CONCLUSION

Numerous travellers toured the Two Sicilies in the following decades, but few of them had Brydone’s or Watkins’ reputation. These latter had shed light on cities and natural sites that were unknown to Britons; what is more important, they had been able to blend knowledge with unique experiences of human and scientific growth. “Cultural mediators”, or, to use Birkle’s definition, “cultural brokers”,1 they had finally built solid communication bridges, which had contributed to unite the north and the south of Europe. It had been a long and difficult path, but the members of learned aca- demies, particularly those of the Royal Society, had finally had success. Starting from the long-distance expeditions of the late Restoration period, when they had appropriated geographical spaces and indigenous technical skills, they had gradually become more interested in the Old Continent, and focused special attention on France and Italy. Philosophical Transactions, the Royal Society’s journal, had been flooded with articles on the two countries’ scientific-technological feats, and pro- posed its volumes as icons of a liberal conception of cultural communica- tion. Going beyond any chauvinistic prejudices, its contributors had established positive and fruitful relations with the two countries’ most distinguished cultural circles. As time went by, the policy that they fol- lowed resulted in the radical change of the image of the south of Italy, which became an irresistible point of attraction for the future generations of learned Britons.

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 199 M. D’Amore, The Royal Society and the Discovery of the Two Sicilies, Italian and Italian American Studies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-55291-0 200 CONCLUSION

The process had begun in 1738. It would take the Fellows and learned travellers a little more than 50 years to discover both the precious remains of ancient civilizations and the spectacular sights especially in Campania and Sicily. Far from being devoted only to “Natural Philosophy”, they made use of the great events in the two regions, and were finally able to include their principal sites in the Grand Tourists’ itineraries. The two major protagonists of the concluding evolutionary phases of the Grand Tour, Camillo Paderni and Sir William Hamilton, have proved that in that period the London Society was committed to the enlargement of its Anglo-Italian network of relations. Despite the Bourbon King’s restrictive measures, thanks to its exceptional members, the Mediterranean south was endowed with a clear, appealing cultural identity. As a result, an increasing number of visitors crossed the Strait of Messina, and toured Sicily too. The Fellows’ interest in such a remote part of the Continent testified to the Society’s mission. Although they had initially served Britain’s imperi- alistic ambitions, also empowering the intellectual-diplomatic relations within the Republic of Letters, promoting scientific spaces had been far more important. Focusing on its main cities and natural treasures, they had proposed them as tools of cultural progress and, finally, they had provided their readers with detailed topographical descriptions. It was not by chance that Philosophical Transactions rarely published maps or illustrations of the south of Italy, and that it was only possible to find that type of material in longer travel narratives. Keyssler’s, Brydone’s and Watkins’ priority was to circulate scientific news, but at the same time, they were always clear about their destinations, whose beauties and challenging human encounters they always wrote about in detail. A key and unexplored aspect of the Grand Tour, that of the complex and multi-layered exchanges that were at the bases of the English travellers’ choices has represented the other part of the story. As we have seen, there is documentary evidence that before new destinations were created, there was a lively debate about their artistic and scientific resources, and that pro- moting them was part of the Fellows’ activities. The material objects that were at the core of most of the letters that they circulated, ancient Roman antiquities and geological samples, were indicative not only of the cultural trends of the time, but also symbolic of the phases of the Giro d’Italia. There is a lot to research from this point of view. Apart from discerning the intellectual bases and political implications of travel itineraries in the Enlightenment, the impact that those writings had at an international level CONCLUSION 201 should be object of closer scrutiny. Philosophical Transactions had a large print run, but knowing more about its distribution systems within the most exclusive European circles is now crucial. Although scholarly studies2 have already explained that some articles in particular were re-published by other important journals throughout the Continent, their official links, as well as most popular topics, are still unclear. Thus, there are no ultimate truths in this important field of study. What the Society’s Fellows and their correspondents witnessed in the Two Sicilies, particularly what they reported on their treasures and civilization, are still perfect examples of the leading scientific institutions’ agency in the Enlightenment. Observing the Grand Tour from this novel perspective may contribute to a more balanced vision of the continuous, fruitful relations between Britain and Italy.

NOTES 1. See Birkle, 59. 2. See David Abraham, Kronick, “Devant le Deluge” and Other Essays on Early Modern Scientific Communication (Lanham and Oxford: Scarecrow Press, 2004), 153–179; as well as McDougall-Waters, Moxham and Fyfe.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Secondary Sources

Birkle, Carmen. “Between the Island and the City: Cultural Brokerage in Caribbean-Canadian Short Fiction”.InDiasporic Subjectivity in Contemporary Post-Colonial Literatures, edited by Igor Mayer, 59–90. Lanham and Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2009. Kronick, Abraham David. “Devant le Deluge” and Other Essays on Early Modern Scientific Communication. Lanham and Oxford: Scarecrow Press, 2004. McDougall-Waters, Julie, Noha Moxham and Aileen Fyfe. Philosophical Transactions: 350 Years of Publishing at the Royal Society (1665–2015). London: The Royal Society, 2015. APPENDIX:TEXTUAL SOURCES

The texts included in this section are taken from Philosophical Transactions. Seven of them also refer to the manuscripts housed at the History of Science Centre of the Royal Society. All spelling variants have been recorded in the notes followed by square brackets. The differences between the original and the printed versions have also been indicated with the acronyms MS (manuscript) and PT (Philosophical Transactions); omitted punctuation is signalled by a slash /. Selected for their significance in the construction of discourse on the Grand Tour, they represent the Fellows’ debate on the Herculaneum archaeological finds, as well as on their scientific, and cultural interest in Vesuvius and Etna. They are listed below together with their manuscripts:

• Anon. “An Answer to some Inquiries concerning the Eruptions of Mount AEtna, An. 1669. Communicated by some Inquisitive English Merchants, now residing in Sicily”. Philosophical Transactions,n.4 (1669): 1028–1034. Anon. “Answer unto certain Inquiries concerning the burning of Mount Etna Ao 1669”. [C.I.P./19/50] • Anon. “Extract of a Letter from Naples, concerning Herculaneum, containing an Account and Description of the Place, and what has been found in it”. Philosophical Transactions, n. 47 (1751–1752): 150–159. “Extract of a Letter from Naples concerning Herculaneum, containing an Account and description of the Place, and what has been Found in it.” Read April 18 1751. [L&P/2/191]

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 203 M. D’Amore, The Royal Society and the Discovery of the Two Sicilies, Italian and Italian American Studies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-55291-0 204 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

• Anon. “An Extract of a letter written by the Magistrates of the City of Mascali,inSicily, and sent from their public Office to Naples, concerning a late Eruption of Mount Etna. Translated from the Italian”. Philosophical Transactions, n. 49 (1755–1756): 209–210. “Mascali in Sicily. Of a late eruption of Mount Etna”. [L&P/3/28] • Baker, Henry and John Locke. “Copy of a Letter from a Learned Gentleman of Naples, Dated February 25 1755, concerning the Books and Antient Writings dug out of the Ruins of an Edifice Near the Site of the Old City of Herculaneum; to Monsignor Cerati,ofPisa, F.R.S. sent to Mr. Baker, F.R.S. and by him communicated; with a Translation by John Locke, Esq; F.R.S.”. Philosophical Transactions, n. 49 (1755–1756): 112–115. “Copy of a letter from a learned man of Naples dated 30 July 1755 concerning the books and ancient writings dug out of the Ruins of an Edifice Near the Site of the Old City of Herculaneum. To Cerati of Pisa F.R.S. sent to Mr. Baker F.R.S.” [L&P/3/10] • Burgos, Alessandro. “An Extract of the Account mentioned in the foregoing Letter, taken out of an Italian Paper. Written by P. Alessandro Burgos. Printed first at Palermo, and afterwards at Naples. 1693”. Philosophical Transactions, n. 17 (1693): 830–838. • Hamilton, William. “An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna,ina Letter from the Honourable William Hamilton, His Majesty’s Envoy Extraordinary at Naples, to Mathew Maty, M.D. Sec. R.S.”. Philosophical Transactions, n. 60 (1770): 1–19. “Account of my late observations upon Mount Etna” (Naples, 17 Oct. 1769) [L&P/5/148] • Hamilton, William. “Extract of another Letter, from Mr. Hamilton,to Dr. Maty, on the same Subject”. Philosophical Transactions,n.61 (1771): 48–50. “Descriptions of specimens of soil, rocks, etc. sent (with paper) from neighbourhood”. [L&P/5/242] • Hamilton, William. “Account of the Effects of a Thunder-Storm, on the 15th of March 1773, upon the House of Lord Tylney at Naples.Ina Letter from the Honourable Sir William Hamilton, Knight of the Bath, His Majesty’s Envoy Extraordinary at the Court of Naples, and F.R.S. to Mathew Maty, M.D. Sec. R.S. William Hamilton”. Philosophical Transactions, n. 63 (1773): 324–332. APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 205

• Paderni, Camillo and Alan Ramsay. “Extracts of Two Letters from Sigr. Camillo Paderni at Rome, to Mr. Allan Ramsay, Painter, in Covent- Garden, concerning some antient Statues, Pictures, and other Curiosities, found in a subterraneous Town, lately discovered near Naples. Translated from the Italian by Mr. Ramsay, and sent by him to Mr. Ward, F.R.S. Prof. Rhet. Gresh”. Philosophical Transactions,n.41 (1739–1741): 484–489. • Paderni, Camillo. “Extract of a Letter from Signor Camillo Paderni,to Dr. Mead, concerning the Antiquities dug up from the antient Herculaneum, dated from Naples, Nov. 18, 1752. Translated from the Italian”. Philosophical Transactions, n. 48 (1753–1754): 71–73. “Extract of a letter from Signor Camillo Paderni, to Dr. Mead, dated from Naples Novr 18th 1752. Read at R.S. translated from Italian Febr. 8. 1753”. [L&P/2/411]

An Answer To some Inquiries concerning the Eruptions of Mount AEtna, An. 1669. Communicated by some Inquisitive English Merchants, now residing in Sicily.1

Anonymous Touching the Forerunners of this Fire, there was, for the space of 18 days, before it broke out, a very thick dark sky in those parts, with Thunder and lightning and frequent Concussions of the Earth, which the people make terrible reports of, though I never saw nor heard of any Buildings cast down thereby, save a smal town or village, call’d Nicolosi; about halfe a mile distant from the New Mouth,2 and3 some such other slight Buildings4 among5 those Towns,6 that were after over-run7 by the Fire.8 Besides, it was9 observ’d that the Old10 top or Mouth of AEtna11 did,12 for 2 or 3 months13 before, rage14 more than usual15; the like16 of which did Volcan and17Strombilo, two18 Burning Islands19 to the West-ward.20 And21 the top of AEtna22 must about the23 same time24 have sunk25 down into its old Vorago26 or hole, in that ’tis agreed27 by all, that had seen this mountain28 before, that it was very much lower’d.29 Other30 Forerunners of this Fire31 I have not heard nor32 met with. It first broke out on the Eleventh of March 669, about two hours before night, and that33 on the South-East-side34 or skirt of the Mountain,35 about 20 miles36 beneath the Old Mouth37; and 10 miles38 from Catania.39 At first it was reported40 to advance41 3 miles in 24 h42; but at our43 being 206 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES there44 (viz. April 5.)45 when we were come46 within a short mile of Catania,47 it scarce48 mov’d after the rate of a furlong49 a day; and after50 this degree of progress51 it continued for 1552 or 20 days53 after, passing under the walls of Catania54 a good way into the Sea; but about the55 latter end56 of this Month and57 the beginning of May (whether58 it was that the Sea could not receive this matter fast enough, or rather that the Mouth above did cast a larger quantity) it bent59 all its force against the City60; and61 having wrought itself62 up even63 with the Wals64 thereof, over it pass’d65 in divers places66; but its chief67 fury fell upon a very68 stately Convent,69 which was that of the Benedectins, having large Gardens70 and71 other ground betwixt72 them and73 the Wall74: Which75 when it had filled76 up, it fell with all its force77 on the Convent,78 where it met with strong resistance, which made it swell (as79 usually it did, where it met with any Obstruction) almost as high,80 as the higher81 Shops in the Old82London Exchange,83 this Convent being built much after that fashion, though84 considerably85 bigger.86 Some87 parts88 of this Wall89 were driven in, whole and90 entire, almost a foot, as appeared91 by the rising of the tyles in the92 midst of the floor,93 and94 bending95 of the Iron barrs96 that went cross97 above.98 And99 ’tis100 certain, had this Torrent fallen101 in some other part102 of the Town,103 it would have made great havock amongst their ordinary Buildings,104 but here105 its fury ceased106 the 4107 of May, running hence forward in little channels108 or streams,109 and110 that chiefly into the Sea. It had overwhelmed in the upland coun- try111 some 14 Towns112 and113 villages, whereof some were of good note, containing114 3 or 4 thousand Inhabitants, and stood in115 a very116 fruitful and pleasant117 Country,118 where the Fire119 had never made120 any devastation121 before122: but now it is not so much123 as any sign,124 where such Towns125 have stood; only the Church and126 Steeple127 of one of them128; which stood alone upon an129 high ground, does130 still appeare.131 As to the matter, which thus run, it was nothing else,132 but divers kinds of Metals and Minerals,133 rendred134 liquid by the fierceness135 of the Fire136 in the bowels137 of the Earth,138 boyling up and gushing forth,139 like the water doth at the head of some140 great River141; and142 having run in a full body for a good Stones143 cast144 or more, the extreamities145 thereof began to crust and146 curdle, becoming,147 when cold,148 those149 porous Stones,150 which the people151 call Sciarri,152 having153 the nearest154 resemblance to155 huge Cakes156 of sea-cole157; full of a APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 207

fierce158 Fire.159 These came160 roling and161 tumbling over one another,162 and163 where they164 met with a bank,165 would fill up and166 swell over, by their weight bearing down167 any common building, and burning168 what was combustible. The chief169 motion of this matter was forward, but it170 was also dilating it self,171 as a Floud172 of Water would doe on173 even174 ground, thrusting out severall Armes,175 or Tongues,176 as they call177 them. About 2 or 3 of the Clock178 in the night we mounted179 an high Tower180 in Catania,181 whence182 we183 had a full view of the Mouth184; which was a terrible sight,185 viz. to see so great a mass or body of meer Fire.186 Next morning we would have gone up187 to the Mouth188 itself, but durst not come189 nearer190 than a furlong191 off, for feare of being overwhelmed192 by a sudden turn of the wind,193 which carried up into the Air some of that vast pillar of Ashes, which to our194 apprehension195 exceeded twice196 the bigness of Pauls Steeple197 in London, and198 went up in a streight199 body to a farr200 greater hight201 than that; the whole Air202 being thereabout all203 cover’d with the lightest of those Ashes204 blown off from the top of this pillar205: And206 from the first breaking forth of the Fire207 untill208 its fury ceased209 (being 54 days210) neither Sun nor Starr211 were seen in all that part.212 From the outside of this pillar fell off great quantity of Stones, but none very213 bigg,214 neither215 could we216 discern any Fire217 in them, nor218 come to see,219 where that fiery stuff broke220 out, there being a great bank221 or hill of Ashes222 betwixt223 it and224 us. At the Mouth, whence issued225 the Fire,226 or Ashes,227 or both, was a continual228 noise,229 like the beating of great waves230 of the Sea against Rocks,231 or like232 thunder a farr233 off, which sometimes I have heard here234 in Messina, though235 situated at the foot of high hils236 and237 60 miles238 off.239 It240 hath also been241 heard 100 miles242 Nordward243 of this place,244 in Calabria245 (as246 I have been credibly informed,) whither the Ashes have also been carried247: And248 some249 of our250 seamen251 have also252 reported, that their decks253 were covered254 therewith at Zant, though255 its likely not very256 thick. Of those Burnt257 Stones or Sciarri,258 I have some259 by me of divers qualities,260 and261 shall procure what more I can, to be sent262 by the first passage. 263About the middle264 of May we made265 another Journey266 thi- ther,267 where we268 found the face269 of things much altered,270 the City of Catania271 being272 three quarters of it compassed273 round with these 208 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

Sciarri,274 as high as the top of the Wals275;and276 in many places it had broke over.277 The278 first night of our arrival279 a new streame280 or gutter of Fire broke281 forth among some Sciarri,282 which283 were walking upon an hour284 or two285 before,286 and they were as high as to be even with the top of the Wall. It287 powred itself288 down into the Citty in a small gutter of about 3289 foot broad, and 9290 foot long of meer Fire,291 the extremities292 still falling off into those Sciarri293; but this streame294 was extinct by the next morning, though295 it had filled296 up a great void297 place with its Sciarri.298 The next299 night was another much bigger Channel300 discovered,301 powring itself302 over another part303 of the Wall304 into the Castle-ditch,305 which continued (as we were informed) some days306 after our307 departure.308 Divers309 of those310 small Rivolets311 did run at the same312 time into the Sea, and313 it does so still314 at this very day,315 though316 faintly.317 It was observed,318 that those streams319 of Fire320 never grew broader nor visibly longer,321 nor moved322 out of the place, they were323 seen in324; which put us a little325 more to examine their working, and326 we did conclude, that not only then, but in the fury also of its running, it made it self certain crusted gutters to run in, to keep itself,327 as ’twere328 from the Air,329 which by degrees did cool and330 fix it, as more plainly appear’d331 above at the Mouth,332 where, the first time of our333 going thither, we334 found the Sciarri335 generally336 coold and fixt. And337 hence also it might proceed, that these live338Sciarri,339 meeting with any bank340 or ground,341 would puff and342 swell up,343 till they had over- come344 it; so that in many places, especially under the Wals of Catania,345 were Vallys346 of those Sciarri,347 and348 the Fire349 never brok forth, or discovered350 itself351 in those streams,352 until it had gain’d353 its height354; for those355 rivolets ever356 went declining.357 Having spent a couple358 of days359 about Catania,360 we again361 went362 up to the Mouth,363 where now without any danger of Fire364 or Ashes365 we366 could take a free367 view both of the old and368 new Channel369 of the Fire,370 and371 of that great mountain372 of Ashes373 cast up.374 That,375 which we guessed to be376 the old bed or channel,377 was a three378 corner’d379 plot of about 2 Acres,380 with a crust of Sciarri381 at the bottom,382 and383 upon that a smal crust or surface of Brimstone.384 It was385 hedg’d in on each side with a great bank386 or hill of Ashes,387 and388 behind and389 at the upper end390 rose up that huge391 mountain392 of the same matter.393 Between394 those two395 banks the Fire396 seems to have had its passage.397 At398 the upper end399 in the nook upon a little400 hillock APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 209 of crusted Sciarri401 was an hole about 10 foot402 wide, whence ’tis403 probable the Fire404 issued405;and406 it might have had several407 other such holes,408 since409 either crusted410 or covered411 with ashes.412 At413 the bottom of this hole the Fire414 was seen to flow along,415 and416 below it was a channel417 of fire, beneath that surface418 of Sciarri,419 which being cleft a top for some420 space, we421 had an easy422 and423 leisurable424 view of the metal425 flowing along, whose426 superficies might be a yard broad,427 though428 possibly it carried a greater breadth underneath,429 the gutter going430 sloping. What431 depth432 it had,433 we434 could not guess435: it436 was impenetrable by Iron hooks and437 other Instruments438 we had.439 We440 were very441 desirous442 to have got some443 of this matter at the spring head, but we444 could not penetrate no more445 into it, then with ones446 finger into the palme of the hand.447 ’Tis448 likely, that some449 running may have been more yielding,450 than we451 found this.452 From this channel, but especially from that hole above it, issued453 great store of a strong sulfureous454 smoak,455 wherewith some of our456 company were at first almost stifled through457 inadvertency.458 About once in a quarter459 of an hour there would rise460 a pillar of smoak or ashes,461 but nothing comparable462 to the former; which463 seem’d to come from the middle464 top of that new made Mountain.465 I confess,466 it was467 an omission468 in us,469 not to goe up to this mountain, being so near; but because it was troublesome470 and471 not without danger, the rest of the472 company being473 satisfied with what they had already474 seen,475 would not stay to see any more.476 At this our477 last being478 at Catania479 we480 found the people481 busy482 in barricading483 the ends484 of some485 streets and486 passages,487 where488 the fire489 might break in490; and491 this they did by pulling down the old houses492 thereabout, and493 laying up the loose494 stones in manner of a wall, which they said would resist the fire as not being mixt with lime; though495 it was the great weight and force496 of that fiery matter in pressing forward, and497 not498 its burning,499 that overthrew the buildings, as plainly appeared500 in the Convent501 of the Benedectins, and in the Town-wals,502 where the great deluge of Fire503 did pour504 it self,505 it not breaking into the City,506 but pouring it self over the wals, as hath been507 said. Unto this very time508 ’tis509 said510 to have run511 a mile into the Sea, and512 as much in front, though513 it was much less,514 when we were there. The515 shore516 goes517 gently declining,518 having at the extremity 210 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES of the Sciarri519 about 5 fathoms,520 and521 about half522 as much they are523 above water.524 The525 superficies of the water, for 20526 foot or more527 of those528 rivolets of fire,529 was hotter than to endure on’s530 hand in it, though531 deeper it was more temperate,532 and those533 live Sciarri534 still retain’d535 their fire536 under water, as we537 saw, when538 the Surges539 of the Sea retreated540 back in their ordinary541 reverberations.542 The general543 face544 of these Sciarri545 is546 in some respect not much unlike, from the beginning to the end,547 to the river548 Thames549 in a great frost at the top of the Jce550 above551 bridg552; I mean,553 lying after554 such a rugg’d555 manner in great flakes556: but its color557 is quite558 different, being most559 of a dark dusky blew, and some560 stones,561 or rocks of a vast bigness,562 close563 and solid.564 But notwithstanding565 their ruggedness and566 stone of fire,567 which we could see glowing in the clefts and568 cavaties,569 we570 made a shift to ramble over a good part571 of them; as ’tis572 said573 also,574 that people575 would doe576 the same in its greatest violence577 of burning.578 For579 as those live Sciarri,580 and those Rivers of fire581 themselves were so tough and582 impenetrable583 as to bear any weight,584 so the superficies of the Sciarri585 might586 be toucht and587 handled, the fire being588 inward,589 and590 not to be discerned591 but near hand,592 especially in the day time: And593 ’twas somewhat594 a strange sight595 to see596 so great a River come597 so tamely forward598; for as it approached599 unto any house, they not only at good leisure600 removed601 their goods,602 but the very tiles,603 and604 beams,605 and606 what else was moveable.607 ’Tis observable,608 that none609 of those, that went to see it, when there was610 little else611 to be seen but612 the cold Sciarri,613 but declared614 to have found it a much other thing, than they imagined,615 though616 related to them viva voce by those who617 had formerly been618 there. I shall619 add, that the whole country from the very620 Walls of Catania621 to 20 miles622 on this side623 is full of those old Sciarri,624 which former Eruptions625 have cast forth, though626 the people remember none so bigg627 as this last, or that burst out so low. This628 Country629 is notwithstanding well630 cultivated631 and632 inhabited633; for length634 of time hath either mollified635 much of those636 old Sciarri,637 or new mould or ashes have overgrown638 them639; though640 there still remain641 much Country,642 which, it may be, will never be made serviceable.643 What is the perpendicular height of this Mountain, I cannot learn. It cannot perhaps be rightly taken, being so subject to alter its height and APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 211 shape. But it is a very goodly Mountain to look upon, as one passes by Sea to the East-ward, standing alone by it self, rising from the very shore; and at shortest passage is reckoned 20 miles up to the top, though from Catania it hath 30 miles, as before.644

An Extract of the Account mentioned in the foregoing Letter, taken out of an Italian Paper. Written by P. Alessandro Burgos. Printed first at Palermo, and afterwards at Naples. 1693.645

Alessandro Burgos How difficult is the Task to describe in a few Pages the mournful Iliads of the once famous Kingdom of Sicilia, in great part ruined by the terrible Shakes of the late Earthquake? How shall I, amongst the Confusion of Tears, Sighs and Groans, discover the History of our Misery? Or amongst the Chaos of Rubbish find the Marks of Desolation? Nay, how can I recall to mind, without Amazement, the Relations that came from all parts of this Desolate Land? Yet, your Commands are to be obey’d.

