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U.S. Departmenl of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics

Capital Punishment, 1986

Seven States executed 18 p:risoners during 1986, bringing the total number Status 01 death penalty as 0112/31186 and 1986 executions of executions to 68 since 1976, the year that the United States Supreme Court reinstated the death penalty. Those executed during 1986 had spent an average of 1 years and 2 months awaiting execution.

During 1986, 291 prisoners were received under sentence of death from the courts. Sixty-rour persons had their death sentences vacated or commuted during the year, and 9 died while under a death sentence. At yearend, 32 States reported a total of 1,181 prison­ ers under sentence of death; all but 1 had been convicted of murder (an in­ mate admitted during 1986 for the cap­ ital rape of a child In Mississippi). The median time since the death sentence WaS imposed for the 1,781 prisoners was 40 months.

About 2 in .1 offenders under sen­ tence of death for whom such informa­ tion Was available had a prior felony conviction; about 1 in 12 had a prior homicide conviction. About 2 in 5 con­ demned prisoners were in some criminal justice status at the time of the capital Jersey and Pennsylvania, more than offense. Half of these were on parole; 5%. Florida had the largest number of September 1987 the rest were in prison, on escape from condemned inmates (254), followed by prison, on probation, or had charges The capital punishment statistical Texas (236), California (176), Georgia pending against them. series has now completed 56 years (Ill), and lIlinois (101). of continuous Federal sponsor'­ The majority of those under sentence ship~ The series is designed to During 1986, 27 Slate prison systems of death (1,006) were white (56.596); provide detailed nalional infor­ received prisoners under sentence of 150 were black (42.1%); 16 were Ameri­ mation on lhose under des th death from the courts. Oregan re­ ean Indian (.996); and 9, Asian (.596). sen tences. This year-Is report ceived its first two inmates during 1986 With respect to ethnicity, 107 were contains special appendices on under a death penalty stn tute enacted clElSsified as liispanlc (6%). Eighteen of women and the death penalty and in December 1984. 'Texas (41 admis­ those under a dea th sentence were On Federal death penalty statutes sions), Florida {39 admissions), and female (I %). The median age was contained In the United States illinois (25 admissions) accounted for neBl'ly 32 years.' Code. The Bureau of Justiee more than a third of the inmates enter­ Statislics gralefuHy acknowledges ing prisons under a death sentence About 6296 of those under sentence the cooperation and participation during the year. of death were held by States in the of officials throughoulthe States South. Western States held an addi­ whose generous assistance makes The 1 B executions in 1986 were car­ tional 1796; Midwestern States, 15%; this reporting program possible. ried out by 7 States; there were 10 and the Northeastern States of New Sleven R. Schiesinger executions in Texas, J in Florida, and 1 Director each in Alabama, Georgia, North capital cases to present uany and all initial rejection of' the pecuniary gain Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. relevant mitigating evidence that Is circumstance did not constitute an ac­ Eleven of those executed were white availablen at the time of sentencing. quittal of that circumstance for double males, and 1 were black males. jeopardy purposes, and the State Turner v. Murray (decided April 30, Supreme Court's rejection of the cruel From the beginning of 1977 to the 1986) dealt with the question of poten­ and heinous circumstance at the first end of 1985, a total of 68 executions tial racial prejudice among jurors in review did not constitute an acquittal were carried out by 12 States. Over interracial capital crimes. The defend­ of the death penalty. The High Court the same period, 2,419 persons were ad­ ant, a black male, was indicted for the found that since a new trial was con­ mUted to prisons under sentence of robbery-murder of a white store propri­ ducted because the original conviction death, and 990 persons were removed etor in Virginia. During jury selection was nullified on appeal, no acquittal from the condemned population as a the defendant's request to question had occurred. and the double jeopardy result of dispositions other than exe­ prospective jurors on racial prejudice clause was not violated. cution (resentenclng, retrial, commu­ was denied by the trial judge, and the tation, or death occurring while defendant was subsequently convicted On May 5, 1986, the Supreme Court awaiting execution), and sentenced to death. The Supreme decided 00 Arkansas case not direc Uy Court reversed the ruling of the dealing with the death penalty but Capital punishment in the courts Virginia courts and concluded "that a having implications for juror selection defendant accused of an interracial in capital cases (Lockhart v. McCree). On January 22, 19B6, the Supreme capital crime is entitled to have pro­ The defendant, charged with a capital Court in cabana v. Bullock handed spective jurors informed of the victim1s felony murder, objected to juror selec­ down an important decision relating to race and questioned on the issue of tion procedures requiring that prospec­ the culpability of accomplices to capi­ racial bias. tl tive jurors who stated they could not tal murder~ In a previous decision, vote for a death penalty under any Enmund v. Florida (1982), the High On May 5, 1985, the Supreme Court circumstances be excluded (so-called Court ruled that the Eighth Amendment addressed the Issue of double jeopardy Witherspoon-excludables based upon the

