, 303–4, 336–38. See also 413, 405–16, 419, 427, 429, 438, 443, specific Cabinets by the name of prime 453, 454, 496, 497, 501, 502, 505–7, minister 510, 511 Central China Area Army, 208, 209, 210, defense counsel, 13, 46–47 211, 215, 226–28, 242 Indictment, 10, 48, 49, 50, 52, 65, 66, Central China Expeditionary Army, 232, 70–86, 101, 103, 108, 123, 128, 358 136, 143, 144, 146, 176, 187, Central Committee for Investigations 188–202, 208, 209, 217, 225, 231, Concerning Prisoners of War, 215 234, 249, 255, 263, 265–70, 271, chief aide-de-camp to the emperor, 107 276, 278, 292, 293, 295, 299, 320, China Affairs Board, 124–25, 125 332, 348, 360, 365, 369, 373, 376, China Expeditionary Force, 215, 232 381, 392, 432, 443, 444, 452, 453, China Garrison Army, 162, 167 459, 462, 463, 469, 474, 494, 496, Conference for the Supreme Direction of 498, 500, 503, 506, 511, 512, 515 the War, 112, 127, 129, 133, 134, 135, International Prosecution Section, 22, 247, 249, 367 45–46 Eastern District Army, 217, 384 Judgment, 15, 21, 50–52. See also Majority Eighth Submarine Squadron, 243 Judgment, individual separate opinions, Emperor, 29, 35, 34–36, 38–40, 42–44, 44, and Webb’s draft judgment 65, 66, 96, 101–142, 109, 177–78, 276, rules of procedure, 42, 53–61 289, 109, 379–80, 381, 382, 383, 385, interpretation, 56–57, 57 389, 391, 399, 400–401, 460, 511–12, Inukai Tsuyoshi, 284 512. See also and Hirohito IPS Document No. 0006, 54–55, 57–61 First Submarine Force, 378 Irie Keishiroˉ, 14 Five Minister Conference, 110, 125, 127, Ishii Itaroˉ, 168, 229, 230, 231, 249, 367 161, 164, 423 Isono Yuˉz oˉ , 62 Four Minister Conference, 110, 127 Itagaki Seishiroˉ, 121, 152, 155, 157–58, 160, General Affairs Board of the Government of 179, 218, 234, 238, 239, 240, 241, 287, Manchukuo, 124 323, 358, 359, 358–60, 360, 378, 384, genroˉ, 66, 107–8. See also Saionji 385, 424 Kinmochi