Quanquam animus meminisse horte luctuque refugit Incipiam646 The Island of Sicilia of 700 Miles Circuit, and divided into three Valleys, began on Friday the 9th of Jan. about half an hour past Four a Clock, to be sensible of the Shake in the Valley of Mazara: But in the two other Valleys of Emone and Noto, the Shakes were so terrible, as to throw down some Buildings, obliging the Inhabitants to seek Refuge either in the Fields, or with Prayers and Tears implore the Divine Pity in the Churches. On Sunday following, being the 11th of the same Month, at twenty hours and three quarters, the Hand of God appeared much more terrible, awakening the most Lethargick Sinner. The Shakes of this Earthquake did no damage in the Valley of Mazara, only frighting the People. Palermo received some Detriment in most of the Buildings, especially the Palace and Hospital of St. Bartholomews. The Steeple of St. Nicholas, belonging to the Augnstines [sic], was ruined, and some hurt done to the Church; but little Mischief else done, and no body hurt. In Messina all the Buildings of the Theatre are shattered, the Royal and Archbishop’s Palace, with the Seminary, are all crack’d. The vast and stately Church of the Franciscans broken in many places, and the Roof of the Vestry fallen: The Steep of the Church of the Annunciation thrown down, 212 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES with the Death of the Sexton. The top of the Spire of the Dome cleft, all the other religious Houses and Publick Buildings were saved. Many private Buildings were thrown down, and all the rest shored up. There were but few Persons kill’d. Troina, Randazzo, Nicosia, Cities in the Mountains, suffered in their Buildings. The first had half of the Mother-Church destroyed, with the Parish Church of St. Lucy, and was much damaged in his Monasteries; one whereof is not habitable. The last had its Dome very much hurt. Castiglione had the Castle and many Houses much thrown down. In Francavilla and Linguagrossa, the greater part of the Buildings and some Churches. Mascali quite ruined, but not many killed, most of the People being abroad a Procession with the Reliques of St. Leonard their Protector. Aidone received a considerable Mischief, two whole Quarters, with many of its Inhabitants being destroyed. In the Quarter of St. Laurence there is not one House standing, and the Churches ruined. In that of St. James the Church of the Annunciation and its Oratory thrown down, with several other Sacred Edifices. In the other part of the City which stands lower, there were not so many Houses nor Persons left, yet the Church of Pope Leo is quite flat, and the magnificent Church of the Dominicans in Ruines, with the Convent of the Reformati Osservanti, one of the best in the whole Province. Ahi Aquileia, commonly called Jaci Reale, situated at the Foot of Etna is almost quite destroyed, and its Inhabitants buried in the Ruines, with many Convents: amongst the rest, the famous one of the Osservanti Reformati. Aci St. Antonio, Aci St. Filippo, S. Gregorio, Pedara Trecastagni, Bonnacorei, Nicolosi, Motta, Mesterbianco, Fenicia, and several other fruitful Villages situated near Mongibello, are destroyed, with all the Habitations of the pleasant Hills about Cananea, which are now in the Dust. Paterno, about Twelve Miles from Catania, a populous city at the foot of Mongibello, subject to the Dutchy of Montalto, felt the dreadful Effects of the Earthquake, loosing most of its Buildings, all the Convents of Fryars, and a very fine Monastery. In the Ruines were buried Forty Persons. Aderno, a City subject to the same Lords, had the same Fate. Cantabiano Piemonte in the Valley of Emona, Francofonte, Palagonia in the Valley of Noto are little less than wholly level’d, and about 300 Persons destroyed, as we have by the Letter of the Marquess of Francofonte, who was miraculously said by leaping out through the Crack in the Wall of the Falling Edifice. APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 213

Catania, one of the most ancient and famous Cities of the whole Kingdom, honoured by the Courts of several Monarchs, and an Episcopal See, even from the time of the Apostles, giving place to none in the Beauty of its Sacred Edifices; amongst which the Dome was the most sumptuous and large in all Sicily, adorned with excellent Pictures, and richly furnished, and bless’d with the Reliques of the Invincible Martyr St. Agatha, hon- oured with the Bodies of several Kings; besides it had a very high and curiously built Steeple. Here were a great many Nunneries; amongst the rest, the Monastery of the Trinity; and that of St. Benedict, with that Prodigy of Workmanship the magnificent Monastery of St. Nicholas, with its Temple, a place famous for several Reliques. Next the Jesuits Colledge, the Convent of the Minorites, and two of the Dominicans, the beautiful one of the Capuchins, the Imperial Convent of the Carmelites, that of the Reformed Minorites, that of the Reformed Augustines, with several other Frieries, with an infinite number of Ancient and Modern Churches, Colleges, and other Publick Buildings, inhabited by about 23 000 souls, its Nobility many and ancient. Learning was here in its Glory; the Citizens were themselves Learned, and Lovers of Knowledge, assisted with the many Priviledges granted by the King. The University, where the Learned Laurel was confer’d on the worthy, made this place the Sicilian Athens. This once so famous, now unhappy Catania, had the greatest share in this Tragedy. Father Antonio Serrovita,647 who was to preach at Catania the Lent following, was on his way thither on the 11th, at 20 hours and ¾, and at the distance of a few Miles; he observed a black Cloud like Night hovering over the City; that there arose from the Mouth of Mongibello great Spires of Flames, which spread themselves all around, that the Sea all of a suddain began to roar, and raise it self in swelling Billows, that there was a great and dreadful Blow, as if all the Artillery in the World had been at once discharged; that the Birds flew about astonish’d in the Air; that the Beasts and Cattle in the Fields ran crying about affrighted; that he and his Companions Horses were so startled, that they stood stock still, trembling so as they were forced to alight, which they had no sooner done, but they were lifted from the Ground above two Palms; and casting his Eyes toward Catania, he with Amazement saw nothing but a very thick Cloud of Dust in the Air. This was the scene of their Calamity. For of the magnificent Catania there is not the least Foot-step to be seen. All its Edifices are levell’d with the Ground, except the Chappel of St. Agatha, the Rotunda, the Castle of Ursino, the Walls that encompass’d it, and a few mean Houses. There was a great Destruction of the Inhabitants buried in the 214 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

Ruines of the Bishop’s Palace; the Steeple and Dome, where most of the City, frightned with Friday’s Earthquake, were got together to carry the Reliques of St. Agatha in Procession. Many of the Nobility were saved under the Chappel of the Saint and some of the Clergy. The number of the Dead was about 15 000; for though the People had staid in the Fields all the Saturday, yet the Solemnity obliged them to be in the City on the Sunday to pay their Devotions, at the Processions. Of the Benedictines about 25 were killed in the Quire, of the Jesuits 21, of the Conventuals 11, the number of the Dominicans is not known; the Carmelites were all buried except one as they went in Procession; and so were the greater part of the other Religious Orders, and of the Nuns few were saved. This was the Tragedy of Catania, which was accompanied with dreadful Lightnings and Thunder from Heaven, with Deluges of Rain; and in the Ruines were heard nothing but Cries, Schrieches, and dying Groans. On the Heaps of Stones we may now write, Here was Catania. Lentini, a very ancient city, honoured with the Births of many Illustrious Persons; amongst the rest, that Father of Eloquence, Georgio Leontino,648 of a long time an Episcopal See, &c. felt that Shock on the 9th with such Violence, as threw down and ruined the greater part of its Buildings; amongst which was the ancient Convent of the Minorites, famous for being the Dwelling-place of St. Anthony of Padua; the Royal Convent, so called from the Tomb of one of our Queens buried there, under the Ruines of which 4 Religious were buried, the rest escaped miraculously. But the last Earthquake on the 11th laid in the Dust the remainder of the City, with the Death of about 4000 people that returned thither after the first Shake to take care of their Goods. So that there is now but the Carcase of a City all shatter’d to pieces, not one House left standing. Carlentine, a Modern City, being as a Citadel dependent on Lentine, had the same Fate. The beautiful Castle of Licodia all ruined, with the Marchioness of Martini and all her Children buried therein. Bizrini, a City of rich Inhabitants, is level’d with the Ground, with the Death of many People; part by the first, and the rest by the last day’s Earthquake. Sortino and Cassero are quite demolish’d; in the first about 3000 per- ished, and in the other a very great number. Agosta, a Trading Town, built on an Island in a large Bay, which makes a capacious Port, was blown up into the Air; for besides the Damage of the Earthquake, there was a great quantity of Powder in the Castle that took Fire, and killed several of the Citizens that had escaped into the Fields with APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 215 the Stones of the Buildings: Here perish’d about 3000. The enraged Sea grew terribly boisterous, and tempestuously beat against the Walls of the Dominican Convent with such Fury, that some Galleys belonging to the Knights of Malta scarcely escaped Shipwrack in the Port. In fine, Luctus ubique pavor, & plurima mortis imago.649 The Country of Mililli in the Dutchy of Montalto, felt the same Fate, with the Destruction of the Inhabitants. Syracusa, famous in the old time, an Episcopal See; in our time like the Phaenix arising from the Ashes, standing upon a Peninsula, by Art made an Island, having a Bridge to the main Land; strengthened with a Modern Fortification, sufficiently populous by reason of its convenient Situation for Trade, full of Nobility, and beautify’d with Churches, Convents, Monasteries and Palaces, now mourns in Ruines. It was sensible of Friday’s, but all shock to pieces by the Sunday’s Earthquake, with the loss of many Thousand Persons. Most of the Nobility saved themselves by a timely Flight. Of the religious not many perish’d. Scarce a Village in the whole Diocess is left: Confusion reigns every where; and the Misery is encreased by the want of Food, caused by the Granaries and Mills being destroyed. Laferla, Palazzolo and Busceni lie in Ruines, with many Inhabitants destroyed. Spacaforno, a populous place, situated near the Sea, which washes the Foot of the Promontory Pachino has lost all its Buildings: Here they reckon about 2000 dead. Giarratana with its Fall killed most of the Inhabitants. The Marquess himself with his Wife and Three Children escaping on Friday,wereon Sunday buried in the Ruines; the Marquess and his Children were taken out alive to bewail the loss of his Lady. Melitello in the Valley of Noto is shaken to pieces, the Churches and chief Buildings even with the ground, and the Religious Orders all turned out in the open Air, or under Huts and Cabines. Occhiula escaped not the uncommon calamity. Mineo, an ancient city, is now no more; and the greater part of the Citizens and Religious. Caltagirone, a City conspicuous for its Senate and Nobility, suffered in this universal Calamity the total Ruine of its proud Edifices: As the prin- cipal Church with its very high Steeple or Spire, the famous Colledge of 216 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

St. Julian, the Temple of St. George, the Parish-Church of St. James, admired for the Pictures of Epiphanius, the Chappel only remaining, with the image and Reliques of the Saint. The Temple of the Conventuals thrown down, the famous Bridge that joyns the Convent to the Town shattered to pieces, and the Dormitories not to be inhabited; the famous Convent of St. Bonaventure, the fall of whose Temple and Spire was the Destruction of the lower Buildings; the Colledge of the Jesuits, and the Steeple of that Noble Church are quite ruined. The Carmelites, Dominicans, Augustines, Crouched Friars, &c. are all without Churches and Convents. The Monasteries of St. Gregory, St. Chiara, St. Salvator and St. Stephen, with a Conservatory of Orphans, are all shook down. In fine, the Senate-House, adorned with most curious Statues, and all the other Buildings, are either fallen, or threaten a sudden Ruine in these Desolations. About 1000 People were lost. Modica, a populous place, and Chief of the Seigniory of the Admiral Castile, has its Buildings and Famous Castle laid in Dust. Seignor Abbot Frederick the Procurator General saved himself in the Colledge of the Jesuits, from whom we have the Account; and that the Cities of Ragusa, Scicli,andChiaramonte had the same Misfortune. Comiso suffered much in its Buildings, though but few were killed. The Convent is down, but the Church stands. Noto, an ancient and ingenious city, full of Nobility and fine Buildings, Convents and Monasteries, as we hear from a Courier from thence, is all ruin’d; the Convents of the Dominicans, Conventuals, Reformati, Carmelites, and Capuchins, which was indeed a wondrous Fabrick, are all torn to pieces. The Church of the Crucifixion, the Dome, and all the Nunneries are down, with the Deaths of many Citizens and Nobles. To conclude, there is not a Corner in all the Valley of Noto that is not ruined wholly, or for the most part, with a dreadful Slaughter of the People. The Southern Coasts, as Licati, Terra Nova and Gircuti have suffered Damage in their Buildings. And all the Castles of the Valley of Emone near Mongibello are crack’d and broken, or fallen down. This is the Tragedy of Sicilia. His Excellency Seignor Vicere650 has given prudent and necessary Orders from Palermo for the Relief of the afflicted and miserable Remains of an amazed and half-dead People. APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 217

Extracts of Two Letters from Sigr. Camillo Paderni at Rome, to Mr. Allan Ramsay, Painter, in Covent-Garden, concerning some antient Statues, Pictures, and other Curiosities, found in a subterraneous Town, lately discovered near Naples. Translated from the Italian by Mr. Ramsay, and sent by him to Mr. Ward, F.R.S. Prof. Rhet. Gresh.651

Camillo Paderni and Alan Ramsay

Rome, Nov. 20, 1739 SIR, YOU may remember, I told you in one of my former Letters, that the King of Naples652 was become a Virtuoso, and had made a Discovery of a subterra- neous Town at Portici, a small village at the Foot of Mount Vesuvius; and that our old Friend Sigr Gioseppe Couart, as Sculptor to the King,653 had the Care of the Statues found there, with Orders to restore them, where they are damaged. Within these few Days he is returned hither to settle his Affairs, and has informed me of some of the Particulars, in such a Manner as very much incites my Curiosity, and Desire of communicating them to the Public,654 by making Designs of them on the Spot, he tells me, they enter into this Place by a Pit, like a Well, to the Depth of Eighty-eight Neapolitan Palms*655; and they dig their way (after the Manner of our Catacombs) under the bituminous Matter, thrown out of the Mountain in the Time of great Eruptions, and called by the People of the Country, the Lava, which is as hard as a Flint. And when they meet with any thing that seems valuable, they pick it out, and leave the rest. But I’m afraid, that after they have searched, they throw the Earth in again; by which means many Curiosities may be lost, not being understood by these Labourers. They have already found the following Things:

An Amphitheatre, with its Steps. An Equestrian Statue, but all broken to Pieces. A Chariot and Horses of Brass, which have had the same Fate. A large brassen Dish, said to be found in a Temple. They have also dug out many other Bronzes, with several Statues and Bas-relieves, which Sigr Gioseppe is now restoring. There have been found likewise Eight Rings with their Cornelians engraved, and a Bracelet of Gold. And they have already taken up about Thirty or more Pieces of ancient Painting, some of which are exceeding beautiful. 218 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

Sigr Gioseppe gave me a Note of the Pictures, but as it is in Spanish, and wrote it in a very bad Hand, I cannot pretend to transmit it to you; but choose rather to defer it, till I have seen them myself, which shall be as soon as I have finished a Piece of Work I am now about, &c.

Rome, Feb. 20, 1740.

SIR, As soon as I arrived at Naples, Sigr Gioseppe met me, and carried me to Portici. The first thing he shewed me was the Pictures they had dug out, such as never were seen in our Days; and were you to see them, you would be surprised as much as I was; for you would see Paintings finished to the highest Pitch, coloured to Perfection, and as fresh as if they had been done a Month ago. Particularly one Piece, Eight Palms broad by Nine high, the Figures as big as the Life, representing Theseus after having killed the Minotaur,656 which is wonderfully fine. You see the Figure of Theseus naked and standing, which, in my Opinion, cannot be more properly resembled to any other thing, than the Antinous of the Belvidera,657 both for the Attitude and Air of the Head. It is drawn and coloured with prodigious Elegance. The Greek Boys, who are represented as returning him Thanks for their Deliverance, seem, for their noble Simplicity, the Work of Dominichino658; and in the Composition of the Whole is worthy a Raphael. Another Piece represents Chiron teaching Achilles to touch the Lyre.659 Another large one, like that of Theseus, the Figures as big as the Life; but we could not comprehend the Design of it. You see a Woman dressed in a White sitting, with one hand resting on her Head adorned with a Garland of Flowers, and several Deities (as they appear to me) in the Air, with a Black Figure of Hercules leaning upon his Club.660 This Figure is not a Piece with the rest, which are really Prodigies of the Pencil; but yet it is a fine Picture. Under the Woman is a Deer, which gives suck to a Child. But was you to see this sitting Figure, and the Heads of those whom I take to be Divinities, how finely they are drawn and coloured, you would be astonished. Two other Pieces of greater height than Breadth, in which there are Two Figures, half Human and half Fish, which fly in the Air. Four Landskips, with Temples, and other Buildings. Another figure, which we think to be Mercury, with a Child in his Hand, delivering it to a Woman sitting. APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 219

A Tyger, with a Boy upon it; and another Boy, who plays on a Tympanum: With many others. After having viewed all these things, which are already taken out, I went down into the Pit. The Part where they are at work, must have been a stupendous Building; and without doubt one may conjecture it to have been an Amphitheatre,661 by the Circumference of the Walls, and the large Steps, which are still preserved. But it is impossible to see the Symmetry of the Whole; because one must travel through streight Passages, like our Catacombs in Rome. After having gone a good Way under-ground, I arrived at a Place in which the Paintings had been discovered, and where they are daily discovering more. The first Mistake those Men they call Intendants have committed, is their having out the Pictures, without having the Situation of the Place, that is, the Niches where they stood: For they were all adorned with Grotesques, composed of most elegant Masques, Figures, and Animals; which, not being copied, are gone to Destruction, and the like will happen to the rest. Then, if they meet with any Pieces of Painting not so well preserved as the rest, they leave them where they found them. Besides, there are Pillars of Stucco extremely curious, consisting of many Sides, all variously painted, of which they do not preserve the least Memory. But what is most curious, is to see these Paintings all covered with Earth, which when taken off, they appear to have suffered nothing by it. I believe this may be accounted for, by their being no Damp or Moisture in the Place, and that the dry Earth has been rather preservative, than hurtful to them. The ancient Beams are yet discernable, but they are become like Charcoal. And I have seen there a Place where antiently they kept Lime for building; a great Quantity of which yet remains as fresh as if made but Yesterday. In a word, perceiving all those who are called Superintendants of this Affair, wholly ignorant of what they are about, I began to suffer in a very sensible manner662; so that every Day appeared a Month, till I should deliver my Letter, and see what Success it would meet with. For had it succeeded, I should have gone immediately, and drawn those Things, which, not being taken care of, though of great Curiosity and Erudition, will soon be destroyed.—However, I could do nothing more, and having a great Concern of those fine Things in a per- ishing Condition, I left them a Paper of Directions how to manage. If they do not observe them, the greater Misfortune will be ours, to hear that what Time, Earthquakes, and the Ravages of the Volcano have spared, are now destroyed by those who pretend to have the Care of them, &c. 220 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

Extract of a Letter from Naples, concerning Herculaneum, containing an Account and Description of the Place, and what has been found in it.663

