An Essay and Study By Gary R. Councell

Copyright © 2011, Gary R. Councell Copyright © 2011, Gary R. Councell Designed by Ron J. Pride Brief Biography of the Author

ary R. Councell embarked on his military min- G istry in 1969 as a Second Lieutenant Staff Specialist while attending the Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary at Andrews University in Michigan. After ordination, Councell’s first active duty assignment as a U.S. Army chaplain commenced with the First Cavalry Division at Fort Hood, Texas. Subsequently, his mission led to four-year tours in Germany and Fort Lewis, Washington. Following this, Councell served four years as the Facilities and Logistics Manager in the Office of the Chief of Chaplains. His next assignment was spent serving two years as the Fourth Infantry Division Chaplain. He then attended the U.S. Army War College. During that time he was promoted to Colonel and then returned to Germany as the 26th Area Support Group Chaplain. The Chief of Chaplains requested Councell to close the religious program and chapels at Fort McClellan, Alabama, before his return to Fort Hood as the III Corps and Installation Chaplain. Two years later, Councell moved to Hawaii and was assigned as the U.S. Army Pacific Command Chaplain. Prior to retiring from the Army, Councell served as the Director of Information, Resources Management and Logistics for the Office of the Chief of Chaplains, Headquarters, Department of the Army, at the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. During his service, Councell was involuntarily extended two years beyond the normal thirty-year limit of active duty and retired in 2006. Presently, Councell is the ecclesiastical endorser and director of the Adventist Chaplaincy Ministries Department in the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. He also serves as the Secretary for the Executive Committee of the National Conference on Ministry to the Armed Forces. This is an organization of over 180 national faith groups with national standing that “loan” their spiritual leaders to the military to serve as chaplains. Gary, and his wife of forty-seven years, Joyce E. White-Councell are the proud parents of three adult children: Brenda, a national board-certified elemen- tary teacher; GS-13 Terry, a hydrologist and chemist for the U.S. Department of Agriculture; and Larry, a Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Air Force. The Councells have five grandchildren.

Table of Contents

Preface

Societal Issues Current World Situation/8 Economic Challenges/8 Political and Social Unrest/9 Changes in Warfare/11 Changes in the Military/12 Loss of Freedom/12 Purpose and Role of Government/14 Just War/15 Citizen Responsibilities/15 Christians and Culture/16

Biblical Perspectives Origin of Warfare/18 Dialectical Interpretation/18 Paradoxical Principles/21 Old Testament/22 New Testament/24 Respect for Life/25 Biblical Mandates/26 Freedom of Faith/27

Challenges for the Church Situational Awareness/28 Adventist Chaplaincy Ministries and the National Service Organization/30 Official Position/30 Ellen G. White Comments on Military Service/31 Moral Obligation to Protect and Defend/32 Models for Consideration/33 Moral and Spiritual Principles/34 Recommendations/37

Appendices Appendix A – Noncombatancy/40 Appendix B – A Timeline of Conscientious Objection and Noncombatancy within the Seventh-day Adventist Church/42

Bibliography PREFACE

hristians hold citizenship in this advocates development of a strategy to world by accident of birth and prepare church members for potential C in the “kingdom of heaven” by future conflicts that would require con- choice of “new birth.” This dual citizen- scription into military or public service. ship often creates spiritual dilemmas From four decades of experience as of allegiance and priorities, further a teacher, district pastor, military chap- intensified by cultural, ethnic, linguistic, lain, and General Conference depart- and national differences. Seventh-day ment director, the author poses con- Adventist Christians belong to a reli- cepts and questions to consider when gious “United Nations” of members who Adventists think about their relationship live in two hundred countries around the as a Christian to the greater community. world. In particular, should an Adventist serve Most Adventists readily agree in in the military, or in law enforcement theory that matters of faith take pre- agencies, or intelligence gathering? cedence over temporal concerns, yet Is such service incompatible with the probably would admit their actual prac- Christian faith? This essay does not pur- tice is often incongruent with beliefs. port to give all the answers, but it does So how can spiritual priorities be more try to stimulate some thought that may consistently applied in daily living? Is assist individuals in the decision-making service in government agencies yielding process as they seek to determine allegiance to modern Caesars and this God’s will for their lives. world? When governments require citi- zens to serve in ways that conflict with All thoughts in the essay are the opinions and views of the conscience, how should an Adventist author, and except where credits and quotes are given, Christian respond? reflect his summation of experience, reading and study on In our rapidly changing world of the subject. This essay is not necessarily the official position these last days, clearly stated bibli- of the Adventist Chaplaincy Ministries (ACM) Departments cal and ethical principles on issues of of the General Conference and North American Division of public and military-related service are Seventh-day Adventists, nor is it the official position of the needed to help guide decision-making Seventh-day Adventist Church. Please address comments by church leaders and individual mem- to Chaplain Gary R. Councell, GC ACM Department Director, bers. The author contends that the 12501 Old Columbia Pike, Silver Spring, Maryland 20904, current denominational stance requires USA; or via email at [email protected]. Bible review and deeper study to determine texts are quoted from the New Living Translation of the Holy its applicability in the 21st century. He Bible by Tyndale Publishers, Inc.

6 7 societal issues

Current World Situation The ultra-poor spend 80 percent of their s predicted, great changes are income to obtain only 80 percent of taking place in our world. The required minimum caloric intake. Much Afinal movements in earth’s con- effort and resources have attempted to flict between good and evil are rapid. remedy causes of poverty and improve Modern science has improved quality of conditions for the poor, but as Jesus life, advanced medical care, spawned observed, “The poor will always be computer technology, speeded com- present” (Mark 14:7). Poverty causes munications and explored space; yet a descending spiral into other miser- scientific knowledge also has been used ies and negative conditions: precarious for evil in criminal activities, immoral livelihoods, hunger, physical limitations, decadence, and weaponry. and problems in relationships. Poverty is Devastating famine and disease a contributing factor to crime and even continue assaulting humanity, aided by terrorism. natural disasters, changing climate pat- In his 1961 farewell address to terns and pollution. Though the media the nation, U.S. President Dwight and jet travel have shrunk the world into Eisenhower warned about the cost of an accessible community, those means an arms race and dangers of a military- also have revealed greater disparity industrial complex. During the Cold between the “haves” and “have-nots.” War years the United States spent over Deep philosophical and political differ- 13 trillion dollars on national defense, ences rage between the “givers” and not counting the costs of the Korean “takers” within nations. and Vietnam conflicts. The Soviet Regardless of mankind’s best Communist bloc simply could not sus- efforts to avert and resolve them, three tain the expense of its military-enforced crises threaten humanity in these last ideology and provide any quality of life days: economic uncertainty, political for its citizens. Eventually the Cold War unrest, and insecurity. These crises are bankrupted the Union of Soviet Socialist inter-related and build on each other. Republics and the Warsaw Pact, lead- They also impact on the mission of the ing to its disintegration. While the super Seventh-day Adventist Church. Hope, powers wore each other down, the Third goodwill and peace remain elusive. World began asserting its economic muscle of human and natural resources. Economic Challenges Since the terrorist attacks on the Poverty plagues earth’s popula- United States, September 11, 2001, tion. According to the World Bank, 40 the cost for homeland security to the percent of the world’s population exists nation erased any “peace dividend” on less than two U.S. dollars per day. from ending the Cold War. The military

8 war on terror cost the United States one rity. Add inflation, indebtedness and trillion dollars. “Repercussions trickle greed on national and personal levels, down through every layer of the global and the issues become even more com- economy. In the era of globalization, plicated. Regional instability, narcotics the September 11 terrorist attacks on trafficking, and population shifts disrupt New York and Washington have had recovery attempts. Economic problems worldwide economic consequences, ” contribute to political and social unrest. wrote Harry Hayes in an International Review article in January 2002. While Political and Social Unrest difficult to measure, the economic Since World War II major political costs of terrorism throughout the world changes have occurred: colonialism during the first year following the 9/11 ended, new nation states emerged, and attacks came to an estimated two tril- nuclear holocaust threatened all peo- lion dollars. Al-Qaeda has adopted a ples. Nations responded to the Nuclear new strategy in its declared war on the Age and Cold War by brokering alliances West. Rather than blowing up buildings, and treaties for mutual protection and Al-Qaeda seeks to achieve its goals by to preserve forms of government, past destroying the economy of its enemies. traditions, and ways of life. With an Iron Counteracting the weapon of fear is a Curtain dividing the world, how could costly defense. the Adventist understanding of eschato- When rapidly emerging Asian econo- logical prophecy ever happen? mies and petrol-empires collide with In the late 1980s the Warsaw Pact Western wealth, the resulting crashes quickly disintegrated as the Soviet upset the traditional temples of fiscal Union collapsed. For one decade exchange, trade balance, and job secu- the world enjoyed relative peace, but

9 another ominous ideological conflict had to keep the peace. Established in 1945 already started. Islamic fundamental- in hopes of preventing any more world ism seethed with resentment against wars, the United Nations can claim the West and Israel. Using general only partial success. Nations are angry. Muslim embarrassment and anger over While leaders debate, conflicts continue. past defeats and grievances, radicals Treaties and ceasefires flourish, only to embarked on campaigns of terror to be ignored. Non-aligned nations act in right perceived wrongs and re-establish a rogue manner, causing regional ten- an Islamic caliphate (government ruled sions. Special interest groups withdraw by a spiritual leader of Islam). They envi- and separate, demanding recognition sioned a united Islamic caliphate gov- and rights. Within countries and across erned by Sharia law much like Taliban national boundaries narco-criminal, rule enforced in Afghanistan. piracy, and terrorist groups function The world today is engaged in con- as defacto governments that subvert flict that can be as demanding and rigor- legitimate political processes and upset ous as the Cold War. Unless some form national economies; i.e., the shadowy of religious toleration opens in Islamic drug cartels that govern portions of countries, a significant portion of the Mexico. Since World War II, genocide world will remain closed to Christianity. has claimed the lives of over 125 million The church will need to use innovative innocent people. methods for reaching Muslims with the The net population growth in the Gospel. world exceeds 150 thousand per The collective best efforts of the day, or an annual rate four times the world’s smartest minds seem unable world membership of the Seventh-day

