Index

absinthe 234-235 allergies 139, 193,213,225,238-239,271 absorption 29,31-36 Amadori compounds/rearrangement 196, 210 barriers to 28 amaranth 226 kinetics 55, 56 amatoxins 128 of metals 22, 137, 140, 143 Ames test 83, 94 (ADI) 260,261-262 amines acesulfame K 223 biogenic 211-214 acetylcholinesterase (AChE) 44,63-64, 170, 174, HAAs 13,209-210 175,176 amino acids 102-103 ackee 102-103 aminopyridines 209-210 acrylamide 24, 196-199 amitraz 263 active transport 34, 50 amnesic shellfish (AST) 130 Acute Reference Dose (ARID) 2 anaemia additives see additives favism 35,126-127 adenosine receptors 105 141 Adequate Intake (AI) 134 analytical chemistry ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) 260,261-262 bioassays 255-257 adipose tissue 37, 168 of elemems 251-254 ADME (Absorption, Distribution, and gas chromatography 244-247 Excretion) 28-30 HPLC 247-251 absorption 29,31-36 immunoassays 254-255 barriers to 28,37-38 regulation 241-242 distribution 29,36-37,57 sampling procedures 242-244,252 excretion 30, 49-52 androgens 189 kinetics 53-60 aneuploidy, tests for 83,94-95 metabolism 29-30, 40-48 animal feed, contamination 11,25-27,156, of metals 22,137,140-141,143,146-148 266-267,273-274 advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) 210 animals 27,151-155,266-267,275 as food 6-7,10-11 agent orange 21, 180,187 used in toxicity testing 30, 82, 85-87, 93 agriculture 9-11 see also fish; meat; shellfish Ah (aryl hydrocarbon) receptor 63, 187 anthranoids 113-114 AI (Adequate Imake) 134 anthraquinone (AQ) 113, 114 air 8, 21, 207 anti-nutritional compounds 17,97, 112 alcohol antioxidants 227,230-232 distilled products 210-211 AOAC INTERNATIONAL 242 elimination of 44,56-57,240 apples 162,267 aldrin 167 ARID (Acute Reference Dose) 2 algae 9 arsenic 134,135-136,253 cadmium in seaweed 133 Artemia salina (brine shrimp test) 88-90 toxins 27,65,129-130,255-256 aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor 63, 187 alimentary toxic aleukia 157-158 ascorbic acid (E300) 227,231 alkaloids 100-101,103-138 (E951) 221,221-222 analysis of 246 Aspergillus species 151,153,155-156 ergot 13,24,151,158-161 atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) 251-252 see also glycosides autotrophs 4-5

277 1 auxin herbicides 180-181 carbaryl 175 Clostridium b azo colouring agents 225-226,275-276 carbon tetrachloride 231 Codex Alimer azorubin 226 carboxyatractyloside 114 coeliac carcinogens (or potential carcinogens) colchicine 10: acrylamide 198-199 colon 35, 11~ babies see infants alkaloids 107, 108 colour additiv bacterial amines 212-224 arsenic 135 in food I bacterial tests for mutagenicity 83, 94 chromium 139 in plastic bacterial toxins 20 dioxins 186-187 comfrey (Sym J barley (Hordeum vulgare) 25, 158 glycosides 113, 124 contaminants beeswax 237 HAAs 13,210 see also I Belgium, contaminated chickenfeed 273-274 3-MCPD 214 convicine 35, Benchmark Dose (BMD) 261 152,156 convulsive erg benzo[a]pyrene 206,207 nitrosamines 202-204 cooking BHE (butylated hydroxyanisole) (E320) 230-231 PAHs 206-209 acrylami, BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) (E321) 231 221 AGEs 2: biliary excretion 51-52,56 urethane 210 HAAs 1 bioassays 255-257 cardenolides 114-116 Maillard biogenic amines 211-214 cardiac glycosides 114-116 nitrosam biolistics 269-270 cardiovascular disease 205-206 oil used i biological warfare 158 carnauba wax 70-71,236-237 PAHs 2C see also chemical warfare cassava (Manihot esculenta) 13,24-25,117,118 trans fatl (BPA) 194-195 cassia gum 13, 113-114 copper 134, 1 bitterness 106,111,116,123,126 cathartic toxicants 113-114, 124 as a fung black PN 226 cell membrane 32, 33-35, 65 copra 266-2E bladder cancer 124, 221 central nervous system (CNS) 38 cosmetics 225 blood see also neurotoxins cottonseeds 2 distribution and 36,37,38 ceramics 136,191 crisp bread 2: toxicokinetics and 53-55,56,58,59 certification systems 267-268 cucurbitacins blue baby syndrome 202 a-chaconine 120-121 curing process BMD (Benchmark Dose) 261 cheese 8, 213-214 salting 1 bone 37 chemical compounds 15-17,19-21 smoking cadmium and 136-137 chemical warfare 21,158,171-172,180,187 cyanogens 35 lead and 133-134 chickens, contaminated feed 26-27,273-274 in cassav Bordeaux