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Molecular Data and the Evolutionary History of Dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Un
Molecular data and the evolutionary history of dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg, 1993 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Botany We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November 2003 © Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria, 2003 ABSTRACT New sequences of ribosomal and protein genes were combined with available morphological and paleontological data to produce a phylogenetic framework for dinoflagellates. The evolutionary history of some of the major morphological features of the group was then investigated in the light of that framework. Phylogenetic trees of dinoflagellates based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU) are generally poorly resolved but include many well- supported clades, and while combined analyses of SSU and LSU (large subunit ribosomal RNA) improve the support for several nodes, they are still generally unsatisfactory. Protein-gene based trees lack the degree of species representation necessary for meaningful in-group phylogenetic analyses, but do provide important insights to the phylogenetic position of dinoflagellates as a whole and on the identity of their close relatives. Molecular data agree with paleontology in suggesting an early evolutionary radiation of the group, but whereas paleontological data include only taxa with fossilizable cysts, the new data examined here establish that this radiation event included all dinokaryotic lineages, including athecate forms. Plastids were lost and replaced many times in dinoflagellates, a situation entirely unique for this group. Histones could well have been lost earlier in the lineage than previously assumed. -
Culture of Exoerythrocytic Forms in Vitro
Advances in PARASITOLOGY VOLUME 27 Editorial Board W. H. R. Lumsden University of Dundee Animal Services Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, P.O. Box 120, Dundee DDI 9SY, UK P. Wenk Tropenmedizinisches Institut, Universitat Tubingen, D7400 Tubingen 1, Wilhelmstrasse 3 1, Federal Republic of Germany C. Bryant Department of Zoology, Australian National University, G.P.O. Box 4, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600, Australia E. J. L. Soulsby Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK K. S. Warren Director for Health Sciences, The Rockefeller Foundation, 1133 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10036, USA J. P. Kreier Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1292, USA M. Yokogawa Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan Advances in PARASITOLOGY Edited by J. R. BAKER Cambridge, England and R. MULLER Commonwealth Institute of Parasitology St. Albans, England VOLUME 27 1988 ACADEMIC PRESS Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers London San Diego New York Boston Sydney Tokyo Toronto ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED 24/28 Oval Road LONDON NW 1 7DX United States Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. San Diego, CA 92101 Copyright 0 1988, by ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photostat, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Advances in parasitology.-Vol. 27 1. Veterinary parasitology 591.2'3 SF810.A3 ISBN Cb12-031727-3 ISSN 0065-308X Typeset by Latimer Trend and Company Ltd, Plymouth, England Printed in Great Britain by Galliard (Printers) Ltd, Great Yarmouth CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 27 B. -
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1 Exploring the male-induced female reproduction of Schistosoma mansoni in a novel medium Jipeng Wang1, Rui Chen1, James Collins1 1) UT Southwestern Medical Center. Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by schistosome parasites that infect over 200 million people. The prodigious egg output of these parasites is the sole driver of pathology due to infection. Female schistosomes rely on continuous pairing with male worms to fuel the maturation of their reproductive organs, yet our understanding of their sexual reproduction is limited because egg production is not sustained for more than a few days in vitro. Here, we explore the process of male-stimulated female maturation in our newly developed ABC169 medium and demonstrate that physical contact with a male worm, and not insemination, is sufficient to induce female development and the production of viable parthenogenetic haploid embryos. By performing an RNAi screen for genes whose expression was enriched in the female reproductive organs, we identify a single nuclear hormone receptor that is required for differentiation and maturation of germ line stem cells in female gonad. Furthermore, we screen genes in non-reproductive tissues that maybe involved in mediating cell signaling during the male-female interplay and identify a transcription factor gli1 whose knockdown prevents male worms from inducing the female sexual maturation while having no effect on male:female pairing. Using RNA-seq, we characterize the gene expression changes of male worms after gli1 knockdown as well as the female transcriptomic changes after pairing with gli1-knockdown males. We are currently exploring the downstream genes of this transcription factor that may mediate the male stimulus associated with pairing. -
The Life Cycle of Plasmodium Vinckei Lentum Subsp. Nov. in the Laboratory