10 Adventist Church. Competition for reluctance to unleash the destructive diminishing resources has created com- force of their nuclear arsenals, nations plex economic dependencies and trade with such weapons have adopted a mili- patterns to meet the increasing needs tary strategy of pre-emptive first-strike of expanding populations. Desire for in an attempt to thwart real threat. Other a better life prompts population shifts, strategies are operational: focus on resulting in more people now living in objectives and by-pass pockets of resis- urban areas than rural. It also leads to tance to subdue later. General Norman illegal border crossings and immigra- Schwarzkopf’s “Hail Mary” maneuver tion problems that prove disruptive to easily mauled the superior Iraqi mili- traditional social mores within nations. tary in one hundred hours with minimal For example, at present rates some Coalition loses. But even modern mili- European countries will soon have a tary power has limited applications. larger population base from immigrants Knowing they cannot overcome their than native-born citizens. enemies by conventional means, special interest groups resort to unconven- Changes in Warfare tional means to obtain their objectives. The Korean Conflict was the last Modern terrorism has severely impacted war with a defined FEBA (Forward Edge the world with its asymmetrical method of the Battle Area). General Douglas of waging war. Terrorism violates inter- MacArthur’s daring landing at Inchon, national law of war, ignores the Geneva Korea, demonstrated how unreliable Convention and intentionally disregards defined front lines can be. After the any respect for human decency or life, battle of Ia Drang in 1965, the North even of terrorists. Vietnamese avoided direct confronta- How should civilized nations respond tion and used guerrilla warfare to defeat to small bands of suicidal terrorists the South Vietnamese and its allies. The intent on imposing their views on others Iraqis foolishly persisted in assuming a by wantonly murdering innocent people defensive line would hold against coali- regardless of their affiliations, age, or tion forces in the Persian Gulf conflicts gender? How can countries prevent or only to be slaughtered by precision stop genocide of people groups by their weaponry. own government? How should nations With smaller armies than potential deal with piracy against unarmed mer- adversaries, governments with less chant mariners? The nature of warfare manpower must maintain superior tech- has changed. Nations no longer declare nological advantage to compensate war on another nation-state. Defined for their numerical disadvantage on battle lines between combatants with conventional battlefields. Technological rear areas that are safer seldom exist parity places balance-of-power at risk. anymore. Future wars may be determined by who Though modern weaponry has controls satellites, because they enable become more precise and lethal, weap- communications, positioning, and accu- ons used by terrorists are calculated to rate delivery of munitions. Assuming paralyze populations psychologically

11 by fear. By and large, terrorism works. easily met. Contrary to popular percep- After the demonic terrorists attacks of tion, today’s military personnel represent September 11 on targets in the United conservative values. They are a highly States, 44 percent of Americans suffered motivated, disciplined, and patriotic at least one clinical symptom of post- sub-culture, many of whom make public traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One service a lifelong career. year later 30 percent of adults were still To counter terrorists and unconven- troubled by those events. The national tional forces, militaries use specially psyche was impacted. Crude and cruel, trained forces to gather intelligence and but effective methods include behead- select targets. These elite “stealth” units ings, chemical attacks, indiscriminate are often inserted into hostile territories bombings targeting civilians, intimida- to team with native insurgency move- tion, kidnappings, mass rapes, and star- ments. Six weeks after the terrorists’ vation. Do morally responsible people attacks of September 11, fewer than one simply ignore, cower, or submit to crazed hundred Special Forces soldiers slipped killers? The question requires an answer. into Afghanistan to assist the Northern Alliance of local warlords opposed to the Changes in the Military Taliban. Within two months the Taliban Military forces perform other essential were driven from the cities and coun- functions than to wage war. They are tryside into the Bora Bora Mountains the executive arm of the state to main- and Pakistan. The nature of warfare has tain internal order and defend against changed; the day of large forces oppos- aggression. They also deploy in civic ing one another in protracted battles assistance and humanitarian operations. along a static front is over. The United Nations and other agree- ments engage the military forces of many Loss of Freedom nations in peacemaking and peacekeep- Because of our prophetic under- ing duties. For example, Adventist chap- standing, Seventh-day Adventists cham- lains in the militaries of African nations pion freedom and religious liberty. A frequently deploy outside their national high value is placed on truth. Jesus said, boundaries on such missions. These “The truth makes you free” (John 8:32). units act as UN “rent-a-cops.” In a world filled with falsehoods and Today’s militaries use highly half-truths, many people echo Pontius sophisticated equipment and weap- Pilate’s question, “What is truth?” (John onry. Personnel must be educated and 18:38). Christians hold that “truth” is trained. More and more countries are a. God (Exodus 34:6; Psalm 31:5), discovering that conscription for short b. Defined by God’s Law (Psalms terms fails to meet force requirements. 119:142 and 151), Though arguments persist pro and con, c. The “Word” (John 17:17), when the United States transitioned d. Christ (John 1:14; 14:6), and to an all-volunteer military in 1974, the e. His Holy Spirit (1 John 5:6). effectiveness of its military improved. Such truths are the foundation for In fact, recruitment targets have been democratic forms of government. “We

12 hold these truths to be self-evident, force in attempts to coerce adherence that all men are created equal, and by controlling, dominating, and manipu- that they are endowed by their Creator lating the human spirit, mind and body. with certain unalienable Rights, that That abuse of power tramples upon among these are Life, Liberty and the truth and leads to persecuting all who pursuit of Happiness” (Declaration of oppose it; hence, the cause of many Independence of the thirteen United wars by adulterous unions of church States of America adopted in Congress, and state. July 4, 1776). They also are the basis for Beginning with the systematic elimi- human rights (Bill of Rights, the first ten nation of Armenian Christians by the amendments to the U.S. Constitution, Ottoman Empire in 1915, over 170 mil- ratified by the original thirteen States, lion people have died at the hands of December 15, 1791; and the Universal oppressive governments. That is more Declaration of Human Rights adopted by than 11 times the world membership the United Nations, December 10, 1948). of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Religious and political freedom Cambodian dictator Pol Pot’s brutal enables, empowers, and frees men and “killing fields” so horrified Vietnam that women to be all that they understand the communist country invaded its the divine will to be for their lives. It neighbor to end the carnage. What has motivates good and right, faith and love, Adventism said or done to stop this by respecting the freewill of choice. slaughter of innocents? What can the Abusive government and false religion, church do? And what should the church especially when united in an adulterous do, if anything? relationship, resort to using fear and Along with mass casualties, geno-

13 cide and persecution cause losses of 2 and Daniel 2), the Lord chooses to many freedoms. Religious freedom work through human instruments, both is nonexistent in many regions of the politically and religiously, to accomplish world and is sustained only by constant His divine purposes. Romans 13 clearly vigilance in countries that suppos- states that governments are appointed edly guarantee it. As outlined in the by God for good to provide security and panorama of prophecy, final events in order among mankind. The primary pur- the great controversy between good pose of government is to provide order and evil picture a time of tribulation for and security for the common good of its God’s remnant people. Evil forces will citizens. attempt to eradicate their presence Governments may legally initiate the from the earth. use of force to maintain order, protect individual rights, and national sovereign- Purpose and Role of Government ty. Without that ability, anarchy could God’s creation exists by His com- reign or foreign invasion could occur. A mand. It operates in accordance with defining characteristic of government is divine law and in an orderly manner. the legal use of force. To be legal, force When Yahweh formed the Children must also be just. When an individual of Israel into a nation, He gave them is attacked by others using force to do law codes to govern their civil, legal, harm, rob property, or impose their will religious, and social life. He included on another, self-defense is justifiable. laws even about warfare and warriors Government is organized to defend (Deuteronomy 20). Though ultimately and protect at all levels against unjust in control of the affairs of man (Psalm aggression.

14 So what constitutes a “just” boasts of atomic power, it makes no defense? Usually the best defensive sense to maintain that war is a fit instru- tactic is an active offense. After the dia- ment with which to repair the violation of bolical September 11 terrorist attacks justice.” on New York and Washington, D.C., the In light of Satan’s cruel injustice United States changed its military strat- inflicted on humanity as his weapon egy to pre-emptive first strike. A national against God, should Adventists simply debate about the attack on the Taliban trust God to ultimately resolve issues of in Afghanistan and the Baath Regime of justice, or do we have a moral responsi- Saddam Hussein in Iraq has divided the bility to address injustice here and now? nation over whether the actions were This conflict of concepts remains a divi- just or not. sive “cold war” on just war. Historically, seven moral concepts Just War have been used to justify military force: St. Augustine of Hippo, Thomas just cause, competent authority, right Aquinas, and Hugo Grotius wrote intention, reasonable hope of success, theories on just war that continue being last resort, the goal of peace, and overall debated by ethicists, philosophers, and proportionality of good over harm. Do theologians. The National Council of these apply when military force is used Catholic Bishops presents the weighti- for humanitarian relief across sovereign est arguments for a modern religious borders (is state sovereignty absolute?), perspective in their pastoral letters, “The or noncombatants are directly and Challenge of Peace” (1983) and “The intentionally targeted (what is a noncom- Harvest of Peace” (1993). Protestant batant?), and other blurred situations views stem from Martin Luther. The in the complex, inter-connected nature complexity of the topic makes further of modern society? Is jihad, war for the discussion beyond the scope of this sake of religion, always just? Does jihad chapter. translate into license to fight total war Two presumptive concepts quickly against all infidels? While governments emerge in the arguments over jus ad have wisely refrained from employing bellum, the right to go to war, and jus in nuclear weapons, countless millions of bello, right conduct within war. A recent people continue dying from indiscrimi- third category, jus post bellum, concerns nate killing by conventional and unortho- termination of war and the right to pros- dox weaponry. Theories of just war ecute war criminals. Just war theory attempt to govern conflict on the macro, often begins with a presumption against national level, but what values guide war (pacifism) that focuses on the harm individuals in their response to evil? war may cause, rather than with a pre- sumption against injustice that focuses Citizen Responsibilities on the need for responsible use of force Members of a social group have in response to wrongdoing. Pacifists certain responsibilities and duties to often quote Pope John XXIII’s statement that group. We are born into a social in Pacem in Terris, “In this age which fabric interwoven with many threads

