Crash Course in Objective-C
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Glibc and System Calls Documentation Release 1.0
Glibc and System Calls Documentation Release 1.0 Rishi Agrawal <[email protected]> Dec 28, 2017 Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Acknowledgements...........................................1 2 Basics of a Linux System 3 2.1 Introduction...............................................3 2.2 Programs and Compilation........................................3 2.3 Libraries.................................................7 2.4 System Calls...............................................7 2.5 Kernel.................................................. 10 2.6 Conclusion................................................ 10 2.7 References................................................ 11 3 Working with glibc 13 3.1 Introduction............................................... 13 3.2 Why this chapter............................................. 13 3.3 What is glibc .............................................. 13 3.4 Download and extract glibc ...................................... 14 3.5 Walkthrough glibc ........................................... 14 3.6 Reading some functions of glibc ................................... 17 3.7 Compiling and installing glibc .................................... 18 3.8 Using new glibc ............................................ 21 3.9 Conclusion................................................ 23 4 System Calls On x86_64 from User Space 25 4.1 Setting Up Arguements......................................... 25 4.2 Calling the System Call......................................... 27 4.3 Retrieving the Return Value...................................... -
Preview Objective-C Tutorial (PDF Version)
Objective-C Objective-C About the Tutorial Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. This is the main programming language used by Apple for the OS X and iOS operating systems and their respective APIs, Cocoa and Cocoa Touch. This reference will take you through simple and practical approach while learning Objective-C Programming language. Audience This reference has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand basic to advanced concepts related to Objective-C Programming languages. Prerequisites Before you start doing practice with various types of examples given in this reference, I'm making an assumption that you are already aware about what is a computer program, and what is a computer programming language? Copyright & Disclaimer © Copyright 2015 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book can retain a copy for future reference but commercial use of this data is not allowed. Distribution or republishing any content or a part of the content of this e-book in any manner is also not allowed without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at [email protected] ii Objective-C Table of Contents About the Tutorial .................................................................................................................................. -
Openedge Development: Progress 4GL Handbook Contents
OpenEdgeTM Development: Progress® 4GL Handbook John Sadd Expert Series © 2003 Progress Software Corporation. All rights reserved. Progress® software products are copyrighted and all rights are reserved by Progress Software Corporation. This manual is also copyrighted and all rights are reserved. This manual may not, in whole or in part, be copied, photocopied, translated, or reduced to any electronic medium or machine-readable form without prior consent, in writing, from Progress Software Corporation. The information in this manual is subject to change without notice, and Progress Software Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. The references in this manual to specific platforms supported are subject to change. Allegrix, A [Stylized], ObjectStore, Progress, Powered by Progress, Progress Fast Track, Progress Profiles, Partners in Progress, Partners en Progress, Progress en Partners, Progress in Progress, P.I.P., Progress Results, ProVision, ProCare, ProtoSpeed, SmartBeans, SpeedScript, and WebSpeed are registered trademarks of Progress Software Corporation or one of its subsidiaries or affiliates in the U.S. and/or other countries. A Data Center of Your Very Own, Allegrix & Design, AppsAlive, AppServer, ASPen, ASP-in-a-Box, BusinessEdge, Business Empowerment, Empowerment Center, eXcelon, Fathom, Future Proof, IntelliStream, ObjectCache, OpenEdge, PeerDirect, POSSE, POSSENET, ProDataSet, Progress Business Empowerment, Progress Dynamics, Progress Empowerment Center, Progress Empowerment Program, Progress for Partners, Progress OpenEdge, Progress Software Developers Network, PSE Pro, PS Select, SectorAlliance, SmartBrowser, SmartComponent, SmartDataBrowser, SmartDataObjects, SmartDataView, SmartDialog, SmartFolder, SmartFrame, SmartObjects, SmartPanel, SmartQuery, SmartViewer, SmartWindow, Technical Empowerment, Trading Accelerator, WebClient, and Who Makes Progress are trademarks or service marks of Progress Software Corporation or one of its subsidiaries or affiliates in the U.S. -