Annals of Tropical Medicixe and Parasitology, 1970. Vol. 64, No. 3 The Me cycle of PZusmodium uimkei Zentum subsp. nov.* in the laboratory; comments on the nomenclature of the murine malaria parasites BY I. LANDAU, J. C. MICHEL, J. P. ADAM AND Y. BOULARD -- (From the Laboratoire de Zoologie (Vers) associé au C.N.R.S., Muséum National d‘Histoire Naturelle de Paris, and l‘Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d’Outre-Mer, Centre de Brazzaville) (Received for publication October Ioth, 1969) In 1966 Adam, Landau and Chabaud discovered two malaria parasites in the forest rodent TJza~~znomysrutilam7 captured in the Congo (Brazzaville). From their morphology in the blood the parasites were identified as Plasmodium berghei Vincke and Lips, 1948, and P. vinckei Rodhain, 19.52, but, since their complete life-cycles were not then known, it was not possible to determine their subspecific status and relationships to similar parasites from other parts of Africa. In later work, the berghei-like parasite was found to be easily transmitted cyclically in the laboratory, and the sporogony and tissue schizogony of this subspecies, P. berghei killicki, have been described elsewhere (Landau, Michel and Adam, 1968). In contrast, stages of the life-cycle of the viizckei-like parasite were less easily obtained, and attempts were made using many new isolates before the best methods of cyclically passaging this sub- species in the laboratory were determined. In the present paper, a description is given of the complete life cycle of P. vinckei lentum subsp. nov., from Brazzaville, and the nomenclature of the murine malaria parasites is discussed. -
Real-Time Dynamics of Plasmodium NDC80 Reveals Unusual Modes of Chromosome Segregation During Parasite Proliferation Mohammad Zeeshan1,*, Rajan Pandey1,*, David J
© 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Cell Science (2021) 134, jcs245753. doi:10.1242/jcs.245753 RESEARCH ARTICLE SPECIAL ISSUE: CELL BIOLOGY OF HOST–PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS Real-time dynamics of Plasmodium NDC80 reveals unusual modes of chromosome segregation during parasite proliferation Mohammad Zeeshan1,*, Rajan Pandey1,*, David J. P. Ferguson2,3, Eelco C. Tromer4, Robert Markus1, Steven Abel5, Declan Brady1, Emilie Daniel1, Rebecca Limenitakis6, Andrew R. Bottrill7, Karine G. Le Roch5, Anthony A. Holder8, Ross F. Waller4, David S. Guttery9 and Rita Tewari1,‡ ABSTRACT eukaryotic organisms to proliferate, propagate and survive. During Eukaryotic cell proliferation requires chromosome replication and these processes, microtubular spindles form to facilitate an equal precise segregation to ensure daughter cells have identical genomic segregation of duplicated chromosomes to the spindle poles. copies. Species of the genus Plasmodium, the causative agents of Chromosome attachment to spindle microtubules (MTs) is malaria, display remarkable aspects of nuclear division throughout their mediated by kinetochores, which are large multiprotein complexes life cycle to meet some peculiar and unique challenges to DNA assembled on centromeres located at the constriction point of sister replication and chromosome segregation. The parasite undergoes chromatids (Cheeseman, 2014; McKinley and Cheeseman, 2016; atypical endomitosis and endoreduplication with an intact nuclear Musacchio and Desai, 2017; Vader and Musacchio, 2017). Each membrane and intranuclear mitotic spindle. To understand these diverse sister chromatid has its own kinetochore, oriented to facilitate modes of Plasmodium cell division, we have studied the behaviour movement to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus. During and composition of the outer kinetochore NDC80 complex, a key part of anaphase, the spindle elongates and the sister chromatids separate, the mitotic apparatus that attaches the centromere of chromosomes to resulting in segregation of the two genomes during telophase. -
Looking Under the Skin: the First Steps in Malarial Infection and Immunity
REVIEWS Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity Robert Ménard1, Joana Tavares1, Ian Cockburn2, Miles Markus3, Fidel Zavala4 and Rogerio Amino1 Abstract | Malaria, which is caused by Plasmodium spp., starts with an asymptomatic phase, during which sporozoites, the parasite form that is injected into the skin by a mosquito, develop into merozoites, the form that infects erythrocytes. This pre-erythrocytic phase is still the most enigmatic in the parasite life cycle, but has long been recognized as an attractive vaccination target. In this Review, we present what has been learned in recent years about the natural history of the pre-erythrocytic stages, mainly using intravital imaging in rodents. We also consider how this new knowledge is in turn changing our understanding of the immune response mounted by the host against the pre-erythrocytic forms. Sterilizing immunity Malaria is the most deadly parasitic infection of humans. subject of intensive immunological research ever since Immunity resulting in parasite Although economic development and the implementa- the first demonstrations, in animal models and humans, clearance from the host. tion of control measures during the twentieth century that injection of attenuated parasites which do not cause have eliminated malaria from many areas of the world1, blood infection confers protection against sporozoite the disease is still rampant in the tropics and in the poor- challenge4–6. Today, this vaccination method is still 1Institut Pasteur, Unité de est regions of the globe, affecting 3 billion people and the most efficient at offering sterilizing immunity against Biologie et Génétique du 2 Paludisme, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, killing up to 1 million annually . -