required that !lone .H who aids and wi th respect to aggravating circum­ 1968 ease of Witherspoon v. Illinois). abets a felony in the course of which a stances in Poland v. Arizona.. The case The defendant, though convicted and murder is committed by others" must involved 8 robbery-murder of two ar­ sentenced to life imprisonment, con­ be shown to have killed, attempted to mored car guards who were drowned by tended that a such 8 jury was more con­ kill, intended that a killing take place, the two defendants. At the Initial sen­ viction-prone than a jury drawn from a Or intended that iethal force be em­ tencing hearing the trial judge COn­ representatIve cross section of view­ ployed to impose a capital Sentence. cluded that the aggravating circum­ points from the community. Mississippi taw, by contrast, provided stance of murder for pecuniary gain for capital sentencing of accomplices only applied to contract murders and The High Court concludcd that exclu­ to capital murder whether or not the was not applicable in this case. He sions based upon shared attitudes intent to kill was demonstrated. then imposed the death penalty based toward the death penalty rather than upon another aggravating circumstance, shared characteristics (such as race or In cabana v. Bullock the Supreme murder 1n a cruel and helnous fashion. ethnicity) were not sufficient to prove Court concluded that the Mississippi On appeal, the Arizona Supreme Court that an unbaJanced jury had been se­ judicial system needed to determine reversed the trial court's conviction, lected~ The Court noted the inherent clearly whether the Enmund criteria finding the evidence insufficient to difficul ties that would occur it juries

were met. The Court also ruledt how­ support the cruel and heinous circum­ were requIred to represent a balance oC ever, that such a determination need stance. The court also Indicated that all possible viewpoints~ Rather, the not be made by the sentencing jury and the pecuniary gaIn circumstance was Court noted, the UConstitution presup­ that the Enmund criteria couid be eval­ not limited to contract murder. as had poses that a jury selected from 8 fair uBted by any appropriate tribunal-­ been concluded by the trial judge. cross section of the community is im­ appellate court, a trial judge, or a partial, regardless of the mix of indi­ jury. Mississippi subsequently adopted Upon re mand, the defendants were vidual vlewpoints actually represented a new statute that required the jury to again convicted of the murders; the on the jury, so long as the jurors can determine whether an accompHce actu­ trial judge found that both the pecu­ conscientiously and properly carry out ally killed, attempted to kill, or niary gain and cruel and heinous murder their sworn duty to apply the law to the intended to kill or use lethal force circumstances were present, and he sen­ facts of the particular case .. 11 (Miss. Code Ann. Section 99-19-1Ul(7)). tenced the defendants to death. The defendants appealed again on the In Ford v. Wainwright (decided June In Skipper v. South Carolina (decided grounds of double jeopardy. They con­ 26, 1985) the issue of the mental com­ April 29, 1986) the Court reversed and tended that they had been acquitted of petency of condemned prisoners prior remanded a case inVOlving the exclusion the death penalty because of the earlier to execution was considered by the of defense witnesses who would have finding by the Arizona Supreme Court High Court in a Florida case. The case offered mitigating evidence during the that there was insufficient evidence to dealt with a prisoner who was mentally sentencing phase of the trial~ The wit­ support a finding of a cruel and heinous competent at the time of the offense, neSSeS (two jail employees and a "regu­ circumstance. The State Supreme trial, and sentencing but claimed in­ lar visitorlt to the jail) were prepared to Court again concluded that the evi­ competence after he was imprisoned offer their views on the behavior and dence did not support the cruel and hei­ under sentence of death. Florida law conduct of the defendant during the noUS circumstance but did support the provided for the Governor to appoint time he was held in jaB. South Carolina finding of murder for pecuniary gain. three psychiatrists to examine the courts concluded that such evidence The U.S. Supreme Court, in its review, condemned prisoner. The psychiatrists was irrelevant and, therefore, inadmis­ concluded that the death penalty could produced different diagnoses but were sible. The Supreme Court's decision be reimposed because the trial judge's affirmed the right of defendants in