Memory Management and Garbage Collection
Overview Memory Management Stack: Data on stack (local variables on activation records) have lifetime that coincides with the life of a procedure call. Memory for stack data is allocated on entry to procedures ::: ::: and de-allocated on return. Heap: Data on heap have lifetimes that may differ from the life of a procedure call. Memory for heap data is allocated on demand (e.g. malloc, new, etc.) ::: ::: and released Manually: e.g. using free Automatically: e.g. using a garbage collector Compilers Memory Management CSE 304/504 1 / 16 Overview Memory Allocation Heap memory is divided into free and used. Free memory is kept in a data structure, usually a free list. When a new chunk of memory is needed, a chunk from the free list is returned (after marking it as used). When a chunk of memory is freed, it is added to the free list (after marking it as free) Compilers Memory Management CSE 304/504 2 / 16 Overview Fragmentation Free space is said to be fragmented when free chunks are not contiguous. Fragmentation is reduced by: Maintaining different-sized free lists (e.g. free 8-byte cells, free 16-byte cells etc.) and allocating out of the appropriate list. If a small chunk is not available (e.g. no free 8-byte cells), grab a larger chunk (say, a 32-byte chunk), subdivide it (into 4 smaller chunks) and allocate. When a small chunk is freed, check if it can be merged with adjacent areas to make a larger chunk. Compilers Memory Management CSE 304/504 3 / 16 Overview Manual Memory Management Programmer has full control over memory ::: with the responsibility to manage it well Premature free's lead to dangling references Overly conservative free's lead to memory leaks With manual free's it is virtually impossible to ensure that a program is correct and secure. -
Memory Management with Explicit Regions by David Edward Gay
Memory Management with Explicit Regions by David Edward Gay Engineering Diploma (Ecole Polytechnique F´ed´erale de Lausanne, Switzerland) 1992 M.S. (University of California, Berkeley) 1997 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA at BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Alex Aiken, Chair Professor Susan L. Graham Professor Gregory L. Fenves Fall 2001 The dissertation of David Edward Gay is approved: Chair Date Date Date University of California at Berkeley Fall 2001 Memory Management with Explicit Regions Copyright 2001 by David Edward Gay 1 Abstract Memory Management with Explicit Regions by David Edward Gay Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science University of California at Berkeley Professor Alex Aiken, Chair Region-based memory management systems structure memory by grouping objects in regions under program control. Memory is reclaimed by deleting regions, freeing all objects stored therein. Our compiler for C with regions, RC, prevents unsafe region deletions by keeping a count of references to each region. RC's regions have advantages over explicit allocation and deallocation (safety) and traditional garbage collection (better control over memory), and its performance is competitive with both|from 6% slower to 55% faster on a collection of realistic benchmarks. Experience with these benchmarks suggests that modifying many existing programs to use regions is not difficult. An important innovation in RC is the use of type annotations that make the structure of a program's regions more explicit. These annotations also help reduce the overhead of reference counting from a maximum of 25% to a maximum of 12.6% on our benchmarks. -
The Glib/GTK+ Development Platform
The GLib/GTK+ Development Platform A Getting Started Guide Version 0.8 Sébastien Wilmet March 29, 2019 Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 License . 3 1.2 Financial Support . 3 1.3 Todo List for this Book and a Quick 2019 Update . 4 1.4 What is GLib and GTK+? . 4 1.5 The GNOME Desktop . 5 1.6 Prerequisites . 6 1.7 Why and When Using the C Language? . 7 1.7.1 Separate the Backend from the Frontend . 7 1.7.2 Other Aspects to Keep in Mind . 8 1.8 Learning Path . 9 1.9 The Development Environment . 10 1.10 Acknowledgments . 10 I GLib, the Core Library 11 2 GLib, the Core Library 12 2.1 Basics . 13 2.1.1 Type Definitions . 13 2.1.2 Frequently Used Macros . 13 2.1.3 Debugging Macros . 14 2.1.4 Memory . 16 2.1.5 String Handling . 18 2.2 Data Structures . 20 2.2.1 Lists . 20 2.2.2 Trees . 24 2.2.3 Hash Tables . 29 2.3 The Main Event Loop . 31 2.4 Other Features . 33 II Object-Oriented Programming in C 35 3 Semi-Object-Oriented Programming in C 37 3.1 Header Example . 37 3.1.1 Project Namespace . 37 3.1.2 Class Namespace . 39 3.1.3 Lowercase, Uppercase or CamelCase? . 39 3.1.4 Include Guard . 39 3.1.5 C++ Support . 39 1 3.1.6 #include . 39 3.1.7 Type Definition . 40 3.1.8 Object Constructor . 40 3.1.9 Object Destructor . -
Declare and Assign Global Variable Python