The Nuclear 18S Ribosomal Dnas of Avian Haemosporidian Parasites Josef Harl1, Tanja Himmel1, Gediminas Valkiūnas2 and Herbert Weissenböck1*
Harl et al. Malar J (2019) 18:305 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2940-6 Malaria Journal RESEARCH Open Access The nuclear 18S ribosomal DNAs of avian haemosporidian parasites Josef Harl1, Tanja Himmel1, Gediminas Valkiūnas2 and Herbert Weissenböck1* Abstract Background: Plasmodium species feature only four to eight nuclear ribosomal units on diferent chromosomes, which are assumed to evolve independently according to a birth-and-death model, in which new variants origi- nate by duplication and others are deleted throughout time. Moreover, distinct ribosomal units were shown to be expressed during diferent developmental stages in the vertebrate and mosquito hosts. Here, the 18S rDNA sequences of 32 species of avian haemosporidian parasites are reported and compared to those of simian and rodent Plasmodium species. Methods: Almost the entire 18S rDNAs of avian haemosporidians belonging to the genera Plasmodium (7), Haemo- proteus (9), and Leucocytozoon (16) were obtained by PCR, molecular cloning, and sequencing ten clones each. Phy- logenetic trees were calculated and sequence patterns were analysed and compared to those of simian and rodent malaria species. A section of the mitochondrial CytB was also sequenced. Results: Sequence patterns in most avian Plasmodium species were similar to those in the mammalian parasites with most species featuring two distinct 18S rDNA sequence clusters. Distinct 18S variants were also found in Haemopro- teus tartakovskyi and the three Leucocytozoon species, whereas the other species featured sets of similar haplotypes. The 18S rDNA GC-contents of the Leucocytozoon toddi complex and the subgenus Parahaemoproteus were extremely high with 49.3% and 44.9%, respectively. -
Influence of Chemotherapy on the Plasmodium Gametocyte Sex Ratio of Mice and Humans
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 71(6), 2004, pp. 739–744 Copyright © 2004 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene INFLUENCE OF CHEMOTHERAPY ON THE PLASMODIUM GAMETOCYTE SEX RATIO OF MICE AND HUMANS ARTHUR M. TALMAN, RICHARD E. L. PAUL, CHEIKH S. SOKHNA, OLIVIER DOMARLE, FRE´ DE´ RIC ARIEY, JEAN-FRANC¸ OIS TRAPE, AND VINCENT ROBERT Groupe de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Unité de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire des Insectes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Unité de Recherche Paludisme Afro-Tropical, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal Abstract. Plasmodium species, the etiologic agents of malaria, are obligatory sexual organisms. Gametocytes, the precursors of gametes, are responsible for parasite transmission from human to mosquito. The sex ratio of gametocytes has been shown to have consequences for the success of this shift from vertebrate host to insect vector. We attempted to document the effect of chemotherapy on the sex ratio of two different Plasmodium species: Plasmodium falciparum in children from endemic area with uncomplicated malaria treated with chloroquine (CQ) or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), and P. vinckei petteri in mice treated with CQ or untreated. The studies involved 53 patients without gametocytes at day 0 (13 CQ and 40 SP) followed for 14 days, and 15 mice (10 CQ and 5 controls) followed for five days. During the course of infection, a positive correlation was observed between the time of the length of infection and the proportion of male gametocytes in both Plasmodium species. No effects of treatment (CQ versus SP for P. -
Malaria in Pregnancy: the Relevance of Animal Models for Vaccine Development Justin Doritchamou, Andrew Teo, Michal Fried & Patrick E Duffy
REVIEW Malaria in pregnancy: the relevance of animal models for vaccine development Justin Doritchamou, Andrew Teo, Michal Fried & Patrick E Duffy Malaria during pregnancy due to Plasmodium falciparum or P. vivax is a major public health problem in endemic areas, with P. falciparum causing the greatest burden of disease. Increasing resistance of parasites and mosquitoes to existing tools, such as preventive antimalarial treatments and insecticide- treated bed nets respectively, is eroding the partial protection that they offer to pregnant women. Thus, development of effective vaccines against malaria during pregnancy is an urgent priority. Relevant animal models that recapitulate key features of the pathophysiology and immunology of malaria in pregnant women could be used to accelerate vaccine development. This review summarizes available rodent and nonhuman primate models of malaria in pregnancy, and discusses their suitability for studies of biologics intended to prevent or treat malaria in this vulnerable population. Among Plasmodium species that infect humans, P. falciparum is bind to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA), a glycosaminoglycan expressed the most deadly. Despite long-term exposure to P. falciparum infec- by syncytiotrophoblast, which localizes to the surface of placental tion, women are again susceptible to P. falciparum infection during villi as well as to fibrinoid in the intervillous spaces15–21. Placental pregnancy, particularly primigravidae1,2. Similarly, susceptibility to sequestration of parasites can elicit an inflammatory infiltrate in P. vivax increases during pregnancy, and while the susceptibility the intervillous spaces, a typical feature in primigravidae that is spe- to P. vivax infection is greatest in primigravidae, the risk of dis- cifically associated with poor outcomes including severe maternal ease is greatest in multigravidae3,4. -