mixture 182 children in jojoba boron 134 allergies 239 cycasin 35, I: BPA (bisphenol A) 194-195 caffeine 105 cyclamate (E9 bracken fern (Pteridium species) 124 lead 2-3,142 cyclodienes 11 brain 38 mercury 145 cytochrome p, see also neurotoxins nutritional requirements 2 153, Brassica species 118-120 phthalates 31 breast-feeding 52, 217 see also infants brick tea 150 chilli peppers 275 Dahlgrenogral brine shrimp test 88-90 China dairy product! bufadienolides 115 edible mushrooms 7 : butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (E320) 230-231 gossypol intoxication 109,243 cheese 8, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (E321) 231 in infant milk formula 274-275 DEHP in selenium deficiencylintoxication 146, 148 excretion chlorophenoxy herbicides 180-181 lead in 1 CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission) 70-72,241 chromium 18,134,138-139,253 melamine cadmium 132-133,136-138 chromosomes, structural anomalies 83, 94-95 milk into cafkine 103, 105-106 Cinchona species 106 zearalenc calcium 134 citric acid (Krebs) cycle, inhibition of 64, 102, 135 1,3-DCP (1,3­ Canada, mercury poisoning 145 citrus fruits 108, 123,229 DDD (dichlon [L]-canavanine 102 citrus oils 232, 233 DDT (dichlon canned food 149 Claviceps purpurea 158-159 168, , carbamates 175, 176 see also ergot alkaloids DEHA (di-(2-e

r278 Index Index Clostridium botulinum, curing process and 199,200 DEHP (di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate) 192 Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) 70-72,241 Delaney Clause 69 coeliac disease 239 deoxynivaJenol (DON) 61,157,158 colchicine 108-109 developmental toxicity see teratogenicity colon 35, 113 diabetes mellitus 18, 138,210 colour additives dianthrone 114 in food 68-69,224-226,275-276 diarrhoeic shellfish toxins (DST) 129, 130, in plastics 136 256,257 comfrey (Symphytum officinale) 107 diazolidinyl urea 229 contaminants in food 132-133,191-194,217 dibenzofurans 181 see also individual metalslmetalloidslcompounds dicamba 181 convicine 35, 126-127 dichlorprop 180 convulsive ergotism 160 167, 168 cooking Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) 134 acrylamide 24,196,198-199 189 AGEs 210 diffusion 34-35,50 HAAs 13,209-210 dinitrophenols 64 Maillard reaction 196, 198, 210 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls 52,185 nitrosamines 203,227 dioxins 21,180-181,185-187 oil used in deep-frying 257-259 analysis 256-257 PAHs 206 public health incidents 186,273-274 trans fatty acids 205-206 diphenyl (E230) 229 copper 134, 139-140 distillation as a fungicide 182 alcohol 210-211 copra 266-267 essential oils 233 cosmetics 229 distribution 29,36-37,57 cottonseeds 26, 109 barriers 37-38 crisp bread 23-24 kinetics 57-59 cucurbitacins 116 of metals 141,146 curing process diterpenes 109 salting 199-200,203,227 dithiocarbamates 183-184 smoking 207-209 DNA, as a target 65, 107, 154 cyanogens 35,116-118,249 DNOC (4,6-dinitro-o-cresol) 179 in cassava 24-25, 117, 118 dodecyl gallate (E312) 231-232 in jojoba 122 domoic acid 130 cycasin 35, 122-123 DON (deoxynivalenol) 61, 157, 158 cyclamate (E952) 35,220,223 doramectin 72 cyclodienes 167 dose-response relationship 65-67 cytochrome P450 enzymes 40-41,43-44,92, LD so and alternatives 86-87 153, 187 DR-CALUX bioassay 256-257 drinking water fluoridated 150 Dahlgrenograms 100-101 metals/metalloids in 135-136,139,140 daity products nitrates/nitrites in 64,201,203-204 aflatoxins in 27,153 DRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes) 134 cheese 8,213-214 drugs DEHP in 192 human use 242 excretion of toxicants into milk 52 veterinary see veterinary drugs lead in 142 DST (diarrhoeic shellfish toxins) 129, 130,256,257 melamine contamination in China 274-275 milk intolerance 240 zearalenone in 163 EBDCs (ethylenebisdithiocarbamates) 184 1,3-DCP (1,3-dichloro-2-propanol) 214 EFSA (European Authority) 11,76, DDD (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) 166-167 194-195,222,225,236 DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) 166,167, electrochemical detectors 249 168,169-170 electroporation 270 DEHA (di-(2-ethylhexyl)adipate) 192, 193 electrospray ionization (ESI) 249-251