Anonymous THE entrance into Herculaneum is described to be down a narrow pas- sage,664 cut with a gradual descent665; and, towards the bottom,666 into steps: and667 the city668 is supposed to lie about 60 feet under the sur- face669 of the ground.670 Those, who go down into it, carry671 each672 of them a wax taper,673 and are preceded by a guide.674 It is supposed, that, besides the earthquake,675 which swallow’d676 up this town,677 it was also at the same time overwhelmed with the burning lava,678 which then ran down from mount Vesuvius, during the eruption.679 And accordingly all680 the passages681 into it are cut thro’ this lava682; which is a very hard substance,683 like stone,684 of a slate-colour,685 and said to be composed of various kinds686 of metals687 and glass688; which indeed is manifest in the appearance689 of it. The streets690 of Naples are paved with the same lava691: but692 it seems to be of a much more soft and693 sandy sub- stance694 in Herculaneum, than in the places,695 where they dig it for use.696 The appearance697 of this city698 would greatly disappoint such,699 as should have raised their expectation700 to see in it spacious streets and701 fronts702 of houses703; for they would find nothing but long narrow pas- sages,704 just high enough to walk upright in, with a basket705 upon the head706; and wide enough for the workmen,707 who carry them, to pass each other,708 with the dirt709 they dig710 out. There is a vast number of these passages,711 cut one out of another712;so713 that one714 might perhaps walk the space715 of two miles, by going up every turning.716 Their method717 of digging is this. Whenever they find a wall,718 they clear a passage719 along the side720 of it. When they come to an angle,721 they turn with it; and when they come to a door722 or a window,723 they make their way into it. But when they have so done, they are far from finding themselves in a spacious room,724 or open area725; for726 all the rooms727 and places728 they have yet found, are filled so brimfull729 with lava,730 that it sticks on to the sides731 of the walls732; and they can advance no farther, than as they can make their way by digging: which is such infinite labour,733 that when they cease to find any thing worth their search,734 they fill up the place735 again, and begin to dig736 elsewhere. By which means no place737 is quite cleared, to the great grief738 of every one, who has the least share739 of curiosity.740 But the king741 does not chuse to APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 221 proceed in any other method. Consequently, it does not appear how many stories742 high the houses743 may be; nor is any thing to be seen over the head744 but lava.745 In which lava746 are vast numbers of burnt beams,747 that seem to have been beams748 or joists749 of floors; tho’ they are now little more than black dust750; and751 where they are quite moulder’d752 away, one753 may plainly see the grain754 of the wood755 imprinted in the lava756;so757 close did it stick. In one758 passage,759 they passed by a great many pillars,760 lying about three761 feet distant from each other762; supposed to have composed a portico,763 or colonnade.764 They are of brick,765 plaister’d,766 and are fluted, and painted red. They are broken off; a little above the base,767 and are thrown down, in such a manner, that they now lie in an horizontal768 position,769 in the midst of the lava.770 In another place,771 they passed through a sepulchre,772 a little kind of room,773 about 12 feet square774; which was built up, all round, in the same manner as stoves775 are in our modern kitchens,776 with niches,777 like the arched holes778 under such stoves,779 for the ashes780 to fall into. In each of those niches781 was a common earthen urn782 or pot,783 with a cover,784 full of dry bones,785 appearing as if they were worm-eaten.786 In another part,787 they manifestly went in at the door788 of an house789; and saw a window790 a little on one side791 of it.792 They seemed to be in a good large room; but the lava793 was left all standing in the middle of it, and only a passage794 made round it, in order to get the paintings795 off from the Walls. There have been several rooms796 opened, from whence they have taken away paintings797 and mosaic floors,798 but799 which are now filled up again. Some bits800 of mosaic floors801 still remain, and are visible. They passed another place,802 which is called a bath,803 and has that appearance.804 It is of a circular form805 and seems to have been made to contain water.806 Here were found some marble807 and808 some stat- ues.809 And a little way distant from this is a stair-case810; but811 what it leads to, is not yet known. Then they passed by a well,812 built round with a parapet-wall813 on the top,814 and an arch815 turned over it; whereby816 the lava817 has been prevented from choaking it up; and it is now a good well.818 In another place,819 they walked, for about 30 feet, in820 a strait line,821 along the side822 of a stone building,823 supposed to be a temple.824 It has two very deep steps825 all along the bottom826; and then an upright flat surface,827 about 4 or 5 feet high; and then a narrow cornice828; and seems 222 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES to be the basis829 or pedestal830 for a colonnade831 of pillars.832 In one part833 of it they have begun to dig,834 above the cornice,835 and find no interruption836; which adds to the probability837 of its being the space838 between the pillars.839 However, none are yet discovered840; and841 it will be some time, before they can be able to determine what it is. In another place842 is just such another building of the like sort, but of a circular form. This they have but just begun to find. In some places the company843 saw little bits844 of paintings845 on the walls846; but847 they are taken away presently after they are found. It is supposed, that the workmen848 are at present got no farther than the suburbs849 of the town,850 in this part851 of their search852; having853 met with no grand buildings,854 unless the two last-mention’d855 should prove to be such. But the theatre856 (which is mention’d by the writer of the letter as most worth seeing)857 is about half a quarter of a mile from the place,858 where the company859 first went down. The company860 therefore now re-ascended, and walked thither. A very good view may be had861 of this theatre,862 even without descending under-ground863; for,864 over the seats,865 a very large well is dug866 through the ground,867 and through the lava868; the diameter869 of which well870 may be perhaps 15 or 20 feet; and the depth871 of it about 60 feet; and the sides872 of it are all smoothed and873 white-washed874: so875 that it lets in a very strong light876; and a person877 may look down from the top,878 and879 have a very good view880 of the seats881: but882 no one883 can see the whole884 of it, without going down underground,885 which886 this party887 therefore did. They perceived, that a passage888 had been cleared all round the outside wall889 of it; which appears to have been plaistered,890 and painted with pillars,891 and892 other kinds893 of ornaments894; most895 of which are taken away. They walked all round the corridor896 on the inside,897 which led to the seats.898 It is here899 totally cleared of the lava900; and they could see the arched roof901; which is plaister’d.902 This corridor903 was lined and904 paved with marble905; but906 it is now all907 taken away. There are 25 rows908 of seats,909 all910 of stone.911 There is a pretty wide space912 of them, cleared quite down to the bottom913;so914 that a very perfect view915 may be had of them. The door-ways916 are also all917 cleared; and likewise the little stair-cases,918 8 or 10 in number,919 which led to these seats.920 But part921 of the arena922 remains not yet cleared. This whole building923 seems to be perfectly intire924;and925 nothing926 appears to be APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 223 thrown out of its place.927 It is imagined, that it served both for a the- atre928 and an amphitheatre.929 There does not appear to have been any covering930 over the seats.931 It was in the niches932 of the corridor933 of it, that almost all934 the fine statues935 were found. The writer of the letter observes,936 that “the notion937 of this the- atre’s938 being full, when the eruption939 happened, and that the people940 had not time941 to escape,” was probably groundless; because no dead bodies942 have been found in it. To which is added943 another reason944 for judging, that the destruction945 of the city946 was not absolutely sud- den; which is, the small quantity947 of riches948 hitherto found in it; as well as a very small number of bodies949 and bones,950 not amounting, in all,951 to above 20 skeletons,952 if so many. And953 one954 very extraordinary instance955 is alleged956 in support957 of this958 opinion,959 “that they had at least some “notice”960; however short it might be. A skeleton961 was found in a door-way,962 in a running attitude963; with one964 arm965 extended, which appeared to have had a bag966 of money967 in the hand968 of it: for969 the lava970 had taken so exact an impression971 of the man,972 that there was a hole973 under the hand974 of the extended arm975; which hole976 was apparently the impression977 of the bag,978 and several pie- ces979 of silver coin980 were found in it. This man981 therefore must have had notice982 enough of the danger,983 to endeavour to secure984 his treasurer; tho’ he985 must have been, as986 is remark’d, instantaneously encompassed987 with liquid fire,988 in attempting it. No manuscripts989 have yet been found; but990 they have met with some few inscriptions991 on marble,992 tho’993 none, that are of any consequence,994 or995 serve to give new light996 in any point997 of antiquity.998 The labour999 of clearing the place1000 is performed by slaves,1001 who work chained together, two and two.1002 The curiosities1003 taken out of it are deposited at a palace1004 of the king’s,1005 at Portici; and fill several rooms1006 there. The finest of them are the statues.1007 There is an exceedingly beauti- ful1008 one,1009 in white marble,1010 of Balbus,1011 on horseback1012; which stands in a portico of the palace,1013 and is a most justly admired1014 performance.1015 It is quite intire1016; and the horse1017 is reckoned the finest piece1018 of work1019 of that kind.1020 The other statues1021 are not yet put up. There are many of them1022; some1023 in marble,1024 some1025 in bronze,1026 and1027 almost all of them1028 fine. Particularly, one1029 of Agrippina1030; also1031 a figure1032 of a woman,1033 with a dejected 224 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES countenance1034; which is the most expressive of sorrow,1035 inno- cence,1036 modesty,1037 and diffidence,1038 that it is1039 possible to con- ceive.1040 Some of the bronze statues1041 are remarkable for having a sort of enamelled eyes1042 put into them; but1043 the whites1044 of them look very shocking. The marble, that has been found, is very fine, and1045 of various sorts1046; and1047 the king1048 has made most beautiful1049 tables1050 of it. The writer1051 proceeds next to give some account1052 of the paint- ings,1053 and observes, that, to1054 speak the truth,1055 much1056 the greatest part1057 of them are but a very few degrees1058 better than what you will see upon an alehouse-wall.1059 They are all painted on plaister,1060 which has been very carefully separated from the wall,1061 in as large pieces as might be done. These pieces are now framed; and there are above 1500 of them, but not above 20, that are tolerable. The best of them are 3 large pieces1062; one1063 of which is a sort of history-piece, containing 4 figures, that have some expression in their faces; but1064 even these best, if they were modern performances,1065 would hardly be thought worthy of a place1066 in a garret.1067 There are about a dozen1068 little pieces,1069 of women1070 dancing, centaurs,1071 &c. the attitudes1072 of which are very genteel, and the drawing1073 pretty1074; but1075 the shading1076 is terrible daubing.1077 The colouring,1078 that has been so much talk’d1079 of, is1080 allow’d1081 to be surprisingly fresh, and well preserv’d,1082 considering how long it has been done; but1083 the painters1084 of them seem to have been masters1085 of only a very few simple colours,1086 and those not very good ones.1087 The red1088 is the brightest1089 and best.1090 The lava1091 was found sticking on to all the painting1092; which, as some think, has helped to preserve it. The paint is liable to be rubbed off1093;to1094 prevent which inconvenience,1095 they have slightly varnished it. The designs1096 of the greatest part1097 of these paintings1098 are so strange1099 and1100 uncouth, that it is difficult,1101 and1102 almost impossible, to guess what was aimed at. A vast deal1103 of it looks like such Chinese borders1104 and1105 ornaments, as we see painted upon skreens.1106 There are great numbers1107 of little figures,1108 dancing upon ropes,1109 some few small bad landscapes1110; and some very odd pie- ces,1111 either emblematical, or perhaps only the painter’s1112 whim. Of which last1113 the writer1114 gives two specimens1115; one,1116 of a grasshopper1117 driving a parrot1118; the other, of a vast great head, in the APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 225 midst of what seems to have been intended for a green field1119 encom- pass’ed with an hedge. All the paintings1120 are either upon black1121 or red grounds1122: and1123 such, that the writer cannot help suspecting, that it is their antiquity1124 alone, that has recommended them to their admirers,1125 and atoned,1126 in their eyes,1127 for all their blemishes1128 and1129 defects1130; and1131 professes1132 great amazement1133 at the accounts,1134 which have been sent to England concerning them.1135 1136Then follows a little sort of inventory1137 of things1138 found in this subterraneous town1139; kitchen-furniture,1140 in abundance,1141 in iron1142 and1143 in copper1144; apparently answering the same pur- poses,1145 for which we now use them, tho’ a little different in shape1146; vast numbers1147 of lamps,1148 both earthen1149 and copper1150; locks,1151 hinges, &c.1152 Aloaf1153 of bread,1154 almost burnt to a coal,1155 with the baker’s1156 name upon it. Some beans1157 and barley.1158 A fishing-net,1159 burnt quite black; but yet hanging, together, so that one1160 may plainly see the meshes,1161 and what the thing has been. Some urns1162 and tri- pods,1163 in bronze,1164 chased in a very neat and1165 curious manner1166; the chasing1167 in silver.1168 Some busts.1169 A good many small fig- ures,1170 and medals1171; but the king1172 is so choice of these last, that they are not to be seen,1173 tho’ said to be not very curious. All the coin,1174 which they have found, has been silver.1175 There are a few good intaglio’s and cameo’s.1176 There is a pair1177 of bracelets,1178 which were found on the wrist1179 of a skeleton1180; also1181 a few ear-rings,1182 and some rings.1183 The king1184 has laid down, in the rooms1185 at Portici, several of the mosaic pavements,1186 that were found at Herculaneum. The designs1187 of them are, pretty enough, but not uncommon. They are, chiefly, black and white1188 marble1189; and very small squares.1190 They are laid in a cement,1191 but so clumsily, that the pieces1192 do not touch at all; and1193 the same thing was observ’d1194 at Herculaneum.1195 The king is now employing a person1196 to take drawings1197 of all the statues,1198 and1199 principal paintings1200 with an intent1201 to publish them, together with an account1202 of Herculaneum.1203 The statues cannot1204 be made to appear more beautiful1205 than they really are1206: but1207 the writer1208 imagines the world1209 will be vastly deceived with regard to the paint- ings.1210 For1211 the man1212 is a very nice drawer1213;and1214 has also managed the colouring1215 to advantage1216; so that he has made exceedingly pretty things, from originals,1217 which are miserable 226 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES daubings.1218 The company having seen the drawings1219 first, were extremely disappointed, when they afterwards came to view the origi- nals.1220 It is likewise proposed to make a plan1221 of the town,1222 by measuring all the walls,1223 which they find, and taking all the angles1224; and thus, in some degree,1225 to compensate for the omission1226 of laying it all open.1227

Extract of a Letter from Signor Camillo Paderni, to Dr. Mead, concerning the Antiquities dug up from the antient Herculaneum, dated from Naples, Nov. 18, 1752. Translated from the Italian.1228

Camillo Paderni THE things, of which I have the charge, are many, and1229 extraordi- nary1230; consisting of1231 Metals1232; that is, bronzes,1233 silver1234 and gold1235 of all kinds, of excellent workmanship. Beautiful1236 cameo’s and1237 intaglio’s.1238 Glass of all sorts. Various productions of the earth1239; such as, grain, beans, figs, dates, nuts, pistachio’s,1240 almonds, rice, bread. Colours for painting.1241 Medicines in pills, and other forms, with their marks.1242 A phial of oil. Gold lace, perfectly well preserved, and extremely curious, on account of its being made with massy gold, spun out, without any silk, or other yarn. Soap, bran, and a variety of other things, which it were tedious here to enumerate1243; but there will be a relation of the whole published, which I shall immediately send to you1244; as I hope you have received the book of Monseigneur Bajardi, already sent, altho of little significance*.1245 It is not a month ago, that there have been found many volumes of papirus,1246 but turn’d to a sort of charcoal,1247 so brittle,1248 that, being touched,1249 it falls readily into ashes. Nevertheless, by his majesty’s1250 orders, I have made many trials to open them, but all to no purpose1251; excepting some words1252 §,1253 which I have picked out intire, where there are divers bits,1254 by which it appears in what manner the whole was written. The form of the characters, made with a very black tincture, that overcomes the darkness of the charcoal,1255 I shall here,1256 to oblige you, imitate in two short lines; my fidelity to the king not permitting me to send you any more. APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 227

N. ALTERIUS. DULC DEM. CURIS. CRUDE

This is the size and shape of the characters. In this bit there are eight lines. There are other bits with many other words; which are all preserved in order for their publication. There have been found likewise very lately three beautiful statues of marble, and one of them excellent: Six heads of bronze, of which there is one, that gives hopes of finding the statue it belongs to. It is a young Hercules, of a kind of work, that has no fellow in the way of metal, having the hair finished in a surprising manner. Likewise several little figures of metal; a sistrum very neat and well preserved; and there is not a day passes, in which they do not bring to me some curiosities newly found.1257

Copy of a Letter from a Learned Gentleman of Naples, Dated February 25 1755, concerning the Books and Antient Writings dug out of the Ruins of an Edifice Near the Site of the Old City of Herculaneum; to Monsignor Cerati, of Pisa, F.R.S. sent to Mr. Baker, F.R.S. and by him communicated; with a Translation by John Locke, Esq; F.R.S.1258

Henry Baker and John Locke IN obedience to your commands,1259 I send you the best account I can of the writings. You must know then, that within1260 two years last past,1261 in a chamber of a house, (or more properly speaking, of an antient villa,1262 for by many marks it is certainly known, that the place, where they are now digging, was never covered with buildings, but was in the middle of a garden), there has been1263 found a great quantity of rolls,1264 about half1265 a palm1266 long and,1267 round; which appeared like roots1268 of wood, all black,1269 and seeming to be only of1270 one piece. One of them falling on the ground, it broke in the middle, and1271 many letters were observed, by which it was first known, that the rolls1272 were of papyrus.1273 The number of these rolls,1274 as I am told, were about 150, of different sizes. They were in wooden cases, which are so much burnt, as are all the things made of wood, that they cannot be recovered. The rolls1275 however are hard, though each appears like one piece. Our king1276 has caused infinite pains to be taken to unroll them, and read them; but all attempts were in vain1277; only1278 by slitting some of them, some words were observed. At length Signor Assemani,1279 being come a 228 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES second time to Naples, proposed to the king to send for one father Antonio, a writer at the Vatican, as the only man1280 in the world, who could undertake this difficult affair. It is incredible to imagine what this man contrived and executed. He made a machine, with which, (by the means of certain threads, which being gummed, stuck to the back part of the papyrus,1281 where there was no writing), he begins, by degrees, to pull, while with a sort of ingraver’s1282 instrument he loosens one leaf from the other (which is the most difficult part of all), and1283 then makes a sort of lining to the back of the papyrus,1284 with exceeding thin leaves of onion1285 (if I mistake not),1286 and with some spirituous liquor, with which he wets the papyrus,1287 by little and1288 little he unfolds it. All this labour cannot be well comprehended without seeing. With patience superior to what a man can imagine, this good father1289 has unrolled a pretty large piece of papyrus,1290 the worst preserved, by way of trial.1291 It is found to be the work of a Greek writer, and1292 is a small philosophic tract1293 (in Plutarch’s manner)1294 on music1295; blameing1296 it as per- nicious to society,1297 and1298 productive of softness and effeminacy.1299 It does not discourse of the art of music.1300 The1301 beginning is want- ing,1302 but it is to be hoped, that the author’s1303 name may be found at the end1304:it1305 seems however to be the work of a stoic philoso- pher1306; because Zeno1307 is much commended. The papyrus1308 is written across in so many columns, every one of about twenty lines, and1309 every line is the third1310 of a palm1311 long.1312 Between1313 column and1314 column is a void space of more than an inch.1315 There are now unrolled about*1316 thirty1317 columns; which is about a half of the whole1318; this roll1319 being one of the smallest1320: the letters1321 are distinguishable enough. Father Antonio,1322 after he has loosened a piece, takes it off where there are no letters1323; and1324 places it between two crystals for the better observation; and then, having an admirable talent in imitating characters,1325 he copies it with all the lacunae,1326 which are very numerous in this scorched papyrus1327; and1328 gives this copy1329 to the Canon Mazzocchi,1330 who tries to supply the loss, and explain it. The letters1331 are capital1332 ones, and1333 almost without any abbreviation. The worst is, the work takes up so much time, that a small quantity of writing requires five or six1334 days to unroll, so that a whole year is already consumed about half this roll.1335 The lacunae, for the most part, are of one or two words, that may be supplied by the context. As soon as this roll is finished, they will begin a Latin one. There are some so voluminous, and the papyrus1336 so fine, that unrolled they would take up an hundred1337 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 229 palms space. They tell me, that some of the Latin ones are in a running hand; which confirms the opinion of the Marquis1338Maffei,1339 “That the character, by us absurdly called Gothic and Lumbard,1340 is the antient running-hand, corrupted by time.” However, I have not seen any of these last. The curiosity1341 of these papyri1342 is, that there is no little staff of wood, on which they were rolled.1343 Thus I have told you all,1344 that I know, concerning these papyri.1345 We may comfort ourselves, that the affair1346 is in good hands; being under the care1347 and conduct1348 of so learned an antiquarian,1349 as the Canonico Mazzocchi, and of this able and1350 adroit Father Antonio.1351

An Extract of a letter written by the Magistrates of the City of Mascali, in Sicily, and sent from their public Office to Naples, concerning a late Eruption of Mount Etna. Translated from the Italian.1352

Anonymous

Mascali, March 12, 1755 ON sunday the ninth of this March,1353 about noon,1354 Mount AEtna began to cast from its mouth a great quantity of flame and1355 smoke,1356 with a most horrible noise. At four of the clock on the same day the air became totally dark, and covered with black clouds1357; and1358 at six a shower of stones, each of which weighed about three ounces, began to fall,1359 not only all over the city of Mascali, and1360 its territory, but all over the neighbourhood. This shower continued till a quarter after seven; so1361 that by the darkness of the air, the fall of stones, and the horrible eructations of the mountain, the day of judgment seemed to some to be at hand. After the stones had ceased falling,1362 there succeeded a shower of black sand, which continued all the remainder of the night. The next morning, which was monday, at eight of the clock there sprung from the bottom of the mountain,1363 as it were,1364 a river of water, which,1365 in the space of half a quarter of an hour, not only overflowed to a considerable distance the rugged land, that is near the foot of the hill, but,1366 upon the waters sud- denly going off, levelled all the roughness and1367 inequalities of the surface, and1368 made the whole a large plain of sand. A country fellow, who was present at so strange a sight, had the curiosity to touch this water, and1369 thereby scalded the end of his fingers. The stones and1370 sand, which remain where-ever1371 the inundation of the water reached, differ in nothing from the stones and1372 the sand of the sea, and have even the same saltness. 230 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

This account, however fabulous it appears, is most exactly true. After the water had done flowing, there sprung from the same opening a small stream offire, which lasted for twenty-four1373 hours. On Tuesday,1374 about a mile below this opening, there arose another stream of fire, which being in breadth about 400 feet,1375 like a river, began to overflow the adjoining fields, and actually continues with the same course, having extended itself about two miles, and seeming to threaten the neighbourhood. We remain therefore in the greatest fear and terror,1376 and1377 in continual prayers.

An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna, in a Letter from the Honourable William Hamilton, His Majesty’s Envoy Extraordinary at Naples,toMathew Maty, M.D. Sec. R.S.1378

William Hamilton

Naples, Oct. 17, 1769. SIR, ENCOURAGED by the assurances yougiveme, in your last obliging let- ter1379 of the 15th of June, that any new communication upon the sub- ject1380 of volcano’s1381 would1382 be received1383 with satisfaction by the1384Royal Society,1385 I venture to send you the following account of my late observations upon Mount Etna, which you are at liberty to lay before our1386 respectable Society, should1387 you think it worth its notice. After having examined with much attention the operations of Mount Vesuvius, during the five years,1388 that I have had the honour of residing as his majesty’s1389 minister1390 at this court,1391 and after having carefully remarked the nature of the soil1392 for fifteen miles1393 round this capi- tal,1394 I am, in my own mind, well convinced, that the whole of it has been formed by explosion.1395 Many of the craters,1396 from whence this matter has issued, are still visible; such as the Salfaterra near Puzzole, the lake1397 of Agnano, and near this lake a mountain composed of burnt matter, that has a very large crater surrounded with a wall to inclose the wild boars,1398 and deer,1399 that are kept there for the diversion of his1400 Sicilian majesty1401;it is called1402 Astruni: the1403 Monte Nuovo thrown up from the bottom of the lucrine lake1404 in the year 1538, which has likewise its crater,1405 and the lake1406 of Averno. The islands1407 of Nisida and Procida are entirely1408 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 231 composed of burnt matter; the island of Ischia is likewise composed of lava,1409 pumice, and burnt matter; and there are in that island1410 several visible craters,1411 from one of which, no longer ago than the year1412 1303, there issued a lava1413 which ran into the sea, and is still in the same barren state as the modern lavas1414 of Vesuvius. After having, I say, been accus- tomed1415 to these observations, I was well prepared to visit the most ancient, and perhaps the most considerable volcano1416 that exists; and I had the satisfaction of being thoroughly convinced there, of the formation of very considerable mountains by meer explosion,1417 having seen many such on the side of Etna, as will be related hereafter. On the 24th of June last, in the afternoon, I left Catania, a town1418 situated at the foot of mount1419Etna, or as it is now called1420Mon Gibello,1421 in company with lord Fortrose and the canonico Recupero, an ingenious priest1422 of Catania, who is the only person there, that is acquainted with the mountain1423: he is actually employed in writing its natural history,1424 but I fear will not be able to compare so great and useful an undertaking, for want of proper encouragement. We passed through the inferior district of the mountain1425 called1426 by its inhabitants La Regione Piemontese.1427 It1428 is well watered,1429 exceedingly fertile and abounding with vines,1430 and other fruit trees,1431 where the lava,1432 or, as it is called there, the Sciara,1433 has had time to soften and gather soil sufficient for vegetation, which I am convinced from many observations, unless assisted by art, does not come to pass for many ages, perhaps a thousand years or more; the circuit1434 of this lower region,1435 forming the basis, of the great volcano,1436 is upwards of one hundred Italian miles.1437 The vines of Etna are kept low, quite the reverse of those on the borders of Vesuvius, and they produce a stronger wine, but not in so great abundance. The Piemontese district is covered1438 with towns,1439 villages,1440 monasteries,1441 &c. and is well peopled, notwithstanding the danger of such a situation.1442Catania, so often destroyed by eruptions1443 of Etna, and totally overthrown by an earth- quake1444 towards the end of the last century,1445 has been re-built1446 within these fifty years, and is now a considerable town, with at least thirty- five1447 thousand inhabitants. I do not wonder at the seeming security, with which these parts are inhabited, having been so long witness to the same near mount1448Vesuvius. The operations of nature are slow; great eruptions1449 do not frequently happen, each flatters himself it will not happen in his time, or if it should,1450 that his tutelar saint1451 will turn away the destructive lava1452 from his grounds; then indeed the great 232 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES fertility in the neighbourhoods of volcanos1453 tempts people to inhabit them. In about four hours of gradual ascent we arrived at a little convent1454 of benedectine monks,1455 called1456 St. Nicolo dell’Arena,1457 about thir- teen miles1458 from Catania, and within a mile of the volcano1459 from whence issued the last very great eruption in the year 1669, a circumstantial account of which was sent to our court1460 by a lord Winchelsea,1461 who happened1462 to be then at Catania in his way home, from his embassy1463 at Constantinople.1464 His lordship’s account is curious, and was printed in London soon after; I saw a copy of it at Palermo, in the library of the prince Torremuzzo*.1465 We slept in the benedectine convent1466 the night of the 24th,1467 and passed the next morning in observing the ravage made by the abovementioned terrible eruption,1468 over the rich country1469 of the Piemontese.1470 The1471 lava burnt out of a vineyard1472 within a mile of St. Nicolo’, and by frequent explosions1473 of stones1474 and ashes,1475 raised there a mountain,1476 which, as near as I can judge, having ascended it, is not less than half a mile perpendicular in height, and is certainly at least three miles in circumference at its basis. The lava1477 that ran from it, and on which there are as yet no signs of vegetation,1478 is fourteen miles in length, and in many parts six in breadth1479; it reached Catania,1480 and destroyed part of its walls,1481 buried an amphitheatre, an aqueduct,1482 and many other monuments of its ancient grandeur, which, till then, had resisted the hand of time; and ran a considerable length into the sea,1483 so as to have once formed a beautiful1484 and safe harbour; but it was soon after filled up by a fresh torrent of the same inflamed matter, a circumstance the Catanians lament to this day, as they are without a port.1485 There has been no such eruption1486 since, though1487 there are signs of many, more terrible, that have preceded it. For two or three miles1488 round the mountain1489 raised by this eruption,1490 all is barren, and covered1491 with ashes1492; this ground, as well as the mountain1493 itself will in time certainly be as fertile as many other mountains in its neighbourhood, that have been likewise formed by explosion.1494 If1495 the dates of these explosions could1496 be ascertained, it would1497 be very curious, and mark the progress of time with respect to the return of vegetation,1498 as the mountains1499 raised by them are in different states; those (which I imagine to be the most modern) are cov- ered1500 with ashes only; others of an older date, with small plants and herbs, and the most antient, with the largest timber1501 trees I ever saw; but I believe the latter are so very ancient, as to be far out of the reach of APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 233 history.1502 At the foot of the mountain1503 raised by the eruption1504 of the year 1669, there is a hole, through which, by means of a rope, we descended into several subterraneous caverns, branching out and extend- ing much farther and deeper than we chose to venture, the cold there being excessive, and a violent wind frequently extinguishing some of our tor- ches.1505 These caverns undoubtedly contained1506 the lava1507 that issued forth and extended, as I said before, quite to Catania. There are many of these subterraneous1508 cavities1509 known, on other parts of Etna1510; such as that,1511 called1512 by the peasants,1513La Baracca Vecchia,1514 another La Spelonca della Palomba1515 (from the wild pidgeons1516 building their nests therein),1517 and the Cavern Thalia,1518 men- tioned1519by Boccaccio.1520 Some of them are made use of as magazi- nes1521 for snow1522; the whole island1523 of Sicily and Malta being supplied with this essential article1524 (in a hot climate) from mount1525Etna; many more would be found, I dare say, if searched for, particularly near and under the craters from whence great lavas have issued, as the immense quantities of such matter we see above ground must necessarily suppose very great hollows underneath. After having passed the morning of the 25th in these observations, we proceeded through the second,1526 or middle region1527 of Etna, called1528La Selvosa, the woody,1529 than which nothing can be more beautiful.1530 On1531 every side are mountains,1532 or fragments of mountains,1533 that have been thrown up by various ancient explo- sions1534; there are some near, as high as mount1535Vesuvius, one in particular, (as the canon1536 our guide1537 assured me, having measured it) is little less than one mile in perpendicular height, and five in circumference at its basis.1538 They1539 are all more or less covered,1540 even within their craters,1541 as well as the rich valleys1542 between them, with the largest oak,1543 chestnut,1544 and firr trees,1545 I every saw any where; and indeed it is from hence chiefly, that his1546 Sicilian majesty’s1547 dock-yards1548 are supplied with timber.1549 As this part of Etna was famous for its tim- ber1550 in the time of the tyrants1551 of Syracusa, and as it requires the great length of time I have already mentioned1552 before the1553 matter is fit for vegetation,1554 we may conceive the great age1555 of this respectable volcano.1556 The chestnut-trees1557 predominated in the parts through which we passed, and, though1558 of a very great size, are not to be compared to some on another part of the Regione Selvosa, called Carpinetto.1559 I have been told by many, and particularly by our guide,1560 who had measured the largest there, called La Castagna di 234 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