15 of obligation. By accident of birth we c. Christ above culture acquire a mother tongue and father- d. Christ and culture in paradox land. Without choice we arrive and live e. Christ transforming culture. in ”VUCAville,” a world that is volatile, Though highly regarded as founda- uncertain, complex and ambiguous. By tional on the subject, Niebuhr is hardly choice we become citizens and heirs of the final authority. If Christianity and a spiritual kingdom. Christians have dual culture unite or mix, will the resulting citizenship. Jesus taught His disciples syncretism be acceptable to anyone? to “render therefore to Caesar the things If Christianity and culture face off in that are Caesar’s, and to God the things opposition, what will be the end result, that are God’s” (Matthew 22:21). and is that result desirable? Adventists Disciples of Jesus make following split in their response to culture. For Him their primary purpose for living example, some see observance of (Acts 5:29). As citizens in this world, but Christmas and Easter as yielding to not of it, we are to love our neighbors paganism. Others see it as an oppor- as ourselves (Mark 12:31). This dual citi- tunity to tell the world about Jesus. zenship often creates moral dilemmas. Some see serving as a police officer or Citizens are expected to fulfill their obli- in the military as apostasy, while others gations of obedience, taxes, and ser- see it as responsibly serving your vice. These expectations often conflict fellow man and being patriotic. with personal beliefs, faith, and goals. Many Adventists act in the belief that How does a responsible citizen you must identify with the world to win determine priorities and fulfill their just the world. They mingle to understand obligations? Adventists have the moral the mindset and needs of people in compasses of Scripture and prophecy their communities. They seek to open to guide us through these convoluted lines of communication in hopes their and paradoxical “last days.” Why aren’t non-judgmental attitude and loving the answers clearer about how to relate behavior will win hearts to Christ and to the world around us? Some have the “truth.” While that approach pro- sought answers in understanding the duces the desired results in many cases, Christian’s relationship to culture. it also has inherent dangers of losing identity, adapting faith to the tyranny of Christians and Culture the “isms” and becoming casual, then Yale Divinity School theologian and careless in one’s own faith practices and ethicist, Dr. H. Richard Niebuhr pos- lifestyle. tulated five responses for Christians The opposite ditch on life’s highway to the world in his classic book, Christ is just as much a spiritual hazard. Other and Culture. He outlined five relational Adventists avoid the world as much stances that somewhat traces his his- as possible by isolating themselves torical view of an ascending church and from it in appearance, associations, a dying pagan civilization: civic responsibilities, diet, education, a. Christ against culture entertainment, etc. They often become b. Christ of culture judgmental of those who differ with their

16 concepts and religious lifestyle. Their 8:60). Christ commanded His disciples introspective detachment can result in to be influential witnesses and progres- narrow legalism and a lack of readiness sive centralists, designating them as for changes in life. Increasing numbers “the salt of the earth” and “the light of Adventist young adults reject this kind of the world.” Our light is to “so shine of “protected” lifestyle and seek an inde- before men, that they may see your pendent lifestyle that includes a more good works and glorify your Father in balanced expression of spiritual values. heaven” (Matthew 5:13-16). The Apostle Both extremes of liberal left and con- Peter further expands that theme calling servative right lose relevancy and cost Christians “a chosen generation…His lost influence. Throughout Scripture the own special people, that you may pro- Lord expects His people to witness that claim the praise of Him who called you He is God (Isaiah 43:12), “that all the out of darkness into His marvelous light” peoples of the earth may know that the (1 Peter 2:9). Lord is God; there is no other” (1 Kings

17 BIBLICAL PERSPECTIVES

Origin of Warfare denomination during the “Uncivil War hough sketchy on the details, between the States” (1861 - 1865). Scripture emphatically states As a prophetic church, Seventh-day Twar began in heaven (Revelation Adventists believe the last days will 12:7). The “mystery of iniquity” arose bring “wars and rumors of wars” and within Lucifer, whose pride caused “nation rising against nation” (Matthew him to rebel against the very author- 24:6 and 7). There will be no peace. ity and government of God (Ezekiel 28 These conflicts will culminate ultimately and Isaiah 14:12-15). Created perfect, in the battle at Armageddon* (Revelation the anointed cherub desired to be 16:1-16). Adventist psyche rests in part included in the counsels of heaven and on the concept of warfare; i.e., the Great equal with God. Deceptively spreading Controversy between Christ and Satan discontent among the angels under (good and evil). his command, Lucifer took his cause Aside from their understanding about to God. Ellen White describes how the “Theater of the Universe,” Adventists he misrepresented his subordinates keenly engage in other battles against by claiming their desire was for him social evils and political wrongs. Our to occupy the position Christ held. history is replete with aggressive and His disaffection ripened into active defensive postures over issues such as revolt. War followed for the mastery of temperance, slavery, and Sunday laws. heaven. “The angels were marshaled The Seventh-day Adventist Church is a in companies, each with a higher com- highly organized, militant organization manding angel at their head” (Spiritual with a global mission. Gifts, Vol. 3, page 37:1). “Christ and *Armageddon means “the mountain His angels fought against Satan and of Megiddo.” Most scholars believe this his angels…Christ and the loyal angels battle is the final spiritual conflict, but triumphed, and drove Satan and his that does not exclude an actual physical rebel sympathizers from heaven.” battle. (Spiritual Gifts, Vol. 3, page 38:1). Since that time Satan and his army of Dialectical Interpretation confederates have been the avowed Dialectical thinking splits the sphere enemies of God in our world. The of truth into opposite hemispheres, so conflict between Satan and Christ, that instead of complementing or com- evil and good continues (See Great pleting each other, the principles are Controversy, Chapter 29 and Patriarchs set against one another. This results in and Prophets, Chapter 1, for further partial truths, isolated from the other. details). Adherents of a partial truth tend to sub- Adventism organized into a religious ordinate the other side to the one he

18 19 or she holds dear. Yet, “All Scripture is father, as a brand new Adventist drafted given by inspiration of God, and is profit- in World War II, had remained faithful able for doctrine, for reproof, for cor- to his baptismal vows while enduring rection, for instruction in righteousness, tremendous pressures like those experi- that the man of God may be complete, enced by Desmond T. Doss. thoroughly equipped for every good Students were encouraged to enter work” (2 Timothy 3:16 and 17). The “Adventist” vocations; for girls, the Pharisees of Christ’s day were orthodox choices recommended were very lim- and had faithfully preserved Judaism and ited. Guidance offered came from very the Scriptures through difficult days of narrow and traditional interpretations. Greek Hellenism. They differed with the Contradicting the biblical lessons we Sadducees who fought to retain Jewish learned from Joseph, Daniel and Esther, Temple worship and some political inde- we were taught our faith had limitations pendence during years of Roman occu- and could not be practiced in certain pation. Both parties were Jews hoping situations. Then, as now, I do not believe for the Messiah and wanting Israel faith is based on career, circumstances restored to its former glory, but they were (bad or good), comfort or convenience. frequently at odds with one another, Faith trusts a Sovereign God, who as divided except in denying Christ. our Creator reveals what is best for His Around issues of military service children in His Word, by His Spirit, and and war Adventist thinking has become through Jesus Christ. dialectic; divided like the nation is A common Adventist explanation politically over the current Global War given for war and fighting in the Bible on Terrorism. No Christian wants war rests on the concept of Israel being a or to wantonly kill, or be harmed by theocracy. God was the supreme ruler evil. So how is evil overcome? Some over the Children of Israel. He was “the say by strong force; others say by non- center of authority and government” resistance. Is the answer determined by (Education, page 38:1). God governed personality or through theology? the nation, even after prophets and Clouded with presumptions against kings assumed human leadership roles. war, many Adventists ignore sound Therefore, if God ordered the killing, it principles of exegesis and hermeneutics was justified. Humans were just carrying when it comes to looking at Biblical pas- out divine orders, and if they had had sages that tell about warfare and killing. greater faith, God would have done the Few Adventist theologians or leaders job for them. have served in the military or engaged in According to the argument, the combat. From academy years forward, New Testament era changed all that. I heard Adventists should avoid military Christ taught new laws of “loving your service due to the probability of violating enemies” (Matthew 5:44), and when the fourth and sixth Commandments. struck “offer the other cheek” (Luke It disappointed me as a teen to learn I 6:29). He prayed for those who drove could not work as a forest or park ranger nails through His wrists (Luke 23:34). for the same reasons. I knew my own Therefore, as Christians, we are to

20 love as Christ did and never use force all viewpoints simply for the sake of in resisting evil. This dichotomy pits appeasement. But in areas of conscien- Scripture against Scripture and portrays tious choice church members would be an emotional god of opposite attitudes. served better if biblical and ethical prin- No wonder thinking church members ciples are wrestled from the apparent are confused. paradoxes of the Bible and then applied Israel became a theocracy at Mount as relevant guides for living today? Sinai (Exodus 19:3-6) and withdrew from the relationship when they chose a Paradoxical Principles heathen ruler (John 19:12-16 and Desire Scripture is full of apparent paradox- of Ages, page 737:6). When the theoc- es or contradictions. We are saved by racy proposition is followed through to grace as a gift from God (Ephesians 2:8- conclusion, spiritual Israel (the church) 10), but then are admonished to “work replaced the Jews as citizens in God’s out your own salvation with fear and government (1 Peter 2:9 and 10). Ellen trembling” (Philippians 2:12). Adulterers White extends the concept and says, were to be stoned (Deuteronomy 22:13- “We (Adventists) are sacredly denominat- 30), but Jesus said only the sinless ed by God and are under His theocracy” could throw stones (John 8:7). Saul (Testimonies for the Church, Vol. 7, page failed to slaughter every Amalekite and 108:1). That statement raises some inter- lost God’s favor and his kingdom, yet esting implications about citizenships. David murdered a loyal general to steal Some writings by Adventists on the Mrs. Uriah and hide adultery, produced subject of military service and war lack Prince Solomon and was still forgiven. balance, polarize the issues, and turn According to the prince turned preacher, judgmental like a recent book, I Pledge there is a time to hate and love, kill and Allegiance… by Keith Phillips and Karl heal, of war and peace (Ecclesiastes Tsatalbasidis. Others appear to reject 3:1-8). And when the conditional ele- the inspiration of the Old Testament and ment to covenants is overlooked, God are selective even about which parts of seems to break numerous promises to the New Testament should be consid- the Children of Israel. ered valid. Few Adventist writers have However, paradox means more than military experience or expertise (Pastor opposite or contradictory elements. It Phillips served seven years and rose to can also affirm that the nature of truth the enlisted grade of Sergeant). often has two essential elements depen- Worse, some authors fail to seriously dent on proper relationship to the other. consider Bible passages that might Instead of seeing issues as either/or, appear to differ with their pre-conceived it’s both/and. Dr. Herbert E. Douglass notions. How many articles on consci- gives credence to Ellen G. White for her entious objection by Adventists mention insightful perception of biblical truth in 2 Kings 11 or 2 Chronicles 23? Might the form of an ellipse with two foci to there be a reason for their inclusion formulate a central principle. Her writ- in the Bible? I am not advocating a ings also contain apparent contradictory centralist pluralism that is inclusive of statements (for example, on the nature of