Index 279 1 elements 15,16,18-19,133-135 exotoxins 20 sweeten, analysis of 243-244,251-254 exposure routes 31 waxes 'i see also individual elements extraction Food and Agl elimination 55-57 analytical 242-244,252 JECFA· see also excretion; metabolism processing of raw materials 13,233 JMPR'i embryonic stem cell test (EST) 95 eye irritation/corrosion tests 93-94 food chain 4­ endocrine disruptors 189-190 Food and Dn BPA 194-195 food intoleral growth promoters 11, 217 faba bean (Vicia faba) 35,99,126-127 Food and Vet 187-189 facilitated transport 34 fried food 19 organochlorines 169 false morel mushrooms (Gyromitra species) 9,128-129 analysis parabens 228 FAO see Food and Agriculture Organization Fritest 258 phyto-oestrogens 127 farming 9-11 fruit zearalenone 163 fatty acids 204-206, 230 allergies endocytosis 34 analysis of oil used in deep-frying 257-259 glycosid endotoxins 20 favism 35,126-127 preserva enterohepatic recirculation 51-52 FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 68-69, 228 fruit juices 1l enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 254-255 feedstuffs, contamination 11,25-27,156,266-267, fumonisins 1 enzymes, inhibition of 63-64 273-274 fungi 7-9, 12 epoxide metabolism 43 FEMA ( and Extract Manufacturers Association) see also ergometrine 160 (USA) 69 fungicides 14 ergot alkaloids 13,24, 151, 158-161 feminizing toxicants 169,188 furanocouma ergotamine 160 fertility, reduced 109,169,188 Fusarium spel erythrocytes, lead toxicity 29, 36, 141 filtration (membrane transport) 34 ESBO (epoxidated soybean oil) 193 glomerular 49-51 escolar (Lepidocybium f/avobrunneum) 131 first-order kinetics 55-56 G-protein-cOl essential elements 17, 18, 134 first-pass effects 29 gaboxadol 3' life windows 19,134,135,146 fish 6-7, 11, 12 galantamin 1 essential oils 232-233 allergy to 213 gallic acid est, esterases 44 dioxins in 187 gangrenous el ethanol see alcohol escolar/oilfish waxes 131 garlic see wik ethyl carbamate (urethane) 210-211,212 metals in 135,144-145,146,150 garlic breath, ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs) 184 organochlorines in 170 'garri' 24-25 ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate (E214) 228 puffer fish 130-1 gas chromato European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of scombroid poisoning 212-213,214 gastric absoq Chemicals (ECETOC) 73 smoked 207-208 gastrointestin European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 11,76, flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) 252 ADME 194-195,222,225,236 flame photometry 251 colon ca European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) 41-43 gender, nutrit Substances (ELINCS) 20 Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) genetically m( European Medicines Agency (EMEA) 76 (USA) 69 genotoxicity European Union regulations and guidelines 20,73-74, flavour and flavour additives 17,69,106-107, tests for 75-79,132-133 232-236,275 see also, cosmetics 229 see also bitterness 'Ginger Jake I curing agents 200 flour 23-24,145,161,182,275 glass 191 dioxins 187 fluorescence detectors 248-249 glazing agent! food additives 219-220,225,228,230,234,235-236 fluorine 19,134,150 GLP (Good L food contact materials 133,136,149,185,193-194 f1uoroacetic acid 64,99, 102 glucosinolate! metals 132-133,138,146,149 food additives glucuronidati mycotoxins 152, 155, 157, 158, 161, 162 antioxidants 227,230-232 glutathione c( nitrates 201 colourings 68-69,224-226,275-276 glycoalkaloid oils used in deep-frying 258 flavouring agents 69, 106-107,232-236,275 glycosides 11 smoked 208-209 functions 220 anthran' testing and analysis methods 80-81,242,256 numbering systems 71,219 carboxy veterinary drug residues 217 199-200, 226-230 cardiac I excretion 30, 49-52 regulation 68,219-220,225,228,230, cucurbit kinetics 55,56 234,235-236 cyanoge