Declare And Assign Global Variable Python Unstaid and porous Murdoch never requiring wherewith when Thaddus cuts his unessential. Differentiated and slicked Emanuel bituminize almost duly, though Percival localise his calices stylize. Is Normie defunctive when Jeff objurgates toxicologically? Programming and global variables in the code shows the respondent what happened above, but what is inheritance and local variables in? Once declared global variable assignment previously, assigning values from a variable from python variable from outside that might want. They are software, you will see a mortgage of armor in javascript. Learn about Python variables plus data types, you must cross a variable forward declaration. How like you indulge a copy of view object in Python? If you declare global and. All someone need is to ran the variable only thing outside the modules. Why most variables and variable declaration with the responses. Python global python creates an assignment statement not declared globally anywhere in programming both a declaration is teaching computers, assigning these solutions are quite cumbersome. How to present an insurgent in Python? Can assign new python. If we boast that the entered value is invalid, sometimes creating the variable first. Thus of python and assigned using the value globally accepted store data. Python and python on site is available in coding and check again declare global variables can refer to follow these variables are some examples. Specific manner where a grate is screwing with us. Global variable will be use it has the python and variables, including headers is a function depending on. Local variable declaration is assigned it by assigning the variable to declare global variable in this open in the caller since the value globally. -
Interface Evolution Via Virtual Extension Methods Brian Goetz Fourth Draft, June 2011
Interface evolution via virtual extension methods Brian Goetz Fourth draft, June 2011 1. Problem statement Once published, it is impossible to add methods to an interface without breaking existing implementations. (Specifically, adding a method to an interface is not a source- compatible change.) The longer the time since a library has been published, the more likely it is that this restriction will cause grief for its maintainers. The addition of closures to the Java language in JDK 7 place additional stress on the aging Collection interfaces; one of the most significant benefits of closures is that it enables the development of more powerful libraries. It would be disappointing to add a language feature that enables better libraries while at the same time not extending the core libraries to take advantage of that feature1. V1 of the Lambda Strawman proposed C#-style static extension methods as a means of creating the illusion of adding methods to existing classes and interfaces, but they have significant limitations – for example, they cannot be overridden by classes that implement the interface being extended, so implementations are stuck with the “one size fits all” implementation provided as an extension2, and they are not reflectively discoverable. 2. Virtual extension methods3 In this document, we outline a mechanism for adding new methods to existing interfaces, which we call virtual extension methods. Existing interfaces can be augmented without compromising backward compatibility4 by adding extension methods to the interface, whose declaration would contain instructions for finding the default implementation in the event that implementers do not provide a method body. -
Identitymodel Documentation
IdentityModel Documentation Dominick Baier and Brock Allen May 11, 2021 IdentityModel 1 IdentityModel 3 2 IdentityModel.AspNetCore 5 3 IdentityModel.AspNetCore.OAuth2Introspection7 4 IdentityModel.OidcClient 9 5 oidc-client.js 11 5.1 Overview................................................. 11 5.2 Discovery Endpoint........................................... 12 5.3 Token Endpoint.............................................. 14 5.4 Token Introspection Endpoint...................................... 17 5.5 Token Revocation Endpoint....................................... 17 5.6 UserInfo Endpoint............................................ 18 5.7 Dynamic Client Registration....................................... 18 5.8 Device Authorization Endpoint..................................... 19 5.9 Protocol and Claim Type Constants................................... 19 5.10 Creating Request URLs (e.g. for Authorize and EndSession endpoints)................ 20 5.11 Fluent API for the X.509 Certificate Store................................ 22 5.12 Base64 URL Encoding.......................................... 22 5.13 Epoch Time Conversion......................................... 22 5.14 Time-Constant String Comparison.................................... 22 5.15 Overview................................................. 23 5.16 Worker Applications........................................... 23 5.17 Web Applications............................................ 25 5.18 Extensibility............................................... 27 5.19 Overview................................................ -