Index 539

Imperial Conference, 85, 109, 110, 111–12, Prisoner-of-War Information Bureau, 214, 127, 130–35, 139, 140–41, 142, 171–73, 216, 217, 220, 221, 223, 224, 248, 484 174, 179, 180–87, 187, 326, 329, 330, Privy Council, 66, 105, 106, 111, 112, 113, 335, 337, 371 114–15, 115, 116, 133, 140, 159–60, 183, Imperial Diet, 66, 105, 106, 112–14, 322, 276, 290, 323, 342, 365, 381 323, 325, 326, 331, 332, 366, 371, 381, Second Imperial Guards Division, 239 388, 423, 425, 488 Shanghai Expeditionary Army, 226, 228 Imperial Headquarters, 34, 35, 110, Southern Army, 238, 241, 491 130, 169, 170, 182, 230, 280–82, Supreme War Council, 85, 107, 320 491, 492 Japan-Manchukuo Protocol, 158, 159, 160 Imperial Headquarters Conference, 112, Jaranilla Opinion, 496–512. See also Jaranilla, 127, 129, 130 Delfin Imperial Guards Division, 164, 239, 241, Jaranilla, Delfin, 51, 263, 353, 355 361. See also Second Imperial Guards Java, 63, 206, 238, 239, 356, 358, 466 Division Jescheck, Hans-Heinrich, 8, 11 j uˉ shiin (ex-premiers), 186 joint criminal enterprise, 73, 264–65, j uˉ shin (ex-premiers), 85, 108, 133, 179, 267, 520 186, 299 Korea Army, 63, 155, 154–55, 167, 218 Kainoˉ Michitaka, 12 Kwantung Army, 123, 124, 149–56, 157, Karadzic Case, 265 158, 160, 162, 167, 319, 321, 330, 383 Kawabe Torashiroˉ, 62, 63, 154, 371 Liaison Conference, 85, 110–12, 127, Kaya Okinori, 244, 245, 246, 280, 281, 286, 128–29, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 300, 328–29, 389, 424 140–41, 170, 172, 174, 173–75, 179, 230, Kayishema Case, 517 288–89, 290, 323, 329, 332, 337, 363, Keenan, Joseph B., 45, 71, 76, 77, 140, 144, 367, 377 145, 146, 190 Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, 66, 67, 108, Kellogg-Briand Pact. See Pact of Paris 122, 132, 133, 140, 153, 164. See also Kelsen, Hans, 397, 411, 439 Kido Koˉichi Kenpeitai, 207, 354, 379, 460, 465, 466 Manchurian Affairs Board, 124 Kharkov, 10 Military Affairs Bureau, 110, 214, 216, 217, Kido Diary, 66–67, 87, 121, 122, 133, 134, 221, 223–24, 230, 301, 330, 331, 332, 153, 154, 157, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 362, 364, 377, 387, 388, 389 187, 287, 324 Ministry of Colonial Affairs, 126, 224 Kido Koˉichi, 45, 47, 66–67, 87, 108, 121, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 62, 123, 126, 122, 133, 134, 138, 139, 140, 153, 158, 122–27, 211–12, 220–21, 223–24, 227, 170–71, 173, 182, 184, 186, 280, 281, 228–31, 247, 287, 335, 367, 377, 382, 310, 367–68, 368, 418, 419, 422, 424, 388, 413 426 Ministry of Greater East Asia, 125–27, Kimura Heitaroˉ, 50, 218, 219, 220, 238, 239, 224 240, 300–301, 301, 329–31, 358, 360–61, Ministry of Imperial Household, 66, 108, 378, 382, 385–86, 424 131 Kiyose Ichiroˉ, 44, 78 Ministry of the Army, 44, 63, 123, 168, Koiso Kuniaki, 14, 53, 129–30, 245, 246, 248, 216–17, 217, 220–24, 230, 233, 243, 247, 327, 367, 375, 381, 382–83, 424 250, 281, 300, 331, 354, 377, 381, 386. Konoe Fumimaro, 122, 132, 167, 168, 170, See also Military Affairs Bureau 174, 182, 183, 184, 186, 283, 286, 289, Ministry of the Navy, 224, 230, 244, 247, 322, 422 250, 281. See also Naval Affairs Bureau Korea, 17, 30, 63, 154, 218, 235, 330, 358, Naval Affairs Bureau, 110, 219, 224, 243, 385, 386, 434, 447 244, 363–64, 363–65, 388 Kosovo, 373 Navy General Staff, 48, 107, 110, 132, 182, Kumegawa Yoshiharu, 242 243, 342 Kuril Islands, 34 Planning Board, 125, 245, 246 Kursk, 31 Prisoner-of-War Administration Section, Kuwashima Kazue, 155, 319 245, 387 Kwajalein, 216, 218, 243