f 280 Index Index sweeteners 35, 220-224 glucosinolates 100-101,118-120 waxes 70-71,236-237 glycoalkaloids 120-121 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 69 methylazoxymethanol (cycasin) 35, 122-123 JECFA 70,71,163,235 naringin 123 JMPR 70 nitriles 121-122 food chain 4-5, 17 phyto-oestrogens 127 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 68-69,228 polyphenols 124 food intolerance 240 ptaquiloside 124 Food and Veterinary Office (FVO) 75 saponins 35-36,65, 124-126 fried food 198,203,205-206 vicine 35,126-127 analysis of the oil 257-259 glycyrrhizinic acid 126 Fritest 258 glyphosate 181,182 fruit GMOs (genetically modified organisms) 76-77,269-272 allergies to 239 Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) 73,81,266 glycosides in 117, 123 gossypol 26-27,109,243 preservation of 229 grapefruit juice 108 fruit juices 108,149, 162,233,267 graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy fumonisins 162-163 (GFAAS) 252 fungi 7-9, 12 GRAS list (generally recognized as safe) 68, 69 see also mushrooms; mycotoxins grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) 103 fungicides 145,182-184,229,230 grayanotoxins (GTXs) 109 furanocoumarins 108 growth-promoting hormones (GPHs) 11,217 Fusarium species 158, 162, 163 Guam 122-123

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) 62 HAACP system 77,265-267 gaboxadol 34 HAAs (heterocyclic aromatic amines) 13,209-210 galantamin 176 haem synthesis 141 gallic acid esters 231-232 haemoglobin 64,202 gangrenous ergotism 151, 160 haemolytic anaemia (favism) 35,126-127 garlic see wild garlic hallucinogens 128 garlic breath odour 148 hatters, mad 144 'garri' 24-25 hazard analysis (HACCP system) 77,265-267 gas chromatography (GC) 244-247 heat exchange processes 12-13 gastric absorption 32-33 hepatic metabolism 29-30,41,42,51-52,56, 153 gastrointestinal tract hepatotoxins 107, 128, 152, 153,202 ADME 31-36,51-52 herbal products 9, 107 colon cancer 113 herbicides 21,179-182 gender, nutritional requirements 2 GMOs resistant to 270,272 genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 76-77,269-272 heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) 13,209-210 genotoxicity heterotrophs 5 tests for 83,93,94-95 hexachlorobenzene 182 see also carcinogens high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 247-251 'Ginger Jake paralysis' 275 histamine 211,213,214 glass 191 honey 109 glazing agents 70-71,236-237 hormone mimics see endocrine disruptors GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) 73, 81,266 hydrogenation of oils 205,206 glucosinolates 100-101, 118-120 hydrolysis reactions 44 glucuronidation 45,46 hypoglycin A and B 102-123 glutathione conjugation 45,46--47 glycoalkaloids 120-121 glycosides 111-113 IARC (International Agency for Research on anthranoids 113-114 Cancer) 69-70, 152 carboxyatractylosides 114 immunoassays 254-255 cardiac (cardenolides and bufadienolides) 114-116 immunotoxicity 61 cucurbitacins 116 imports, into the ED 79 cyanogenic 24-25,35,116-118,122,249 in silica studies 84

Index 281 in vitro assays 82, 83, 91 keshan disease 146, 148 malaria 16 acute toxicity 92-94 kidney metabolismltoxicokinetics 91-92 cadmium accumulation 11, 137-138 malnutritio molecular biology methods 95-96 function 43, 49-51, 55 mancozeb mutagenicity 83,93,94-95 toxicants 142,156,274-275 maneb 18: teratogenicity 93, 95 kidney beans 36, 99 mannitol (1 in vivo assays 82, 85-87, 93 kinetics 53-60 mass spectl infants in vitro testing 91-92 GCfM BPA and 195 konzo 24, 118 ICIICI breast-feeding 52, 217 Krebs (citric acid) cycle, inhibition of 64, 102, 135 LCfM contaminated milk formula in China 274-275 maximum I kidney function 51 MCPA (2-n nitrate/nitrite toxicity 64,202 large intestine (colon) 35,113 3-MCPD (: infertility 109,169,188 latex allergy 193 meat 6,7, insecticides 165-166,184 Lawes, John Bennet 177 cured carbamates 175,176 laxative toxicants 113-114,124 smoke in GMOs 270 LC so values (lethal concentration 50%) 92-93 melamine, i organochlorines 166-170, 184 LD so values (lethal dose 50%) 86,89-90 melanoidin 44,63-64,170-175,176 lead 140-143 mercury 1; pyrethrins/pyrethroids 165-166, 175-178 in blood 36, 141 analys intermediate syndrome 175 in bone and hair 133-134 dose-I International Agency for Research on Cancer in children 2-3,142 in funl (IARC) 69-70, 152 regulations concerning 132-133,143 regula International Conference on Harmonization of tetraethyllead (TEL) 2,21, 142 metabolic s Technical Requirements for Registration of lectins 36 metabolism Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) 81 legislation see regulations afiatOJ International Numbering