L'évolution De La Structure De Gouvernance Pétrolière Russe. Une

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L'évolution De La Structure De Gouvernance Pétrolière Russe. Une L’évolution de la structure de gouvernance pétrolière russe. Une interprétation en termes néo-institutionnels Sylvain Rossiaud To cite this version: Sylvain Rossiaud. L’évolution de la structure de gouvernance pétrolière russe. Une interprétation en termes néo-institutionnels. Economies et finances. Université de Grenoble, 2012. Français. tel- 00734958v1 HAL Id: tel-00734958 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734958v1 Submitted on 25 Sep 2012 (v1), last revised 14 Nov 2013 (v2) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE GRENOBLE Spécialité : Sciences économiques Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006 Présentée par Sylvain ROSSIAUD Thèse dirigée par Catherine Locatelli Préparée au sein du laboratoire Economie du développement durable et de l’énergie (EDDEN-LEPII, FRE 3389 CNRS) École Doctorale de Sciences économiques (ED n°300) L’évolution de la structure de gouvernance pétrolière russe. Une interprétation en termes néo-institutionnels Thèse soutenue publiquement le 20 septembre 2012 , devant le jury composé de : M. Sadek BOUSSENA Professeur associé, EDDEN-LEPII, CNRS, Université Pierre Mendès France, Grenoble M. Patrick CRIQUI Directeur de recherche CNRS, Directeur du laboratoire EDDEN-LEPII, CNRS, Université Pierre Mendès France, Grenoble Mme Catherine LOCATELLI (Directrice de thèse) Chargée de recherche CNRS, HDR, EDDEN-LEPII, CNRS, Université Pierre Mendès France, Grenoble M. Øystein NORENG Professeur, Norwegian Business School M. Jacques PERCEBOIS (Rapporteur) Professeur, Université Montpellier I M. Jacques SAPIR (Rapporteur) Directeur d’études, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales I Remerciements Mes premiers remerciements vont bien sûr aux membres du jury qui ont accepté de lire et d’évaluer le résultat final de ce travail. Le processus est souvent plus important que le résultat et l’achèvement de ma thèse tient beaucoup, si ce n’est totalement, aux soutiens, sous diverses formes, qui m’ont été apportés. Sur ce point, je remercie sincèrement Catherine Locatelli qui a réellement assuré son rôle de directrice de thèse du début à la fin. Les quelques personnes qui liront cette thèse verront qu’elle lui doit beaucoup. Je tiens également à remercier Mehdi Abbas dont les enseignements, les conseils et les mises au point ont été décisifs, depuis mes premières années universitaires jusqu’à la conclusion de ma thèse. Je remercie l’ensemble des membres du laboratoire EDDEN, en particulier son directeur, Patrick Criqui, pour m’avoir offert des conditions de travail propices au bouclage de cette thèse. Je ne peux pas, et ne veux d’ailleurs pas, passer sous silence les aides que m’ont offertes Danièle Revel (merci pour la relecture minutieuse), Céline Rival (merci pour avoir géré mes problèmes administratifs), Danielle Martin-Alenda et Eric Quétaud. Je souhaite les remercier. Enfin, je remercie Arild Moe pour son accueil au sein du Fridtjof Nansen Institut à Oslo et pour les discussions informelles sur l’industrie pétrolière russe dans la pénombre des midis norvégiens. A la fin d’un travail de thèse, le temps des remerciements est également celui des excuses. Tout d’abord, Je les adresse à mes amis, doctorants et autres, qui ont été là et qui, malheureusement, ont également accepté que je ne sois plus là durant certaines périodes. Je pense notamment à Pierrick, Nono, Nadir, Mik, Gauthier, Martin, Van, Julie, Thomas, Raul et Nuno, ainsi qu’à mon cher et dévoué collègue de bureau avec qui j’ai partagé certains moments importants. Mes excuses vont ensuite à ma famille, surtout à mes parents, à mon frère, Delphine et mes nièces, qui n’ont souvent reçu, en retour de leur soutien constant, que ma mauvaise humeur. Elles vont aussi à ma grand-mère dont j’ai négligé de répondre, pour un temps, à ses dix appels téléphoniques quotidiens et, ce qui aurait pu avoir des conséquences plus dramatiques, de faire ses courses. Enfin, mes excuses vont à Fer pour qui cette thèse aura été l’occasion de parfaire son éducation en procrastination durant les week ends qu’elle a dû passer en solitaire avec moi. II III L’université et la faculté n’entendent donner in approbation, ni improbation aux opinions émises dans cette thèse. Ces opinions doivent être considérées comme propres à leur auteur. IV V Résumé Cette thèse traite de l’évolution du cadre organisationnel et institutionnel de l’industrie pétrolière russe durant la période 1992-2012. Son objectif est de caractériser