421317 1 En Bookbackmatter 199..314
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
CONCLUSION Numerous travellers toured the Two Sicilies in the following decades, but few of them had Brydone’s or Watkins’ reputation. These latter had shed light on cities and natural sites that were unknown to Britons; what is more important, they had been able to blend knowledge with unique experiences of human and scientific growth. “Cultural mediators”, or, to use Birkle’s definition, “cultural brokers”,1 they had finally built solid communication bridges, which had contributed to unite the north and the south of Europe. It had been a long and difficult path, but the members of learned aca- demies, particularly those of the Royal Society, had finally had success. Starting from the long-distance expeditions of the late Restoration period, when they had appropriated geographical spaces and indigenous technical skills, they had gradually become more interested in the Old Continent, and focused special attention on France and Italy. Philosophical Transactions, the Royal Society’s journal, had been flooded with articles on the two countries’ scientific-technological feats, and pro- posed its volumes as icons of a liberal conception of cultural communica- tion. Going beyond any chauvinistic prejudices, its contributors had established positive and fruitful relations with the two countries’ most distinguished cultural circles. As time went by, the policy that they fol- lowed resulted in the radical change of the image of the south of Italy, which became an irresistible point of attraction for the future generations of learned Britons. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 199 M. D’Amore, The Royal Society and the Discovery of the Two Sicilies, Italian and Italian American Studies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-55291-0 200 CONCLUSION The process had begun in 1738. It would take the Fellows and learned travellers a little more than 50 years to discover both the precious remains of ancient civilizations and the spectacular sights especially in Campania and Sicily. Far from being devoted only to “Natural Philosophy”, they made use of the great events in the two regions, and were finally able to include their principal sites in the Grand Tourists’ itineraries. The two major protagonists of the concluding evolutionary phases of the Grand Tour, Camillo Paderni and Sir William Hamilton, have proved that in that period the London Society was committed to the enlargement of its Anglo-Italian network of relations. Despite the Bourbon King’s restrictive measures, thanks to its exceptional members, the Mediterranean south was endowed with a clear, appealing cultural identity. As a result, an increasing number of visitors crossed the Strait of Messina, and toured Sicily too. The Fellows’ interest in such a remote part of the Continent testified to the Society’s mission. Although they had initially served Britain’s imperi- alistic ambitions, also empowering the intellectual-diplomatic relations within the Republic of Letters, promoting scientific spaces had been far more important. Focusing on its main cities and natural treasures, they had proposed them as tools of cultural progress and, finally, they had provided their readers with detailed topographical descriptions. It was not by chance that Philosophical Transactions rarely published maps or illustrations of the south of Italy, and that it was only possible to find that type of material in longer travel narratives. Keyssler’s, Brydone’s and Watkins’ priority was to circulate scientific news, but at the same time, they were always clear about their destinations, whose beauties and challenging human encounters they always wrote about in detail. A key and unexplored aspect of the Grand Tour, that of the complex and multi-layered exchanges that were at the bases of the English travellers’ choices has represented the other part of the story. As we have seen, there is documentary evidence that before new destinations were created, there was a lively debate about their artistic and scientific resources, and that pro- moting them was part of the Fellows’ activities. The material objects that were at the core of most of the letters that they circulated, ancient Roman antiquities and geological samples, were indicative not only of the cultural trends of the time, but also symbolic of the phases of the Giro d’Italia. There is a lot to research from this point of view. Apart from discerning the intellectual bases and political implications of travel itineraries in the Enlightenment, the impact that those writings had at an international level CONCLUSION 201 should be object of closer scrutiny. Philosophical Transactions had a large print run, but knowing more about its distribution systems within the most exclusive European circles is now crucial. Although scholarly studies2 have already explained that some articles in particular were re-published by other important journals throughout the Continent, their official links, as well as most popular topics, are still unclear. Thus, there are no ultimate truths in this important field of study. What the Society’s Fellows and their correspondents witnessed in the Two Sicilies, particularly what they reported on their treasures and civilization, are still perfect examples of the leading scientific institutions’ agency in the Enlightenment. Observing the Grand Tour from this novel perspective may contribute to a more balanced vision of the continuous, fruitful relations between Britain and Italy. NOTES 1. See Birkle, 59. 