System (INS) 71 less developed countries 1, 79 phase International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 242 lethal synthesis 64 phase intestines lettuce 200-201 seleni\ ADME 33-36 lichens 8 see als colon cancer 113 life windows for essential elements 19, 134, 135, 146 metalloids intolerance to foodstuffs 240 ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) 62-63 analys iodine deficiency 120 limonoids 123 see als ion chromatography (IC) 252-253 linamarin 24-25,117,118 metaUothio ion-pair chromatography (IPC) 248 167 metals 18, ion-pair transport 34 lipids 204-206, 230 analys IQ compounds 209-210 analysis of oil used in deep-frying 257-259 in org. Iraq, mercury poisoning 145, 182 in the cell membrane 32, 65 see als Ireland, contaminated pigfeed 274 liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) 126 methaemog iron 1,134 lithium 55 methyl iodil ISO Standards (ISO 9001 and ISO 22000) 267-268 liver methylazox biliary excretion 51-52,56 methyl-p-h) metabolism 29-30,41,42,153 methylmerc jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) 102 as source of in vitro test material 91, 92 methylxantl Japan toxins 107, 128, 152, 153,202 metiram H cadmium intoxication 136-137 liver pate 25-26 Michaelis-~ indigenous foodstuffs 7,8,9,124,130-131,214 LOAEL (Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level) 261 micromass I mercury poisoning 144-145 lubricants 13, 191 micronuclei JECFA (Joint FAOIWHO Expert Committee on Food lung microsomal Additives) 70, 71, 163,235 excretion from 52, 148 milk JMPR (Joint FAOIWHO Meetings on toxicants damaging 136, 207 aflatm Residues) 70 lycopene 225 DEHP jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) 121-122 lysergic acid 159 excreti intoler lead in Kenya, aflatoxin contamination of flour 275 Maillard reaction 196,198,210 melam keratin 65 maize (Zea mays) 5,148,162-163 zearal,

Index Index malaria 166 144-145 malathion 173-174 mineral oils 237 malnutrition 1 mirex 184 mancozeb 184 mixed function oxidase (MFO) see cytochrome maneb 183, 184 P450 enzymes mannitol (E421) 223-224 monomethylhydrazine (MMH) 129 mass spectrometry (MS) morphine 104-105 GClMS 245-246 mould toxins see mycotoxins ICflCPMS 253 MRLs (maximum residue limits) 72,216, LC/MS 249 260,262-263 maximum residue limits (MRLs) 72,216,260,262-263 MTB (2-mercaptobenzothiazol) 193 MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) 180,181 muscle toxicity 114 3-MCPD (3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol) 214 mushrooms meat 6,7,10-11 edible 7,8, 128 cured 199-200,203,207-208,227 toxic 8-9, 12, 128-129 smoked 207-209 mutagenicity melamine, in infant milk formula 274-275 tests for 83, 93, 94-95 melanoidins 210 see also carcinogens mercury 17,38,143-146 mycotoxins 151 analysis of 253-254 aflatoxins 27,151-155,266-267,275 dose-response relationship 66 analysis of 246 in fungicides 22,143,145,182 ergot 13,24,151,158-161 regulations concerning 132-133,146 fumonisins 162-163 metabolic syndrome 1 hazard analysis for prevention of metabolism 29-30,40-48 contamination by 266-267 afla toxins 153 ochratoxin A 25,155-157 phase I reactions 40-44,91-92 patulin 161-162,267 phase II reactions 44-48 trichothecenes 61,157-158 selenium 147-148 zearalenone 163 see also kinetics metalloids 18 analysis of 243-244,251-254 naringin 123 see also arsenic; selenium natamycin (E235) 230 metallothioneins (MTs) 137-138 National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) 191 metals 18,133-135 NDMA (nitrosodimethylamine) 202-203 analysis of 243-244,251-254 neonates 51, 64 in organometallic compounds 21-22 see also infants see also individual metals neurotoxins 85 methaemoglobin 64,202 in absinthe 234-235 methyl iodide 143-144 acrylamide 197 methylazoxymethanol glycosides (cycasin) 35, 122-123 algal (in shellfish) 27,65,129-130,255-256 methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate (E218) 228 24, 118 methylmercury see mercury in the diet in Guam 122-123 methylxanthines 105-106 ergot alkaloids 160 metiram 184 in fish 130-131 Michaelis-Menten kinetics 57 lead 142 micromass test (MM) 95 mercury 144-145 micronucleus test 94 in mushrooms 128 microsomal fraction in toxicity testing 91-92 ~-ODAP 103 milk organochlorines 167 aflatoxins in 27,153 organophosphates 170, 175 DEHP in 192 potato alkaloids 120 excretion into 52 nickel allergy 239 intolerance to 240 nisin (E234) 229-230 lead in 142 nitrates 199,200-201,227-228 melamine contamination in China 274-275 in drinking water 64, 201, 203-204 zearalenone in 163 nitrile glycosides 121-122