21 Christ), yet when studied in context and nation of God ruling over a theocracy as a whole, one comes to a clear picture does not satisfy a contradictory carica- of what she understood about the Savior. ture of God the Father and Jesus the Dr. Douglass illustrates this biblical ellipse Son. With this type of spiritual formation, with one question. “When you want a perhaps it can be understood why many glass of water, do you ask for a glass of people develop a “we good – they bad” hydrogen, or should you ask for a glass perspective on life. of oxygen? You expect the two com- Deeper study reveals a much more bined in the right proportion, because realistic picture of biblical events. God you won’t get water without both. placed Israel at the crossroads of civili- The same principle applies to the zations to be His witness. That location discussion of Old and New Testament also put them in the midst of warring views on how God’s people should powers, which frequently involved them relate to military service, violence, and in conflicts. Understanding their world war. Commandments and experiences as it was then reveals a world much like from the same God of both eras are our day now. The natural mind of man recorded for our benefit to help guide has not changed much. Had God not attitude and behavior (Romans 15:4 and intervened as He did in history, the sin- 1 Corinthians 10:11). Principles from all fulness of mankind would have ended of Scripture should guide our thinking in chaos and self-destruction, as it is and actions. headed for today. While all the violence and war recorded in the Old Testament Old Testament is certainly not the ideal, several lessons The earliest recollection of Bible sto- can be gleaned from the accounts: ries and kindergarten songs for many Adventist pre-schoolers glorify the boy 1. God is the Ruler of the universe. He David slaying (killing and beheading) establishes kings and kingdoms, Goliath, Joshua conquering Jericho and removes them according to His (putting all the inhabitants to death will and timetables (Daniel 2:21 and except Rahab and her family), and Psalm 2). Gideon defeating (slaughtering) 120,000 2. Mercy and justice balance each Midianites. God in a global flood drowns other; neither truly exists without the wicked; good people like Abel and the other (Micah 6:8 and Zechariah Uriah are murdered, while Cain and 7:9). Though he preached judg- David seem to get off easy. After reading ment and salvation, Jonah was Uncle Arthur’s Bible Stories, the ques- angry with God for not destroying tion could be asked how a good angel the people who repented. While could slay 185,000 Assyrian soldiers in God is depicted as gracious, long- one night. Didn’t God love any of them? suffering, and merciful, He hates Or did He only love His people? Reading evil (Exodus 34:6 and 7). the entire Bible uncovers other hor- 3. Judgment is certain. God will not rific accounts of betrayal, brutality, and tolerate sin to go unchecked among bloody massacres. The traditional expla- not only the wicked (Genesis 6, 18

22 and 19), but also His own people justice, health regulations, religious (Hosea 10). Divine punishment observances and obligations, often took the form of foreign inva- and even principles for conduct- sion, defeat, or occupation. ing warfare (Deuteronomy 20), 4. God preferred to defend His and treatment of war prisoners people in His ways, using heaven’s (Deuteronomy 21:10-14). Military arsenal of plagues, panic, hor- service was an expected part of nets, hail, flood, fire, darkness, life for an Israelite or Jewish male, confusion, angels, and ambushes though exemptions were given for (Exodus 23:27-31; Deuteronomy combat. Women fought, but rarely 7:16-24; Joshua 10:11; 24:6-12; 2 (Judges 5). Chronicles 20 and 32; and Isaiah 7. Except as directed by God to totally 37:36-38). destroy a conquered enemy, the 5. He can still do so today. Israelites practiced limited war, Unfortunately, God’s people usually honored treaties (Joshua 9), and preferred to do the fighting them- lived alongside their enemies for selves, so they formed armies (1 extended periods in relative peace. Chronicles 12 and 27:1-15), added Captives were treated humanely chariots and cavalry (2 Chronicles sometimes (2 Kings 6:8-2 and 2 8:5 and 6), developed defenses Chronicles 28). The people were and offensive weapons of war (2 not barbarians. Chronicles 26:6-15), and fought 8. Some causes are worth defend- many military battles. Fighting ing. Israel fought to repel invasions then was close-up and far more (I Kings 20), quell insurrections (2 personal than in modern warfare Samuel 15-18) and rebellions (2 where the enemy is often seen only Kings 3), maintain national integrity as a grid coordinate. It is important in civil wars (2 Chronicles 13), fulfill to note that God did not abandon treaties (1 Kings 22), restore honor or condemn His people for their (2 Samuel 10), etc. In fact, carrying lack of faith. He continued to guide and using weapons were common. them through their military leaders Faced with opposition to rebuilding to victory. the walls of Jerusalem, Nehemiah 6. The laws recorded in the exhibited courage and armed the Pentateuch governing God’s people workers (Nehemiah 4:7-23). established a highly structured 9. In comparison to modern warfare, society, yet with greater freedoms most of the battles described in and justice system, including cities the Bible were relatively small of refuge (Joshua 20), than oth- skirmishes between a few thou- erwise was known in the ancient sand opponents or less. Many Old world. The laws respected life and Testament scholars question the individual rights while providing validity of translations for numbers order and security. The legal codes found in the historical accounts. covered civil disputes, criminal When that problem is combined

23 with the cultural tendency of the era of references to the military as some for kings to exaggerate their feats, may suppose. Except for constant brig- the records seem preposterous. ands and zealot rebels, Roman procura- While hand-to-hand combat can be tors executed Roman law enforced by bloody, casualties simply did not Roman legions. Like the Victorian British run in the hundreds or even tens Empire, the Pax Romana of Roman of thousands. The greatest known, peace in its prime prevailed throughout ancient land battle at Qadesh (1274 the empire. However, silence is not paci- BC) involved less than 100,000 fism. In New Testament Palestine silence men on both sides combined. Later on the subject was simply subjuga- conflicts between the Greeks and tion and lack of opportunity for military Persians involved less than 250,000 service or war during the reigns of the combatants, unless you believe Herod dynasty. Revolt, rebellion, and Herodotus’ numbers for the battle insurrection were common; hence, the of Plataea, August 479 BC. need for Roman military occupation. 10. The Israelites and Jews usually Except when soldiers carried out fought with fewer numbers and infe- King Herod’s orders to kill baby boys in rior weapons (1 Samuel 13:19-22). Bethlehem and do their duties around Though they understood and used Christ’s trial and crucifixion, the New military tactical operations, they Testament portrays soldiers in a posi- often engaged in guerrilla tactics tive light. When soldiers asked John and subterfuge. Miraculous victories the Baptist what they should do, the were attributed to the Lord (Exodus evangelist did not tell them to “get out 14 and 15; Judges 4 and 5). of the military.” Instead, he encour- 11. A correlation exists between moral aged them to perform their duties better and spiritual well-being and the (Luke 3:14). None of the inspired New ability to be victorious in battle. Testament writers say, “Don’t join!” Moral ascendency contributed to “Stop serving!” Neither do any of them victory (1 Samuel 14). The greatest condemn military service. cause of defeat came from spiritual Jesus commended a centurion for degradation, loss of purpose/will, possessing greater faith than found in and low morale (1 Samuel 28 and all Israel (Matthew 8:5-13; Luke 7:1- 31). The defeats and losses along 10; and John 4:46-54). At Golgotha, a with the unexpected victories expe- pagan Roman Army officer is the only rienced by the Lord’s people paral- one to acknowledge the crucified Jesus leled the lows and highs of their as the Son of God (Matthew 27:54; Mark spiritual condition. Some historians 15:39; and Luke 23:47). Later, the very see a similar pattern in more recent first Gentile convert to the Christian faith history of nations such as England, was another Roman Army officer named Israel, and the United States. Cornelius, who then formed the first Christian Church in his own home (Acts New Testament 10). At grave political risk another com- The Second Testament is not devoid mander, Claudius Lysias, rescued Paul

24 from a mob in Jerusalem and assassina- forever eradicated from the universe. tion plots. Then on the way to Rome, Sandwiched between the First and Julius trusted the prisoner Paul more Second Advents of Christ are 2,000 plus than his own guards and sailors, thereby years of trouble, tribulation, and tragedy sparing 276 persons from certain death. for God’s people. The apostles exhorted See Acts 27 for the story. disciples of Christ to live godly lives as Apparently, the gospel writers deeply good citizens (Romans 12 and 13), so respected soldiers and often used that any persecution would be for doing allusions and metaphors to the mili- good rather than evil (1 Peter 2:11-23; tary when illustrating the Christian life 3:8-17 and 4:7-16). (Ephesians 6:10-18 and 2 Timothy 2:3 and 4). Even Jesus is portrayed as the Respect for Life commander of heaven’s armies when The most prevalent theme of the He comes again (Revelation 19:11-16). New Testament is hope of life everlast- Themes of spiritual conflict and per- ing through Jesus Christ. In Him are life, secution surface frequently in the New truth, and the way (John 14:6). Jesus Testament. Jesus repeatedly warned declared His purpose in coming to earth about betrayal (Matthew 10:34-36 was to give life more abundantly (John and Luke 12:51-53) and coming woes 10:10), “to seek and to save that which (Matthew 24, Mark 13 and Luke 21). was lost” (Luke 19:10) and “to give His The apostles related the persecutions life a ransom for many” (Matthew 20:28). endured by early Christians and wrote His earthly ministry opened new vistas prophetically about coming conflicts for living through His teaching, healed that will continue until the time sin is broken lives by His power, gave new life