540 Index

Kwantung Leased Territory, 123, 124, 148, Meiji Emperor, 103, 119, 139 149 Meiji Restoration, 104, 106 Mein Kampf, 99 Lake Khasan, 179, 333 mens rea, 93, 196, 199, 295, 519 Lauterpacht, H., 310, 312, 411, 439, 449, 478 mental element, 93, 196, 199, 271, 291, 295, League of Nations, 80, 81, 123, 148, 156, 168, 301, 320, 321, 356, 359, 361, 362, 379, 311, 409, 410, 411, 445, 446 460, 514, 517, 518, 520. See also mens Lebensraum, 447, 454 rea Leningrad, 31 Minami Jiroˉ, 124, 151, 153, 154, 155, 424 Liebert, John G., 328 Minear, Richard, 1, 16, 17 linkage evidence, 203, 204, 205, 216, 225, 374 Ministries Case, 345, 382, 403, 460, 461, 463, London Agreement, 86–87, 95, 407, 412 468 looting, 206, 208, 209, 227. See also plunder Morishima Morito, 152 Lord Lytton, 156 Moscow Declaration, 30, 412 Lord Patrick, 51, 309, 405 Mukden, 37, 63, 152, 153, 155, 297, 319 Lord Wright, 98, 439 Musema Case, 517, 519 Lukouchiao, 128, 161, 162, 163, 166–68, 168, Mutoˉ Akira, 209, 210, 211, 214, 217, 238, 169, 171, 179, 326 239, 241–43, 361–63, 364, 386–89, 424, Lytton Report, 148, 149, 156 519 Mutsuhito. See Meiji Emperor MacArthur, Douglas, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 52, 96, 190, 191, 192, 193, 198, 305 Nacht und Nebel, 372 Majority Judgment, 2, 4, 5, 15, 16, 20, 49, Nagano Osami, 48, 182, 219, 335 50–52, 60, 71, 74, 79, 80, 81, 85, 87, Nakahara, Jiroˉ, 243 88, 93, 102, 109, 115, 121, 142, 144, Nakayama Yasuto, 214, 226, 227 146, 154, 176, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193, Nanjing, 3, 123, 125, 162, 163, 166, 194, 198, 199, 200, 203, 207, 213, 217, 169, 206–7, 208–13, 213, 215, 240, 255–304, 305–6, 307–9, 309, 311, 225–31, 233, 234, 361, 367–68, 313–14, 314, 316, 317, 318, 320, 324, 377, 387–88, 389, 419, 425, 429, 325, 328, 331, 332, 333, 339–369, 370, 464, 466, 469, 470–71, 475 374, 378–79, 384, 389, 390, 391, 393, Naoetsu, 217, 221, 384 395, 400, 401, 406, 427, 431–32, 433, National General Mobilization Law, 103 435, 437, 439, 453, 460, 480, 495, 496, national sovereignty, principle of, 169, 409, 502, 504, 509, 510, 511, 513 410, 411, 418, 500 Majority justices, 51 New Zealand, 43, 44, 47, 65 Makino Nobuaki, 164, 445 Nine-Power Treaty, 81–82, 82, 148, 159, 319, Malaya, 63, 206, 238, 239, 356, 358, 322 465, 509 Nolan, Henry G., 103 Manchukuo, 24, 31, 33, 34, 105, 123, 124, Nomonhan, 174, 179 148, 157, 158–60, 161, 165, 170, 171, Nomura Kichisaburoˉ, 336 172, 179, 224, 284, 325, 327, 328, 330, Northcroft, E. H., 44, 45, 47, 51, 274, 305, 333, 335, 383, 418, 423, 434 349, 352 Manila, 10, 52, 189, 216, 352, 387, 388, 470, nullem crimen sine lege, 94, 414 473–75, 479, 494, 500, 509 Nuremberg Judgment. See International Mansfield, Alan J., 58, 59, 204, 205, 206, 207 Military Tribunal (IMT), Judgment March Incident, 150 Nuremberg Principles, 7, 8 Matsui Iwane, 208, 209, 210–11, 215, 226–28, Nuremberg Subsequent Proceedings, 6, 9, 229, 361, 387, 389, 424, 474 343, 345, 403, 438, 460, 463, 477, 485, Matsuo Denzoˉ, 164 501 Matsuoka Yoˉsuke, 48, 181, 500 McCoy, Frank R., 43 October Incident, 157 McDougall, E. S., 51 Oˉ hira Hideo, 241 Mei Ruao, 51, 267, 297, 305, 353, 354, 355, Oka Takazumi, 219, 243–44, 302, 362, 362, 392, 437 363–65, 388, 389, 424 Meiji Constitution. See Constitution of the Okada Keisuke, 148, 150, 164, 186, 285 Empire of Japan Okada Ryoˉhei, 159, 160