Index 283 1 nItntes 199,201-203,227 organotin compounds 149-150 polycyclic ar in drinking water 64, 201 OTA (ochratoxin A) 25, 155-157 polyphenols, in meat curing 199-200,227 oxidation reactions 40--43 polyurethan, N-nitroso compounds (nitrosamines) 202-204,227 Oxifritest 258 polyvinyl ch nitrosylhaemochrome 199 Ponceau4R nivalenol (NIV) 157, 158 poppy seeds NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) 260-261 packaging 13,133,149,191-194,255 POPs see pel non-protein amino acids 102-103 PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) 206-209 postharvest I noni juice 77-78 parabens 228-229 potato (Sola: nonylphenol 187-189 paralytic shellfish toxins () (PSTIPSP) 65, 129, poultry, coni novel foods 76-77 130,256,257 pregnancy 3 see also genetically modified organisms (GMOs) parathion 172, 173 ! nut allergies 239 patulin 161-162,267 primary pro. nutrition 1-2 PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) 52, 185 proanthocya DRls 134 PCCDs see dioxins processing 1 GM crops and 272 PCDFs (polychlorinated dibenzofurans) 185 acrylan see also anti-nutritional compounds Penicillium species 151,155,161,229 biogeni periodic table of the elements 16 cookinl permethrin 178 distillat OA (okadaic acid) 130,256 persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 184-185 equipm obesity 1 DDT 166, 167, 168, 169-170 ochratoxin A (OTA) 25, 155-157 dioxins 21,180-181,185-187,256-257,273-274 exampl octyl gallate (E311) 231-232 nonylphenol 187-189 extracti P-ODAP (p-N-oxalyl-u,p-diaminopropionic acid) 103 72, 164-165 HAAf( OECD see Organisation for Economic Co-operation and in flour 23-24,145,182 Maillar Development see also fungicides; herbicides; insecticides packagi oestrogens 189 phenylketonuria (PKU) 222, 240 see also endocrine disrupters o-phenylphenol (E231) 229 preserv: oilfish (Rul'ettus pretiosus) 131 phosmet 2 regulati oils 204-206,230 photodiode array (PDA) detectors 248 salting I analysis of oil used in deep-frying 257-259 phototoxicity 83, 94, 108 smokin: ESBO 193 phthalates 31,192-193 soy sau essential oils 232-233 physostigmin 176 trans fa mineral oils 237 phytic acid 17, 99 proficiency t. toxic oil syndrome in Spain 273 phyto-oestrogens 127 propyl gallat okadaic acid (OAl 130,256 picrotoxin 63 propyl-p-hyd oleoresins 233,275 pig products prosulfocarb olfactory characteristics of food 17, 99 contaminated feed 25-26, 156 proteinase in oligosaccharides 123 liver pihe 25-26 protein(s) one-compartment model 57 skatole in meat 17 second2 opium alkaloids 100-101,104-105 see also curing process as targe oral intake/absorption 31-32 placental barrier 38 proteomics I organic compounds 19-21 plants psilocybin 1 organic farming 10 imported into the EU 79 psoralens 1C Organisation for Economic Co-operation and processing 23-27 PSTIPSP (pal Development (OECD) 72-73 production systems 9-10, 14 130 Guidelines for the Testing ofChemicals 73, 80, 84 as raw materials 5-6 ptaquiloside test 401 (LD so ) 86 taxonomy 97, 98 puffer fish 1 test 407 (repeated dose toxicity) 87 see also glycosides; secondary metabolites PVC (polyvil organochlorines 166-170,184 plasma membrane 32,33-35,65 pyrethrins/Pl organometallic compounds 21-22,137-138,146-148 plastics 31,136,191-193,212 pyrrolizidine methylmercury see mercury BPA monomer 194-195 organotins 149-150 pollution 2, 8, 21, 207 selenomethionine 65, 146 see also persistent organic pollutants (POPs) qualityassur tetraethyllead 2,21,142 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 52,185 quantitative: -induced delayed neurotoxicity 175 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCCDs) see dioxins (QS. organophosphates 44,63-64, 170-175, 176 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) 185 quillaia sapo