Cento Cavalli,1561 that it is upwards of twenty-eight1562 Neapolitan canes1563 in circumference.1564 Now1565 as a Neapolitan cane1566 is two yards1567 and half a quarter, English measure, you1568 may judge,1569 sir,1570 of the immense size of this famous tree.1571 It1572 is hollow from age,1573 but there is another near it almost as large and sound1574;asit would1575 have required a journey of two days to have visited this extraordinary tree,1576 and the weather being already very hot, I did not see it. It is amazing to me that trees1577 should1578 flourish in so shallow a soil,1579 for they cannot penetrate deep without meeting with a rock of lava,1580 and indeed great part of the roots of the large trees1581 we passed by are above ground, and have acquired, by the impression of the air,1582 a bark like that of their branches. In this part of the mountain,1583 are the finest horned cattle1584 in Sicily1585; we remarked in general that the horns of the Sicilian cattle1586 are near twice the size of any we had ever seen1587; the cattle themselves are of the common size. We passed by the lava1588 of the last eruption1589 in the year 1766,1590 which has destroyed1591 above four miles square of the beautiful1592 wood1593 abovementioned. The mountain1594 raised by this eruption1595 abounds with sulphur1596 and salts,1597 exactly resembling those of Vesuvius, specimens of which I sent some time ago to the late lord Morton. In about five hours from the time we had left the convent1598 of St. Nicolo dell’Arena, we arrived at the borders of the third region,1599 called1600La Netta, or Scoperta, clean or uncovered,1601 where we found a very sharp air indeed; so that in the same day, the four seasons1602 of the year were sensibly felt by us, on this mountain1603; excessive1604 summer1605 heats1606 in the Piemontese,1607 spring and autumn temperature in the middle,1608 and extreme cold of winter in the upper region.1609 I could1610 perceive, as we approached the latter, a gradual decrease of vegetation,1611 and from large timber trees1612 we came to the smaller shrubs1613 and plants of the northern climates1614; I observed quantities of juniper1615 and tanzey1616; our guide1617 told us, that later in the season1618 there are numberless curious plants here, and that in some parts there are rhubarb1619 and saffron1620 in plenty. In Carrera’s history of Catania,1621 there is a list of all the plants and herbs of Etna, in alphabetical order.1622 Night coming on, we here pitched a tent and made a good fire,1623 which was very necessary, for without it, and very warm cloathing, we should1624 surely have perished with cold and at one of the clock1625 in the morning of the 26th, we pursued our journey towards the great crater.1626 We passed over valleys of snow1627 that never melts, except there is an APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 235 eruption1628 of lava1629 from the upper crater,1630 which scarcely ever happens1631; the great eruptions are usually from the middle region,1632 the inflamed matter finding (as I suppose) its passage through some weak part, long before it can rise to the excessive height of the upper region,1633 the great mouth on the summit1634 only serving as a common chimney1635 to the volcano.1636 In many places the snow1637 is covered1638 with a bed of ashes,1639 thrown out of the crater,1640 and the sun1641 melting it in some parts makes this ground treacherous; but as we had with us, besides our guide,1642 a peasant1643 well accustomed1644 to these valleys,1645 we arrived safe at the foot of the little mountain1646 of ashes1647 that crowns1648Etna, about an hour before the rising of the sun.1649 This mountain1650 is situated in a gently inclining plain, of about nine miles circumference1651; it is about a quarter of a mile perpendicular in height, very steep, but not quite so steep as Vesuvius; it has been thrown up within these 25 or 30 years, as many people at Catania have told me they remembered1652 when there was only a large chasm1653 or crater,1654 in the midst of the abovementioned plain. Till now the ascent had been so gradual (for the top of Etna is not less than thirty miles from Catania, from whence the ascent begins) as not to have been the least fatiguing; and if it had not been for the snow, we might have rode upon our mules to the very foot of the little mountain, higher than which the canon1655 our guide1656 had never been1657: but as I saw that this little mountain1658 was composed in the same manner as the top of Vesuvius, which, notwithstanding the smoak issuing from every pore, is solid and firm, I made no scruple of going up to the edge of the crater,1659 and my companions followed.1660 The steep ascent, the keenness of the air,1661 the vapours1662 of the sul- phur1663 and the violence of the wind, which obliged us several times to throw ourselves flat upon our faces to avoid being over-turned1664 by it, made this latter part of our expedition rather inconvenient and disagree- able. Our guide,1665 by way of comfort, assured us that there was generally much more wind in the upper region1666 at this time. Soon after we had seated ourselves on the highest point of Etna, the sun1667 arose and displayed1668 a scene1669 that indeed passes all descrip- tion. The horizon lighting up by degrees, we discovered1670 the greatest part of Calabria, and the sea1671 on the other side of1672 it1673; the1674Phare of Messina, the Lipari Islands, Stromboli with its smoaking top, though1675 at above seventy1676 miles distance, seemed1677 to be just under our feet1678;we1679 saw the whole island1680 of Sicily, its rivers,1681 towns,1682 harbours,1683 &c. as if we had been looking on a map.1684 The 236 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES island1685 of Malta is low ground, and there was a haziness in that part of the horizon, so that we could1686 not discern it1687; our guide1688 assured us he had seen it distinctly at other times, which I can believe, as in other parts of the horizon, that were not hazy, we saw to a much greater dis- tance; besides, we had a clear view of Etna’s top from our ship1689 as we were going into the mouth of the harbour of Malta some weeks before; in short, as I have once measured on a good chart,1690 we took in at one view a circle of above nine hundred English miles. The pyramidal shadow1691 of the mountain1692 reached1693 across the whole island1694 and far into the sea1695 on the other side. I counted from hence forty-four1696 little moun- tains1697 (little I call them in comparison of their mother Etna, though1698 they would1699 appear great any where else) in the middle region1700 on the Catania side, and many others on the other side of the mountain,1701 all of a conical1702 form, and each having its crater1703; many with timber trees1704 flourishing both within and without their craters.1705 The1706 points of those mountains,1707 that I imagine to be the most ancient, are blunted, and the craters of course more extensive and less deep than those of the moun- tains1708 formed by explosions1709 of a later date, and which preserve their pyramidal form entire. Some have been so far mouldered1710 down by time as to have no other appearance of a crater than a sort of dimple or hollow on their rounded tops, others with only half or a third part of their cone standing1711; the parts that are wanting having mouldered1712 down, or perhaps been detached from them by earthquakes,1713 which are here very frequent. All however have been evidently raised by explosion1714; and I believe, upon examination, many of the whimsical shapes of mountains in other parts of the world would1715 prove to have been occasioned1716 by the same natural operations. I observed that these mountains1717 were generally in lines or ridges; they have mostly a fracture on one side, the same as in the little mountains1718 raised by explosion1719 on the sides of Vesuvius, of which there are eight or nine. This fracture is occasioned1720 by the lava’s1721 forcing its way out, which operation I have described in my account of the last eruption of Vesuvius. Whenever I shall meet with a mountain, in any part of the world,1722 whose form is regularly conical,1723 with a hollow crater1724 on its top, and one side broken, I shall be apt to decide such a mountain’s1725 having been formed by an eruption,1726 as both on Etna and Vesuvius the mountains formed by explosion1727 are without exception according to this description; but to return to my narrative. APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 237

After having feasted our eyes with the glorious prospect above-mentioned1728 (for1729 which, as Spartian1730 tells us, the emperorAdrian was at the trouble of ascending Etna),1731 we1732 looked into the great crater,1733 which, as near as we could1734 judge, is about two miles and a half in circumference; we did not think it safe to go round and measure it, as some parts seem’d1735 to be very tender ground.1736 The inside of the crater, which is incrusted with salts1737 and sulphurs1738 like that of Vesuvius, is in the form of an inverted hollow cone,1739 and its depth nearly answers to the height of the little mountain that crowns the great volcano.1740 The1741 smoak, issuing abundantly from the sides and bottom, prevented our seeing quite down; but the wind clearing away the smoak from time to time, I saw this inverted cone contracted almost to a point; and, from repeated obser- vations, I dare say, that in all volcanos,1742 the depth of the craters1743 will be found to correspond nearly to the height of the conical mountains1744 of cinders1745 which usually crown them1746: in short, I look upon the cratersas [sic]1747 a sort of suspended funnels,1748 under which are vast caverns1749 and abysses.1750 The1751 formation of such conical mountains1752 with their craters1753 are easily accounted for, by the fall of the stones,1754 cinders,1755 and ashes,1756 emitted at the time of an eruption.1757 The smoak of Etna, though very sulphureous, did not appear to me so fetid and disagreeable as that of Vesuvius1758; but our guide1759 told me that its quality varies, as I know that of Vesuvius does, according to the quality of the matter then in motion within. The air was so very pure and keen in the whole upper region1760 of Etna, and particularly in the most elevated parts of it, that we had a difficulty in respiration, and that, independent of the sulphureous vapour.1761 I brought two barometers1762 and a thermometer1763 with me from Naples, intending to have left one with a person at the foot of the mountain, whilst we made our observations with the other, at sun1764 rising, on the summit1765; but one barometer1766 was unluckily spoilt at sea,1767 and I could1768 find no one expert enough at Catania to repair it; what is extraordinary, I do not recollect having seen a barometer1769 in any part of Sicily.1770 At1771 the foot of Etna, the 24th, when we made our first obser- vation, the quicksilver1772 stood at 27 degrees 4 lines, and the 26th, at the most elevated point of the volcano, it was at 18 degrees 10 lines. The ther- mometer,1773 on the first observation at the foot of the mountain1774 was at 84 degrees, and on the second at the crater at 56. The weather1775 had not changed in any respect, and was equally fine and clear, the 24th and 26th. We found it difficult to manage our barometer1776 in the extreme cold and high wind on the top of Etna1777; but from the most exact observations we 238 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES could1778 make, in our circumstances, the result was as abovementioned.1779 The canon1780 assured me, that the perpendicular height of mount1781Etna is something more than three Italian miles,1782 and I verily believe it is so. After having passed at least three hours on the crater,1783 we1784 des- cended and went to a rising ground,1785 about a mile distant from the upper mountain1786 we had just left, and saw there some remains of the foundation of an ancient1787 building1788; it is of brick, and seems to have been ornamented with white marble,1789 many fragments of which are scattered1790 about.1791 It1792 is called the Philosopher’s Tower1793 and is said to have been inhabited by Empedocles. As the ancients1794 used to sacrifice to the celestial gods1795 on the top of Etna, it may very well be the ruin of a temple1796 that served for that purpose.1797 From hence we went a little further over the inclined plain abovementioned,1798 and saw the evident marks of a dreadful torrent1799 of hot water that came out of the great crater1800 at the time of an eruption1801 of lava1802 in the year 1755,1803 and upon which phaenomenon the canonico1804Recupero, our guide,1805 has published a dissertation.1806 Luckily1807 this torrent1808 did not take its course1809 over the inhabited parts of the mountain,1810 as a like accident on mount1811Vesuvius in 1631 swept away some towns and villages1812 in its neighbourhood, with thousands of their inhabitants. The common received opinion is, that these eruptions1813 of water1814 proceed from the volcanos1815 having a communication with the sea1816; but I rather believe them to proceed merely from depositions of rain water in some of the inward cavities of them. We likewise saw from hence the whole course of an ancient lava,1817 the most considerable as to its extent of any known here; it ran into the sea1818 near Taormina, which is not less than thirty miles from the crater1819 whence it issued, and is in many parts fifteen miles in breadth.1820 As1821 the lavas of Etna are very commonly fifteen and twenty miles in length, six1822 or seven1823 in breadth, and fifty feet or more in depth, you1824 may judge, sir,1825 of the prodigious quantities of matter emitted in a great eruption1826 of this mountain,1827 and of the vast1828 cavities1829 there, must necessarily be within its bowels. The most extensive lavas1830 of Vesuvius do not exceed seven1831 miles1832 in length1833; the operations of nature on the one1834 mountain1835 and the other are certainly the same; but on mount1836Etna, all are upon a great scale. As to the nature and quality of their lavas,1837 they are much the same1838; but I think those of Etna rather blacker, and in general more porous, than those of Vesuvius.1839 In the parts of Etna that we went over APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 239

I saw no stratas1840 of pumice stones,1841 which are frequent near Vesuvius, and cover the ancient city1842 of Pompeia1843; but our guide1844 told us, that there are such in other parts of the mountain.1845 I saw some stratas1846 of what is called1847 here Tuffa,1848 it is the same that covers Herculaneum, and that composes most of the high grounds about Naples; it is upon examination a mixture of small Pumice stones, ashes, and frag- ments of lava,1849 which is1850 by time hardened1851 into a sort of stone.1852 In1853 short I found, with respect to the matter erupted, nothing on mount1854Etna that Vesuvius does not produce, and there certainly is a much greater variety in the erupted matter and lavas1855 of the latter, than of the former; both abound with pyrites1856 and crystalliza- tions,1857 or rather vitrifications.1858 The1859 sea1860 shore at the foot of Etna, indeed, abounds with amber, of which there is none found at the foot of Vesuvius. At present there is a much greater quantity of sulphur and salts1861 on the top of Vesuvius than on that of Etna1862; but this cir- cumstance varies according to the degree of fermentation within, and our guide1863 assured me he had seen greater quantities on Etna at other times. In our way back to Catania, the canon1864 shewed1865 me a little hill covered1866 with vines,1867 which belonged to the jesuits,1868 and, as is well attested, was undermined by the lava in the year 1669, and trans- ported half a mile from the place where it stood, without having damaged the vines.1869 In great eruptions1870 of Etna, the same sort of lightening, as described in my account of the last eruption1871 of Vesuvius, has been frequently seen to issue from the smoak of its great crater.1872 The1873 ancients1874 took notice of the same phaenomenon,1875 for Seneca (lib. ii. Quaest. Nat.),1876 says—“AEtna aliquando multo igne abundavit, ingentem vim arenae urentis effudit, involutus est dies pulvere, populosque subita nox terruit, illo tempore aiunt plurima fuisse tonitrua et fulmina”.1877 Till the year 252 of Christ, the chronological1878 accounts of the eruptions1879 of Etna are very imperfect1880; but as1881 the veil of St. Agatha was in that year first opposed to check the violence of the torrents of lava,1882 and has ever since been produced at the time of great erup- tions,1883 the miracles1884attributed to its influence1885 having been carefully recorded by the priests,1886 have at least preserved the dates of such eruptions.1887 The1888 relicks of St. Januarius have rendered1889 the same service to the lovers of natural history,1890 by recording the great eruptions1891 of Vesuvius. I find,1892 by the dates of the eruptions1893 of 240 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

Etna, that it is as irregular and uncertain in its operations as Vesuvius. The last eruption1894 was in 1766. On our return from Messina to Naples, we were becalmed three days in the midst of the Lipari Islands, by which we had an opportunity of seeing that they have all been evidently formed by explosion1895; one1896 of them them, called1897Vulcano,1898 is in the same state as the Solfaterra. Stromboli is a volcano, existing in all its force, and, in its form1899 of course, is the most pyramidal1900 of all the Lipari Islands; we saw it throw up red hot stones from its crater frequently, and some small streams of lava issued from its side, and ran into the sea. This volcano differs from Etna and Vesuvius, by its continually emitting fire, and seldom any lava; notwith- standing its continual explosions, this island1901 is inhabited on one side,1902 by about an hundred families. These, as well as I can recollect, are all the observations that I made with respect to volcanos,1903 in my late curious tour1904 of Sicily1905; and I shall be very happy should1906 the communication of them afford you, or any of our countrymen1907 (lovers of natural history), satisfaction or entertainment.

I am, sir, with great regard and esteem, your most obedient humble servant,1908 Wm. Hamilton.

Extract of another Letter, from Mr. Hamilton, to Dr. Maty, on the same Subject.1909

William Hamilton

Naples, March 5, 1771. SINCE I had the pleasure of sending you my letter, in which the nature of the soil of more than twenty miles round this capital is described1910; examining a deep hollow way cut by the rain waters into the outside cone of the Solfaterra, I discovered, that a great part of the cone of that ancient volcano1911 has been calcined by the hot vapours above described. Pumice APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 241 calcined seems to be the chief ingredient,1912 of which several specimens of (as I suppose) variegated uniform marble are composed, and the beautiful variegations in them may have probably been occasioned by the mineral vapours. As these specimens are now sent to the Royal Society, you will see that these variegations are exactly of the same pattern and colours as are met in many marbles and flowered alabasters1913; and I cannot help thinking that they are marble or alabaster1914 in its infant state. What a proof we have here of the great changes the earth we inhabit is subject to! What is now the Solfaterra, we have every reason to suppose, to have been originally thrown up by a subterraneous explosion from the bottom of the sea. That it was long an existing volcano, is plain, from the ancient currents of lava, that are still to be traced from its crater to the sea, from the strata of pumice and erupted matter, of which its cone, in common with those of all other volcanos, is composed, and from the testimony of many ancient authors. Its cone in many parts has been calcined, and is still calcining,1915 by the hot vapours1916 that are continually issuing forth through its pores, and its nature is totally changed by this chemical process of nature. In the hollow way, where I made these remarks, you see the different strata of erupted matter, that compose the cone in some places perfectly calcined, in others not, according as the vapours have found means to insinuate themselves more or less. A hollow way cut by the rains on the back of the mountain, on which part of Naples is situated, towards Capo di China, shews that the mountain is composed of strata of erupted matter, among which are large masses of bitumen, in which its former state of fluidity is very visible. Here it was I discovered that pumice stone is produced from bitumen, which I believe has not yet been remarked. Some specimens shew evidently the gradual process from bitumen to pumice1917; and you will observe that the crys- talline1918 vitrifications, that are visible in the bitumen,1919 suffer no alteration, but remain in the same state in the perfect pumice as in the bitumen. In a piece of stratum of pumice,1920 calcined from the outside of the Solfaterra, the form and texture of the pumice stones is1921 very discernible. In several parts of the outside cone, this calcining operation is still carried on by the exhalation of constant very hot and damp vapours, impregnated with salts, sulphur, alum, &c. Where the above-mentioned vapours have not operated, the strata of pumice and erupted matter, that compose the cone of the Solfaterra, are like those of all the high grounds in its neighbourhood, which I suppose to have been thrown up likewise by explosion. I have seen 242 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES here, half of a large piece of lava perfectly calcined, whilst the other half out of the reach of the vapours has been untouched; and in some pieces the center seems to be already converted into true marble. The variegated1922 specimens then,1923 above described, are nothing more than pumice and erupted matter,1924 after having been acted upon in this manner by the hot vapours1925; and if you consider the process, as I have traced it, from bitumen to pumice, and from pumice to marble, you will think with me that it is difficult to determine the primitive state of the many wonderful productions we see in nature. I found in the tufa1926 of the mountain of Pausilipo, a fragment of lava1927: one side I polished, to shew it to be true lava; the other shews the signs of the tufa, with which it is incorporated. It has evidently been rounded by friction, and most probably by rolling in the sea. Is it not natural then to imagine that there must have been volcanoes near this spot, long before the formation of the mountain of Pausilipo? This little stone may perhaps raise in your mind such reflections, as it did in mine, relative to the great changes our globe suffers, and the probability of its great antiquity.