25 to the dead, and provided for whosoever Apostle Paul tells how we shall be saved will to have eternal life by giving up His by His (Christ’s) life. Humans have a own life in behalf of sinners. part in the process; they must confess To live forever remains human- the Lord Jesus (Romans 10:9-13), their ity’s deepest desire. We search for the sins (1 John 1:9), and repent (Romans special secret in DNA or genes, raise 2:4; Acts 2:38 and 17:30). Eternal life is children, write histories, and erect stone God’s gift (Romans 3:23) that enables monuments to perpetuate past spirit us to become new creatures in Christ (2 into future generations. People still make Corinthians 5:17) and walk in newness the same inquiry the Rich Young Ruler of life (Romans 6:4). That new life is lived asked, “What good thing shall I do that I by faith in the Son of God (Galatians may have eternal life?” (Matthew 19:16). 2:20). As the Greatest Psychologist, Jesus’ Receiving new life in Christ brings teachings predated Abraham Maslow’s changes and responsibilities to care hierarchy of needs chart. The humanity for our own bodies, treat others with of Jesus developed holistically (Luke respect and love, live peaceably, and 2:52). Human beings comprise seven obey lawful authorities. We are to walk elements: physical, mental, emotional, as Jesus walked (1 John 2:6) and follow volitional, relational, spiritual, and sexual. in His steps (1 Peter 2:21). Though Jesus taught life consisted of more than Christians may claim citizenship in the the physical element and the accumula- kingdom of God, they still reside on tion of external things (Luke 12:15). He earth. The gospel advocates practical recognized man’s longing for spiritual godliness (Romans 12 and 13), rather meaning as life’s top priority (Matthew than being so heavenly oriented that we 6:25-34 and Luke 12:22-32). In fact, are of no earthly good! Christ emphatically stressed the spiritual as the supreme need. You must be will- Biblical Mandates ing to lose your life in order to save it for Jesus answered the young man’s eternity (Matthew 10:37-39; Luke 17:33 question about how to obtain eternal life and John 12:25). Until you face your by this reply, “If you want to enter into own death, you cannot know life fully. life, keep the commandments” (Matthew Speaking of Himself, Jesus said He had 19:17). Joyful obedience is evidence the power to lay down His life and take of a saving relationship with the Life- it back up again (John 10:17 and 18). As giver (John 14:15 and 15:10). Too often the Creator of all life and Resurrected Christians think of “commandments” as Lord, He can be trusted to restore life only the Decalogue (Exodus 20). after death (1 Corinthians 15:12-28 and Relating to stone is hard. Jesus reit- 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18). erated the principle of love on which the The way to find and obtain eternal Decalogue is founded (Matthew 22:33- life is by believing in Jesus as the Son 40, Mark 12:28-34 and Luke 10:25-28) of God (John 3:14-17 and 36, 5:24, and then expanded the Law to include 6:40-58, 17:3 and 20:31). That is the “loving one another as He loved us” only way (Acts 4:12). In Romans 5 the (John 15:12). He gave us Himself as a

26 living example of how to love. empowered to live the Christian life and Love is responsible, caring, self- fulfill divine requirements by spiritual less service to others. The Apostle Paul gifts from the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:38). defines love as “bearing one another’s The same gifts are not given to burdens, and so fulfill the law of Christ” everyone and each person’s experi- (Galatians 6:2). Love may mean laying ence differs from another’s (Ministry down one’s life for his friends–the great- of Healing, page 100). Therefore, the est act of love (John 15:13). Though Church is correct when pastoral care noble, dying for another person is not and religious support is provided to the highest purpose for living or even church members who differ along the the hardest act. Living the Christian life full continuum of belief about their rela- is often harder than dying for Christ or tionship to military service, violence, and another person. war. When a person experiences the joys Whether one chooses to be a total of salvation and has the assurance of pacifist, serve in the military as a non- eternal life (1 John 5:11-13), witness- combatant, or be a combatant is a ing or sharing Jesus naturally follows. matter of personal choice in responding Christ’s disciples are commanded to to their understanding of God’s will for be His witnesses (Acts 1:8). They are to their life. Those kinds of issues, along make disciples of all the nations, bap- with many other paradoxes of Scripture tizing them, and teaching observance that are not clearly defined with a “Thou of all things He commanded (Matthew shalt not... or Thou shalt…,” cannot be 28:18-20). Christians are to go into the decided by one pole, foci, group, or indi- entire world and preach the Gospel to vidual for another. everyone (Mark 16:15). Having examined some of the bibli- cal principles and current issues, what Freedom of Faith factors might an Adventist consider in Man was created a free moral agent, determining for her or himself how to imbued with the dignity of free choice. relate to military/public service, violence, Christians must respect that nature and war? How might the church help of man and recognize individual con- guide members in making these impor- science. Truth frees and ennobles. When tant decisions? Answering these ques- a person receives the truth of Jesus tions remains a challenging and divisive and is baptized, two actions occur: his/ issue for the church today. her past sins are forgiven and he/she is

27 CHALLENGES FOR THE CHURCH

Situational Awareness of strategic direction, emphasis, and poli- embership in the Seventh-day cies. The assessment revealed several Adventist Church is growing startling discoveries: M rapidly, but success brings its 1. For a variety of valid reasons, own challenges. The vast majority of Adventists voluntarily enlist in members are converts, or “first genera- military service. Perhaps Pathfinders tion” church members. They may have with uniforms, badges, ribbons, sufficient doctrinal understanding to join marching, drills, flags, etc. instill the faith, but many lack any appreciation an appreciation for discipline and for the Adventist heritage, lifestyle, and militaristic organization. Could practical nuances of membership. church youth programs actually Even in North America, the major- influence joining and feeling ity of new believers have never heard of comfortable in the military? This Corporal Desmond T. Doss or been told trend of voluntary enlistment is the official church position on military not limited to North America or service. A small group of second and the United States, as is commonly third generation military families also supposed. (Best estimates of the exists within Adventist circles. They are a numbers of Adventists serving in subset of the greater military sub-culture U.S. Armed Forces hover around in the United States. three-tenths of one percent of the To further complicate matters, since total military strength, or between the cessation of the Vietnam Conflict and 6,000 to 7,500 men and women). termination of conscription in the United Adventists proudly serve in the States (1973), the Adventist Church militaries of their homelands around benignly neglected to address the issues the world, even if some church of military service or instruct young adult leaders refuse to acknowledge their members about noncombatancy in our presence and provide pastoral care. church journals, educational curriculums, 2. Virtually all Adventists in military or Sabbath Schools. Medical Cadet service of all nations, except for Corps training disappeared, mostly from chaplains, are combatants. The lack of interest. Conference leaders and U.S. Government Accountability church educators wrongfully assumed Office reported 425 applications for Adventists would not voluntarily enlist in conscientious objector status (21 for the military services. 1-A-O noncombatant classification) The General Conference Adventist out of a total force of 2.3 million Chaplaincy Ministries Department (ACM) service members in the U.S. Armed launched a thorough review of their pro- Forces during the years 2002 thru grams in 2006 that led to transformation 2006. None of the 1-A-O applicants

28 were known to be Adventists. 4. The composition of military forces Slightly over half of applications changed. Most nations rely on (224) were approved; only ten of conscripts. Only 55 nations have twenty-one applications for 1-A- ended involuntary conscription. O classification were approved. Over half of volunteers are married Processing time averaged 200 or marry while serving in the days. military. Two thirds of U.S. Armed 3. During initial basic entry training, Forces personnel are married. accommodation for Sabbath Females make up 14 percent of observance is highly improbable U.S. active duty military forces. and rarely granted. Once personnel Nearly 30 nations permit females to settle into military duties, obtaining serve in their militaries. accommodation for religious 5. On March 8, 2011 the Military practices is less difficult – Leadership Diversity Commission depending on the laws of the nation released a report on the inclusion and regulations of the military of women in combat-arms units. force. The U.S. Congress passed As the country continues moving a public law in 1984 mandating towards permitting females to enlist the Department of Defense and serve in the armor, artillery, (DoD) to develop directives for and infantry, more than likely accommodating religious practices pressure for drafting females would (including diet and Sabbath also increase if conscription were observance). See DoD Instructions reinstated. What kind of impact 1300.17, dated February 10, 2009. would drafting young women have

29 on the national psyche, on any Council of the General Conference of denominational response, and Seventh-day Adventists, held October upon young women who would be 14–29, in Mexico City, Mexico: facing potential conscription and “Genuine Christianity manifests placement in a combat unit? itself in good citizenship and loyalty to civil government. The breaking out of Adventist Chaplaincy Ministries war among men in no way alters the and the National Service Christian’s supreme allegiance and Organization responsibility to God or modifies their These trends changed how the obligation to practice their beliefs and official military liaison office of the put God first. Seventh-day Adventist Church, the This partnership with God through National Service Organization (NSO), Jesus Christ who came into this world serves church members in military not to destroy men’s lives but to save service. The North American Division them causes Seventh-day Adventists to once sponsored NSO Centers for advocate a noncombatant position, fol- military members as places of “refuge” lowing their divine Master in not taking and fellowship over Sabbath. When human life, but rendering all possible the Cold War ended, the U.S. Armed service to save it. As they accept the Forces reduced personnel nearly 40 obligation of citizenship as well as its percent, and Congress mandated Base benefits, their loyalty to government Realignment and Closures in 1988 and requires them willingly to serve the state 2002. As a result, the NSO Centers were in any noncombatant capacity, civil or under-utilized and increasingly costly military, in war or peace, in uniform or to maintain. In 2008 the last one was out of it, which will contribute to saving closed and the property sold. Funds life, asking only that they may serve in were redirected to support 25* over- those capacities which do not violate seas Adventist Military Chapel Worship their conscientious convictions. Groups (AMCWG) with Sabbath School This statement is not a rigid posi- supplies, worship items, and outreach tion binding church members, but gives materials. In accordance with the official guidance leaving the individual member position of the church on military ser- free to assess the situation for her or vice, ACM continues to provide pastoral himself.” For a full text, see Appendix A care and religious support to all known at the close of the chapter. military-related church members. The Seventh-day Adventist Church *The number varies with the military is not a “pacifist or peace” church by mission and numbers of Adventists the traditional definition of the terms. assigned overseas. Though the Seventh-day Adventist Church advocates a noncombatant Official Position position, pacifism, military service, or The official stand of the church in ref- noncombatancy are not tests of church erence to military service was last stated membership. by an action voted at the 1972 Annual The denomination does not act

30 as the conscience for any member or jective pre-suppositions than on sound military commander, but it does seek to biblical exegesis and support. inform the conscience and behavior of both, so decisions can be made with a Ellen G. White Comments on maximum of understanding and thought. Military Service Thus, some church members are will- Ellen G. White lived through times of ing to train with and use weapons, while many wars in the 19th century: Mexican others, because of their own individual War, Civil War, Indian Wars, Spanish- conscience, cannot have anything to do American War, wars in Europe, and with weapons or military service. the beginning of World War I. Yet, she Historically, most Seventh-day wrote very little about those events Adventists have served as noncomba- and had even less to say about military tant medics for two reasons: (1) Such service and soldiering. Obviously, she service minimizes Sabbath conflicts opposed war. Typical of her views is the (saving and maintaining life is honorable statement, “Satan delights in war, for it on the Sabbath), and (2) Such service excites the worst passions of the soul is more in harmony with the church’s and then sweeps into eternity its victims stated recommendation. steeped in vice and blood. It is his object Four decades have passed since to incite the nations to war against one that statement. We live in a changing another, for he can thus divert the minds political-military world environment. An of people from the work of prepara- objective review of the denominational tion to stand in the day of God” (Great position is necessary and should be Controversy, page 589). Wars of con- combined with a thorough biblical study quest violate the eighth commandment to help guide church leaders and mem- (Patriarchs and Prophets, page 309). bers in making decisions relating to mili- “Satanic agencies have made the earth a tary and public service. stage for horrors, which no language can Our position on military service describe. War and bloodshed are carried seems to have been reached from prag- on by nations claiming to be Christian. A matic, reactionary responses to real-life disregard for the law of God has brought issues. That is not to say the stances its sure result” (SDA Bible Commentary, taken were not prayerfully sought and Vol. 7, page 974). wise guidance given based on the bibli- On the other hand, her comments cal and theological understanding of the about soldiers and the military are quite times. However, concern for fledgling favorable. She compares the church of denominational identity and espousal of Christ to an army and Christians with the Bible seventh-day Sabbath appear to soldiers (Testimonies for the Church, have motivated attitudes toward the mili- Vol. 5, page 394 and Testimonies for the tary by Adventist pioneers more than the Church, Vol. 9, page 116). Two state- issue of military service, or even bearing ments are quite surprising: “Freedom of arms. Today’s anti-military writers who choice is given to every soul, but after a oppose Adventists serving appear to rely man has enlisted, he is required to be as more on traditional arguments and sub- true as steel, come life or come death”