Index 541

Oˉ kawa Shuˉmei, 48, 151, 195, 292–93 Red-Cross Convention. See Geneva Okinawa, 32 Conventions, 1929 Okuhara Toshio, 14 Ridgway, Matthew, 44 Oˉ mori, 221 Roeling Opinion, 26, 92, 97, 259, 261, 264, 270, Oˉ numa Yasuaki, 14 324, 333, 335, 337, 368, 391–430, 431, Oppenheim, L., 91, 98, 310, 312, 411, 439, 438, 466, 495. See also Roeling, B. V. A. 478 Roeling, B. V. A., 10, 20, 21, 51, 70, 98, 191, Oˉ shima Hiroshi, 176–78, 218, 378, 383, 424, 261, 283, 325, 333, 350, 351, 353, 376, 433 382, 391, 433, 435, 438, 439, 440, 443, Ott, Eugene, 331 447, 458, 461, 498, 500, 502, 505, 506, Oˉ yama Ayao, 233, 234, 492 507, 509, 516, 517 Ozaki Yukio, 118 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 256, 313, 505, 519 Pact of Paris, 80–81, 88–89, 91, 98, 148, 159, Roosevelt, Franklin D., 412 311, 312, 313, 314–15, 315, 317, 394, Rules of Procedure of the International 409, 410–11, 411, 414 Military Tribunal for the Far East, Pal Opinion, 2, 5, 89, 157, 259, 260–61, 53–54 261, 264, 270, 306, 314, 324, 333, 337, RuSHA Case, 477 373–74, 379, 390, 391–92, 403, 431–395, Russo-Japanese War, 123, 173, 179 496, 500–501. See also Pal, Radhabinod Rwanda, 57, 373, 516, 520. See also Pal, Radhabinod, 1, 5, 7, 9, 15–17, 51, 70, International Criminal Tribunal for 78–79, 92, 98, 306, 313, 315, 372, 373, Rwanda (ICTR) 374, 379, 382, 393, 395, 396, 402, 404, 414, 420, 431, 496, 498–99, 499, 500, Saionji Kinmochi, 66, 67, 107, 132, 153 502, 503, 504–7, 507, 509 Saionji-Harada Memoirs, 66–67, 173, 174, Peace Preservation Law, 103 177, 179, 325, 326 Pearl Harbor, 5, 128, 129, 191, 299 Saipan, 31 Perisic Case, 374 Saitoˉ Makoto, 164, 284, 285 permitting, 190, 191, 195, 196–98, 199, 208, Saitoˉ Seiei, 240, 241 350, 351, 352, 354–55, 359, 361, 366, Sakhalin, 34 367, 378, 469, 474, 488, 515, 519 San Francisco Peace Treaty, 53 Philippines Sandakan Death Marches, 216, 350 battles in, 189, 238, 362, 479 Satoˉ Kenryoˉ, 50, 217, 239, 301, 302, war crimes in, 238, 350, 378, 386, 388, 465, 331–32, 362, 364, 388–89, 424 470, 473–75, 501, 509 Satsuma Rebellion, 106 plunder, 38, 214, 235, 387, 442, 472 Schacht, Hjalmar, 256, 309, 370, 421 poison gas, 201, 202 self-defense, 2, 90–92, 98, 146, 156–57, 157, Poland, 121, 157, 309, 346, 372, 382 163, 181, 311–13, 332, 337 Potsdam Declaration, 9, 29, 32–35, 36, 39, 61, sexual violence. See specific types of sexual 86–87, 95–97, 133, 134, 309, 310, 408 violence Prince Fushimi, 131 Shanghai, 162, 168, 169, 210, 212, 226, Prince Kan’in, 154, 170, 179 227, 229, 326, 498 Prince Takamatsu, 186 Shidehara Kijuˉr oˉ , 148, 151, 152, 155 Prisoner-of-War Convention. See Geneva Shigemitsu Mamoru, 14, 35, 45, 50, 52, Conventions, 1929 53, 129, 204, 218, 224, 245, 246–50, Pritchard, R. John, 21 293, 302–3, 303, 304, 332–34, 367, Pu Yi, 148, 155 368–69, 375, 378, 382, 383, 389, 402, 403, 418, 419, 424, 426, Quilliam, R. H., 47, 65, 71, 77 430, 516 Shimada Shigetaroˉ, 126, 186, 219, 243–44, Radbruch, Gustav, 394 301–2, 334–35, 364, 424 Rangoon, 240, 378 Shiratori Toshio, 53, 176, 195, 424 rape, 18, 201, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 214, Shoˉwa Emperor. See Hirohito 227, 233–34, 234, 235, 350, 354, 361, Siberia, 34, 325, 327 374, 376, 377, 387, 429, 442, 464, 470, Sierra Leone, 520. See also Special Court for 471, 472, 473–75, 494, 509, 516 Sierra Leone