Account of the Effects of a Thunder-Storm, on the 15th of March 1773, upon the House of Lord Tylneyat Naples. In a Letter from the Honourable Sir William Hamilton, Knight of the Bath, His Majesty’s Envoy Extraordinary at the Court of Naples, and F.R.S. to Mathew Maty, M.D. Sec. R.S. William Hamilton.1928

William Hamilton

Naples, March 20, 1773. SIR, On Monday last, about half past ten at night, I had the satisfaction of being one, of many witnesses, to several curious phaenomena, occasioned by the lightning having fallen on Lord Tylney’s house,1929 in this city. It was on his Lordship’s assembly night; so that most of the nobility of this country, many of the foreign ministers, foreigners of distinction, particularly English, were present at the time of the explosion; to be sure there were not less than two hundred and fifty in the apartments, and, including servants, the whole number under Lord Tylney’s roof could not be less than five hundred. The lightning passed through nine rooms, seven of which were crouded with parties at cards, or conversing; it was visible in every one, notwithstanding the quantity of candles, and has left in all, APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 243 evident marks of its passage. Many of the company were sensible of a smart stroke, like that of electricity, and some complained for several days after, of a pain they felt from that stroke, but no one received any essential hurt; a servant, indeed, of the French ambassador’s house has a black mark on his shoulder and thigh, from a stroke he received on the stair-case; and another servant, who was asleep on the same stair-case, his head reclining against the wall, had the hair entirely singed from it on that side. The confusion at the moment was, as you, Sir, may well imagine, very great: the report, which seems to have been equally heard in every room, was certainly as loud as that of a pistol; and every one flying the room they were in, thinking the danger there, met of course in the door-ways, and stopped all passage. A Polish prince, who was playing at cards, hearing the report (as he thought of a pistol), and feeling himself struck, jumped up, and, clapping his hand to his sword, put himself in a posture of defence. I was sitting on a card-table, and conversing with Monsieur de Saussure, Professor of Natural History at Geneva1930; we happened to be looking different ways, and each of us thought that the bright light and report was immediately opposite to us: and, upon enquiry, I found that every one was persuaded that the greatest explosion had been directly before him. I thought that an Indian cracker had been fired, and Monsieur de Saussure thought it the report of a pistol; but hearing, amidst other confused cries and noises, a voice saying, Un fulmine, un fulmine! we began to examine the gallery in which we were, and soon discovered that the gilding of the cornish had been affected, for in the corners, and at every junction, it was quite blackened; those that had been sitting under the cornishes were covered with the shining particles of the varnish that went over the gilding, and which was thrown off in small dust, at the moment of the explosion. There was a smell of sulphur in Lord Tylney’s apartments, but not very considerable; I thought there was more in the apartment above, which Monsieur de Saussure and I visited immediately after, and where we found the same operation had been performed on the gildings. It is very certain that the profusion of gildings, which is remarkable in this house, and the bell-wires, prevented the lightning from making more use of the company to conduct it in its course. I will endeavour to give you as clear an account as I am able, of what I saw the next morning, with Monsieur de Saussure, when we examined together, most carefully, the whole of Lord Tylney’s house; which you are at liberty to communicate to our respectable Society, if you think it worthy of its attention. There never was, I believe, an 244 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES accident of the kind, that proved more clearly, the exact similitude of lightning and the electrical fluid, in all their operations. The best apartments of this country have usually a broad cornish of lacker, or false gold, round their coved ceilings. Wood, covered with white plaister, a silvered leaf and a yellow varnish, composes this magnificent cornish; a band of the same sort, but much narrower, goes round the hangings, and down the corners, where it is double, which you will immediately comprehend, by casting your eye on the section of the gallery, marked A, of the inclosed drawing [see TAB. XIlI]. The chairs, sophas, frames of pictures, tables, &c. are usually of the same sort of gilding, at least they were so here. By sending you the dimensions of each room of Lord Tylney’s apartment, you will see on what a prodigious surface of gilding the lightning spread itself in its course; for you must add the same quantity of gilding in the apartments over Lord Tylney’s, which are of the same dimensions, as richly decorated, and as much damaged; though we remarked that Lord Tylney’s rooms that had suffered most, did not always correspond with those that suffered most in the upper apartments. Monsieur de Saussure and I began our examination, on the flat roof of the house, composed of a kind of stucco, on which there was no sign of damage; neither was there on any of the chimneys. A tin gutter, with many spouts of the same metal, projecting about three feet, is immediately under this roof, and each of the spouts is supported by a small iron rod, or cramp, inserted in the wall underneath, and above by two wires of about the size of a goose-quill, and which likewise go into the wall. We observed a wire of this sort melted; and it seems highly probable, that the lightning found its way into the house at this place. We observed also, from the roof, that, though the house stands high, it is nevertheless commanded by many cupolas, and higher buildings; which, with other circumstances, makes it highly probable, that only a portion of the lightning, the great explosion of which was heard all over Naples, had been conducted through our assembly. In the garrets under the astrico, or flat roof, we could perceive no signs of damage; under them, in the rich apartment immediately over Lord Tylney’s, and consisting of the same number of rooms, the gilding of the cornishes, bands, chairs, sophas, &c. exhibited exactly the same appearance as in Lord Tylney’s, which shall be particularly described presently. The account of the appearances at the moment of the explosion, given us by the few people that were in the apartments at the time, corresponded perfectly with what we had seen below. APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 245

Lord Tylney’s apartment consists of five rooms on a line, and four others, going off at a right angle from the fourth room of that line. The lightning seems to have entered the first room of the five towards the north, and which is under that part of the gutter where we suspected it to have entered that part of the house. The five rooms of this line are of the same breadth, 23½ feet, and the four others are I4½ feet broad. The first room is 18½ feet long. The gilt cornish of the whole apartment is in general 9½ inches broad, and the gilt band that goes round the hangings 2¾ inches in breadth. The cornish of the room is only blackened at the joints, particularly the corners, and where there was any flaw or crack in the gilding. The small bands, which appear by their colours to have conducted the lightning down from the cornish in eight different parts of this room are (as in the other rooms) 14 feet high, and these are what I shall call hereafter vertical descents, as marked in the drawing of the section of the room A. The gilding of a sopha in this room is likewise blackened. We found, that whenever a chair or sopha had been affected, it was owing to its having been, at the time of the explosion, in contact with the gilt band, and that the point of contact was continually marked by a black spot, both on the chair and band. The second room, or gallery, in which Monsieur de Saussure and I were, at the time the lightning fell, is 33½ feet long; the gilding of the cornish is much damaged, particularly on that side in contact with the bell wire. The lightning in this room had ten vertical descents, and passed over the gilding of two chairs, two sopha’s, and the frames of two marble tables, the white marble of which, at those parts which were in contact with the gilding, is tinged yellow, and such parts of the damask of the chairs and sopha’sas were in contact with the gilding, and had nails underneath, are singed. I found, upon enquiry, that, most of those who were sitting upon these particular chairs and sopha’s were sensible of a smart stroke. The third room, a section, of which. is marked A. in the drawing, is thirteen feet along, the Cornish much damaged, a sopha and two chairs damaged; nine vertical descents in this room. The fourth room is twelve feet long; the cornish is damaged, and the lightning had nine vertical descents in this room likewise, the bands being much damaged. The fifth room is twelve feet two inches long; the cornish much hurt, particularly on the side in contact with the bell wire; there are no vertical bands in this room, therefore no apparent vertical descents of the lightning. 246 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

The sixth room, which is the angle to the fourth, is much hurt in the cornish; it is fourteen feet long, and has no gilt hands. The seventh room nineteen ½ feet long; no signs of damage on the gilding of the cornish, or in any other parts of the room, except the bell wire, which was melted, and seemed alone to have conducted the whole accumulated force of' the lightning to the cornish of the next room. Eighth room; a section of which is represented in the drawing under B. The cornish being overcharged, and the lightning, finding no compleat vertical conductor, jumped from the picture frame over the door to the gilding of the door case, which gilding is six inches wide; and on one side where the gilding ended, it knocked out a piece of wood, which is likewise burnt, or rather tinged. The track of the lightning is evidently marked on the white wall, as if by the flame of a candle, black and yellow; and the same sort of tinge is visible (as represented in the drawing) on each side of the gilding of the door. We remarked that the picture over the door was the only one in the room that was in contact, or near the cornish. The ninth room is eighteen feet long; the cornish is hurt, and the lightning descended from it to a picture frame over the door, and from thence to another, which was the greatest jump that we remarked; its passage is clearly worked on the wall, as is represented in the drawing C, and the distance from one picture frame to the other is thirteen inches. It went then to the other picture frame, and down to the gilding of the door case, which is surrounded in part, having made a hole in the wall, which however it did not pierce. The lightning seems to have been much stronger in these two rooms than in any other; and, as they were servants rooms, there were not above two or three people in them at the time of the explosion. Underneath these apartments we found no traces of the explosion, except on the wall of the room directly under the door case of Lord Tylney’s eighth room, where a piece of the plaistered wall of about six inches square was beat out, and scattered about the floor. Under this room again was a wall in a damp wash-house, where most probably the lightning communicated with the earth, and dispersed itself. Thus have I followed it through its course, and will take my leave of you; but first I must tell you, that I have succeeded in discharging my battery of nine bottles over the cornices of two of my rooms, which represents in miniature exactly what we saw in such perfection at Lord Tylney’s. APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 247

An excellent electrical machine that I had of Mr. Nairne1931 is the wonder of this country; as they had never before seen electrical experiment in perfection.

I am, SIR, with great regard and esteem, your most obedient humble, servant, Wm, Hamilton.

NOTES 1. This letter was published in Phil. Trans., 4 (1669): 1028–1034. Its original title was “Answer unto certain Inquiries concerning the burning of Mount Etna Ao 1669”. As the manuscript housed at the Royal Society shows, it was heavily edited by Henry Oldenburg especially from the point of view of style. 2. For 8 daies before the fire burst forth, was a very thick dark sky in thos parts, with thunder and lightning and frequent apparitions which thos people makī terrible riports of, though I never saw nor heard of any building cast down thereby, save Nicolosi, a small town or villagī about ½ a mile from the new mouth] 3. & 4. buildings] 5. amongst] 6. towns /] 7. over run] 8. fire: It] 9. was also] 10. old] 11. Etna] 12. did /] 13. 2 or 3 mounths] 14. ragī] 15. usuall,] 16. did Vulcan] 17. &] 18. 2] 19. burning mountains Islands (added)] 20. westward;] 248 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

21. &] 22. Mount Etna /] 23. ye (added)] 24. tyme] 25. sunck] 26. Voraginie] 27. for its concluded] 28. mountayn] 29. to be verry much lower’d:] 30. other] 31. fyre] 32. or] 33. On the 11 March about 2 hours before night the fyre broke out] 34. S E side] 35. Mountayn] 36. 20 mile] 37. old mouth /] 38. 10 mile] 39. Cattania] 40. rīported] 41. makī] 42. 3 mile in 24 hours,] 43. o] 44. bīing ther] 45. the 5 aprill,] 46. bīing come] 47. Cattania] 48. scarse] 49. forlong] 50. About] 51. course] 52. 15] 53. 20 daies] 54. Cattania] 55. but the] 56. īnd] 57. &] 58. (so hopin that the Sea could not receive it fast īnough, or rather the mouth above did cast forth a larger quantity of matter)] 59. but it now bent] 60. on the Citty /] 61. &] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 249

62. it self] 63. īven] 64. Walls,] 65. camī] 66. ,] 67. cheif] 68. very (amended)] 69. convīnt] 70. gardens] 71. &] 72. twixt] 73. &] 74. Wall /] 75. which] 76. having fild up /] 77. weight force [added]] 78. Covent it self] 79. (as it uses to doe where it found any obstruction)] 80. high /] 81. higher (added)] 82. old] 83. Exchang] 84. thohthough (added)] 85. greatly much (added)] 86. :] 87. some] 88. pt] 89. the walls] 90. & 91. apīard] 92. ye (added)] 93. floore (amended)] 94. &] 95. bīnding] 96. bars] 97. cros] 98. ;] 99. &] 100. its] 101. fell] 102. pt] 103. town] 250 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

104. buildings] 105. heer] 106. ceast] 107. 4] 108. channells] 109. streems /] 110. &] 111. It had up in the country over whelmīd] 112. 14 towns] 113. &] 114. making] 115. bīing] 116. verry] 117. fruitfull pleasant] 118. country] 119. fyre] 120. run before 121. had never before] 122. ,] 123. show is not so much] 124. sign /] 125. towns] 126. & 127. steeple 128. ,] 129. a] 130. dos] 131. apīare] 132. That matter or Substance that thus run, was nothing else] 133. mettals & mineralls] 134. made] 135. fiercīnes] 136. that fyre] 137. bowells] 138. īarth] 139. forth /] 140. som] 141. river,] 142. which] 143. stonīs] 144. thrown 145. thī extreamityes] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 251

146. &] 147. becoming /] 148. (when cold) /] 149. thos hard] 150. stones /] 151. thos peeple] 152. Xiarri] 153. as they had] 154. nerest] 155. resīmblance unto] 156. hugī cakes] 157. Seacole,] 158. fiercī] 159. fyre, but no blaz or flamī & but litle smoakī for so much fire; thos] 160. camī] 161. or] 162. onī another /] 163. &] 164. it] 165. bank /] 166. &] 167. bearing down by its weight] 168. & burn up] 169. Its cheif] 170. But it also went i] 171. tsīlf] 172. flood] 173. upon] 174. īven] 175. sīverall armes] 176. toungues] 177. cald] 178. 2 or 3 hours of ye clock (added)] 179. wī mount up] 180. tower] 181. Cattania] 182. whencī] 183. wī] 184. mouth,] 185. both a terrible & glorious sight] 186. an heap or body of most pure fyre] 187. wī mount to goe up to] 252 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

188. mouth] 189. com] 190. neerer] 191. about a forlong] 192. over whelm’d] 193. some of that vast pillar of ashes carried up into the aire, which to] 194. o] 195. aprehension] 196. was more than twicī] 197. Steeple of St. paul] 198. &] 199. straite] 200. a much greater] 201. hight, the whole] 202. aire it self] 203. Being nothing else but the lights of the ashīs] 204. the ashes] 205. ;] 206. &] 207. fyre] 208. untill its fury] 209. ceast] 210. bīng 54 daies] 211. sun nor star] 212. : from 213. verry] 214. big 215. nor] 216. wī] 217. fyre] 218. neither could wī] 219. /] 220. brokī] 221. bīing a great bank] 222. ashes] 223. twixt] 224. &] 225. issu’d] 226. Fyre /] 227. ashes /] 228. continuall] 229. noise /] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 253

230. wavīs] 231. against rocks /] 232. likī unto] 233. far] 234. some tymes have heard heer] 235. thoh though (added)] 236. hills] 237. &] 238. 60 miles] 239. ,] 240. it] 241. bīn] 242. 100 miles] 243. norward] 244. placī /] 245. Callabria] 246. as I have bīn credibly inform’d] 247. bīn caried] 248. &] 249. som] 250. o] 251. Seamen] 252. likewise] 253. dīcks] 254. have bīn coverd] 255. thoh though (added)] 256. verry] 257. burnt] 258. Xiarri /] 259. som] 260. quallityes /] 261. &] 262. sīnt] 263. What the perpendicular hight is of this mountayn I cannot learn ouht ought (added) that is neer truth, it may be it cannot rightly be taken bīing so subject to alter its hight & shapī, but it is a verry goodly mountayn to look upon as onī passes by Sea to the East ward, standing alone by it self, & gently rising from the very shore & at shortest passagī is reckon’d20 mile up to the top, that from Cattania it has 30 mile as before.] 264. midle] 265. wī madī] 266. journy] 254 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

267. thither /] 268. wī] 269. facī] 270. alter’d] 271. Citty of Cattania] 272. bīing] 273. ¾ compast] 274. thos Xiarri /] 275. walls /] 276. &] 277. brokī over as is before related;] 278. on the] 279. o arrivall] 280. stremī] 281. brokī] 282. som Xiarri] 283. which wī] 284. howr] 285. 2] 286. that was] 287. were up even with the wall; it] 288. it self] 289. 3] 290. & 9] 291. pure fyre] 292. extremityes] 293. in those Xiarri] 294. streem] 295. by morning tho] 296. fild] 297. voyd] 298. Xiarri:] 299. next] 300. channel] 301. discoverd] 302. it self] 303. pt] 304. wall] 305. a castle (added) ditch] 306. which continued som days] 307. o] 308. ,] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 255

309. divers] 310. thos] 311. rivolets] 312. at same tyme] 313. Sea &] 314. Still it doth run there] 315. at this day] 316. thoh] 317. :] 318. ’twas observ’d] 319. thos streems] 320. fyre] 321. nor longer] 322. mov’d] 323. were first seen] 324. ,] 325. litle] 326. &] 327. it self] 328. it were] 329. aire] 330. generally so coold & fixt] 331. apiard] 332. mouth] 333. o] 334. wī] 335. Xiarri] 336. so coold &] 337. , &] 338. livī] 339. Xiarri] 340. banck] 341. ground /] 342. &] 343. up /] 344. over come] 345. Cattania] 346. vallys] 347. thos Xiarri] 348. &] 349. fyre] 350. discover’d] 256 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

351. it sīlf] 352. thos streems untill] 353. gaind] 354. hight] 355. thos] 356. īver] 357. declyining] 358. acople] 359. dais] 360. Cattania] 361. wī agayn] 362. mount] 363. mouth /] 364. fyre] 365. ashes] 366. wī] 367. full] 368. &] 369. channell] 370. fire] 371. &] 372. mountayn] 373. ashes] 374. ;] 375. that] 376. ghest & must needs be] 377. channell] 378. 3] 379. cornerd] 380. 2 acres] 381. Xiarri] 382. bottom /] 383. &] 384. brimston,] 385. twas] 386. banck] 387. ashes /] 388. &] 389. or] 390. īnd] 391. hugī] 392. mountayn] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 257

393. ,] 394. bītween] 395. 2] 396. fyre] 397. passagī;] 398. at] 399. uppīr īnd] 400. litle] 401. Xiarri] 402. 10 foot] 403. its] 404. fyre] 405. issud /] 406. &] 407. severall] 408. which may] 409. since be] 410. crusted over] 411. coverd] 412. ,] 413. at] 414. fyre] 415. along /] 416. & a litle] 417. channell] 418. surfacī] 419. Xiarri] 420. som] 421. wī] 422. īasy] 423. &] 424. līasurable] 425. metall] 426. whos] 427. broad /] 428. tho] 429. under neath] 430. for the gutter went sloping;] 431. what] 432. dīpth] 433. had /] 434. wī] 258 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

435. ghes,] 436. for it was] 437. &] 438. instruments] 439. ;] 440. for wī (added)] 441. verry] 442. dīsirous] 443. to gīt som] 444. wī] 445. make no more penetration] 446. onīs] 447. ,] 448. its this channell] 449. som] 450. plyable /] 451. wī] 452. , for I have seen a peace much of a (illegible) or a (illegible) collor colour (added), which they say was taken out of this rivulet, which after a short run had crushed it sīlf out of o sight, its possible those might be other channells of the fyre īquall to those, that run—but this only was visible; from whencī, but especially] 453. issu’d] 454. sulfurous] 455. smoakī] 456. o] 457. thoh though (added)] 458. unadvertencies inadvertencys (added)] 459. in ¼] 460. risī up] 461. ashes /] 462. in comparison] 463. it] 464. midle] 465. mountain;] 466. confes /] 467. ’twas] 468. īrror] 469. us / that bīing so neer we mount not up this mountayn, but] 470. bīing troblesom] 471. &] 472. o] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 259

473. so greatly] 474. alreddy] 475. seen /] 476. wont stay to see no more] 477. o] 478. bīing] 479. Cattania] 480. wī] 481. peeple] 482. buisy] 483. barracading] 484. īnds] 485. som] 486. &] 487. passages /] 488. they thought,] 489. fyre] 490. gīt over;] 491. &] 492. housīs] 493. therabouts &] 494. loos] 495. had a faculty of resisting the fyre, but if it did it only from that quallity only which wī could then līarn (illegible) that thos walls not bīing mixīd with lyme was not subject to burn, they might wall have sav’d their charg & poysons, for] 496. or forcī in pressing forward] 497. &] 498. not (added)] 499. burning quallity /] 500. apīard] 501. that convent] 502. town walls] 503. delugī of the fyre] 504. pourī] 505. it sīlf, for it did not break] 506. Citty only por’d over] 507. has biin] 508. Unto this tyme] 509. it is] 510. sed] 511. run about] 260 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

512. &] 513. tho] 514. les /] 515. the] 516. shorī] 517. goos] 518. dīclyning] 519. Xiarri] 520. 5 fathom] 521. &] 522. ½] 523. ar] 524. ,] 525. the] 526. 20] 527. morī] 528. off thos] 529. fyre] 530. onī’s] 531. thoh though (added)] 532. tempīrate] 533. & thos] 534. Xiarri] 535. retayn’d] 536. fyre] 537. wī] 538. or] 539. surges] 540. retreatīd] 541. ordnary] 542. reverberation] 543. generall] 544. facī] 545. thos Xiarri (or Sciarri according to the Itallian pronunciation)] 546. is not much unlikī /] 547. īnd] 548. unto the river of] 549. (if I rightly remember)] 550. Icī] 551. abovī] 552. ,] 553. mīan] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 261

554. in] 555. rugged] 556. ,] 557. cullor colour (added)] 558. much] 559. bīing mostly] 560. & som] 561. stonīs] 562. bignes] 563. closī] 564. & sollid,] 565. but not with standing] 566. &] 567. fyre] 568. & 569. cavitys] 570. wī] 571. pt] 572. it is] 573. sīd] 574. also /] 575. peeple] 576. wont do in its] 577. vyollencī] 578. ,] 579. for] 580. Xiarri /] 581. & thos rivers of fyre] 582. &] 583. impīnetrable] 584. weight /] 585. Xiarri] 586. were to bī] 587. &] 588. bīing /] 589. inward /] 590. &] 591. bī discern’d] 592. neer hand /] 593. tyme &] 594. som what] 595. strang sight] 262 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

596. se] 597. com] 598. ,] 599. aproacht] 600. līasure] 601. remov’d] 602. goods /] 603. verry tyles] 604. &] 605. beams /] 606. &] 607. mouvīable & the fire bīing brokī into onī pt of an hous they (illegible) or might (illegible) sīcurī in another pt thereof. This is what I have judg’d pertinent to sīt down on this subjīct which it may be is more than will be well understood, tho it may bī a small pt of what may be sed thereon: ’tis] 608. obsīrvable /] 609. none, that have gone] 610. has bīn] 611. litle else (added)] 612. save] 613. Xiarri /] 614. have dīclar’d] 615. could imagin] 616. tho] 617. who (added)] 618. bīn] 619. only] 620. verry] 621. Cattania] 622. 20 miles] 623. ,] 624. Xiarri;] 625. irruptions] 626. thohugh (amended) they have no remembrance of any onī] 627. big] 628. ; this] 629. country] 630. verry well] 631. cultivatīd] 632. &] 633. inhabitīd,] 634. līngth] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 263

635. molified] 636. that] 637. Xiarri] 638. over grown] 639. ,] 640. though (amended)] 641. remayn] 642. country] 643. sīrviceable] As the original manuscript shows, this is the final conclusion of the merchant’s letter. The date reads “Messina 23 July”, but the author has not signed it. 644. Heavily edited, this passage can be found in an earlier part of the letter, and chosen by Oldenburg as the best possible conclusion. 645. This article appeared in Phil. Trans., 17 (1693): 830–838. It relates to the Lettera del Rev. Padre Alessandro Burgos scritta ad un suo Amico, che contiene le notizie fin ora avute de’ danni cagionati in Sicilia da Tremuoti a 9 & 11 Gennaro 1693, which was first printed by Agostino Epiro in Palermo, then by Domenico Pameno in Naples in 1693. Given that the original manuscript cannot be found in the Royal Society’s archives, we shall only consider this printed version. 646. This is a short quote from Virgil’s Aeneid, Book 2, vv. 12–13: “quam- quam animus meminisse horret luctuque refugit, / incipiam.” [Though my mind, shuddering at the retrospect, / Hath from its grief recoiled, I will begin”. John Miller, The Aeneid of Virgil in Blank Verse (London and Cambridge: Macmillan, 1863), 40]. 647. Very little is known about Antonio Serrovita. In 1672, he became Regent of Licata; the following year, he was in charge of the city of Pisa. He was also a theologist, a poet and a Catholic preacher. 648. A Socratic philosopher and rhetorician, Gorgias (ca 485–380 B.C.) was born in Leontini in Sicily. Encomium of Helen, Defence of Palamedes and Epitaphios are his key rhetorical works. 649. Again, Alessandro Burgos quotes from Virgil’s Aeneid, Book II, vv. 368– 369: “[…] crudelis ubique / luctus, ubique pavor et plurima mortis imago”.[“Everywhere was cruel grief, everything was fear, and many an image of death”. Lee Fratantuono, Madness Unchained: A Reading of Virgil’s Aeneid (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007), 50]. 650. Giovanni Francesco Paceco (1649–1618), Duke of Uzeda, was Viceroy in Sicily from 1687 to 1696. 651. The two articles appeared in Phil. Trans., 41 (1739–1741): 484–489. As there is no trace of the original letters in the Royal Society’s archives, we shall only consider the printed version. For Paderni’s text in Italian, see 264 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

Domenico Comparetti and Giulio De Petra, La villa ercolanese dei Pisoni (Torino, 1883), 238–250; and Knight. 652. Here Camillo Paderni refers to Charles III of Bourbon. His praising tones are meant to attract his attention, and to pave the way for a fruitful collaboration with the Bourbon Court. Although he was still in Rome at the time, he hoped he could be in charge of the Herculaneum excava- tions. It was so several years later, in 1751. For more details on the first contents of the painter’s letters to the Royal Society, see Knight, 15–19. 653. A distinguished sculptor of French origin, Giuseppe Canart (d. 1790) played an active role in the early phases of the excavations. He restored the most precious finds in the huge archaeological area, and his collab- oration with Paderni continued when he became the Royal Keeper of the Portici Museum. See Carol Mattusch and Henry Lie, The Villa dei Papiri at Herculaneum (Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2005), 62. 654. As Carlo Knight argues, Camillo Paderni was also trying to expand his international relations, and to become a reference point for the members of the most exclusive intellectual circles, particularly the Royal Society. It was Alan Ramsay who created such an important link: he found Paderni’s 1739 and 1740 letters of interest, and sent them to John Ward (1679– 1758) F.R.S., Professor of Rhetoric at Gresham College, for translation. After that, he circulated them among the other Fellows. See Knight, 15– 19; as well as de Vos, 102–104. 655. As the explanatory footnote on page 485 in the text reads, “A Neapolitan Palm consists of Nine Inches”. 656. Detailed information about this great picture can be found in Antonio Francesco Gori, Notizie del memorabile scoprimento dell’antica città di Ercolano… avute per Lettera da varj celebrati letterati… (Firenze: Stamperia Reale, 1748), 24. 657. Showing a nude young man with a chlamys on his shoulder and left forearm, Belvedere Antinous was bought for the Farnese Pope, Paul III, in 1543. 658. An illustrious member of the Bolognese School of painters, Domenico Zampieri (1581–1641), known as Domenichino, was an enthusiastic supporter of Classicism. One of his masterpieces is Scenes of the Life of St. Cecilia, a series of frescoes in the Polet Chapel of San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome. 659. This fresco represents Chiron, an intelligent and kind Centaur, teaching Achilles to play the lyre. 660. Here Paderni refers to the fresco where Hercules is next to Juno and Minerva, which can be found at the College of the Augustales. 661. For a description of the amphitheatre in the city of Herculaneum, see Venuti, 60. APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 265