r 284 Index Index polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 206-209 quinine (Cinchona species) 106-107 polyphenols, cathartic 124 quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) 126 polyurethane 212 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 31,136,192 Ponceau 4R 225,226 radioimmunoassay (RIA) 254 poppy seeds 104-105 rapeseed 118 POPs see persistent organic pollutants rate constant (k) 56,57 postharvest technology 12 raw materials 4-14 potato (Solanum tuberosum) 120-121 RDAs (Recommended Dietary Allowances) 134 poultry, contaminated feed 26-27,273-274 ready-cooked meals 193 pregnancy 38,134,189,217 receptors 62-63 preservatives 199-200,226-230 red colouring agents 136, 225, 226 primary producers 4-5 red kidney beans 36, 99 proanthocyanidins 99 reduction reactions 44 processing 12-13 Reed-Muench method for calculating LD so 89-90 acrylamide formation 24,196,198-199 Reference Dose (RID) 260,261-262 biogenic amine formation 212-214 refractive index (RI) detectors 249 cooking see cooking regulations distillation 210-211, 233 aflatoxins 152, 155 equipment as a source of contamination 139,140, algal toxicants 129-130,256 149, 191 analytical methods 241-242,256 examples of processing chains 23-27 cosmetics 229 extraction 13, 233 curing agents 200 HAA formation 13,209-210 cyanide content of cassava 118 Maillard reaction 196,198,210 dioxins 187 packaging and other food contact materials 133, European (general) 20,73-74,75-79,132-133 149,192-194,255 food additives 219-220 preservatives 226-230 colouring agents 68-69,225 regulations 77,193-194,200,208-209 flavouring agents 234, 235-236 salting (nitrosamines) 199-200,203,227 preservatives 228, 230 smoking (PAHs) 207-209 food contact materials 133,136,149,193-194,195 soy sa uce manufacture 214 international standards and guidelines 69-72,81,91 trans fatty acid production 205-206 metals 132-133,138,146,149 proficiency testing schemes 242 mycotoxins 152, 155, 157, 158, 161, 162, 163 propyl gallate (E310) 231-232 nitrates 201 propyl-p-hydroxybenzoate (E216) 228 oils used in deep-frying 258 prosulfocarb 181 quality assurance 266, 267-268 proteinase inhibitors 98, 99 smoked foods 208-209 protein(s) toxicity testing 73, 80-82, 84, 87, 194 secondary metabolites 97,98,99 in the USA (general) 68-69 as targets 62-65 veterinary drug residues 217 proteomics 96 renal accumulation of cadmium 11,137-138 psilocybin 128 renal function 43,49-51,55 psoralens 108 renal toxicants 142,156,274-275 PSTIPSP (paralytic shellfish toxins/poisons) 65, 129, resmethrin 176-177,178 130,256,257 reverse-phase liquid chromatography 247 ptaquiloside 124 RID (Reference Dose) 260,261-262 puffer fish 130-131 rice (Oryza sativa) 151,272 PVC (polyvinyl chloride) 31, 136, 192 risk analysis 76-77,260-264 pyrethrins/pyrethroids 165-166, 175-178 rotenone 166 pyrrolizidine alkaloids 107,246 rubber 193 rye (Secale cereale), ergot contamination 13, 24, 151, 158-161 quality assurance 77-79, 81,265-268 quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) 83-84 saccharin (E954) 220,221 quillaia saponins 126 Safety Factors 261, 262

Index 285 1 safety of food 76-79, 81, 265-268 steroids 189 in si/i, CMOs 270-272 growth promoters 11, 217 in vitI safety phatmacology 81 see also endocrine disru pters in viv safflowet (Carthamus tinctorius) 124 stevioside 224 object -cured meat 199-200,203,227 stomach, absorption of toxicants 32-33 QSAF sampling procedures 242-244,252 storage containers 136,149,191-193,255 regul, saponins 35-36,65,124-126 STX (saxitoxin) 63, 130,256 repeal sarin 172 subsistence farming 9, 10 toxicodyna saxitoxin (STX) 63, 130, 256 (E955) 224 toxicogeno scombroid poisoning 212-213,214 sucrose intolerance 240 toxicokinet seafood see fish; shellfish; whale meat Sudan III dye 275-276 in vitI seaweed 9, 133 sulfites (E221-E224, E226-E228) 227 trace eleme secondary metabolites 97-98 sulfur dioxide (S02) life w alkaloids 100-101,103-8,246 air pollution 8 traceability fluoroacetic acid 64,99,102 as a preservative (E220) 227 trans farry furanocoumarins 108 sulfuric acid 164, 179 transport a gossypol 26-27,109,243 sunset yellow 225, 226 absor mono- and sesquiterpenes 109 sweeteners 35,220-224 excret non-protein amino acids 102-103 trichothece phytic acid 17,99 triclopyr 1 proteins 97, 98, 99 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) (agent triphenylm tannins 99 orange) 