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Freedom of Assembly and Association
JANUARY 2012 COUNTRY SUMMARY Iran In 2011 Iranian authorities refused to allow government critics to engage in peaceful demonstrations. In February, March, April, and September security forces broke up large- scale protests in several major cities. In mid-April security forces reportedly shot and killed dozens of protesters in Iran’s Arab-majority Khuzestan province. There was a sharp increase in the use of the death penalty. The government continued targeting civil society activists, especially lawyers, rights activists, students, and journalists. In July 2011 the government announced it would not cooperate with, or allow access to, the United Nations special rapporteur on Iran, appointed in March 2011 in response to the worsening rights situation. Freedom of Assembly and Association In February and March thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of Tehran, the capital, and several other major cities to support pro-democracy protests in neighboring Arab countries and protest the detention of Iranian opposition leaders. The authorities’ violent response led to at least three deaths and hundreds of arrests. In response to calls by former presidential candidates and opposition leaders Mir Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi for mass protests in February, security forces arbitrarily arrested dozens of political opposition members in Tehran and several other cities beginning on February 8. Several days later they placed both Mousavi and Karroubi under house arrest, where they remained at this writing. In April Iran’s parliament passed several articles of a draft bill which severely limits the independence of civil society organizations, and creates a Supreme Committee Supervising NGO Activities chaired by ministry officials and members of the security forces. -
The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi: Decision-Making and Factionalism in Iran’S Revolutionary Guard
The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi: Decision-Making and Factionalism in Iran’s Revolutionary Guard SAEID GOLKAR AUGUST 2021 KASRA AARABI Contents Executive Summary 4 The Raisi Administration, the IRGC and the Creation of a New Islamic Government 6 The IRGC as the Foundation of Raisi’s Islamic Government The Clergy and the Guard: An Inseparable Bond 16 No Coup in Sight Upholding Clerical Superiority and Preserving Religious Legitimacy The Importance of Understanding the Guard 21 Shortcomings of Existing Approaches to the IRGC A New Model for Understanding the IRGC’s Intra-elite Factionalism 25 The Economic Vertex The Political Vertex The Security-Intelligence Vertex Charting IRGC Commanders’ Positions on the New Model Shades of Islamism: The Ideological Spectrum in the IRGC Conclusion 32 About the Authors 33 Saeid Golkar Kasra Aarabi Endnotes 34 4 The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi Executive Summary “The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps [IRGC] has excelled in every field it has entered both internationally and domestically, including security, defence, service provision and construction,” declared Ayatollah Ebrahim Raisi, then chief justice of Iran, in a speech to IRGC commanders on 17 March 2021.1 Four months on, Raisi, who assumes Iran’s presidency on 5 August after the country’s June 2021 election, has set his eyes on further empowering the IRGC with key ministerial and bureaucratic positions likely to be awarded to guardsmen under his new government. There is a clear reason for this ambition. Expanding the power of the IRGC serves the interests of both Raisi and his 82-year-old mentor, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic. -
IRAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY the Islamic Republic of Iran
IRAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Islamic Republic of Iran is a constitutional, theocratic republic in which Shia Muslim clergy and political leaders vetted by the clergy dominate the key power structures. Government legitimacy is based on the twin pillars of popular sovereignty--albeit restricted--and the rule of the supreme leader of the Islamic Revolution. The current supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, was chosen by a directly elected body of religious leaders, the Assembly of Experts, in 1989. Khamenei’s writ dominates the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. He directly controls the armed forces and indirectly controls internal security forces, the judiciary, and other key institutions. The legislative branch is the popularly elected 290-seat Islamic Consultative Assembly, or Majlis. The unelected 12-member Guardian Council reviews all legislation the Majlis passes to ensure adherence to Islamic and constitutional principles; it also screens presidential and Majlis candidates for eligibility. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was reelected president in June 2009 in a multiparty election that was generally considered neither free nor fair. There were numerous instances in which elements of the security forces acted independently of civilian control. Demonstrations by opposition groups, university students, and others increased during the first few months of the year, inspired in part by events of the Arab Spring. In February hundreds of protesters throughout the country staged rallies to show solidarity with protesters in Tunisia and Egypt. The government responded harshly to protesters and critics, arresting, torturing, and prosecuting them for their dissent. As part of its crackdown, the government increased its oppression of media and the arts, arresting and imprisoning dozens of journalists, bloggers, poets, actors, filmmakers, and artists throughout the year. -