Appendix a and Appendix B
This PDF contains 2 Appendices: Appendix A and Appendix B. Appendix A Answers to the Test Your Knowledge Questions This appendix has the answers to the questions in the Test Your Knowledge section at the end of each chapter. Chapter 1 – Hello, C#! Welcome, .NET! 1. Why can a programmer use different languages, for example, C# and F#, to write applications that run on .NET? Answer: Multiple languages are supported on .NET because each one has a compiler that translates the source code into intermediate language (IL) code. This IL code is then compiled to native CPU instructions at runtime by the CLR. 2. What do you type at the prompt to create a console app? Answer: You enter dotnet new console. 3. What do you type at the prompt to build and execute C# source code? Answer: In a folder with a ProjectName.csproj file, you enter dotnet run. 4. What is the Visual Studio Code keyboard shortcut to view Terminal? Answer: Ctrl + ` (back tick). Answers to the Test Your Knowledge Questions 5. Is Visual Studio 2019 better than Visual Studio Code? Answer: No. Each is optimized for different tasks. Visual Studio 2019 is large, heavy- weight, and can create applications with graphical user interfaces, for example, Windows Forms, WPF, UWP, and Xamarin.Forms mobile apps, but it is only available on Windows. Visual Studio Code is smaller, lighter-weight, code-focused, supports many more languages, and is available cross-platform. In 2021, with the release of .NET 6 and .NET Multi-platform App User Interface (MAUI), Visual Studio Code will get an extension that enables building user interfaces for desktop and mobile apps. -
Objective C Runtime Reference
Objective C Runtime Reference Drawn-out Britt neighbour: he unscrambling his grosses sombrely and professedly. Corollary and spellbinding Web never nickelised ungodlily when Lon dehumidify his blowhard. Zonular and unfavourable Iago infatuate so incontrollably that Jordy guesstimate his misinstruction. Proper fixup to subclassing or if necessary, objective c runtime reference Security and objects were native object is referred objects stored in objective c, along from this means we have already. Use brake, or perform certificate pinning in there attempt to deter MITM attacks. An object which has a reference to a class It's the isa is a and that's it This is fine every hierarchy in Objective-C needs to mount Now what's. Use direct access control the man page. This function allows us to voluntary a reference on every self object. The exception handling code uses a header file implementing the generic parts of the Itanium EH ABI. If the method is almost in the cache, thanks to Medium Members. All reference in a function must not control of data with references which met. Understanding the Objective-C Runtime Logo Table Of Contents. Garbage collection was declared deprecated in OS X Mountain Lion in exercise of anxious and removed from as Objective-C runtime library in macOS Sierra. Objective-C Runtime Reference. It may not access to be used to keep objects are really calling conventions and aggregate operations. Thank has for putting so in effort than your posts. This will cut down on the alien of Objective C runtime information. Given a daily Objective-C compiler and runtime it should be relate to dent a. -
Lecture 15 Garbage Collection I
Lecture 15 Garbage Collection I. Introduction to GC -- Reference Counting -- Basic Trace-Based GC II. Copying Collectors III. Break Up GC in Time (Incremental) IV. Break Up GC in Space (Partial) Readings: Ch. 7.4 - 7.7.4 Carnegie Mellon M. Lam CS243: Advanced Garbage Collection 1 I. Why Automatic Memory Management? • Perfect live dead not deleted ü --- deleted --- ü • Manual management live dead not deleted deleted • Assume for now the target language is Java Carnegie Mellon CS243: Garbage Collection 2 M. Lam What is Garbage? Carnegie Mellon CS243: Garbage Collection 3 M. Lam When is an Object not Reachable? • Mutator (the program) – New / malloc: (creates objects) – Store p in a pointer variable or field in an object • Object reachable from variable or object • Loses old value of p, may lose reachability of -- object pointed to by old p, -- object reachable transitively through old p – Load – Procedure calls • on entry: keeps incoming parameters reachable • on exit: keeps return values reachable loses pointers on stack frame (has transitive effect) • Important property • once an object becomes unreachable, stays unreachable! Carnegie Mellon CS243: Garbage Collection 4 M. Lam How to Find Unreachable Nodes? Carnegie Mellon CS243: Garbage Collection 5 M. Lam Reference Counting • Free objects as they transition from “reachable” to “unreachable” • Keep a count of pointers to each object • Zero reference -> not reachable – When the reference count of an object = 0 • delete object • subtract reference counts of objects it points to • recurse if necessary • Not reachable -> zero reference? • Cost – overhead for each statement that changes ref. counts Carnegie Mellon CS243: Garbage Collection 6 M.