21,180-181,187 truffles 7 see also glycosides T-2 157, 158 TIC (thres secondary producers 5 tannins 99 tuna 213,. selenium 18-19,64-65, 134, 146-149,254 target organs/molecules 61-65 Turkey, fun selenomethionine 65, 146 tartrazine 225-226 two-compa semicarbazide 255 TCDD (2,3,7,8-terrachlorodibenzodioxin) 185-187 Seveso incident 186 TOE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) 166-167 sewage treatment 188-189 TOI (Tolerable Daily Intake) 260 United Nat shellfish 6, 11 tea 105, 150 see at! algal toxins in 27,65,129-130,255-256 teeth 150 United Stat allergy to 239 tempeh 8 agent metals in 135, 139 TEPP (tetraethylpyrophosphate) 172 chrorr silicon carbide-mediated teratogenicity DRIg transformation 270 potato alkaloids 121 'Cing< silylation 246 tests for 93, 95 parabl simmondsin 121-122 testis, blood-testis barrier 38 regula skatole 17 tetraethyllead (TEL) 2,21, 142 f skin irritation/corrosion tetrodotoxin 130-131 f photodermatitis 108 theobromine 105 selenil tests for 84, 93 theophylline 105 toxicit small intestine 33-36 thiabendazole (E233) 229 unschedulel smallholders 9-10, 10 thiaminases 17,97 Up-and-Do smoking (curing process) 207-209 thiocyanate 120 urethane 2 smoking (tobacco) 137,207 threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) 235 urinaryexc a-solanine 120-121 thujone 234-235 sorbic acid/sorbates (E2001E202/E203) 226-227 tin 149-150 (E420) 223-224 tobacco use 137,207 veterinary ( sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) 99,118,159 Tolerable Daily Intake (TOI) 260 MRLs soy sauce 214 tonic water 106 vicine 35, : soybean (Glycine max) 8,98,123,127,239 toxaphene 184 vinyl chlori epoxidated soybean oil 193 toxic oil syndrome 273 Spain, toxic oil syndrome 273 toxicity testing 80-82 speciation (of elements) 138-139,244,252-254 acute toxicity 85-87,92-94 stainless steel 139 brine shrimp test 88-90 Standard Uncertainty Factors (UFs) 261,262 general assays 82, 85-87 standards see regulations of CMOs 271-272

( 286 Index Index in silica studies 83-84 Viscofrit 258-259 in vitro assays 82, 83, 91-96 vitamins 17,220,272 in vivo assays 30, 82, 85-87, 93 see also ascorbic acid objectives 82 voltage-gated channels 63 QSARs 83-84 vomitoxin (DON) 61, 157, 158 regulations 73, 80-82, 84, 87, 194 repeated dose toxicity 87 toxicodynamics 53,61-67 water quality toxicogenomics 95-96 endocrine disruptors 188 toxicokinetics 53-60 fluoridated 150 in vitro testing 91-92 metal/metalloid contamination 135-136, 139, 140 trace elements 17, 18, 134 nitrates/nitrites in 64,201,203-204 life windows 19,134,135,146 seafood and 11,27 traceability 77,265 water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) 17 trans fatty acids (TFAs) 205-206 waxes transport across the cell membrane additives 70-71,236-237 absorption 33-35 toxic 131 excretion 50, 51 wet ashing 252 trichothecenes 61,157-158 whale meat 145 triclopyr 181 wheat (Triticum species) triphenylmethane colouring agents 226 allergy to 239 truffles 7 mycotoxins in 159, 163 TTC (threshold of toxicological concern) 235 pesticides in flour 23-24,145,182 tuna 213,214 WHO (World Health Organization) 69 Turkey, fungicide poisoning 182 rARC 69-70,152 two-compartment model 57-59 JECFA 70,71,163,235 JMPR 70 on nitrates in drinking water 201 United Nations (UN) 69-72 whole embryo culture test (WEC) 95 see also World Health Organization (WHO) wild fish 12 United States of America (USA) wild fungi 8, 12 agent orange compensation 187 wild garlic (Allium ursinum), toxic plants picked chromium contamination 139 mistakenly for 108,115-116 ORr guidelines 134 Wilson's disease 139 'Ginger Jake paralysis' 275 wine 25,210 parabens 228 withholding/withdrawing periods 263 regulations 68-69 World Health Organization see WHO fish consumption (mercury) 146 fumonisins 162 selenium toxicity 148-149 xenobiotics, definition 28 toxicity testing 87,91 xylitol (E667) 223-234 unscheduled DNA synthesis test (UOS) 94 Up-and-Oown Procedure (UOP) 87 urethane 210-211,212 yeast 8 urinary excretion 49-51,55 yellow agents (herbicides) 179 yellow colouring agents 136,225,226 yoghurt 27 veterinary drugs 10-11,72,165,216-217 MRLs 216,262-263 vicine 35, 126-127 zearalenone 163 vinyl chloride 192 zero-order kinetics 56

Index 287 1