2 unanimous that the prisoner was com­ would fail in State court. A subsequent e.isting method of hanging used by petent to be executed~ 1'he Governor, appeal to the Federal courts, however, these two States. Washington also based on these findings, subsequently did raise this c)aim~ The U~S~ Supreme modified its method of execution, signed a death warrant without a hear­ Court concluded that the petitioner had changing a requirement that sodium ing or further court intervention. The defaulted on his constitutional chal­ thiopental be used for lethal Injections Supreme Court reversed, concluding lenge to the psychiatric testimony by to Jess specific language authorizing tha t a. hearIng was necessary in order not raising the issue on appeal before the use of lethal substances. for the defense to challenge the find­ the Virginia Supreme Court and that ings of the State-appointed psyehia­ such failure was not the result of Indiana added victim dismemberment trists and to assure that the executive deficient legal defense beeause it was a to the list of aggravating circumstances branch (which was responsible for the deliberate, tactical decision. that could be eonsidered during the prosecution) was not also the final sentencing phase. Kentucky required determiner of facts as presented by the Capital punishment laws that jurors be informed of the defend­ psychiatrists. The Court mandated that ant's prior eriminal history during the an evidentiary hearing on the compe­ At yearend 1986 the death penalty sentencing hearing. New Jersey added tency issue take place in the District was authorized by the statutes of 31 a requirement for automatic appellate Court~ St')tes and by Federal statute (table review of death sentences~ 1). During 19B6 there were no suc­ Smith v. Murray (decided June 26, cessful challenges to the consti tution­ Method of e:recution 1986), a Virginia case, dealt with a ality of State death penalty laws or en­ different issue regarding psychiatric actment of any new legislation author­ At yearend 1986, lethal injection (17 evidence. tn this case. information on izing capital punishment. States) and electrocution (15 States) prior offense obtained during a pretri&... were the most eommon methods of exe­ psychiatric examination was introduced Statutory ch011ges cution (table 2). Eight States author­ durIng the senteneing phase of the ized lethal gas; rour Sta tes1 hanging; trial. This evidence was used as an Seven States altered their existing and two States, a firing squad. Nine aggravating factor by the prosecution, death penalty statutes during 1986. States provided for more than one and the jury subsequently recommended New Hampshire (effective in 19B1) and method of execution--lethBl injection 8 death sentence. On direet appeal, the Delaware added lethal injection as a and an alternative method--generally at defense counsel failed to raise the method of execution to replace the the election of the condemned prisoner. question of the Fifth Amendment pro­ tection against self-incrimination, lSee AppendIx II for a listing of aU Federal dea th having concluded that such a claim penalty statutes eurrently in existenee.