31 (Evangelism, page 647); and speaking she observed military drills, including about angels, “Time and again have they training with cannon and rifles. When been the leaders of armies” (Sons and three workers in the church press were Daughters of God, page 37). summoned for three weeks of military Being Northerners, early Adventists drill, Mrs. White commends the men on were abolitionists–against slavery, even their regimental ribbons and uniforms, before the Civil War over slavery. When but makes no remarks about their using war came, some Adventists in Battle weapons. Creek proposed an armed regiment “Government calls do not accom- of Sabbath-keepers that would “strike modate themselves to our conve- this rebellion a staggering blow.” nience. They demand that young men Pioneer leaders studied the issues whom they have accepted as soldiers and concluded that the position most shall not neglect the exercise and drill consistent with Biblical principles was essential for soldier service. We were noncombatancy. (See Appendix B for a glad to see that these men with their brief historical timeline). regimentals had tokens of honor for Ellen White received visions about faithfulness in their work. They are the conflict (see Testimonies for the trustworthy young men. They did not Church, Vol. 1, chapters 53-55 and go from choice, but because the laws 69), and wrote this admonition: “I was of their nation required this” (Selected shown that God’s people . . . cannot Messages, Vol. 2, page 335). engage in this perplexing war, for it While living at St. Helena, California, is opposed to every principle of their Mrs. White visited the Soldier’s Home faith. In the army they cannot obey in Yountville and ministered to the resi- the truth and at the same time obey dents there. She mentions Elder G. A. the requirements of their officers” Irwin, General Conference President, (Testimonies for the Church, Vol. 1, also visiting and meeting “a soldier with page 361). whom he had many times stood side Yet, she does not condemn those by side in battle” (White Letter, 1903). In Adventists who served in the military, four letters about her visits she mentions including a conference president who the soldiers’ service with admiration and enlisted to fight. Generally, Adventists gratitude. She does not condemn them attempted exemption from conscription or raise the issue about combatancy. by paying a commutation fee of $300, or accepted assignment to hospital duty or Moral Obligation to Protect and by caring for freedmen. Defend Later in her ministry, Ellen White inti- When Chedorlaomer invaded mates disapproval towards those who Canaan he defeated the five kings tried to escape the draft by inducing of the Valley of Siddim and took Lot disease or maiming themselves “that captive. Abram armed his 318 trained they might be rendered unfit for ser- servants and rescued his nephew in a vice” (Testimonies for the Church, Vol. classic guerrilla night attack (Genesis 5, page 458). While working in Europe, 14), which Gideon later copied (Judges

32 7). Though not explicitly stated, Abram When Peter drew his sword to defend feared reprisal by the Elamite King and Jesus, the Lord said to him, “Put your questioned how the divine promise of sword into its sheath” (John 18:11). making him a great nation would ever Christ did not condemn him for defend- be fulfilled (Genesis 15:1 and Patriarchs ing injustice, nor did He say, “don’t carry and Prophets, page 136). In response, a sword.” Aware of His destiny, Jesus the Lord renewed the covenant and wanted no interference with the plan of reassured Abram (Genesis 15). salvation. Peter’s rash act could have “Abraham was also wise in diplo- been used as proof that Jesus and the macy and brave and skillful in war. . .The disciples were revolutionaries. Thus, worshiper of Jehovah had not only condemning Jesus to death would be in rendered a great service to the country, the public interest, rather than to uplift but had proved himself a man of valor. Him for the redemption of mankind It was seen that righteousness is not (John 3:14 and 12:32). Later in His trial, cowardice, and that Abraham’s religion Jesus answered Pilate and said, “If my made him courageous in maintaining the kingdom were of this world, then would right and defending the oppressed. His my servants fight” (John 18:36). Jesus heroic act gave him widespread influ- was fully cognizant of dual citizenship. ence among the surrounding tribes . . . Contrary to what the Pharisees claimed, Abraham regarded the claims of justice He had earlier set forth the fundamental and humanity. His conduct illustrates principle to fulfill just obligations to earth- the inspired maxim, ‘Thou shalt love thy ly governments (Matthew 22:15-22). neighbor as thyself’” (Patriarchs and Prophets, pages 134-136). Models for Consideration Scripture mandates protecting and Private Joseph Schultz served as an defending the innocent, helpless, and infantryman in the German Army on the weak as a moral obligation. Virgins, Eastern front in World War II. His squad pregnant women, wives, children, and was ordered to execute 14 local civilians even servants and strangers were pro- who stood blindfolded against a large vided legal rights that afforded them haystack. Rather than shoot innocent some degree of protection and justice. civilians, he lowered his rifle, joined the Queen Esther interceded for her people civilians and was executed along with and the Jews were allowed to defend them by his own squad. A photograph themselves (Esther 8 and 9). Repeatedly, of the incident survived the war. Was David pleads for justice. “Defend the Schultz a hero? Did his death make any poor and fatherless . . . Deliver the poor difference? Did it save anyone? No, but and needy; free them from the hand of it was the right thing to do apparently in the wicked” (Psalm 82:3 and 4). The Schultz’s mind and made a difference to Parable of the Good Samaritan teaches him, enough of a difference that he was caring for victims (Luke 10:25-37). The willing to die for his conviction. practical Apostle James said Christians For his heroism, Corporal Desmond have a duty to care for orphans and T. Doss, was awarded the Congressional widows (James 1:27). Medal of Honor for his valorous service

33 Medal of Honor to Corporal Thomas W. Bennett, another noncombatant medic, for sacrificing his life to save others in the highlands of Vietnam, February 11, 1969. Tom was a Southern Baptist opposed to killing. While attending col- lege at Morgantown, West Virginia, he voluntarily enlisted in the U.S. Army as a medic during an era when many young adults avoided military service. If space permitted, many more accounts could be given of those who served in combat and refrained from taking life or saved life. Studies reveal few soldiers actually aim and fire their weapon with the intention of killing another human being. Vast amount of firepower is used to blanket a suspected Desmond T. Doss US Army enemy location, often without actually during the battle for Okinawa, May 1945. seeing opposing enemy combatants. Under direct enemy fire Doss lowered Perhaps this explains why it seems 75 wounded to safety off the Maeda easier for artillery, bombers, and gunners Escarpment. Later, though wounded on warships to engage in long-distance himself, he voluntarily remained behind combat, than an infantry soldier on the so that others who were wounded worse front lines. Unfortunately, criminals seem could be evacuated first. to have no problem with using violence As a young man, John Weidner close up. Since September 11, 2001, witnessed Nazi atrocities and deter- over 90,000 murders have been com- mined to save lives without taking life. mitted in the United States, 20 times He established the Dutch-Paris under- the number of U.S. military personnel ground and assisted over 1,100 Jews who have died in the Global War on and downed Allied airmen to escape Terrorism. into neutral countries. In the process of saving others, he was captured three Moral and Spiritual Principles times by the Gestapo and tortured. His In light of this brief discussion escapes mirror those of John and Peter that barely touches on the complex- (Acts 5 and 12). Herbert Ford’s book, ity of war, killing, and military service, Flee the Captor, relates Weidner’s many each Adventist must prayerfully and exploits and can be substantiated by thoroughly study what they believe is files at the office of the Yad Vashem in God’s will for their lives regarding these Jerusalem, Israel. matters. Every person must be fully President Richard M. Nixon post- persuaded in his or her own mind. After humously presented the Congressional reading vast amounts of books, litera-

34 ture, and Internet articles on the subject, as being against something and what this author has concluded one’s emo- we should not do. Negative stances are tional predisposition toward the subjects reactionary, rather than pro-active. probably determined the arguments Prior to World War II, Adventists presented. In an effort to argue one’s pro-actively prepared young men for thesis, objectivity is often lacking in pur- noncombatant military service in the suit of defining truth. The emphasis is Medical Cadet Corps. Following World one-sided, often without considering or War II, the denomination cooperated addressing the obvious. That is why the with the U.S. Army and encouraged church wisely leaves this human dilem- Adventists in uniform to volunteer for ma to the individual conscience. the “Operation Whitecoat” program of From personal study and more than medical research projects. These pro- 36 years of experience in the military, I active approaches termed “conscien- believe two key moral and spiritual prin- tious cooperation” by church leaders ciples are foundational in making a per- helped counteract public questions sonal choice about military service and about conscientious objection (non- combatancy. First, Christians should combatancy). Nothing similar is in place seek to save life, rather than willfully today, which may explain, in part, why seek to kill. Sometimes, Adventist views so many Adventists in the military are have been expressed in the negative, serving as combatants.