662. This provides evidence of Paderni’s interest in the excavations as a basis of a possible future career. In the following letters, despite his stronger relation with the Bourbon Court, he will continue to criticize the methods and achievements. His main ambition at that point was to become a Fellow of the Royal Society. 663. This article was published in Phil. Trans., 47 (1751–1752): 150–159. The original manuscript shows that it is a “Copy of a Part of the Minutes of the Meeting of the Royal Society, on Thursday 18th April 1751”.As for other important information, it is found in a short introductory paragraph, which does not appear in the printed text: “The President informed the Society, that He had seen, in the Hands of Mr. Burrow (a Member present) a very curious + entertaining Letter, written by a Lady of distinction now in Italy; which gave, as He thought, as clear, intelli- gible, + apparently just, an Account + Description of Herculaneum + what had been found in it, as any that had hitherto been transmitted to [all] from thence; which, if it were communicated to the Society, would (He believed) give them Pleasure and Entertainment. And, accordingly, He desired Mr. Burrow to read, out of it, so much as related to that subject. Which Mr. Burrow did: And it was (in Substance) as follows”. 664. Passage] 665. Descent] 666. Bottom] 667. And] 668. City] 669. Surface] 670. Ground] 671. Carry] 672. Each] 673. Wax Taper] 674. Guide] 675. Earthquake] 676. swallowed] 677. Town] 678. Lava] 679. Eruption] 680. All] 681. Passages] 682. Lava] 683. Substance] 684. Stone] 685. Slate-Colour;] 686. Kinds] 266 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

687. Metals +] 688. Glass] 689. Appearance] 690. Streets] 691. Lava:] 692. But] 693. +] 694. Substance] 695. Places] 696. Use] 697. Appearance] 698. City she says] 699. Such] 700. Expectation] 701. Streets +] 702. Fronts] 703. Houses] 704. Passages] 705. Basket] 706. Head] 707. Workmen] 708. Other] 709. Dirt] 710. digg] 711. Passages] 712. Another] 713. So] 714. One] 715. Space] 716. Turning] 717. Method] 718. Wall] 719. Passage] 720. Side] 721. Angle] 722. Door] 723. Window] 724. Room] 725. Area] 726. For] 727. Rooms +] 728. Places] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 267

729. Brim-full] 730. Lava] 731. Sides] 732. Walls] 733. Labour] 734. Search] 735. Place] 736. digg] 737. Place] 738. Grief] 739. Share] 740. Curiosity] 741. King] 742. Stories] 743. Houses] 744. Head,] 745. Lava] 746. Lava] 747. Beams] 748. Beams] 749. or Rafters Joists (added)] 750. Dust] 751. And] 752. mouldered] 753. One] 754. Grain] 755. Wood] 756. Lava] 757. So] 758. One] 759. Passage] 760. Pillars] 761. 3] 762. Other] 763. Portico] 764. Colonnade.–] 765. Brick] 766. plaistered] 767. Base] 768. Horizontal] 769. Position] 770. Lava] 268 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

771. Place] 772. Sepulchre] 773. Room] 774. Square] 775. Stoves] 776. Kitchens] 777. Niches] 778. Holes] 779. Stoves] 780. Ashes] 781. Niches] 782. Urn] 783. Pot] 784. Cover] 785. Bones] 786. all appearing as if they were (added)] 787. Part] 788. Door 789. a House] 790. Window,] 791. Side] 792. :] 793. Lava] 794. Passage] 795. Paintings off from the Walls] 796. Rooms] 797. Paintings] 798. + Mosaic Floors;] 799. But] 800. Bits] 801. Floors] 802. Place] 803. Bath] 804. Appearance] 805. Form] 806. Water] 807. Marble,] 808. +] 809. Statues] 810. Stone Stair-Case] 811. But] 812. Well] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 269

813. Parapet-Wall] 814. Top] 815. Arch] 816. Whereby] 817. Lava] 818. Well] 819. Place] 820. In] 821. Line (added)] 822. Side] 823. Stone Building] 824. Temple] 825. Steps] 826. Bottom] 827. Surface] 828. Cornice] 829. Basis] 830. Pedestal] 831. Colonnades] 832. Pillars] 833. Part] 834. digg] 835. Cornice] 836. Interruption] 837. Probability] 838. Space] 839. Pillars] 840. :] 841. And] 842. Place] 843. Company] 844. Bits] 845. Paintings] 846. Walls] 847. But] 848. they Workmen (added)] 849. Suburbs] 850. Town] 851. Part] 852. Search] 853. Having] 854. Grand Buildings] 270 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

855. last mentioned] 856. Theater] 857. which her Ladyship mentions as is mention’d by the writer of the Letter] 858. Place 859. Company] 860. Wherefore they The Company (added)] 861. , she says,] 862. Theater] 863. the under Ground] 864. For] 865. Seats] 866. dugg] 867. Ground +] 868. Lava] 869. Diameter] 870. Well] 871. Depth] 872. Sides] 873. +] 874. white-washed.] 875. So] 876. Light] 877. Person] 878. Top] 879. +] 880. View /] 881. Seats] 882. But] 883. One] 884. Whole] 885. Underground, –] 886. Which] 887. Party] 888. Passage] 889. Outside Wall] 890. Plaistered] 891. Pillars /] 892. +] 893. Kinds] 894. Ornaments] 895. Most] 896. Coridore] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 271

897. Inside] 898. Seats.–] 899. – here –] 900. Lava] 901. Arched Roof] 902. plaistered] 903. Coridore] 904. +] 905. Marble] 906. But] 907. All] 908. Rows] 909. Seats] 910. − All –] 911. Stone] 912. Space] 913. Bottom] 914. So] 915. View] 916. Door-ways] 917. All] 918. Stair-Cases] 919. (8. or 10. In Number)] 920. Seats] 921. Part] 922. Arena] 923. Building] 924. Entire] 925. And] 926. Nothing] 927. Place] 928. Theater] 929. Amphitheater] 930. Covering] 931. Seats] 932. Niches] 933. Coridore] 934. All] 935. Statues] 936. Her Ladyship observes The writer of the letter observes] 937. Notion] 938. Theater’s] 272 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

939. Eruption] 940. People] 941. Time] 942. Bodies] 943. She adds To which is added] 944. Reason] 945. Destruction] 946. City] 947. Quantity] 948. Riches] 949. Bodies] 950. + Bones] 951. (in all)] 952. Skeletons] 953. she gives] 954. One] 955. Instance] 956. alleg’d (added)] 957. Support] 958. her this] 959. Opinion] 960. some Notice] 961. Skeleton] 962. Door-Way] 963. Attitude] 964. One] 965. Hand] 966. Bagg] 967. Money] 968. Hand] 969. For] 970. Lava] 971. Impression] 972. Man] 973. Hole] 974. Hand] 975. Arm] 976. Hole] 977. Impression] 978. Bagg] 979. Pieces] 980. Silver Coin] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 273

981. Man] 982. Notice] 983. Danger] 984. off his Treasurer;] 985. He] 986. She is] 987. Encompassed] 988. Fire] 989. Manuscripts] 990. But] 991. Inscriptions] 992. Marble] 993. but tho’] 994. Consequence] 995. or that serve] 996. Light] 997. Point] 998. Antiquity] 999. Labour] 1000. Place] 1001. Slaves] 1002. Two & Two] 1003. Curiosities] 1004. Palace] 1005. King’s] 1006. Rooms] 1007. Statues] 1008. beautifull] 1009. One] 1010. Marble] 1011. Born in Nuceria in I century B.C., Marcus Nonius Balbus was based in Herculaneum, where he soon became a powerful politician. He is said to have greatly contributed to the development of the city, and that for this reason the local artists dedicated several statues to him. For a full description of this one in particular, see Giovanbattista Finati, Il Regal Museo Borbonico, vol 1 (Napoli: Stamperia Reale, 1827), 52. 1012. Horseback] 1013. Palace] 1014. Justly-admired] 1015. Performance.–] 1016. entire] 1017. Horse] 274 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

1018. Peice] 1019. Work] 1020. Kind] 1021. Statues] 1022. Them] 1023. Some,] 1024. Marble;] 1025. Some,] 1026. Bronze;] 1027. And] 1028. Them,] 1029. One] 1030. Emperor Caligula’s mother, Agrippina the Elder (14 A.D.–33 A.D.), was one of the most prominent figures in first-century Rome. For a full description of this marble statue, see Finati, 99. 1031. Also] 1032. Figure] 1033. Woman] 1034. Countenance] 1035. Sorrow] 1036. Innocence] 1037. Modesty, +] 1038. Diffidence] 1039. ’tis it is] 1040. Conceive.–] 1041. Bronze Statues] 1042. Eyes] 1043. But] 1044. Whites] 1045. And] 1046. Sorts] 1047. And] 1048. King] 1049. Beautifull] 1050. Tables] 1051. This Lady(who was a Pencil very prettily Herself) The Writer] 1052. Acco.t] 1053. Paintings] 1054. To] 1055. Truth, She says] 1056. Much] 1057. Part] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 275

1058. Degrees] 1059. Ale-house Wall] 1060. Plaister] 1061. Wall] 1062. Pieces;] 1063. (One of which is a sort of History-Piece, containing 4 Figures, that have some Expression in their Faces;)] 1064. But] 1065. Performances] 1066. Place] 1067. Garret] 1068. Dozen] 1069. Pieces] 1070. Women] 1071. Centaurs] 1072. Attitudes] 1073. Drawing] 1074. Pretty:] 1075. But] 1076. Shading] 1077. Dawbing] 1078. Colouring] 1079. talked] 1080. She agrees] 1081. allowed] 1082. Well-preserved] 1083. Done; But She observes that] 1084. Painters] 1085. Masters] 1086. Few simple Colours] 1087. Ones] 1088. Red] 1089. she says,] 1090. best.–] 1091. Lava] 1092. Painting:] 1093. Off, She says:] 1094. To] 1095. Inconvenience] 1096. Designs] 1097. Part] 1098. Paintings] 276 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

1099. Strange] 1100. &] 1101. Difficult] 1102. +] 1103. Deal] 1104. Borders] 1105. +] 1106. Skreens] 1107. Numbers] 1108. Figures] 1109. Ropes] 1110. Landscapes] 1111. Pieces] 1112. Painter’s] 1113. Last, She,] 1114. Writer] 1115. Specimens:] 1116. One, a] 1117. Grass-hopper] 1118. Parrot] 1119. Field] 1120. Paintings] 1121. black] 1122. red Grounds.] 1123. And She repeats her Opinion of their Manner to be such that the Writer can’t] 1124. Antiquities] 1125. Admirers;] 1126. attoned] 1127. Eyes] 1128. Blemishes 1129. +] 1130. Defects] 1131. And She] 1132. Herself amazed] 1133. Amazement] 1134. Acc.ts] 1135. particularly One Letter, which She remembers to have heard of, before she left for England.] 1136. She adds] 1137. Inventory] 1138. Things] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 277

1139. Subterraneous Town] 1140. Kitchen-Furniture] 1141. Abundance] 1142. Iron] 1143. +] 1144. Copper] 1145. Purposes] 1146. Shape] 1147. Numbers] 1148. Lamps] 1149. Earthen, +] 1150. Copper] 1151. Lockes] 1152. Hinges, +] 1153. Loaf] 1154. Bread] 1155. Coal] 1156. Baker’s] 1157. Beans,] 1158. + Barley] 1159. Fishing Net] 1160. One] 1161. Meshes +] 1162. Urns] 1163. Tripods] 1164. Bronze] 1165. +] 1166. :] 1167. Chasing,] 1168. Silver] 1169. Busts] 1170. Figures +] 1171. Medals] 1172. King] 1173. Her Ladyship, however, told that they are not very curious Tho’] 1174. Coin] 1175. Silver] 1176. Intaglios + Cameos] 1177. Pair] 1178. Bracelets] 1179. Wrist] 1180. Skeleton] 278 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

1181. Also] 1182. Ear-Rings] 1183. Rings] 1184. King] 1185. Rooms] 1186. Mosaic Pavements] 1187. Designs] 1188. Black + White] 1189. Marble] 1190. Squares] 1191. Cement] 1192. Pieces] 1193. And the Lady says that She observed] 1194. the same thing was observ’d (added)] 1195. She concludes with telling that] 1196. Person] 1197. Drawings] 1198. Statues /] 1199. +] 1200. Paintings,] 1201. Intent] 1202. Acc.t] 1203. Here the anonymous contributor refers to Le Antichità di Ercolano esposte (Antiquities of Herculaneum Exposed), the book of engravings that Charles III agreed to be published in 1756. 1204. The Statues, she says, can’t cannot] 1205. beautifull] 1206. Are] 1207. But she] 1208. Writer] 1209. World] 1210. Paintings] 1211. , she says] 1212. Man] 1213. Drawer] 1214. And] 1215. Colouring] 1216. Advantage] 1217. Originals] 1218. She + Her Party The Company] 1219. Drawings] 1220. Originals] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 279

1221. Plan] 1222. Town;] 1223. Walls] 1224. Angles] 1225. Degree] 1226. Omission] 1227. A note at the end of the manuscript reads: “Mr. Burrow had Thanks for the Communication of this Letter: and was desired by the President + the Gentlemen present (in the name of the Society) to return their Thanks to the Lady Fetherston, for the Information and Entertainment they had received from it”. The author’s name continued to be deleted. Despite all doubts, it may have been written by Lady Sarah Featherstonhaugh, née Letheiuillier (1722–1788), who lived in Italy from 1749 to 1751. 1228. Read on February 8 1753, this letter appeared in Phil. Trans., 48 (1753– 1754): 71–73. Only the English version of this text is still part of the Royal Society’s archive. As will be seen, it was very little amended. 1229. x] 1230. Extraordinary:] 1231. ,] 1232. ,] 1233. Bronzes] 1234. Silver x] 1235. Gold] 1236. Beautifull] 1237. Cameos x] 1238. intaglios] 1239. Earth,] 1240. Pistaccio] 1241. painting̬ ⁄ ] 1242. Marks] 1243. Enumerate,] 1244. You,] 1245. as I hope you have received the book ofMonseigneur Bajardi, already sent, altho of little significance] MS – *The words in the original letter are, “Come spero che avera ricevuto il libro de Mons. Bajardi inviatogli a benche non serva.”]PT 1246. Papirus] 1247. Charcoal] 1248. britle] 1249. touch’d] 1250. Majesty s] 1251. ,] 280 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

1252. words +] 1253. ++ meant, excepting some bits, which I have pickd out entire, where there are several words x] MS – § “I suspect an inaccuracy here in the original, and that he meant, “excepting some bits, which I have pick’d out intire, where there are several words, &c.”]PT 1254. bits] 1255. Charcoal] 1256. here to oblige you (added)] 1257. A note at the end of the manuscript reads: “I have omitted in the translations a great many superlatives, which from their abuse have no significance in the Italian language, and are ridiculous when translated into any other.” 1258. This letter was read on April 17, 1755, and published in Phil. Trans., 49 (1755–1756): 112–115. The original version in Italian is still part of the Royal Society’s archived materials. The back page reads: “Questa viene da Monsignor Cerati F.R.S. [“This is from Monsignor Cerati F.R.S.”.My translation] Communicated by Sir Henry Baker”. 1259. Commands] 1260. within] 1261. past, [*The Original is—“Sappia adunque, che fin da due anni sono in “una Stanza d’una casa (o per meglio dire, d’un casino antico ove) fù trovata una gran quantità di Bastonzini” (written in red ink)] 1262. ancient Villa] 1263. there he was has been (added and written in red)] 1264. Rolls] 1265. half (added)] 1266. Palm] 1267. &] 1268. Roots of (written in red ink)] 1269. as if it was all all black] 1270. and seeming to be only of (written in red)] 1271. &] 1272. Rolls] 1273. Papyrus] 1274. Rolls] 1275. Rolls] 1276. King] 1277. Vain] 1278. Only] 1279. Giuseppe Simone Assemani (1687–1768) was a Catholic churchman, and a highly reputed antiquarian and librarian. Given his precious contribu- tion to the Herculaneum archaeological excavations, Charles III of APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 281

Bourbon appointed him official historiographer of the Kingdom of Naples. 1280. Man] 1281. Papyrus] 1282. Graver’s] 1283. &] 1284. Papyrus] 1285. Onion] 1286. not) /] 1287. Papyrus /] 1288. &] 1289. Father] 1290. Papyrus /] 1291. Here the author is writing about one of the most important discoveries at the Villa of the Papyri, that of Pherc. 1497, containing Book 4 of Philodemus’s On Music. As will be seen, this was the beginning of all investigation activities, and there were doubts both about contents and authorship. 1292. &] 1293. Philosophical Tract] 1294. (in Plutarch’s Manner) (added and written in red ink)] 1295. Musick] 1296. Blaming] 1297. Society] 1298. &] 1299. & effeminacy.-] 1300. It does not discourse of the art of music (written in red ink)] 1301. the] 1302. ; (in red ink)] 1303. Author’s] 1304. End] 1305. It] 1306. Stoic Philosopher] 1307. Zeno of Citium (ca 334–ca 262 B.C.) was a leading figure in the Stoic school of philosophy in Cyprus. His most popular work, Republic, was written in opposition against Plato. Further research showed that he was not the author of the ancient tract. 1308. Papyrus] 1309. &] 1310. 3rd] 1311. Palm] 1312. ;] 282 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

1313. between] 1314. &] 1315. ;] 1316. * Original – Trenta]PT 1317. * 20 Thirty (added) “Original – Trenta” (written in red ink)] MS 1318. ,] 1319. Roll] 1320. ;] 1321. The Letters] 1322. One of the greatest Classical philologists, and the founder of papyrology in the Herculaneum period, Father Antonio Piaggio (1713–1796) was in charge of transcribing the contents in the ancient papyri. On his difficult relations with Camillo Paderni, who was jealous of his skills and reputa- tion, see Domenico Bassi, “Il P. Antonio Piaggio e i primi tentativi per lo svolgimento dei Papiri ercolanensi”, Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletane, XXXII, 1907, 657. 1323. takes it off where there are no Letters (written in red ink)] 1324. and (added)] 1325. Characters] 1326. lacune] 1327. Papyrus] 1328. &] 1329. Copy] 1330. Alessio Simmaco Mazzocchi (1684–1771) was another highly reputed antiquarian. As a member of the Herculaneum Royal Academy, he was in charge of interpreting the materials in the Villa of the Papyri since 1755. 1331. Letters] 1332. Capital] 1333. &] 1334. 5 or 6] 1335. Roll] 1336. Papyrus] 1337. 100] 1338. The Marquis (added and written in red)] 1339. A distinguished man of learning, Scipione Maffei (1675–1755) was one of the founders of the Giornale de’ letterati d’Italia, as well as a pam- phleteer and a playwright. 1340. Gothick & Lombard (written in red)] 1341. Curiosity] 1342. Papyri] 1343. Rolled. so that the Umbilici of the Antients must signify some other thing, & not the head of those sticks.] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 283

1344. All] 1345. Papyri] 1346. Affair] 1347. Care] 1348. + Conduct] 1349. Antiquarian] 1350. +] 1351. Like most amendments, the final passage in Locke’s manuscript is in red. 1352. Read on May 29, 1755, this article appeared in Phil. Trans., 49 (1755– 1756): 209–210. The original title in the existing manuscript reads: “An account of a letter written by the Magistrates of the city of Mascaly in Sicily + sent from their public office to Naples, concerning a late eruption of mount Aetna. Translated from the Italian”. The Italian version of the text is not included in the Royal Society’s archives. 1353. march] 1354. noon /] 1355. +] 1356. smoke /] 1357. ,] 1358. +] 1359. fall /] 1360. +] 1361. ,] 1362. falling /] 1363. mountain /] 1364. were /] 1365. which /] 1366. but in a space of a moment the waters sinking] 1367. +] 1368. +] 1369. + did] 1370. +] 1371. wherever] 1372. +] 1373. 24] 1374. tuesday] 1375. feet /] 1376. terror /] 1377. +] 1378. Read on January 18, 1770, this article was published in Phil. Trans., 60 (1770): 1–19. It is complete with a long explanatory footnote, which is not part of the original manuscript. Most of the highlighted differences 284 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

between the original and the printed version regard the use of capital letters, of contracted forms, punctuation and emphases. In general, it is possible to say that normalizing the text was the main priority of the journal’s editorial board, and that some of Hamilton’s passages were also shortened. 1379. Letter] 1380. Subject] 1381. Volcano’s] 1382. wou’d] 1383. receiv’d] 1384. The] 1385. The June 15 letter is not part of the materials housed at the Royal Society. 1386. Our] 1387. shou’d] 1388. Years] 1389. His Majesty’s] 1390. Minister] 1391. Court] 1392. Soil] 1393. Miles] 1394. Capital] 1395. Explosion] 1396. Craters] 1397. Lake] 1398. Boas] 1399. Deer] 1400. His] 1401. Majesty] 1402. call’d] 1403. The] 1404. Lucrine Lake] 1405. Crater] 1406. Lake] 1407. Islands] 1408. Entirely] 1409. Lava] 1410. Island] 1411. Craters] 1412. Year] 1413. Lava] 1414. Lava’s] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 285

1415. accustom’d] 1416. Volcano] 1417. Explosion] 1418. Town] 1419. Mount] 1420. call’d] 1421. Mon Gibello] 1422. Priest] 1423. ;] 1424. History] 1425. Mountain] 1426. call’d] 1427. La Regione Piemontese,] 1428. it] 1429. water’d] 1430. Vines] 1431. Fruit Trees] 1432. Lava] 1433. Sciara] 1434. Circuite] 1435. Region] 1436. Volcan] 1437. Miles] 1438. cover’d] 1439. Towns] 1440. Villages] 1441. Monasteries] 1442. ;] 1443. Eruptions] 1444. Earthquake] 1445. Century] 1446. rebuilt] 1447. Thirty five] 1448. Mount] 1449. Eruptions] 1450. shou’d] 1451. Saint] 1452. Lava] 1453. Volcano’s] 1454. Convent] 1455. Benedectine Monks] 1456. call’d] 286 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