Iran 2019 International Religious Freedom Report
IRAN 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary The constitution defines the country as an Islamic republic and specifies Twelver Ja’afari Shia Islam as the official state religion. It states all laws and regulations must be based on “Islamic criteria” and an official interpretation of sharia. The constitution states citizens shall enjoy human, political, economic, and other rights, “in conformity with Islamic criteria.” The penal code specifies the death sentence for proselytizing and attempts by non-Muslims to convert Muslims, as well as for moharebeh (“enmity against God”) and sabb al-nabi (“insulting the Prophet”). According to the penal code, the application of the death penalty varies depending on the religion of both the perpetrator and the victim. The law prohibits Muslim citizens from changing or renouncing their religious beliefs. The constitution also stipulates five non-Ja’afari Islamic schools shall be “accorded full respect” and official status in matters of religious education and certain personal affairs. The constitution states Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians, excluding converts from Islam, are the only recognized religious minorities permitted to worship and form religious societies “within the limits of the law.” The government continued to execute individuals on charges of “enmity against God,” including two Sunni Ahwazi Arab minority prisoners at Fajr Prison on August 4. Human rights nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) continued to report the disproportionately large number of executions of Sunni prisoners, particularly Kurds, Baluchis, and Arabs. Human rights groups raised concerns regarding the use of torture, beatings in custody, forced confessions, poor prison conditions, and denials of access to legal counsel. -
Iran Case File (April 2021)
IRAN CASE FILE April 2021 RASANAH International Institute for Iranian Studies, Al-Takhassusi St. Sahafah, Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. P.O. Box: 12275 | Zip code: 11473 Contact us [email protected] +966112166696 Executive Summary .....................................................................................4 Internal Affairs ........................................................................................... 7 The Ideological File .............................................................................................8 1. Women and the “Political Man” ............................................................................... 8 2. Khatami and the Position of Women ......................................................................10 The Political File ............................................................................................... 12 1. The Most Notable Highlights of the Leaked Interview .............................................12 2. Consequences and Reactions .................................................................................13 3. The Position of the Iranian President and Foreign Ministry on the Interview ..........14 4. The Implications of Leaking the Interview at This Time..........................................15 The Economic File ............................................................................................. 16 1. Bitcoin’s Genesis Globally and the Start of Its Use in Iran ........................................16 2. The Importance of Bitcoin for Iran -
Research Article Measuring Sustainability Levels of Rural Development (Case Study: Karaj County)
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 6(19): 3638-3641, 2013 DOI:10.19026/rjaset.6.3571 ISSN: 2040-7459; e-ISSN: 2040-7467 © 2013 Maxwell Scientific Publication Corp. Submitted: January 03, 2013 Accepted: February 01, 2013 Published: October 20, 2013 Research Article Measuring Sustainability Levels of Rural Development (Case Study: Karaj County) 1F. Paseban and 2B.H. Kaboudvand 1Planning Research Institute, Agriculture Economy and Rural Development, Ministry of Jihad 2Rural Development Department, Tehran, Iran Abstract: The concept of sustainability has been considered as a framework for understanding the development process and environment resource management as well as delicate a balance between economy, environment and health sociality around the world in the recent decades. This research tries to determine the level of sustainability of Karaj rural development in order to identify and investigate the possibilities of Karaj County. For this purpose, 30 indicators of social, economic and environmental and structural-infrastructural are applied, using factor analysis and cluster analysis techniques for grading and evaluating the sustainability of the 82 villages were used in Karaj County. Thus, the 30 variables were reduced to 4 factors. According to the result of the principal component analysis with rotation, 65.32% of total variance among the 30 variables was explained by these 4 factors. Results indicate undesirable present condition in the studied region which Farokh Abad and Ghezel Hesar villages are sustainable, while Morad Abad and Ahmad Abad villages are unsustainable comparison with other settlements. Finally, the strategy policies are presented in different dimension in order to enhance and improve of the sustainability of Karaj County. -