Tohle 1. Capitnl orfenses, by State. 1986

Alabama. :Ylurder during kidna.ping, rObbe~y. Kentueky. Aggravated murder; lddnup!ng when purposefulldUing or prior Ilttempted murder; mur­ rape, sodomy, burglnry. sexualllssault, Dr arson; vie tim is killed. der of a peace oarcer;. murder arising from speei­ murder of pence officer, correctional officer, or Louisiana. First-degree murder. fied Ielonies (rape, kidnllping, arson, robbery, bur­ public official; murder while under a life sen­ glary); murder of Il witness to prevcnt testimony in tence; murder for peeunlery geJn or contract Marylnnd. First-degree murder, either 11 criminul proceeding. murdeq multiple murders; aircraft piracy; premeditated o~ during the commission of!l Oklahoma. Ylurder ..... ith r:1alice aforethought; murder by n defendunt with a previous murder felony. murder W'Lsing (rom specined felonies (forcLble conviction; murder of a witness to a crime. Mississippi, CapUal murder includes murder of !l rape, robbery with a dungerous weapon, kidnaping, Arizona. Hrst-degree mureer. peace officer or eorreetionul offieer, murder while escllpe from lawful custody, first-degree burglary, under R tife sentence, murder by bomb or explo­ arson); murder when the vietfm is 11 child. Arkansas. Capitnl murder as defined by Sive, contract murder murder oommitted during Arkansas stlltute (41-1501}. j Oregon. Aggrnvllted murder. specIfie felonies {rnpe. burglary, kidnaping, arson. CaJi(~ia. Trcason; aggravnted assault by a rObbery, sexual battery. unMtural intercourse with Pennsylvania. First-degree murder. prisoner serving a life term;: ftrst-degree murder n ehild, nonconsensunl unnaturallntereourse). and South CaroUnn. Murder with statutory ag­ with speeial circumstances; train wrecking. murder of an elected orrlciai; capital rape is the grllvnting circumstances. Colorado. First-degree murder; first-degree forcible rape of a child under 14 years by a person 19 ycars or Older. South Dakota. First-degree murder; kidnaping kidnaping. Missouri. First-degree murder. with gross permanent physieal injury inflicted on Conneetieut. Murder of a public safety or the victim~ correetional offieer; murder for peeuniary guin; Montana. Deliberate homioide; aggravated Tennessee. First-degree murder. murder in thc course o( a felony;: murder by e kidnaping when victim dtesj attempted deliberate deCendunt with a previous conviction (or homicide, aggravated assault, or aggravated Texas. Murder of II public safety officer, fireman, intentionel murder; murder while under Ii life kidnaping by a State prison inmate wIth Ii prior or correctional employee; murder during the com­ sentencei murder during a kidnaping; illegal sale coovietlon for detiberate homicide or who has been mission of specified felonies {kidnaping. burglary. of cocaine. methadone, Of heroin to a person previOUSly declared a persistent felony offender. robbery, aggravated rape, IlrsOll;j murder (or who dies (rom using these drugSj murder during Nebraska. first-degree murder. remuneration; multiple murders. first-degree sexual assault; multiple murders. Utnh. First-degree murder. Nevada. First..c.egree murder. Delaware. F!rst..c.egree murder with Vermont. Murtier of Il poliee orrieer or New Hampshire. Contract murder; murder or a aggravaling eircumstances. correctional offieer; kidnaping (or ransom. la ..... enforCement offieer; murder oI a kidnap Florida. First-degree murder. victim. Virginia. Murder during the eommlssion o( specifjed felonies (abduction, armed robbery. Georgia. Murder; kidnaping with bodily injury New Jersey. PUrposeful or knowing murder; when the vietim dies; aircraIt hijacking;: rape}j eontrnct murder; murder by a prisoner ..... hile contract murder. murder during 8 kidnaping. treason. in custody: murder of n law enforeement officer; New Mex:ieo. First..c.egree murder. multiple murders; murder of a ehild under 12 yenrs 1daho. First-degree murder; nggravated old during un abduction. Iddnnping. North Carolina. First-degree murder. Washington. First-degree premedltuted murder. Illinuis, Murder. Ohio. Assassination; contrnct murder; murder during escape; murder while in a correetionai Wyoming. First-degree murder including (elony Indlano.. Murder. facility; murder after conviction of n prior murder.

Note: See Appendix II Cor complete listing of Federlll statutes relating to capital offenSeS.