et d’interpréter l’accroissement du rôle des compagnies pétrolières à capitaux majoritairement publics, Rosneft et Gazpromneft, dans les opérations de l’amont pétrolier qui est observé depuis le milieu des années 2000. Jusqu’alors, le niveau de production de ces compagnies était demeuré marginal depuis le programme de privatisation mis en œuvre au début du processus de transition. Pour ce faire, nous mobilisons le cadre théorique de la Nouvelle économie institutionnelle (NEI). Son apport à notre recherche est double. Tout d’abord, il permet une analyse comparative des différentes structures de gouvernance pétrolière, c’est-à-dire des modes alternatifs d’organisation des opérations de l’amont pétrolier. Ensuite, il offre des outils permettant de mettre en évidence les interactions entre ces derniers et l’environnement institutionnel des pays au sein desquels ils sont mis en œuvre. Dans ce cadre théorique de la NEI, notre thèse soutient que le rôle accru des compagnies pétrolières publiques russes marque le passage d’ une structure de gouvernance pétrolière libérale à une structure de gouvernance pétrolière hybride . Cela doit être interprété comme la réponse faisable, de la part des autorités fédérales, à l’incohérence existant entre la structure de gouvernance pétrolière libérale définie au début du processus de transition et l’environnement institutionnel prévalant en Russie. Du début des années 1990 jusqu’au milieu des années 2000, cette incohérence s’entend au sens où l’environnement institutionnel de la Russie empêche l’effectivité des contrats (licences, accords de partage de la production, fiscalité) encadrant la transaction d’ouverture de l’amont pétrolier entre l’Etat et les compagnies pétrolières privées. Du point de vue des autorités russes, deux problèmes en résultent : leur difficulté à capter la rente pétrolière et leur impéritie à gérer la crise d’exploration que connaît l’industrie pétrolière russe. A la suite de la mise en place de la structure de gouvernance pétrolière hybride, Rosneft joue un rôle de complément à la coordination par les contrats. En particulier, Rosneft permet une redistribution de l’information en faveur des autorités. Cela accroît l’effectivité de la coordination par la fiscalité ainsi que la crédibilité des contrats. Dans cette perspective, la remontée des compagnies d’Etat constituait le préalable à l’ouverture plus conséquente de l’amont pétrolier aux compagnies pétrolières internationales et à la modification des comportements en termes d’exploration qui sont aujourd’hui observées. Mots-clés : Fédération de Russie ; industrie pétrolière ; nouvelle économie institutionnelle, contrats pétroliers, compagnies pétrolières publiques. VI Abstract This PhD dissertation deals with the evolution of the institutional and organizational framework of the Russian oil industry during the period 1992-2012. Its main objective is to characterize and reinterpret the increasing involvement of the national oil companies (NOCs), Rosneft and Gazpromneft, in the upstream activities observed since the middle of the 2000’s. Until then, their levels of production had remained very low after the privatization program implemented at the beginning of the transition process. For achieving this objective, we rely on the New Institutional Economics (NIE) theoretical framework. This allows us to lead a comparative analysis of the different oil governance structures, ie the alternative modes of organizing the upstream activities. More it enables us to understand the way these different modes interact with the institutional environment of the countries in which they are implemented. We argue that the increasing involvement of the Russian NOCs can be characterized as a change from a liberal oil governance structure to a hybrid oil governance structure . We show that this organizational evolution must be interpreted as the feasible reform that can be implemented by the federal authorities for dealing with the incoherence between the liberal governance structure defined at the beginning of the transition process and the Russian institutional environment. From the beginning of the 1990’s until the middle of the 2000’s, this institutional incoherence relates to the fact that the Russian institutional environment prevents the effectiveness of oil contracts (licenses, production sharing agreements, tax) governing the transaction between the Russian state and the private oil companies. From the point of view of the federal authorities, two problems appear crucial: their difficulties for capturing the oil rent and the exploration
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