Railway Research, Vol
International Journal of Railway Research, Vol. 3, No. 2, (2016), 39-46 ISSN: 2423 ISSN: International Journal of - Railway Research 3838 Performance Evaluation of Tehran Subway Stations Hamid Reza Ahadi1*, Farnoosh Rashed2 1,2School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology ARTICLE INFO A B S T R A C T Article history: Efficiency evaluation is one of the major issues in urban transportation. Since the efficiency of the systems is affected by its data and output, what Received: 10.07.2016 makes the results of the performance evaluation valid and applicable, is Accepted: 15.09.2016 selecting the appropriate data and outputs of the system. In this study, the Published: 14.12.2016 efficiency of the subway stations in Tehran in case of return, compared to the fixed scale, is measured and ranked in a three-year period (2010-2012), by using data envelopment analysis (DEA); that is a non-parametric Keywords: method for assessing the performance of the units (DMUs). Also in this Tehran Metro study, by the analysis of the sensitivity of the model, compared to the Performance evaluation inputs, their impact on the performance of the stations is examined. The results suggest that, stations such as Sadeghiyeh, Shar-e-Rey and Panzdah- Data envelopment analysis e-Khordad, have the highest level of performance and can be used as a proper model for inefficient stations. the best option to improve the traffic and the 1. Introduction pollution problems in Tehran. Scarcity and optimized resource allocation, are one of the challenges facing human societies. These limitations are more sensible, especially in 1.1. -
En En Motion for a Resolution
European Parliament 2019-2024 Plenary sitting B9-0439/2020 15.12.2020 MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION with request for inclusion in the agenda for a debate on cases of breaches of human rights, democracy and the rule of law pursuant to Rule 144 of the Rules of Procedure on Iran, in particular the case of 2012 Sakharov Prize laureate Nasrin Sotoudeh (2020/2914(RSP)) Cornelia Ernst, Malin Björk, Nikolaj Villumsen on behalf of the GUE/NGL Group RE\P9_B(2020)0439_EN.docx PE661.573v01-00 EN United in diversityEN B9-0439/2020 European Parliament resolution on Iran, in particular the case of 2012 Sakharov Prize laureate Nasrin Sotoudeh (2020/2914(RSP)) The European Parliament, - having regard to its previous resolutions on Iran, in particular European Parliament resolution of 25 October 2016 on the EU strategy towards Iran after the nuclear agreement (2015/2274(INI)); – having regard to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, - having regard to the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), to which Iran is a party, - having regard to the UN’s Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment of 1988, - having regard to the UN’s Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the ‘Nelson Mandela Rules’) of 2015, - having regard to the Iranian President’s Charter on Citizens’ Rights - having regard UN Security Council Resolution 2231 - having regard to Rule 135 of its Rules of Procedure, -
The Intelligence Organization of the IRGC: a Major Iranian Intelligence Apparatus Dr
רמה כ ז מל ו תשר מה ו ד י ע י ן ( למ מ" ) רמה כרמ כ ז ז מל מה ו י תשר עד מל מה ו ד ו י ד ע י י ע ן י ן ו רטל ( למ ו מ" ר ) כרמ ז מה י עד מל ו ד י ע י ן ו רטל ו ר The Intelligence Organization of the IRGC: A Major Iranian Intelligence Apparatus Dr. Raz Zimmt November 5, 2020 Main Argument The Intelligence Organization of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) has become a major intelligence apparatus of the Islamic Republic, having increased its influence and broadened its authorities. Iran’s intelligence apparatus, similar to other control and governance apparatuses in the Islamic Republic, is characterized by power plays, rivalries and redundancy. The Intelligence Organization of the IRGC, which answers to the supreme leader, operates alongside the Ministry of Intelligence, which was established in 1984 and answers to the president. The redundancy and overlap in the authorities of the Ministry of Intelligence and the IRGC’s Intelligence Organization have created disagreements and competition over prestige between the two bodies. In recent years, senior regime officials and officials within the two organizations have attempted to downplay the extent of disagreements between the organizations, and strove to present to domestic and foreign audience a visage of unity. The IRGC’s Intelligence Organization (ILNA, July 16, 2020) The IRGC’s Intelligence Organization, in its current form, was established in 2009. The Organization’s origin is in the Intelligence Unit of the IRGC, established shortly after the Islamic Revolution (1979). -
See the Document