3 -~--~~----~---, Table 2. MethOd of ex.ee\ltion, by State, 19QG Table 3. Minimum age l:Iutho-l"ized for capita1 punishment, ycnrend 19B6 Le thai lnjec tion EleetroeuHon Lethal glls Hanging Firing squad 10 yeU1's Indiana Arkansllsa Alabama Aril.onB DelawareLl Idahutl 13 ycars Mississippi Delllwaretl Arkansas& California MontanaB Utah& fdaho8 Connecticut Colorado New HampslJiree 14 years Maryland lUino!!> Florida MUl"),land Washlngton8. Missouri Missjssip~ib Georgia Mississippib North Carolina MOfllana IndiunD Missouri 15 years Arkansas Ne'o'ada Kentucky North Carolinaa Louisiana New Jerse)' Louisiana W),omingO Vlrginill New Mexico Ncbraska NorLh Carolinas Ohio 16 years Nevada Oklahuma Pennsylvania OregonU Oragon Sauth Carolina 17 yeurs Georgia South Dakota Tennessae New Hump.shire Vermont Texas TexllS Utah8 VirginIa Washingtonll 18 yeurs Californill WyomltlgB Coonce Heu t Colorado liAlJthorizos two methods of eltecution. tho!>e convicled prior to that date are to be Idaho b.\1iss!ssippl authorizes letha! Injection for carried out with lethal gas. 1111110i5 those convicted after 7/1/84; executions oC eLethal injectlon authorized effective 1/1/87. Nebraskll New Jerse)' New Mexico Some States have stipulated an alter­ Mmimum age Ohio native to lethal injection, anticipating No minimum age Federal that it may be found unconstitutional. A total of 22 State. slleclfy a mini­ specified AlaulllDu Arizona Each of the other four methods. previ­ mum age at which the death penalty Deluware ously challenged on Eighth Amendment may be imposed (table 3). In some Floridu grounds as cruel and unusual punish­ States the minimum age is specified in l{cnttlCkyb ment, has been found to be constitu­ the capital punishment statute; in Montana Okluhomu tional. The method of execution for others it is, in effect, set forth in the Pennsylvania Federal offenders is that of the Stale in statutory provisions that determine the South Carolina which the execution takes place. age at which a juvenile may be trans­ South Onkolllc ferred to criminal court for trial as an Tennelisee Utah Automatic review adult. The most frequently specified Vermonl age is 18 years (9 Stales). Fourteen Washinglon Of the 37 States with capital punish­ States and the Federal system report no \vyomillg ment statutes at yearend 1986, 33 pro­ minimum age. vided for an automatic review of all SArter removal to udall court, bErfectivc 7/1/81, the minimum age in death sentences. Arkansas, Florida, l\entuel

500

131-__---"

j , i i j j j I • 1953 1960 1910 198:]