1457. St Nicolo’ l’Arena] 1458. Miles] 1459. Volcano] 1460. Court] 1461. Heneage Finch, second Earl of Winchelsea (1628–1689), was Charles II’s Ambassador at Constantinople from 1660 to 1669. His account of Etna’s eruption was praised by Horace Walpole and Sir Walter Scott. 1462. happen’d] 1463. His Embassy] 1464. ;] 1465. Gabriele Lancillotto Castelli (1727–1792), Prince of Torremuzza, was one of the most distinguished antiquarians in eighteenth-centurySicily. He had a wide range of English relations, and Sir William Hamilton was one of them. The explanatory footnote, which can be found on pages 4–6 of his published article reads: “It is intituled, A true and exact relation of the late prodigious Earthquake and Eruption of Mount AEtna, or Monte Gibello; as it came in a letter written to his majesty from Naples, by the right honourable the earl of Winchelsea, his majesty’s late ambassador at Constantinople, who in his return from thence, visiting Catania in the island of Sicily, was an eye witness of that dreadful spectacle; together with a more particular narrative of the same, as it is collected out of the several relations sent from Catania; published by authority. Printed by T. Newcomb, in the Savoy, 1669, p. 38. “I accepted, says the author, the invitation of the bishop of Catania to stay a day with him, that so I might be the better able to inform your majesty of that extraordinary fire, which comes from Mount Gibel, 15 miles distant from that city, which, for its horridness in the aspect, for the vast quantity thereof (for it is 15 miles in length, and 7 in breadth), for its monstrous devastation and quick progress, may be termed an inundation of fire, a flood of fire, cinders, and burning stones, burning with that rage as to advance into the sea 600 yards, and that to a mile in breadth, which I saw; and that which did augment my admiration was, to see in the sea this matter like ragged rocks, burning in four fathom water, two fathom higher than the sea itself, some parts liquid, and throwing off, not with great violence, the stones about it, which like a crust of a vast bigness, and red hot, fell into the sea every moment, in some place or other, causing a great and horrible noise, smoak, and hissing in the sea; and that more and more coming after it, making a firm foundation in the sea itself. I stayed there from 9 a clock on Saturday morning, to seven next morning” (this must have been towards the middle or latter end of April); “and this mountain of fire and stones with cinders, had advanced into the sea 20 yards at least, in several places; in the middle of this fire, which burnt in the sea, it hath APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 287 formed like to a river, with its banks on each side very steep and craggy, and in this channel moves the greatest quantity of this fire, which is the most liquid, with stones of the same composition, and cinders all red hot, swimming upon the fire of a great magnitude; from this river of fire doth proceed under the great masse of the stones, which are generally three fathoms high all over the country, where it burns, and in other places much more. There are secret conduits or rivulets of this liquid matter, which communicates fire and heat into all parts more or less, and melts the stones and cinders by fits in those places where it toucheth them, over and over again; where it meets with rocks or houses of the same matter (as many are), they melt and go away with the fire; where they end other compositions, they turn them to lime or ashes (as I am informed). The composition of this fire, stones and cinders, are sulphur, nitre, quick-silver, sal ammoniac, lead, iron, brass, and all other metals. It moves not regu- larly, nor constantly down hill; some places it hath made the valleys hills, and the hills that are not high are now valleys. When it was night, I went upon two towers, in divers places, and could plainly see at ten miles dis- tance, as we judged, the fire to begin to run from the mountain in a direct line, the flame to ascend as high and as big as one of the greatest steeples in your majesty’s kingdoms, and to throw up great stones into the air; I could discern the river of fire to descend the mountain of a terrible fiery or red colour, and stones of a paler red to swim thereon, and to be some as big as an ordinary table. We could see this fire to move in several other places, and all the country covered with fire, ascending with great flames, in many places, smoaking like to a violent furnace of iron melted, making a noise with the great pieces that fell, especially those which fell into the sea. A cavalier of Malta, who lives there, and attended me, told me, that the river was as liquid where it issues out of the mountain, as water, and came out like a torrent with great violence, and is five or six fathom deep, and as broad, and that no stones sink therein. I assure your majesty, no pen can express how terrible it is, nor can all the art and industry of the world quench or divert that which is burning in the country. In 40 days time it hath destroyed the habitations of 27,000 persons, made two hills of one, 1,000 paces high apiece, and one is four miles in compass; of 20,000 persons, which inhabit Catania, 3,000 did only remain; all their goods are carried away, the cannons of brass are removed out of the castle, some great bells taken down, the city-gates walled up next the fire, and prepa- rations made to abandon the city. “That night which I lay there, it rained ashes all over the city, and ten miles at sea it troubled my eyes. This fire in its progress met with a lake of four miles in compass, and it was not only satisfied to fill it up, though it was four fathom deep, but hath made of it a mountain”. 288 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

1466. Benedectine Convent] 1467. 24th / ] 1468. Eruption] 1469. Country] 1470. ,] 1471. the] 1472. Vineyard] 1473. Explosions] 1474. Stones] 1475. Ashes] 1476. Mountain] 1477. Lava] 1478. Vegetation] 1479. ,] 1480. Catania /] 1481. Walls] 1482. Aqueduct] 1483. Sea] 1484. beautifull] 1485. Port] 1486. Eruption] 1487. tho’] 1488. Miles] 1489. Mountain] 1490. Eruption] 1491. cover’d] 1492. Ashes,] 1493. Mountain] 1494. Explosion;] 1495. if] 1496. cou’d] 1497. wou’d] 1498. Vegetation] 1499. Mountains] 1500. cover’d] 1501. Timber] 1502. History] 1503. Mountain] 1504. Eruption] 1505. Torches] 1506. contain’d] 1507. Lava] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 289

1508. subterraneous (added)] 1509. Cavities] 1510. ,] 1511. that /] 1512. call’d] 1513. Peasants] 1514. La Baracca Vecchia] 1515. La Spelonca della Palomba] 1516. Pidgeons] 1517. therein) /] 1518. Cavern Thalia] 1519. mention’d] 1520. Largely popular in eighteenth-century Italy, even though in Giuseppe Betussi’s translated version, Giovanni Boccaccio’s De genealogiis deorum gentilium, belongs to his mature production, and it was written in Latin between 1350 and 1368. It is a long and dense mythological essay. Close reference to Thalia, the beautiful Sicilian nymph, to her love for Jove, as well as her life in a cave on Etna, is the section dedicated to their sons, the Palisci twins. 1521. Magazines] 1522. Snow] 1523. Island] 1524. Article] 1525. Mount] 1526. Second] 1527. Region] 1528. call’d] 1529. La Selvosa the Woody] 1530. Beautifull:] 1531. on] 1532. Mountains] 1533. Mountains] 1534. Explosions] 1535. Mount] 1536. Canon] 1537. Guide] 1538. ;] 1539. they] 1540. cover’d] 1541. Craters] 1542. Valleys] 1543. Oak] 290 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

1544. Chestnut] 1545. Firr Trees] 1546. His] 1547. Majesty’s] 1548. Dock Yards] 1549. Timber] 1550. Timber] 1551. Tyrants] 1552. mention’d] 1553. Erupted] 1554. Vegetation] 1555. Age] 1556. Volcano] 1557. Chestnut Trees] 1558. and, tho’,] 1559. Regione Selvosa, call’d Carpinetto;] 1560. Guide] 1561. La Castagna dei Cento Cavalli] 1562. Twenty Eight] 1563. Canes] 1564. Circumference;] 1565. now] 1566. Cane] 1567. Yards] 1568. You] 1569. judge /] 1570. Sir] 1571. Tree,] 1572. it] 1573. Age] 1574. Sound] 1575. wou’d] 1576. Tree] 1577. Trees] 1578. shou’d] 1579. Soil] 1580. Lava] 1581. Trees] 1582. Air] 1583. Mountain] 1584. Cattle] 1585. ,] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 291

1586. Cattle] 1587. ,] 1588. Lava] 1589. Eruption] 1590. 1766 /] 1591. destroy’d] 1592. beautifull] 1593. Wood] 1594. Mountain] 1595. Eruption] 1596. Sulphurs] 1597. Salts] 1598. Convent] 1599. Region] 1600. call’d] 1601. La Netta or Scoperta, Clean or uncover’d] 1602. Seasons] 1603. Mountain] 1604. Excessive] 1605. Summer] 1606. Heats] 1607. Piemontese] 1608. middle] 1609. upper Region;] 1610. cou’d] 1611. Vegetation] 1612. Timber Trees] 1613. Shrubbs] 1614. Climate] 1615. Juniper] 1616. Tanzey,] 1617. Our Guide] 1618. Season] 1619. Rhubarb] 1620. Saffron] 1621. Here Hamilton refers to Pietro Carrera, Delle memorie historiche della città di Catania spiegate da Don Pietro Carrera agatheo, 4 vols. (Catania: Palazzo del Senato, 1661). 1622. Alphabetical Order] 1623. fire /] 1624. shou’d] 1625. One o’ Clock] 292 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

1626. Crater] 1627. Valleys of Snow] 1628. Eruption] 1629. Lava] 1630. Crater] 1631. ,] 1632. Region] 1633. Region] 1634. Summit] 1635. Chimney] 1636. Volcano] 1637. Snow] 1638. cover’d] 1639. Ashes] 1640. Crater] 1641. Sun] 1642. Guide] 1643. Peasant] 1644. accustom’d] 1645. Valleys] 1646. Mountain] 1647. Ashes] 1648. Crowns] 1649. Sun;] 1650. Mountain] 1651. Circumference,] 1652. remember’d] 1653. Chasm] 1654. Crater] 1655. Canon] 1656. Guide] 1657. ;] 1658. Mountain] 1659. Crater] 1660. follow’d] 1661. Air] 1662. Vapours] 1663. Sulphur] 1664. overturn’d] 1665. Guide] 1666. Region than] 1667. Sun] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 293

1668. display’d] 1669. Scene] 1670. discover’d] 1671. Sea] 1672. Of] 1673. ,] 1674. The] 1675. Tho’] 1676. Seventy] 1677. seem’d] 1678. ,] 1679. We] 1680. Island] 1681. Rivers] 1682. Towns] 1683. Harbours] 1684. Map] 1685. Island] 1686. cou’d] 1687. ,] 1688. Guide] 1689. Ship] 1690. Chart] 1691. Pyramidal Shadow] 1692. Mountain] 1693. reach’d] 1694. Island] 1695. Sea] 1696. forty four] 1697. Mountains] 1698. tho’] 1699. wou’d] 1700. Region] 1701. Mountain] 1702. Conical] 1703. Crater] 1704. Timber Trees] 1705. Craters;] 1706. the] 1707. Mountains] 1708. Mountains] 1709. Explosions] 294 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

1710. moulder’d] 1711. ,] 1712. moulder’d] 1713. Eathquakes] 1714. Explosion /] 1715. wou’d] 1716. occasion’d] 1717. Mountains] 1718. Mountains] 1719. Explosion] 1720. occasion’d] 1721. Lava’s] 1722. World] 1723. Conical] 1724. Crater] 1725. Mountain’s] 1726. Eruption] 1727. Explosion] 1728. abovemention’d] 1729. and for] 1730. A pseudo-historical figure, Aelius Spartianus may have been one of the six authors of Historia Augusta (117–284 A.D.). 1731. Etna) /] 1732. We] 1733. Crater] 1734. cou’d] 1735. seem’d] 1736. ,] 1737. Salts] 1738. Sulphurs] 1739. Cone] 1740. Volcano;] 1741. the] 1742. Volcano’s] 1743. Craters] 1744. Mountains] 1745. Cinders] 1746. ;] 1747. Craters] 1748. Funnels] 1749. Caverns] 1750. ;] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 295

1751. the] 1752. Mountains] 1753. Craters] 1754. Stones] 1755. Cinders] 1756. Ashes] 1757. Eruption] 1758. ,] 1759. Guide] 1760. Region] 1761. Sulphureous Vapours] 1762. Barometers] 1763. Thermometer] 1764. Sun] 1765. Summit] 1766. Barometer] 1767. Sea] 1768. cou’d] 1769. Barometer] 1770. ;] 1771. at] 1772. Quicksilver] 1773. Thermometer] 1774. Mountain] 1775. Weather] 1776. Barometer] 1777. ,] 1778. cou’d] 1779. abovemention’d] 1780. Canon] 1781. Mount] 1782. Miles] 1783. Crater,] 1784. We] 1785. Ground /] 1786. Mountain] 1787. Ancient] 1788. ,] 1789. Marble] 1790. scatter’d] 1791. ;] 1792. it] 296 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

1793. Tower /] 1794. Ancients] 1795. Celestial Gods] 1796. Temple] 1797. ;] 1798. abovemention’d/] 1799. Torrent] 1800. Crater] 1801. Eruption] 1802. Lava] 1803. 1755 /] 1804. Canonico] 1805. Guide] 1806. ,] Here Hamilton refers to Giuseppe Recupero, Storia naturale e generale dell’Etna del Canonico Giuseppe Recupero (Catania: Stamperia della Regia università degli Studi, 1815). It was published posthumously in 1815. 1807. luckily] 1808. Torrent] 1809. Course] 1810. Mountain] 1811. Mount] 1812. Towns and Villages] 1813. Eruptions] 1814. Water] 1815. Volcano’s] 1816. Sea,] 1817. Lava] 1818. Sea] 1819. Crater] 1820. ;] 1821. as] 1822. Six] 1823. Seven] 1824. You] 1825. Sir] 1826. Eruption] 1827. Mountain] 1828. Vast] 1829. Cavities] 1830. Lava’s] 1831. Seven] 1832. Miles] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 297

1833. ,] 1834. One] 1835. Mountain] 1836. Mount] 1837. Lava’s] 1838. Same,] 1839. ;] 1840. Strata’s] 1841. Pumice Stones] 1842. City] 1843. ,] 1844. Guide] 1845. Mountain] 1846. Strata’s] 1847. call’d] 1848. Tuffa, / is] 1849. Lava] 1850. ,] 1851. harden’d] 1852. Stone:] 1853. in] 1854. Mount] 1855. Lava’s] 1856. Pyrites] 1857. Crystallizations] 1858. Vitrifications,] 1859. the] 1860. Sea] 1861. Sulphur and Salts] 1862. ,] 1863. Guide] 1864. Canon] 1865. shew’d] 1866. cover’d] 1867. Vines] 1868. Jesuites] 1869. Vines] 1870. Eruptions] 1871. Eruption] 1872. Crater,] 1873. the] 1874. Ancients] 298 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

1875. Phaenomenon] 1876. Here the source is Seneca the Younger, Natural Questions, Book II, v. 30.1: “Aetna aliquando multo igne abundavit, ingentem vim harenae urentis effudit, involutus est dies pulvere, populosque subita nox terruit. Aiunt tunc plurima fuisse tonitrua et fulmina”.[“Once, Mt Etna over- flowed with torrents of fire and spewd out a huge discharge of burning sand. The daylight was cloaked in dust, and sudden darkness terrified the populace. They say that at that time there was much thunder and lightning”. My translation]. 1877. illo tempore aiunt plurima fuisse tonitrua et fulmina] 1878. Chronological] 1879. Eruptions] 1880. ,] 1881. as (added)] 1882. Lava] 1883. Eruptions] 1884. ,] 1885. ,] 1886. Priests] 1887. ;] 1888. the] 1889. render’d] 1890. Natural History] 1891. Eruptions] 1892. find /] 1893. Eruptions] 1894. Eruption] 1895. ,] 1896. One] 1897. call’d] 1898. Volcano] 1899. Form,] 1900. piramidal] 1901. Island] 1902. side /] 1903. volcano’s] 1904. Tour] 1905. ,] 1906. shou’d] 1907. Countrymen] 1908. Servant] APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 299

1909. Read on May 30, 1771, this article appeared in Phil. Trans., 61 (1771): 48–50. It relates to Hamilton’s longer “Remarks upon the Nature of the Soil of Naples and its Neighbourhood”, which appeared as the opening article of that same volume of the Royal Society’s journal. It was very little edited, following the criteria of “An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna”. 1910. ,] 1911. Volcano] 1912. ingredient /] 1913. ,] 1914. Alabaster] 1915. calcining /] 1916. ,] 1917. ,] 1918. cristalline] 1919. bitumen /] 1920. pumice /] 1921. is (added)] 1922. The variegated] 1923. then /] 1924. matter /] 1925. ,] 1926. tufa] 1927. ,] 1928. Complete with beautiful drawings, this article, which was read on June 17, 1773, appeared in Phil. Trans., 63 (1773): 324–332. The original letter cannot be found in the Royal Society’s archives. 1929. John Tylney (1712–1784), 2nd Earl of Tylney, was a Fellow of the Royal Society. His luxurious mansion in Naples was a literary salon for several foreign visitors. Sir William Hamilton’s writing testifies to the wide net- work of international relations at the time. 1930. Horace Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799) was a Swiss geologist. Interested in electricity and magnetism, he was also an expert in vol- canology. He was in the south of Italy, where he examined Vesuvius and Etna in 1772–1773. For more details about the significance of his sci- entific exchanges particularly on this occasion, see Vladimir Jancovic, Reading the Skies: A Cultural History of English Weather 1650–1820 (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2001), 95–97. 1931. A London instrument supplier and experimentalist, Edward Nairne (1726–1806) regularly contributed to Philosophical Transactions. He was elected a Fellow in 1776. 300 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Sources

Carrera, Pietro. Delle memorie historiche della città di Catania spiegate da Don Pietro Carrera agatheo, 4 vols. Catania: Palazzo del Senato, 1661. Comparetti, Domenico and Giulio De Petra. La villa ercolanese dei Pisoni. Torino, 1883. Epiro, Agostino. Lettera del Rev. Padre Alessandro Burgos scritta ad un suo Amico, che contiene le notizie fin ora avute de’ danni cagionati in Sicilia da Tremuoti a 9 & 11 Gennaro 1693. Palermo, 1693. Finati, Giovanbattista. Il Regal Museo Borbonico. Napoli: Stamperia Reale, 1827. Gori, Antonio Francesco. Notizie del memorabile scoprimento dell’antica città di Ercolano avute per Lettera da varj celebrati letterati… Firenze: Stamperia Reale, 1748. Knight, Carlo. Le lettere di Camillo Paderni alla Royal Society di Londra (1739– 1758). Napoli: Arte Tipografica, 1997. Miller, John. The Aeneid of Virgil in Blank Verse. London and Cambridge: Macmillan, 1863. Pameno, Domenico. Lettera del Rev. Padre Alessandro Burgos scritta ad un suo Amico, che contiene le notizie fin ora avute de’ danni cagionati in Sicilia da Tremuoti a 9 & 11 Gennaro 1693. Napoli, 1693. Recupero, Giuseppe. Storia naturale e generale dell’Etna del Canonico Giuseppe Recupero. Catania: Stamperia della Regia università degli Studi, 1815. Venuti, Marcello. A Description of the First Discoveries of the Antient City of Herculaneum. Found near Portici, a Seat of his Majesty the King of the Two Sicilies… London, 1750.

Secondary Sources

Bassi, Domenico. “Il P. Antonio Piaggio e i primi tentativi per lo svolgimento dei Papiri ercolanensi”. Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletane, XXXII, 1907, 657. De Vos, Mariette. “Camillo Paderni, la tradizione antiquaria romana e i collezionisti inglesi”,inErcolano 1738–1988: 250 anni di ricerca archeologica, edited by Luisa Franchi dell’Orto, 99–116. Roma: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 1993. Franchi dell’Orto, Luisa (ed.). Ercolano 1738–1988: 250 anni di ricerca archeolog- ica. Atti del Convegno internazionale Ravello-Ercolano, Napoli-Pompei, 30 ottobre–5 novembre 1988. Roma: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 1993. Fratantuono, Lee. Madness Unchained: A Reading of Virgil’s Aeneid. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007. APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES 301

Jancovic, Vladimir. Reading the Skies: A Cultural History of English Weather 1650– 1820. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2001. Mattusch, Carol and Henry Lie. The Villa dei Papiri at Herculaneum. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2005. INDEX

A Alcoran, 38, 51 Abruzzo, 11, 115 Aleppo, 39, 40 Académie française, 61, 63 Amalfi, 117, 130, 131 Acesta, 136 America, 5, 9, 10, 15, 26, 41–43, 71 Achaea (Achaia), 74 Amici, Academy, 189 Achilles, 121, 218, 264 Amico, Vito Maria, 168, 169 Aci Sant Filippo, 212 Annunciation (The), Church, 211, 212 Aci Sant’ Antonio, 212 Anthony of Padua, Saint, 214 Acireale (Ahi Aquileia, Jaci Reale), 96, Antibe Island, 36 212 Antinous of the Belvidere, 218, 264 Acis, 161 Antiquaries, Society, 90, 98, 119, 156 Acton, William, 92, 102 Antoniszoon, Cornelis, 35 Adam, 43 Apatisti, Academy, 8, 88, 115, 128, Addison, Joseph, 151, 166 129, 135, 141 Addison, Thomas, 33, 49 Apollus, 102 Adrano (Adernò), 212 Appian Way, 6, 12, 97, 98, 113, 117, Aelius Spartianus, 294 175, 181 Aeneid, 150, 161, 263 Apulia, 11, 157 Africa, 117 Arcadia, 86 Agatha, Saint, 96, 183, 213, 214, 239 Ariège (Riege), 64 Agnano, Lake, 155, 230 Aristotle, 160 Agosta, 214 Arnauld, Mr., 178 Agoust, 64 Arnold, Richard, 36 Agrigento, 12, 163, 164 Asia, 46 Agrippina the Elder, 223, 274 Assemani. Giuseppe Simone, 126, 227, Aidone, 212 280

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 303 M. D’Amore, The Royal Society and the Discovery of the Two Sicilies, Italian and Italian American Studies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-55291-0 304 INDEX

Astrakhan (Astracan), 69 Bible (The), 43 Atlantic Ocean, 65 Blaeu, Willem, 35 Aubrey, John, 3 Blagrave, Joseph, 45 Aude, 64 Blundeville, Thomas, 36 Augusta (Megara), 95 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 233, 289 Augustan Age, 47, 90, 148 Boccone, Paolo, 4, 87, 88, 95 Augustus, Emperor, 113, 131 Bologna (Bononia), 5, 10, 12, 19, 20, Austria, 17, 72, 118 85, 133, 180 Avebury, 3 Bonajuto, Vincenzo, 4, 17 Avernus (Averno), Lake, 179, 230 Bonaccorsi (Bonnacorei), 212 Borussia, 62 Boyle, Robert, 3, 35, 43, 47, 49, 53, B 87, 100 Bacon, Francis, 3, 33 Brazil (Brasile), 37 Baden, 72 Britain, vii, 1, 3, 5, 11, 15, 19, 62, 68, Bagheria (Bagaria), 186 120, 174, 186, 200, 201 Baiae, 12, 179 Bromley, William, 87, 92 Baiardi, Antonio, 125, 134 Bruno, Giordano, 43 Bajardi, Girolamo, Monseigneur, 226, Brussels, 178 279 Bruton, William, 38 Baker, Henry, 227, 280 Brydone, Patrick, 9, 12, 14, 148, 149, Balbus, Marcus Nonius, 223, 273 159–163, 173, 179, 180–191, 193, Banks, Joseph, 157 194, 199 Baracca Vecchia (La), (Etna district), Buda, 73 233 Buffalini, Signor, 89 Barbados Islands, 42 Buonanni, Filippo, 87 Barri, Giacomo, 87 Burattini, Signor, 89 Basilicata, 11, 93 Burgos, Alessandro, 4, 96, 97, 211, 263 Bayonne, 65 Burke, Edmund, 97, 127, 147 Belgium, 62 Burrow, Robert, 265, 279 Belice (Belici), 12 Buscemi (Busceni), 215 Benedectine Monastery, 10, 213, 232, Butter, Nathaniel, 63 288 Benedict, XIII, Pope, 177 Benedict XIV, Pope, 128 C Benevento, 122 Calabria, 11, 90, 115, 159, 190, 207, Bengala (Bengalla), 38 235 Bermudas Islands, 44 California, 10, 20 Bern, 72 Caligula, Emperor, 274 Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 87 Caligula’s bridge, 130 Bernstorff, Barons, 174 Calatabiano (Cantabiano Piemonte), Betussi, Giuseppe, 289 212 INDEX 305

Caltagirone, 215 Charybdis, 160, 161 Calvin, Jean, 71, 78 Chiaramonte Gulfi, 216 Camden, William, 36 Childrey, Joshua, 37, 38 Campania, vii, viii, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 93, China, 11, 20, 39, 241 98, 113, 114, 116, 122, 128, 149, Chiron, 121, 218, 264 152, 153, 173, 175, 180, 182, 188, Christ, 39, 51, 184, 239 200 Christianity, 68, 90, 91 Campidoglio, 92, 102 Chusan Island, 11 Canada, 10, 45 Cicero, 89, 113, 132 Canart (Couart), Giuseppe, 119, 217, Cimento (Experiment), Academy, 4, 264 61, 85, 88 Capel, Mary, Lady, 7, 122 Civita Turchino, 128 Capodichino (Capo di China), 241 Classicism, 87, 88, 92, 264 Capo Passero (Capo Passaro), 12, 163 Claudia, Vestal, 132 Capua, 12, 175 Cocherel, 67–68 Carlentini (Carlentine), 214 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 64–66 Carnival, 189 Coltellini, Agostino, 135 Caron, Francis, 40 Comiso, 216 Carpinetto (Etna district), 233, 290 Commodus, Emperor, 102 Carrera, Pietro, 234 Connecticut, 45 Casa Santa (La), Hospital, 178 Constantine, Emperor, 102 Cassaro (Cassero), 214 Constantinople, 9, 37, 69, 74, 163, Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, 100 187, 232, 286 Castagno dei cento cavalli (Etna Conyers, John, 46 district), 161, 234, 290 Copley Medal, 9, 158 Castelli, Gabriele Lancillotto, Prince of Corneille, Pierre, 66 Torremuzza, 136, 286 Cortona, Etruscan Academy, 8, 18, Castiglione, 96, 212 128, 131 Castres, 64 Cosimo III of Medici, King, 135 Catania, viii, xii, 4, 10, 13, 85, 88, 93, Covent-Garden, 203, 217 94, 96, 97, 104, 114, 147, 150, 158, Crispe, Mr., 7, 121 159, 161, 163, 164, 183, 205–214, Crispina, Empress, 129 231–237, 239, 286, 288 Crusca (La), Academy, 4, 88, 135 Catholicism, 92, 182–184 Cuma, 12, 117, 179 Cerati, Gasparo, 125, 204, 227, 280 Cuneo, 115 Cesena, 115 Cyprus, 281 Ceylon, 11 Charles I, King, 62 Charles II, King, 286 D Charles III of Bourbon, King, 6–8, 11, Dallington, Robert, 32 18, 118–120, 123, 130, 132, 133, Dalmatia, 74 180, 264, 278, 281 306 INDEX