542 Index

Singapore, 206, 216, 218, 238, 241, 384, 465, T oˉ k y oˉ saiban, 49 466, 467, 479, 480, 491 Tomioka Sadatoshi, 243 slave labor, 37, 463, 479, 484, 491. See also torture, 201, 207, 209, 214, 234, 235, 354, forced labor 361, 362, 374, 465, 492 Southern Manchurian Railway, 149, 152 toture, 207 Special Court for Sierra Leone, 408 Toyoda Trial, 228, 399 Speer, Albert, 463 Trainin, A. N., 439 Stalin, Josef, 31, 33, 412 translation, 55, 56, 57, 58–59, 66, 67, 68, 185, Stanisic Case, 374 187, 223, 503. See also interpretation Strugar Case, 516 Tripartite Pact, 31, 176, 179, submarine atrocities, 201, 218–19, 243, 333, 423 244, 378 Truk, 218 Sugamo, 48, 53 Truman, Harry S., 35, 96 Sugiyama Hajime, 182, 220, 230, 330, 429 Tsukada Osamu, 211 Sumatra, 206, 239, 241, 356, 358, 361 Tsukamoto Koˉji, 226 superior responsibility, 343, 375, 513, 514, Twenty-One Demands, 149 516, 517–18, 519, 520–21 Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers Uchida Rikizoˉ, 13 (SCAP), 34–35, 35, 37, 39, 38–40, Uemura Mikio, 484 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 87, 96–97, Umezu Yoshijiroˉ, 35, 50, 53, 162, 424 134, 190, 192, 309–10, 506. See also unconditional surrender, 9, 16, 30, 33, 34, 35, MacArthur, Douglas 87, 94–97, 393, 418, 497 Suzuki Kantaroˉ, 33, 134, 164 United Nations, 157, 258, 501 Suzuki Tadakatsu, 223, 224, 246, 247, 248, United Nations War Crimes Commission, 30, 249, 367, 377 42, 98, 213 Suzuki Teiichi, 125, 126, 186, 245, 246, 290, United States 424 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 38–40, 43 SWNCC 57/3, 36–38, 40, 41, 42 State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee synopsis method, 58–60, 205, 215 (SWNCC), 36 Supreme Court, 52–53, 355 Tada Hayao, 170, 173, 174, 175 Uzawa Soˉmei, 78 Tadic Case, 264–65 Taiwan, 17, 63, 206, 235, 330, 434, 447 victor’s justice, 7–11, 12, 14–20, 22, Takahashi Korekiyo, 164 188, 258, 307, 311, 324, 332, Tanaka Giichi, 149, 150, 294 392, 496–99, 513 Tanaka Ryuˉkichi, 217, 321, 483, 484 Von Dirksen, Herbert, 169, 170, 172 Tanaka Shin’ichi, 169, 330 Von Neurath, Konstantin, 172, 336 Tanaka Takeo, 129 Von Papen, Franz, 256 Tangku Truce, 161–63 Von Ribbentrop, Joachim, 345, 403 Tani Masayuki, 126 Von Weiszaecker, Ernst, 382, Tarawa, 29 345, 403 Tavenner, Frank S. Jr., 77 Tazumi Genzoˉ, 240 Wachi Takeji, 221 Terauchi Hisaichi, 241 Wakamatsu Tadakazu, 220 The President’s Judgment. See Webb’s draft Wakatsuki Reijiroˉ, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, judgment 154, 155, 157, 186, 284, 324 Tianjin, 155, 160, 161, 162, 167, 168, 319 Wake Island, 243 T oˉ g oˉ Shigenori, 52, 53, 123–27, 128, 185, Wang Jingwei, 125, 214, 298 218, 224, 246, 303–4, 335–38, 383, 418, Wannsee Conference, 372 419, 424, 426 war crimes, 188–252, 339–430, 459–512. See T oˉ j oˉ Hideki, 116, 126, 138, 139–40, 183, 184, specific types of war crimes 186, 187, 205, 218, 219–22, 223, 225, Watanabe Yasuji, 238 239, 246, 301, 322, 324, 329, 330, 334, waterboarding (“water cure”), 207, 354 336, 338, 365, 377, 383, 389, 424, 475, Webb Separate Opinion, 51, 257, 496–512. 480, 484, 485, 487, 489, 516 See also Webb, Sir William F.

Index 543

Webb, Sir Wlliam F., 4, 8, 44, 48–49, 50, Yamamoto Chikao, 243 51, 57, 59, 60, 61, 78, 80, 89, 98, Yamamoto Kumaichi, 126, 128 139–40, 142, 187, 204–5, 213, 217, Yamamoto Yoshio, 243 232, 237, 238–39, 250, 261, 265, 274, Yamashita Trial, 10, 22, 52, 188–89, 193, 275, 283, 299, 304, 394, 403–4, 405, 196–99, 200, 216, 238, 343, 345, 352, 408, 409, 413–14, 419, 420–21, 428, 355, 362, 378, 494, 514, 518, 520 429, 430, 432, 433, 435, 438, 439, Yamawaki Masataka, 234, 359 454, 460, 466, 498, 500, 501, Yamazaki Shigeru, 216, 217, 387 502, 509 Yokota Kisaburoˉ, 12, 13 Webb’s draft judgment, 100, 261, 273, Yonai Mitsumasa, 324 278, 279, 282, 283, 287, 295, Yoshibashi Kaizoˉ, 232, 233 305–338, 341, 349, 356, 364, 365, Yuasa Kurahei, 132 370–390, 392, 393, 396, 401, 418, 422, 428, 453, 513. See also Webb, Zaryanov, Ivan M., 51, 433 Sir William F. Zhang Tsolin, 149, 150, 151, 158 Williams, G. C., 46, 47 Zhang Xueliang, 158