Parasite, Plasmodium Berghei
Wild Anopheles funestus Mosquito Genotypes Are Permissive for Infection with the Rodent Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium berghei Jiannong Xu1,2,3., Julia´n F. Hillyer2,4., Boubacar Coulibaly5, Madjou Sacko5, Adama Dao5, Oumou Niare´ 5, Michelle M. Riehle2, Sekou F. Traore´ 5, Kenneth D. Vernick1,2* 1 Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, 2 Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America, 3 Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America, 4 Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America, 5 Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali Abstract Background: Malaria parasites undergo complex developmental transitions within the mosquito vector. A commonly used laboratory model for studies of mosquito-malaria interaction is the rodent parasite, P. berghei. Anopheles funestus is a major malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa but has received less attention than the sympatric species, Anopheles gambiae. The imminent completion of the A. funestus genome sequence will provide currently lacking molecular tools to describe malaria parasite interactions in this mosquito, but previous reports suggested that A. funestus is not permissive for P. berghei development. Methods: An A. funestus population was generated in the laboratory by capturing female wild mosquitoes in Mali, allowing them to oviposit, and rearing the eggs to adults. These F1 progeny of wild mosquitoes were allowed to feed on mice infected with a fluorescent P. berghei strain. -
Ungulate Malaria Parasites Thomas J
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Ungulate malaria parasites Thomas J. Templeton1,2,*, Masahito Asada1,*, Montakan Jiratanh3, Sohta A. Ishikawa4,5, Sonthaya Tiawsirisup6, Thillaiampalam Sivakumar7, Boniface Namangala8, Mika Takeda1, Kingdao Mohkaew3, Supawan Ngamjituea3, Noboru Inoue7, Chihiro Sugimoto9, Yuji Inagaki5,10, Yasuhiko Suzuki9, Naoaki Yokoyama7, Morakot Kaewthamasorn11 & Osamu Kaneko1 Received: 14 December 2015 Accepted: 02 March 2016 Haemosporida parasites of even-toed ungulates are diverse and globally distributed, but since their discovery in 1913 their characterization has relied exclusively on microscopy-based descriptions. In Published: 21 March 2016 order to bring molecular approaches to bear on the identity and evolutionary relationships of ungulate malaria parasites, we conducted Plasmodium cytb-specific nested PCR surveys using blood from water buffalo in Vietnam and Thailand, and goats in Zambia. We found thatPlasmodium is readily detectable from water buffalo in these countries, indicating that buffaloPlasmodium is distributed in a wider region than India, which is the only area in which buffaloPlasmodium has been reported. Two types (I and II) of Plasmodium sequences were identified from water buffalo and a third type (III) was isolated from goat. Morphology of the parasite was confirmed in Giemsa-reagent stained blood smears for the Type I sample. Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences were isolated and used to infer a phylogeny in which ungulate malaria parasites form a monophyletic clade within the Haemosporida, and branch prior to the clade containing bird, lizard and other mammalian Plasmodium. Thus it is likely that host switching of Plasmodium from birds to mammals occurred multiple times, with a switch to ungulates independently from other mammalian Plasmodium. -
Evaluation of Interleukin-3 in Blood-Stage Immunity Against Murine Malaria Plasmodium Yoelii Haley E
James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current Honors College Spring 2016 Evaluation of interleukin-3 in blood-stage immunity against murine malaria Plasmodium yoelii Haley E. Davis James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019 Part of the Parasitic Diseases Commons Recommended Citation Davis, Haley E., "Evaluation of interleukin-3 in blood-stage immunity against murine malaria Plasmodium yoelii" (2016). Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current. 153. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019/153 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Acknowledgements I would like to express my very great appreciation to my research advisor, Dr. Chris Lantz, for his patient support and constructive criticism throughout my research project. I would also like to thank my committee members, Drs. Tracy Deem and Morgan Steffen for their time spent selflessly giving advice and encouragement during the completion of my work. My most profound gratitude is also extended to my lab colleagues and dearest friends Josh Donohue and Brendon Perry, without whom I would not have been able to complete this project. Your humor, inspiration, and support over the years has been invaluable to me. Finally, I would like to thank the Department of Biology at James Madison University for providing me with the space and supportive environment to do research. Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................