D’Aquino, Francesco Maria, Prince of Elizabethan Era, 45 Caramanico, 191 Emanuele, Prince of Valguarnera, 186 David, 102 Empedocles, 159, 164, 238 De Alcubierre, Roque Joaquín, 118 England, vii, 5, 6, 8, 11, 14, 20, 31, 32, De Bergerac, Cyrano, 66 36, 37, 40–42, 44–48, 61–63, 65, De Buffon, George-Louis, 153 71, 75, 86–88, 90, 99, 100, 123, De Fermat, Pierre, 63 129, 130, 184, 186, 187, 189, 225 degli Angeli, Stefano, 100 Enlightenment (The), vii-ix, 2, 9, 10, De Iorio, Andrea, 118, 131 15, 32, 40, 42, 62, 63, 68, 87, 90, De la Hire, Philippe, 65 91, 93, 98, 100, 101, 174, 175, 178, D’Elboeuf, Emmanuel Maurice, Prince, 182, 200, 201 118, 125, 132 Enna, 96 dell’Arena, Nicolò, Saint, 232, 234 Epiro, Agostino, 263 della Torre, Father, 184 Etna (Mongibello), 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 85, De Lorraine, Emmanuel Maurice, 118 88, 94–96, 98, 113–115, 147–151, De Marmet, Melchior, 62 153, 154, 157–166, 168, 182–185, Demone (Demoni, Emona, Emone), 190, 199, 203–205, 212, 213, 216, Valley, 149, 165, 211, 212, 216 229–231, 233–240, 283, 286, 289, Denton, Daniel, 42 298, 299 De Saussure, Horace Bénédict, 156, Etruria, 129, 136, 141 243–245, 299 Europe (OldContinent), 2, 3, 5, 6, 15, Devereux, Robert, 32 20, 31, 40, 41, 47, 61, 62, 68, Dilettanti, Society, 7, 98, 120 73–75, 91, 99, 118, 119, 128, 148, Diodorus Siculus, 97 152, 176, 181, 188, 191, 199–201 Domenichino (Domenico Zampieri), Evelyne, John, 4, 36, 93 264 Domitian, Emperor, 102 Doni, Giovanni Battista, 89 F Dryden, John, 166 Farnese, Elisabetta, 118 Dutch East India Company, 70 Farnesian Museum, 118 Featherstonhaugh, Sara, Lady, 279 Fenicia, 212 E Ferdinand IV of Bourbon, King, 120, East India Company, 5, 6, 11 186, 188 East Indies, 10, 37, 38, 41, 50 Ferla (Laferla), 215 Edinburgh, 90, 93 Feudalism, 92, 186, 188 Eighteenth Century, vii, 1–4, 14, 16, Fifteenth Century, 47, 117 47, 67, 88, 91, 98, 114, 116, 120, Filangieri, Serafino, 186 122 , 140, 160, 165, 173, 178, 185, Finch, Heneage, second Earl of 286, 289 Winchelsea, 232, 286 Elidrisi, Sherif, 168 Florence, 10, 12, 61, 135 Elis, 74 Florentine Academy of Design, 75 INDEX 307

Fogliani, Giovanni of Aragon, 185, 186 Gircuti, 216 Folkes, Martin, 122 Glover, Thomas, 42, 43, 45 Fondi, 12, 175 God, 3, 31, 39, 70, 76, 127, 148, 211 Fontana, Domenico, 117 Godwin, Morgan, 42, 52 Fracassati, Carlo, 100 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 187 Francavilla, 212 Gorgias (Georgio Leontino), 214, 263 France, viii, 3, 10, 19, 31, 45, 61–68, Gragnano, 130, 131 71, 75–77, 87, 91, 92, 118, 175, Granatello, 118 181, 187, 199 Grand Tour, vii, viii, 1–3, 6, 8–10, 12, Francis, Saint, 182 14, 15, 18, 47, 62, 67, 75, 85, 91, Francofonte, 212 92, 97–99, 114, 157, 160, 163, 173, Frederick, Abbott, 216 179, 180, 200, 201, 203 Freeman, Mr., 7, 21, 122 Gray, James, 7, 124 Fresqueil, 64 Greaves, John, 36 Fullarton, William, 181 Greece, 10, 74 Fuller, Isaac, 67, 77 Greenland, 114 Grotta del Cane, 11, 115 Guarino, Battista, 87 G Guicciardini, Francesco, 86 Gabriel, Angel, 39 Guienne, 65 Gaeta, 12, 175 Guinea, 164 Galatea, 161 Gulf of Volo, 93 Galiani, Ferdinando, 133 Galilei, Galileo, 85 Galilean method, vii, 3, 61, 75 H Garcie, Pierre, 35 Hadrian, Emperor, 113 Garelli, Pius Nikolaus, von, 178 Hall, Joseph, 32 Garonne, 64, 65 Halley, Edmund, 35, 36 Gela (Terra Nova), 216 Hamilton, William, Sir, 8, 9, 12, 14, 19, Geneva, 71, 72, 156, 243 149, 152–155, 157–159, 161, 163, Geneva, Lake, 65 168, 169, 180, 181, 187, 189, 200, Gennaro (Januarius), Saint, 103, 179, 204, 230, 240, 242, 284, 286, 291, 183, 239 296, 299 Genoa, 188 Hammond, William, 117 Georgia, 69 Hartlib, Samuel, 45, 47 Germany, 61, 62, 71, 118, 174, 187 Hartop, Martin, 96 Gesner, Conrad, 95 Haskins Eyles Styles, Francis, 8, 151 Giannone, Pietro, 177 Helvetia, 72 Giarratana, 215 Henrietta Marie, Queen, 62 Gioeni, Giuseppe, 9, 19, 163 Herculaneum, viii, 6, 11, 13, 20, 21, Giornale de’ letterati d’Italia, 4, 5, 85, 98, 113–115, 117, 119–125, 127, 89, 119, 127, 282 128, 132, 134, 135, 148, 150, 153, 308 INDEX

179, 188, 203, 220, 225–227, 239, J 264, 265, 273, 282 Jamaica, 44, 71 Herculaneum Royal Academy, 282 James Douglas, Earl of Morton, 154 Herculaneum Royal Library, 8, 118, Japan, 10, 40–42, 69 128 Java, 11, 71 Herculaneum Women, 118, 131 Jesso, 41 Hercules, 102, 218, 227, 264 Jones, Inigo, 89 Hevelius, Johannes, 70 Jones, Thomas, 154 Hiers-Brouage (Brouage), 65 Joshua, 102 Hirta Island, 46 Journal desSçavans, 31, 47, 63, 69, 118 Hislo, 78 Jove, 289 Hoare, Prince, 7, 121 Juno, 264 Holland, 3, 10, 61, 68–71, 75 Julius Caesar, Emperor, 90, 135 Hollis, Thomas, 124 Holy Ghost, 39 HolyTrinity, 39 K Homer, 74, 161 Keyssler, Johann Georg, 12, 14, 150, Howell, James, 32 173–178, 180, 182, 183, 185, 200 Hudson’s Bay Company, 6, 10 Knapton, George, 7, 120, 121 Hungary, 72, 73 Korea (Coree), 51 Hutton, James, 93, 154 Hyblean Mountains, 95 L La Civita (La Cività), Hill, 117 I Lambeth, 7 Iceland, 114 Lancisi, Giovanni Maria, 104 Iliads, 211 Languedoc, 64 India, 5, 11, 20 La Rochelle (Rochelle), 65 Ireland, 44 Lassels, Richard, 62, 87, 91 Ischia Island, 155, 231 Lazio, 136 Ispahan, 69 Leibniz, GottfriedWhilhem, 36 Ispica (Spacaforno), 215 Leigh, Edward, 32 Israel, Menasseh Ben, 47 Lentini (Leontini), 214 Istria, 74 Leonard, Saint, 212 Italy (Bel Paese), vii, viii, 1–3, 5, 6, 8, 9, Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 88 10, 11, 14, 15, 19, 61–63, 68, 74, Lers, 64 77, 85, 86, 88, 89, 93, 95, 97–99, Leti, Gregorio, 71 101, 113–116, 119, 122, 126–130, Licata (Licati), 216 136, 140, 153, 160, 163, 165, Licodia, 214 175–177, 179, 180, 187, 191, Lincei (Lincean), Academy, 4, 88 199–201, 265, 279, 289, 299 Linde, Andreas, 174, 192 INDEX 309

Linguaglossa (Linguagrossa), 96, 212 Messina, 19, 96, 159, 160, 165, 181, Lipari Islands, 6, 159, 235, 240 182, 190, 207, 211, 235, 240, 263 Lister, Martin, 42, 43, 90 Messina, Strait, viii, 9, 148, 157, 200 Locke, John, 3, 125, 204, 227, 283 Mestre, Signor, 185 London, 61, 62, 66, 67, 69, 71, 86, 87, Middle Ages, 46 91, 93, 94, 96, 174, 192, 194, 200, Milan, 12, 180 207, 232 Militello (Melitello), 215 London Exchange, 94, 206 Milton, John, 47 Louis XIV, King, 64 Minadoi, Giovanni Tommaso, 51 Lowther, Mr., 152 Mineo, 215 Lucania, 129 Minerva, 264 Lucretius, 161 Minturna, 175 Miseno, 12, 179 Misterbianco (Mesterbianco), 212 M Modica, 104, 216 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 86, 99 Mola, 12, 175 Mackenzie, Kenneth, Lord Fortrose, Molière, 66 181 Molinos, 178 Maffei, Scipione, 229, 282 Molise, 11 Mahomet, 51 Monreale, 182 Malpighi, Marcello, 19, 97, 100, 104, Monro, John, 4, 90, 91 113 Montalto, Dutchy, 212, 215 Malta, 158, 159, 215, 233, 236, 287 Montauban (Moutaban), 64 Maluku (Malucca) Islands, 11, 71 Monte Nuovo (Montagno Nuovo), Mann, Horace, Sir, 158 155 Mary Magdalene, 184 More, Robert, 7, 18, 122 Martial, 151 Moscow (Mosco), 69 Mascali, 96, 147, 149, 204, 212, 229 Motta, 212 Mather, Cotton, 42 Muraltus, Johann Philipp, 72 Maty, Mathew, 156, 230, 240, 242 Mazara (Mazzàra), 12, 211 Mazara (Mazzara), Valley, 149, 211 N Mazzocchi, Alessio Simmaco, Canon, Nairne, Edward, 247, 299 124, 125, 228, 229, 282 Naples, viii, 4, 7, 8, 10–12, 14, 85, 88, Mead, Richard, 7, 18, 124, 135, 226 90–93, 98, 103, 113, 114, 117–119, Mediterranean, vii, 2, 3, 6, 63–65, 71, 122–126, 128, 131, 132, 148, 74, 92, 97, 113–115, 129, 130, 148, 150–154, 157–160, 165, 174–179, 165, 173, 175, 180, 187, 189, 200 181, 182, 185, 187–190, 217, 218, Mela, 132 220, 227–230, 237, 239–242, 244, Melilli (Milelli, Mililli), 95, 215 263, 283, 286, 299 Memissan, 65 Naples, Bay, 115, 117–120, 127, 130, Mercury, 218 133, 134 310 INDEX

Naples, Kingdom, viii, 2, 8, 11, 17, P 113–116, 125, 128, 131, 149, 153, Paceco, Giovanni Francesco, 263 175, 176, 179, 182, 281 Pachino, 215 Natural Philosophy, 17, 20, 31, 32, 43, Paderni, Camillo, 6, 7, 13, 18, 21, 118, 86, 89, 114, 200 120, 123, 124, 125, 127, 133–135, Neale, Thomas, 32 200, 205, 217, 226, 264, 265, 282 Neoclassicism, 3, 4, 7, 8, 89, 91, 98, Padua, 10, 96, 101, 115 101, 113–115, 120, 122, 127, 128, Paestum, 11, 115, 129, 150 134, 151, 156, 179 Palagonia, 212 Netta or Scoperta Region, (Etna Palazzolo, 215 district), 158, 234 Palermo, 12, 96, 129, 158, 164, 182, New England, 10, 71 183, 185, 186, 191, 194, 211, 216, New Science, 31, 36 232, 263 Newton, Isaac, 56, 35, 36, 47 Palisci twins, 289 Nicolosi, 184, 205, 212, 247 Pallas, 102 Nicosia, 212 Palmer, Thomas, 32 Nineteenth century, viii, 9, 12, 187 Palmyra, 39 Nisida Island, 230 Pameno, Domenico, 263 Nobili, Academy, 189 Paracelsus (Tophrastus von Nocera (Nuceria), 273 Hohenheim), 43 Nocera dei Pagani, 130, 131 Paravicino, Pietro, 87 Normandy, 63 Paris, 10, 61, 65, 66, 89, 98 Norwood, Richard, 44 Parma, 17, 180 Noto, 216 Paruta, Paolo, 86 Noto, Valley, 149, 212, 215, 216 Paternò, 212 Nova Zembla, 10, 36, 69, 70 Patras, 74 Nurenburg, 71 Paul III, Pope, 264 Pedara, 212 Peking (Pekin), 51 O Peloponnesus, 74 Occhiolà (Occhiulà), 215 Perrier, François, 67 Odyssey, 161 Petra Olenia, 74 Oldenburg, Henry, 5, 13, 14, 31–33, Philippines Islands, 11, 20 45, 47, 94, 247, 263 Philip V of Spain, King, 118 Oldner, George, 69 Philodemus, 281 OlonnesurMer (Olonne), 65 Philosopher’s Tower (Etna district), Oppido Mamertina, 190, 195 159, 238 Ottaviano (Ottaiano), 157 Philosophical Transactions, vii, 2, 4–14, Ovid, 161 17, 20, 21, 31, 33–42, 44, 46, 47, Oxford, 129, 187 61–64, 66–72, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, INDEX 311

93–98, 113–117, 119–122, Ragusa, 12, 104, 216 124–130, 133, 134, 140, 148, 149, Ramazzini, Bernardino, 87–88 151, 152, 154, 155, 158, 160, 163, Ramsay, Alan, 119, 133, 264 173, 174, 176, 180, 188, 199, 200, Randazzo, 212 201, 203 Ravello, 117, 130, 131 Piaggio, Antonio, Father, 126, 160, Rawdon Hastings, Francis, 159 228, 229, 282 Recupero, Giuseppe, Canon, 9, 158, Piemontese Region, (Etna district), 159, 231, 238, 296 158, 231, 231, 234 Redi, Francesco, 87 Pisa, 5, 20, 85, 101, 115, 204, 227, 263 Ree Island, 65 Plato, 281 Reggio Calabria, 190 Pliny, 8, 97, 130, 132, 153 Reggio Emilia, 180 Plutarch, 126, 228 Regia Universitate Napoletana, 5, 127 Poitou, 65 Rembrantz Van Nierop, Dirick, 42, 45 Pola, 74 Remus, 102 Poland, 71, 72 Renaissance, 32, 36, 38, 46, 86, 87 Polyphemus, 161 Republic of Letters, viii, 10, 14, 16, Pompeii (Pompeia), 20, 98, 126, 133, 61–63, 75, 88, 100, 132, 200 134, 150, 188, 239 Resina, 117, 132 Ponza Island, 115 Restoration, viii, 2, 4, 9, 47, 61, 62, 71, Posillipo (Pausilipo), 155, 157, 242 75, 85–88, 91, 100, 199 Porto Ercole (Aretina, Port Hercules), Riccioli, Giovanni Battista, 100 117 Riquet, Pierre-Paul, 64, 65 Portici, 118, 119, 127, 217, 218, 223, Rizzi Zannoni, Giovanni, 152 225 Robinson, Henry, 4, 93 Portici Museum, 7, 118, 123, 126, 127, Robinson, Tancred, 113 223, 264 Romanticism, 151, 165 Portugal, 62 Rome, viii, 4, 5–7, 10–12, 73, 85, Pozzuoli (Pozzuole, Pozzuolo, 88–92, 95, 99, 102, 113, 114, 119, Puzzole), 11, 12, 114, 128, 153, 121, 128, 130, 151, 175, 178–180, 154, 155, 179, 230 206, 218, 219, 264, 274 Pre-Adamism, 43, 53 Romulus, 102 Pre-Romanticism, 93, 97, 98, 114, 116, Rosalia, Saint, 183 155 Royal Academy of Sciences, 65 Procida, 118, 230 Royal Society, vii, ix, xi, 2–11, 13–15, Proserpine, 184 17, 19–21, 31–33, 35, 36, 38, 39, Prussia, 17 42–47, 49, 53, 61–63, 65, 67–74, 76, 85, 87–91, 93–96, 98–100, 104, 114, 116, 117, 119, 121–130, 140, R 147–149, 151, 152, 154–160, 163, Radcliffe, Ann, 148, 165 166, 173, 174, 180, 181, 186, 187, Raggio, Father, 189 312 INDEX

192, 199–201, 230, 241, 243, 247, Selvosa (Sylvosa) Region (Etna district), 263–265, 279, 280, 283, 284, 299 158, 233 Royal Society of Edinburgh, 93 Siam, 40 Russia, 17, 114 Sibenik (Zebenico), 74 Ruthan, Ernest, 178 Sicily, vii, viii, 2, 4, 8–12, 14, 94–98, 103, 113, 114, 116, 118, 129, 141, 148–154, 157–160, 163, 164, 173, S 179, 181–183, 185–191, 200, 213, Saint Jean de Luz (St. John de Luz), 65 233–235, 237, 240, 263, 283, 286 Sallus, 161 Sicily, Kingdom, 211 San Gregorio, 212 Silvestre, Pietro, 104 San Luigi dei Francesi, Chapel, 264 Sixteenth Century, 47, 87, 99 Sancroft, William, 86 Sloane, Hans, 6 Sannazaro, Jacopo (Sannazarus), 92, Sloane, William, 117 102 Slovenia, 72 Santa Maria Annunziata, Church, 178 Smith, Edward, 46 Santa Maria Maggiore, Church, 130, Smith, Thomas, 38 131 Smyrna, 46 Santissima Trinità, Church, 178 Socinus, Faustus, 39 Sarno, 117 Solfatara (Salfaterra, Solfaterra), 153, Sarotti, Giovanni, 4, 17, 89 155, 179, 230, 240, 241 Scandinavia, 164 Somner, Willam, 67 Scarron, Paul, 66 Sor, 64 Schutz, Father, 174 Sorea Island, 70 Scicli (Scichili), 104 Sorrento, 117, 130, 131 Scilla, Agostino, 87 Sortino, 214 Scipio, 113 Soukney, 40 Scotland, 44, 46, 75, 180 Spain, 63 Scott, Walter, 286 Spelonca della Palomba (Etna district), Scylla, 161 233 Segesta, 130, 136, 164 Spon, Jacob, 71 Seneca, 161, 239, 298 Stabiae, 126, 133 Serapis, Temple, 128 Stack, Thomas, 7, 21, 121, 122 Serrovita, Antonio, Father, 213, 263 St. Agatha, Chapel, 96, 213 Severus Alexander (Alexander Servus), St. Andrea, Church, 74 102 St. Bartholomews, Hospital, 211 Sessa Palace, 8, 9, 153, 180 St. Bonaventure, Convent, 216 Seventeenth Century, viii, 3, 4, 10, 12, St. Chiara, Monastery, 216 16, 32, 35, 39, 45, 61, 68, 75, 86, St. George, Temple, 216 88, 99, 149 St. Gregory, Monastery, 216 Shakespeare, William, 164 St. James, Church, 212, 216 Sharp, Samuel, 153 St. Julian, College, 216 INDEX 313

St. Lucy, Church, 212 Trecastagni, 212 St. Nicholas, Monastery, 211, 213 Trepergola, 117 St. Salvator, Monastery, 216 Triumphetti, John Baptista, 104 St. Stephen, Monastery, 216 Troina, 212 Strabo, 132, 151 Tuking, 71 Strange, John, 9, 159 Turin, 114, 115, 180 Streater, Robert, 67, 77 Turkey, 10, 38, 40 Stromboli (Strombilo) Island, 159, 190, Turler, Jerome, 32 205, 235, 240 Tuscany, 8, 128, 135, 136, 158, 175 Stuart Age (The), 33, 39, 46, 69 Two Sicilies (The), Kingdom, 11, Stuart Monarchy, 62, 63 97–99, 199, 201 Sublime (The), viii, 8, 18, 97, 130, 147, Tyrrhenian (Tyrrhene) Sea, 102 148, 151, 161, 163 Swinburne, Henry, 187, 194 Switzerland, 10, 62, 71, 72, 130 U Syracuse, 12, 164, 182 Umbria, 136 Syria, 10 United Provinces, 61 Upper Egypt, 38 Ursino, Castle, 96, 213 T Tadmor, 39, 40, 52 Tanucci, Bernardo, 118, 133, 186 V Taormina, 238 Valerius Maximus, 132 Tardia, Francesco, 168 Valsalva, Antonio Maria, 104 Tarn (Tarne), 64 Vatican (The), 125, 228 Tartary, 10, 37, 39, 69, 114 Venice, 12, 74, 85, 115 Tasso, Torquato, 89 Venus, 126, 184 Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, 41 Venuti, Filippo, 8 Tayllerand (Taylerande), Charles Venuti, Nicolò Marcello, 8, 118, 131 Maurice, 189 Venuti, Ridolfino, 8, 136 Ternate Island, 70 Vernon, Francis, 74 Terracina, 175 Veronese, Paolo, 66 Thalia, Cave, 233, 289 Versailles, 65 Thames, 210 Vesuvius, viii, 8–12, 85, 88, 92, 93, 98, Theseus, 121, 122, 218 113–115, 119, 121, 126, 131, 134, Thoresby, Ralph, 4, 90 149–151, 153–155, 157–160, 164, Ticino, 117 165, 176, 181, 203, 217, 220, 230, Titus, Emperor, 132 231, 233–240, 299 Todorov, Tzvetan, 46 Vienna, 178 Torre Annunziata, 118 Villa of the Papyri (Herculaneum), 7, Toulouse (Tholouse), 64 18, 21, 124, 135, 188, 281, 282 Trajan, Emperor, 102 Virgil, 113, 150, 151, 161, 166, 263 314 INDEX

Virginia, 10, 43, 71 Weigats, 10, 36 Virgin Mary, 39, 184 West Indies, 47 Vizzini (Bizrini), 214 Wilbraham, Mr., 154 Volta, Alessandro, 115 Winckelmann, Johann, 153 Vouet, Simon, 67 Winthrop, John, 45 Vulcano Island, 240 Witsen, Nicholas, 69, 70 Wright, Edward, 178

W Walpole, Horace, 286 Z Ward, John, 264 Zadar (Zahara), 74 Watkins, Thomas, 9, 12, 14, 19, 160, Zakynthos (Zante), 74 163, 164, 173, 187–190, 194, 199, Zeno, 228, 281 200 Zirknitz, 74 Watson, Mr., 152 Zwingli, Ulrich, 71