2. See David Abraham, Kronick, “Devant le Deluge” and Other Essays on Early Modern Scientific Communication (Lanham and Oxford: Scarecrow Press, 2004), 153–179; as well as McDougall-Waters, Moxham and Fyfe. BIBLIOGRAPHY Secondary Sources Birkle, Carmen. “Between the Island and the City: Cultural Brokerage in Caribbean-Canadian Short Fiction”.InDiasporic Subjectivity in Contemporary Post-Colonial Literatures, edited by Igor Mayer, 59–90. Lanham and Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2009. Kronick, Abraham David. “Devant le Deluge” and Other Essays on Early Modern Scientific Communication. Lanham and Oxford: Scarecrow Press, 2004. McDougall-Waters, Julie, Noha Moxham and Aileen Fyfe. Philosophical Transactions: 350 Years of Publishing at the Royal Society (1665–2015). London: The Royal Society, 2015. APPENDIX:TEXTUAL SOURCES The texts included in this section are taken from Philosophical Transactions. Seven of them also refer to the manuscripts housed at the History of Science Centre of the Royal Society. All spelling variants have been recorded in the notes followed by square brackets. The differences between the original and the printed versions have also been indicated with the acronyms MS (manuscript) and PT (Philosophical Transactions); omitted punctuation is signalled by a slash /. Selected for their significance in the construction of discourse on the Grand Tour, they represent the Fellows’ debate on the Herculaneum archaeological finds, as well as on their scientific, and cultural interest in Vesuvius and Etna. They are listed below together with their manuscripts: • Anon. “An Answer to some Inquiries concerning the Eruptions of Mount AEtna, An. 1669. Communicated by some Inquisitive English Merchants, now residing in Sicily”. Philosophical Transactions,n.4 (1669): 1028–1034. Anon. “Answer unto certain Inquiries concerning the burning of Mount Etna Ao 1669”. [C.I.P./19/50] • Anon. “Extract of a Letter from Naples, concerning Herculaneum, containing an Account and Description of the Place, and what has been found in it”. Philosophical Transactions, n. 47 (1751–1752): 150–159. “Extract of a Letter from Naples concerning Herculaneum, containing an Account and description of the Place, and what has been Found in it.” Read April 18 1751. [L&P/2/191] © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 203 M. D’Amore, The Royal Society and the Discovery of the Two Sicilies, Italian and Italian American Studies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-55291-0 204 APPENDIX: TEXTUAL SOURCES • Anon. “An Extract of a letter written by the Magistrates of the City of Mascali,inSicily, and sent from their public Office to Naples, concerning a late Eruption of Mount Etna. Translated from the Italian”. Philosophical Transactions, n. 49 (1755–1756): 209–210. “Mascali in Sicily. Of a late eruption of Mount Etna”. [L&P/3/28] • Baker, Henry and John Locke. “Copy of a Letter from a Learned Gentleman of Naples, Dated February 25 1755, concerning the Books and Antient Writings dug out of the Ruins of an Edifice Near the Site of the Old City of Herculaneum; to Monsignor Cerati,ofPisa, F.R.S. sent to Mr. Baker, F.R.S. and by him communicated; with a Translation by John Locke, Esq; F.R.S.”. Philosophical Transactions, n. 49 (1755–1756): 112–115. “Copy of a letter from a learned man of Naples dated 30 July 1755 concerning the books and ancient writings dug out of the Ruins of an Edifice Near the Site of the Old City of Herculaneum. To Cerati of Pisa F.R.S. sent to Mr. Baker F.R.S.” [L&P/3/10] • Burgos, Alessandro. “An Extract of the Account mentioned in the foregoing Letter, taken out of an Italian Paper. Written by P. Alessandro Burgos. Printed first at Palermo, and afterwards at Naples. 1693”. Philosophical Transactions, n. 17 (1693): 830–838. • Hamilton, William. “An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna,ina Letter from the Honourable William Hamilton, His Majesty’s Envoy Extraordinary at Naples, to Mathew Maty, M.D. Sec. R.S.”. Philosophical Transactions, n. 60 (1770): 1–19. “Account of my late observations upon Mount Etna” (Naples, 17 Oct. 1769) [L&P/5/148] • Hamilton, William. “Extract of another Letter, from Mr. Hamilton,to Dr. Maty, on the same Subject”. Philosophical Transactions,n.61 (1771): 48–50. “Descriptions of specimens of soil, rocks, etc. sent (with paper) from neighbourhood”. [L&P/5/242] • Hamilton, William. “Account of the Effects of a Thunder-Storm, on the 15th of March 1773, upon the House of Lord Tylney at Naples.Ina Letter from the Honourable Sir William Hamilton, Knight of the Bath, His Majesty’s Envoy Extraordinary at the Court of Naples, and F.R.S.