IN THE NAME OF GOD IRAN NAMA RAILWAY TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN List of Content Preamble ....................................................................... 6 History ............................................................................. 7 Tehran Station ................................................................ 8 Tehran - Mashhad Route .............................................. 12 IRAN NRAILWAYAMA TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN Tehran - Jolfa Route ..................................................... 32 Collection and Edition: Public Relations (RAI) Tourism Content Collection: Abdollah Abbaszadeh Design and Graphics: Reza Hozzar Moghaddam Photos: Siamak Iman Pour, Benyamin Tehran - Bandarabbas Route 48 Khodadadi, Hatef Homaei, Saeed Mahmoodi Aznaveh, javad Najaf ...................................... Alizadeh, Caspian Makak, Ocean Zakarian, Davood Vakilzadeh, Arash Simaei, Abbas Jafari, Mohammadreza Baharnaz, Homayoun Amir yeganeh, Kianush Jafari Producer: Public Relations (RAI) Tehran - Goragn Route 64 Translation: Seyed Ebrahim Fazli Zenooz - ................................................ International Affairs Bureau (RAI) Address: Public Relations, Central Building of Railways, Africa Blvd., Argentina Sq., Tehran- Iran. www.rai.ir Tehran - Shiraz Route................................................... 80 First Edition January 2016 All rights reserved. Tehran - Khorramshahr Route .................................... 96 Tehran - Kerman Route .............................................114 Islamic Republic of Iran The Railways -
Major General Hossein Salami: Commander-In-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps October 2020
Major General Hossein Salami: Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps October 2020 1 Table of Contents Salami’s Early Years and the Iran-Iraq War ................................................................................................... 3 Salami’s Path to Power ................................................................................................................................. 4 Commander of the IRGC’s Air Force and Deputy Commander-in-Chief ....................................................... 5 Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC.................................................................................................................. 9 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 11 2 Major General Hossein Salami Major General Hossein Salami has risen through the ranks of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) since its inception after the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran. He served on the battlefield during the Iran-Iraq War, spent part of his career in the IRGC’s academic establishment, commanded its Air Force, served as its second-in-command, and finally was promoted to the top position as commander-in-chief in 2019. Salami, in addition to being an IRGC insider, is known for his speeches, which are full of fire and fury. It’s this bellicosity coupled with his devotion to Iran’s supreme leader that has fueled his rise. Salami’s Early Years and the Iran-Iraq War Hossein -
Chromosome Counts of Some Angiosperm Species from Iran
NEW OR RARE CHROMOSOME COUNTS OF SOME ANGIOSPERM SPECIES FROM IRAN S. M. GHAFFARI Ghaffari, S. M. 2006 01 01: New or rare chromosome counts of some angiosperm species from Iran. –Iran. Journ. Bot. 11 (2): 185-192. Tehran. Original chromosome observations including 29 species from 19 families are reported. Of these, the chromosome numbers, for 6 taxa including, Cirsium hygrophilum (Asteraceae), Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis (Brassicaceae), Dianthus orientalis subsp. nassireddini (Caryophyllaceae), Phlomis bruguieri, Salvia leriifolia, Teucrium oliverianum (Lamiaceae) are new observations. Also, new tetraploid level of n=24 for Asyneuma amplexicaule (Campanulaceae) and new diploid level of n=9 for Euphorbia microsciadia (Euphorbiaceae) are reported here for the first time. Seyed Mahmood Ghaffari, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran. P. O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Keywords. Chromosomes, Angiospermae, Iran. ﺷﻤﺎرش ﮐﺮوﻣﻮزوﻣﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﯾﺎ ﻧﺎدر ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻌﻀﯽ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪاﻧﻪ اﯾﺮان ﺳﯿﺪﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﻏﻔﺎري ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﮐﺮوﻣﻮزوﻣﯽ 29 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ 19 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﮔﺰارش ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﺷﻤﺎرﺷﻬﺎي ﮐﺮوﻣﻮزوﻣﯽ ﺑﺮاي 6 ﺗﺎﮐﺴﻮن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: Cirsium hygrophilum (Asteraceae), Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis (Brassicaceae), Dianthus orientalis subsp. Nassireddini (Caryophyllaceae), Phlomis bruguieri, Salvia leriifolia, Teucrium (oliverianum (Lamiaceae ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺘﺮاﭘﻠﻮﺋﯿﺪي n=24 ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Asyneuma amplexicaule (Campanulaceae و ﺳﻄﺢ دﯾﭙﻠﻮﺋﯿﺪي n=9 ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Euphorbia microsciadia (Euphorbiaceae ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎر ﮔﺰارش ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. 186 S. M. Ghaffari IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 INTRODUCTION Tehran University (TUH) or in the IRAN The purpose of this paper and others forth Herbarium (Ghaffari, 1986, 1987a, 1987b, 1988) coming in the same series, is to give information RESULTS AND DISCUSSION concerning the chromosome counts of Angiosperm taxa of the Iranian flora.