35 Second, Christians have a moral duty The following questions could help to protect and defend life from blatant individuals determine their decision evil. In some situations a role similar about military service and combatancy: to Abraham’s rescue of Lot may be 1. Are my reasons based on sincere required, whereas in others, the aggres- religious convictions, or are they sor can be spared like David did with driven by emotion, nationalism, King Saul (1 Samuel 24). patriotism, or political values? Can Regardless of the circumstances, others easily see what my external the Christian’s intent is to protect and norm for values is, other than my defend the innocent, helpless, and weak own relative ego? from harm, including the right to defend 2. Are my convictions strong enough one’s life. In that role, the Christian may to guide actions (behavior)? In choose to sacrifice her or his life, or may other words, are my convictions attempt to disarm or disable the aggres- and behavior increasingly moving sor. If in that process the aggressor is towards congruency? harmed or even killed, the Christian 3. Am I consistent in the application of is guiltless, though her or his acts are my convictions, or am I selective? always less than God’s ideal. He or For example, do I say I am opposed she will probably bear emotional scars, to killing, yet have an arsenal of as did King David for the blood on his guns at home? hands (1 Chronicles 22:8 and 28:3). 4. Am I willing to make sacrifices in Perhaps the best deterrent is strength, the practice of my convictions? training, and readiness to prevent 5. Am I prayerfully seeking the aggression. guidance of the Holy Spirit as I

36 engage in the process of learning conservative, values-based organiza- and evaluating my convictions to tion that advocates civic responsibility. insure they are genuine? Depending on the spiritual resolve of the 6. If I choose to serve in the military individual, one finds what one desires and swear before God and and seeks, whether good or evil. Worldly my fellow citizens to fulfill my people or fine Christians can be found duties, am I willing to complete in the military, on a public campus, or in my contract regardless of the any secular work place. circumstances, comfort, or Is it possible to serve in the military convenience? Sometimes the and maintain one’s faith as a Seventh- emphasis by Adventists on the day Adventist Christian? Yes, indeed! fourth and sixth commandments Thousands of Adventists have done overshadows obeying the other so in many countries’ armed forces. eight. The Apostle James reminds To think living the Adventist faith in the us that to break one is to offend in military is impossible implies that certain all (James 2:10). If you accept the circumstances are greater than faith. benefits and bonuses for enlisting, Adventism can be practiced lying then you must also accept the on a hospital bed, as a prisoner, or responsibilities that accompany aboard a naval ship. However, some them. circumstances require adaption to tra- 7. If I choose not to serve in the ditional practices. The challenge is to military, am I willing to perform expand the paradigm of operational faith alternate public service? without compromising the core essen- tial elements that make it distinctively Recommendations Adventist. Before enlisting for pragmatic Adventists in the military face four reasons, Adventists considering mili- challenges to their faith: a secular life- tary service should seek counsel from style that can lead to a casual, then Adventist veterans, service members, careless daily spiritual life; use of force chaplains, and other church pastors (training, bearing, and using weapons around the questions listed above. for the purpose of harming others), Given the current state of world affairs, observing the Sabbath and adhering to the Seventh-day Adventist Church should the Levitical diet (following a lacto-ovo immediately embark on three intentional vegetarian diet is relatively easy in the and well thought-out programs to help U.S. Armed Forces). prepare members for their decisions During my ministry as a military regarding military and public service. chaplain, I observed that only one-third 1. In 2007 the ACM Director spent of Adventists in uniform actively partici- a day visiting the leaders of the pated in regular Sabbath worship with federal Selective Service System other Adventists. Military duties and to discuss the possibilities of the expectations often conflict with religious United States returning to some beliefs and practices and tempt expe- form of national service. While no dient responses. The military is also a imminent plans are in place, the

37 leaders strongly urged Adventists these focus on character and to develop an alternate plan to citizenship values, instruct skills, military service for those members and offer leadership training. who are conscientious objectors. 3. A more palatable alternate Being aware of Adventist historical program could build on the positions, SSS leaders advised the curriculum offered at Union church to obtain federal recognition College, Lincoln, Nebraska, and approval of that plan before USA, in search and rescue skills. any conscription or mobilization is Starting with teenagers, the implemented. Other faiths already church could be training members have federally approved programs in civil emergency preparedness in place. for disaster response. Units should SSS leaders also advocated be organized with competent, that Adventist members volunteer trained leaders that would actually to serve on county and state be prepared to cooperate with Selective Service Boards and county and state emergency be part of the decision-making centers. Members would be process for Adventists who instructed in advanced first request conscientious objector aid, search and rescue, survival classification as 1-Os (pacifists) and skills, government organization, 1-A-Os (noncombatants). and policies for emergency 2. Some form of realistic training preparedness and response, etc. should be offered to prepare These units would also create young Adventists for public and a youth program to fill the void possibly military service. For years, left by Medical Cadet Corps Adventists have been content to between Pathfinders and college enter military and public service activities. Adventist Chaplaincy at the lowest starting point, which Ministries, Adventist Community makes their service more difficult. Services, Education and the Youth With advance preparation, they departments could cooperatively could enter as officers and be sponsor the program. In leaders. Leaders influence and cooperation with the Adventist make decisions. They experience Development and Relief Agency fewer problems of accommodation and other non-governmental of religious practice. Several organizations, the church would existing programs could be either be providing a credible public adapted or offered on Adventist service and alternative to military campuses: Civil Air Patrol, Junior service. This would be a positive Reserve Officer Training Corps alternate kind of service that saves (JROTC) is offered at the secondary lives rather than possibly destroy level, and Reserve Officer Training them. Until the church establishes Corps (ROTC) is offered at the some form of recognized and college or university level. All of approved alternate service,

38 Adventist members will continue gious support to members of their own to join the military. faith who serve in the military and help defend their right to hold an opposing Regardless of Adventist views on viewpoint. Such pride of opinion and war, military service, and weapons, judgmental attitude is the worse sin. Adventists should comply with the The church has a mission to all laws of their nation; i.e., currently in the people groups. We are engaged in a United States all males, ages 18 to 26, great controversy between good and must register with the Selective Service evil that will continue to intensify before System. Jesus comes and puts an end to evil. Ministry for all members should take All of us are participants in that conflict precedence over opposition to those and must choose whom we will serve who serve in the military, whether by and how. Ultimately, we are responsible choice or conscription. Some peace to God, and must stand before His judg- proponents actively minister to con- ment, so let us not judge one another victed felons who have murdered, now. Let us be pro-active and solution- raped, and robbed. Yet, they angrily oriented, rather than problem-fixated oppose any form of pastoral care or reli- and reactionary.

39 APPENDIX A

NONCOMBATANCY (Conscientious Objection to Bearing Arms) he Seventh-day Adventist Church was officially organized during a tragic civil war that divided the United States of America (1861-1865). Early in their denominational T formation Adventists were confronted with the dilemma of how to fulfill civic and faith relationships responsibly, especially when temporal and religious obligations were in apparent conflict. After much prayerful and thorough study early church leaders concluded that the best position to adopt was the principle of noncombatancy. This stance was officially registered with the United States federal government in 1864 and has remained the position of Seventh-day Adventists ever since.

Noncombatant service and training is defined as follows: 1. The term “noncombatant service” shall mean (a) service in any unit of the armed forces which is unarmed at all times; (b) service in the medical department of any of the armed forces, wherever performed; or (c) any other assignment of the primary function of which does not require the use of arms in combat; provided that such other assignment is acceptable to the individual concerned and does not require them to bear arms or to be trained in their use. 2. The term “noncombatant training” shall mean any training that is not concerned with the study, use, or handling of arms or weapons. The official stand of the church was reaffirmed by action taken at the 1972 Annual Council of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists held October 14 – 29 in Mexico City, Mexico: Genuine Christianity manifests itself in good citizenship and loyalty to civil govern- ment. The breaking out of war among men in no way alters the Christian’s supreme allegiance and responsibility to God or modifies their obligation to practice their beliefs and put God first. This partnership with God through Jesus Christ who came into this world not to destroy men’s lives but to save them causes Seventh-day Adventists to advocate a noncombatant position, following their divine Master in not taking human life, but rendering all possible service to save it. As they accept the obligation of citizenship as well as its benefits, their loyalty to government requires them willingly to serve the state in any noncombatant capacity, civil or military, in war or peace, in uniform or out of it, which will contribute to saving life, asking only that they may serve in those capacities which do not violate their conscientious convictions. This statement is not a rigid position binding church members, but gives guidance leaving the individual member free to assess the situation for her or himself.

40 When national laws permit options, church members, in making a personal decision on how to fulfill obligated terms of service to their country, should first consider the historic teaching of the Church on noncombatancy. If because of personal convictions they choose otherwise, pas- tors, chaplains, teachers or other church workers should aid the member in satisfying any legal requirements for securing their choice and should minister to the member’s spiritual needs as follows: a. For those choosing civilian alternative service in lieu of military service, pastoral counsel and guidance should be provided when it is established that such a request is based on consis- tent religious experience. Pastors, chaplains, teachers, or other church workers should pro- vide statements of their personal knowledge of the member’s position on the following: (1) church membership, (2) attendance and participation in services of the church, (3) personal standards of conduct, (4) previous expressions of belief supporting the request for exemp- tion. Those providing such statements should request government officials to respect and honor the individual’s personal convictions. b. For those who conscientiously choose military service as a combatant, pastoral counsel and guidance should be provided in ministering to their needs since the church refrains from passing judgment on them. Notice that the Seventh-day Adventist Church advocates a noncombatant position, but does not require it. Thus, some church members are willing to train with and use weapons; while others cannot, because of their own individual conscience, have anything to do with weapons or military service. Historically, most Seventh-day Adventists have served as noncombatant medics for several reasons: (1) Such service minimizes Sabbath conflicts (saving and maintaining life is honorable on Sabbath), and (2) Such service is more in harmony with the church’s stated recom- mendation. The Seventh-day Adventist Church does not seek to be the conscience for any member or commander. But we do seek to inform the conscience and behavior of both, so decisions can be made with maximum understanding and thought.

Information provided by Adventist Chaplaincy Ministries, 12501 Old Columbia Pike, Silver Spring, MD 20904. For further information, please contact ACM by calling (301) 680-6780. Email: [email protected]. Website: GC – www.adventistchaplains.org and NAD – www. nad.adventistchaplains.org

41 Appendix B

A Timeline of CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION AND NONCOMBATANCY WITHIN THE SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH

ince the beginnings of the Seventh-day Adventist Church the denomination has been challenged with the issues of what members should do in time of war. Each member is S admonished by Jesus to be a loyal citizen of his or her country (“Render therefore unto Caesar what is Caesar’s...”) and at the same time remain loyal to God (“and unto God what is God’s.” Matthew 22:21). Obviously, this can create tension for someone who also reads in the Ten Commandments, “Thou shalt not kill (murder)” and then faces a military requirement to train with a weapon.

The Adventist position has developed historically along these lines: 1860-63 The Adventist Church formally and legally organizes in North America. 1862 James White’s editorial in the Review “The Nation” where he says, “The fourth pre- cept of that law says ‘Remember the Sabbath to keep it holy’; the sixth says ‘Thou shalt not kill.’ But in the case of drafting the government assumes the responsibil- ity of the violation of law of God, and it would be madness to resist.” (Review and Herald, August 2, 1862, vol. 20, page 84). 1864 Adventist leaders appeal successfully to the governor of Michigan and receive rec- ognition as being conscientiously opposed to the bearing of arms. Similar letters to the governors of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Pennsylvania are sent and received with approval. 1886 Ellen G. White, while visiting Switzerland, commends several men who must do their military time in the Swiss Army. While she comments on their regimental ribbons and uniforms, she makes no remarks about use of weapons. (Letter 23, 1886). 1918 President Woodrow Wilson issues an executive order allowing for religious conscien- tious objectors to serve in the U. S. military. 1934 Dr. Everett Dick begins medical military training to young men at Union College in Lincoln, Nebraska. The unit was called the Union College Medical Corps. 1936 Dr. Cyril B. Courville organizes a similar unit known at the Medical Cadet Corps at the College of Medical Evangelists (now named Loma Linda University). 1939 The General Conference adopts a plan for training young men for military service. A Medical Cadet Corps Council is formed. The various college programs are united under the name, Seventh-day Adventist Medical Cadet Corps. 1950 Dr. Everett Dick re-activates Medical Cadet Corps training at Union College one month before the North Korean invasion of South Korea.

42 1953 U.S. Army begins Operation Whitecoat (1953-1973) where nearly 2,500 Adventist young men volunteer as human subjects in preventive medicine studies. 1954 The Annual Council states that the official position of the church is noncombatant. The National Service Organization (NSO) is implemented to work with Adventist mili- tary personnel. 1969 Annual Council (October 12) reaffirms the statements of 1954, then goes on to change the wording to “the church advocates noncombatancy, but allows members to elect to be pacifists as well.” 1972 Annual Council affirms the statements of 1954 and 1969, but decides the question is a personal matter of conscience for each member. The denomination continues to encourage church members to consider the historical position of noncombatancy. It also recognizes that some members may conscientiously choose to be combatants. The church commits to providing pastoral care and religious support to members, regardless of their personal position. 1974 Conscription ends and manning of U.S. Armed Forces is solely from voluntary enlist- ments. Medical Cadet Corps programs quickly fade and end. Appointments of NSO secretaries from division down to local church level also rapidly stop. For the next three decades military-related issues are seldom mentioned in school curriculums, church literature, and by youth departments. 1990 An estimated 15,000 Adventists serve in the militaries engaged in the Persian Gulf Conflict. The “war” is over quickly and the denomination takes little note of it. 2001 On September 11 terrorists attack the United States killing nearly 3,000 persons and destroying the World Trade Center in New York City. The Global War on Terror follows again with minimum response from the church. 2006 Adventist Chaplaincy Ministries holds an NSO meeting to review church response to military service and develop a strategy to raise awareness about military-related issues. 2007 Implementation of the ACM strategy for NSO begins and continues during subse- quent years. Thus, it is seen that the first statements were modified from a pure combatant stance, when drafted into service, to a noncombatant position to a noncombatant recommendation without a church requirement to be a noncombatant. Careful examination of the dates helps explain the changes. Initially, during the Civil War, the Adventist Church was struggling with many issues of identity and theology. There was some confusion and much discussion. The refined decision was to serve honorably in the military, but to do so as noncombatants. That remained in place until 1969. What happened then? The U. S. was involved in Vietnam, and only those individuals who could show religious backing for their pacifism could be released to alternate duty. Since the Adventist church’s stance was noncombatancy (serving without weapons) any Adventist drafted who claimed to be a pacifist was denied that status, because the stance was at variance with the church’s stated policy. Hence, the 1969 change recogniz- ing the choice of pacifism, while still encouraging members to serve as noncombatants. When members are allowed to select how they would serve, they may also elect to serve as combat- ants, although that is not the recommended type of service.

43 This remains as the church’s stance today. The Seventh-day Adventist Church advocates noncombatancy for members who serve in the military, but accepts those who elect to serve in other capacities or not to serve at all – according to the conscience of the individual member. The church ceased being the conscience of the individual and began a process of informing the indi- vidual in order for them to make individual decisions for which they are personally responsible. During the initial stages of church organization most Adventists lived in the northern part of the United States. Today, over sixteen million members live in two hundred countries around the globe. Some nations do not provide options for military service or noncombatancy; hence, it would be impossible for the church to mandate that members in those countries serve in that capacity. Thus, the current recommendation (not requirement) for noncombatant service is the most viable. U.S. public law, the Geneva Convention and military regulations designate chaplains and physicians as noncombatants. Military chaplains are prohibited from carrying or using weapons. If they elect to do so, medical personnel may carry weapons to protect their patients. Many medics have served without bearing or using weapons. Corporal Desmond Doss, a noncom- batant medic in the U.S. Army, was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor (the highest USA military medal of valor) for saving over 70 lives under enemy fire in the battle for the Maeda Escarpment on the Pacific island of Okinawa, 1945. Since World War II, several other noncom- batant medics have been awarded high medals for valorous acts of bravery to save life during conflicts.

44 Bibliography

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45 Honeywell, Roy J. 1958. Chaplains of the United States Army. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Chaplains. Jesske, Waldemar S. 1946. From Exile to Freedom. Denver, Colorado: Eichman Press. Long, Hamilton A. 1963. Your American Yardstick. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Your Heritage Books, Inc. Mansfield, Stephen. 2005. The Faith of the American Soldier. Lake Mary, Florida: Charisma House. ISBN 1-59185-662-0 Mole, Robert L. 1998. For God and Country. Brushton, New York: Teach Services, Inc. ISBN 1-57258-138-7 Moore, A. Leroy. 2009. Adventist Cultures in Conflict. Moore Publishing. Muir, Wellesley. 1988. Faith under Fire. Hagerstown, Maryland: Review and Herald Publishing Association. ISBN 0-8280-0495-1 Mundy, Susi H. with Schurch, Maylan. 2001. A Thousand Shall Fall. Hagerstown, Maryland: Review and Herald Publishing Association. ISBN 0-8280-1561-9 Nichol, Francis D., Ed. 1957. Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary, Vol. 7. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association. Noorbergen, Rene. 1990. Shadow of Terror. Hagerstown, Maryland: Review and Herald Publishing Association. ISBN 0-8280-0576-1 Pervis, Sr., P. Harold. 1998. A Matter of Conscience. Hagerstown, Maryland: Review and Herald Publishing Association. ISBN 0-8280-1087-0 Phillips, Keith and Tsatalbasidis, Karl. 2007. I Pledge Allegiance... No publisher given except author. Seventh-day Adventist War Service Commission. 1943. Studies in Denominational Principles of Noncombatancy and Governmental Relationships. Smart, R. M. A. 2006. Home from the Sea. Alma Park, Grantham, Lincolnshire, ENGLAND: The Stanborough Press Ltd. ISBN 1-904685-12-9 Stout, Martha. 2007. The Paranoia Switch. New York: Sara Crichton Books. TRADOC Pam 600-4. 2001. IET Soldier’s Handbook. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, Department of the Army. Training Circular 1-05. 2005. Religious Support Handbook for the Unit Ministry Team. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, Department of the Army. Watts, Ralph S. 1990. Saigon: The Final Days. Boise, Idaho: Pacific Press Publishing Association. ISBN 0-8163-0863-2 White, David E., ed. 2002. Voices of the Chaplaincy. Arlington, Virginia: The Military Chaplains Association. White, Ellen G. 1911. The Acts of the Apostles. Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Association. White, Ellen G. 1940. The Desire of Ages. Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Association. White, Ellen G. 1946. Evangelism. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association. White, Ellen G. 1950. The Great Controversy. Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Association.

46 White, Ellen G. 1992. Last Day Events. Boise, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association. White, Ellen G. 1942. The Ministry of Healing. Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Association. White, Ellen G. 1958. Patriarchs and Prophets. Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Association. White, Ellen G. 1958. Selected Messages, Book 2. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association. White, Ellen G. 1955. Sons and Daughters of God. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association. White, Ellen G. 1945. Spiritual Gifts, Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association. White, Ellen G. 1868. Testimonies for the Church, Vol. 1. Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Association. White, Ellen G. 1889. Testimonies for the Church, Vol. 5. Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Association. White, Ellen G. 1948. Testimonies for the Church, Vol. 9. Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Association. Wilcox, Francis M. 1936. Seventh-day Adventists in Time of War. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES “Economic Costs of Terrorism.” 2002. International Review. http://www.int-reviews.org/terr25a.html (accessed September 2009). Hayes, Harry. “Economic Costs of Terrorism.” International Review, January, 2002. http://int-review.org/terr25a.html (accessed September 2009). Hayes, Laura; Brunner, Borgna; and Rowen, Beth. “Al-Qaeda.” Infoplease 2007. http://inforplease.com/spot/al-qaeda-terrorism.html (accessed September 2009). Holland, Tom. “Battle of Plataea.” Taken from quote in Persian Fire. 2005. New York: Abacus. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea#cite_ref-51 (accessed November 2009). “Innocents Betrayed.” 2009: Part 1. http://youtube.com/watch?v=cwdO2FLg1Rs (accessed September 2009). Keleher, Dr. Robert. The Economic Cost of Terrorism. Joint Economic Committee, United States Congress, May 2002, 1-12. http://www.house.gov/jec/terrorism/ costs.pdf (accessed September 2009). Mascari, John. U.S. Conscientious Objectors in World War II. Friends Journal, 2008: 1-9. http://www.friendsjournal.org (accessed September 2009). Military Leadership Diversity Commission. Issue Paper #56, “Women in Combat.” November, 2010. http://mldc.whs.mil/download/documents/Issue%20Papers/56 Women_in Combat. pdf (accessed April 2011).

47 Military Statistics. “Conscription (most recent) by Country,” 2009. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/mil_con-military-conscription (accessed December 2009). Nickels, Richard C. The Sabbath and Military Service. Bible Study 269. http://www.giveshare.org/BibleStudy/269.sabbath-military (accessed September 2009) Pavlischek, Keith J. The Justice in Just War. First\Things, May 2000, 43-47. http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft0005/reviews/pavlischek (accessed September 2009). Suhr, Robert C. “Battle of Kadesh.” In Military History, August 1995. http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-kadish.htm (accessed December 2009).

ARTICLES General Conference. 1972. Official Position on Military Service, Annual Council. Government Accountability Office. September 2007. Report to Congressional Committee: Military Personnel. Groves, Colonel Bryan and Keyes, Colonel Bill. “How to Prevent a Genocide.” The American Legion Magazine, October 2009:42-46. Lupu, Ira C. and Tuttle, Robert W. “Instruments of Accommodation: The Military Chaplaincy and the Constitution.” West Virginia Law Review. Volume 10, Number 1, Fall 2007. Office of the General Counsel. 2003. The Military Selective Service Act, Selective Service System. White, Ellen G. “The Christian Soldier.” The Youth’s Instructor, 22 December 1886. White, Ellen G. Letter N-0099. 24 May 1903.

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