4 Prisoners under sentence of death at Table 4. Prisoners under sentence of death. yearend 1986 by r~ion and State, yunrcnd 1985 and 1986 A total of 32 States r,'ported 1,781 Changes durlnlr 198a Prisoners Removed rom Prisoners persons under sentence of death on under Received de6.th row under December 31, 1986, an increase of 206 sentence llnder (exoluding sentenee or 13.196 over the count at the end of Region und Stute 1!.!85 s(mtenee executions) Executed 19aa 1985 (table 4). States with the largest a number Of prisoners under sentence of U,S, total 291 7J 18 1,181 death Were Florida (254), Texas (236), Federulb 000 o california (176), Georgia (111), and Slu te 297 1l 18 1,7Bl lIlinols (101). Norlhcast 15 25 3 U 97 Cormei!ticut o 000 o Although 37 states (covering 7796 of New HampShire o o 0 0 o the Nation's adult population) had stat­ New Jersey 17 600 23 utes authorizing the death penalty, 5 of Peno'5'jlvunin 58 19 3 U 74 these reported no prisoners under sen­ Vermont o o 0 0 o tence of death at yearend (Connecticut, Midwest 216 5. 0 261 .New Hampshire, New Mexico, SQuth Illinots 18 25 2 0 101 Dakota, and Vermont). Indillno Jj GOD 40 Missouri 36 10 3 0 or the 1,781 persons under sentence Nebraska 12 200 "14 of death, more thnn three-fifths (6296) Ohio 56 15 2 0 69 South Dukolll o 0 0 o were in the South, 1796 were in Western o States, 1596 were in the Midwest, and So. III 999 174 47 18 1,1011 5% were in the Northeastern States of Alabama 79 .31 03 New Jel"Sey and Pennsylvania. Nearly Arkansos 2G 440 26 all were male (9996), and most were DdllWUI'C 4 o 0 0 4 white (56.596) (table 5). Blacks FJoridu 221 39 9 J 254 Georgia 1"7 11 6 1 ll! constituted 42.1% of those under Kenlucky 23 a 0 0 31 sentence of death, and another 1.496 Louisiann 40 340 39 were American Indians or AsjlUl Maryland 17 210 16 Americans. The Stlltes reported a total Mlssissipp i 40 240 38 North Ctlrolina 56 11 J 1 63 of 107 Hispanics under death sentence, Oklflilomn 58 16 2 0 72 696 of the total. The largest numbers Sou th Carolina 40 13 5 1 47 of Hispanics were held in States with Tennessee 47 7 1 0 53 relatively large Hispanic populations: Terms 208 41 3 10 238 Texas (36), Californla (22), Florida (14), Virginia 27 9 2 33 tilinois (10J, and Arizona (9). Wes' 2BS 40 16 Q 309 Arll.OHa 55 6 2 o 59 The median age of those under sen­ CaUforniu 15!.! 24 7 o 116 tence of death was nearly 32 years. Colorado 1 o o o 1 Slightly more than 1% were under the Iduho 14 l l 14 age of 2D, and 2% were 55 or older9 r"wlontllnu 5 o o " 5 Ncvada 3t 5 1 o" J5 The youngest offender under sentence New Mex:ico 5 5 of death was 17 years old; the oldest Oregon o "2 o "o "2 was 75 years old. About 1 in 10 of the Clilh 7 o o 1 inmates for whom information on edu­ Wushington 5 "2 1 Wyoming , o o 3 cation was available had not gone " " beyond seventh grade, but about 1 in 11 Note: States nollisted und the District of death sentence before 12/31/85" (5 in Illinois, 1 had some college education. The Columbia did not have the death penalty as oL in Missouri, 2 in South CaroUna, 2 in florldtl., 2 median level of education was 10.6 12/31/85. Seme of the figures shown for in Kentucky. 1 in Mississippi, 2 in Arlmnstls. 1 in YCllrcnd 1985 are revised from those shown in Texas, 1 in Arlzonn, and 11 in Culifornia). years~ Less than a third of the con­ Capitn! Pu!).~shme.lllt 1985. NCJ-102742. The ulneludes three deaths which Were suieides (one demned inmates for whom dnta on rClo'ised figures include 12 inmates who were each in MissourI, Florida, and Texas} llnd six marital status were available were either reported late to the NPS program or deaths due to natural cuuses (one each in Ohio j married, a fifth were divorced or who were not in Ihe custody of State South Carolina, FlorIda, Louisionll, Texas, and eorreetionlllautllOtities as of 12/31/85 (2 in '\rh~onal. separated, and more than two-fifths Pennsylvani,a, 1 in Missourl, 1 In Tennessee, 3 DExclodes one mule Ileld under Armed Pornes had never been married~ in Florida, 1 in Louisiana, 3 in Te)(as, and 1 in jurisdiction with a military death sentenee Utahl mtd exclude 28 inmotes relieved or the ror murder. The 18 women under sentence of death at yearend 1986 were held In 12 States; Indiana'S 3 female inmates were the most of any State (table 6). Since 1972, a total of 17 States have held women under death sentences. Since 1977, one woman has been executed. (For additIonal information on capital punishment and women see Appendix I.)

5 Entries and removals of persons under Table 5. Demographic profile of prisoners wl[1er sentence of denlh, 1986 sentenee oC death Yeurend 1986 198£ admissions 1986 removuls During 1986 27 State prison systems 1 'rotal numbcr under reported receiving prisoners under sen­ sentence of dealh 1,781 2U7 91 tence of death. Texas reported the largest number (41), followed by Florida Sex Male 99,1)% 911.7% 96.7% (39), Illinois (25), and California (24). Feml,lle 1.0 1.3 '.J Huce Of the 297 prisoners received under White 56,5% 55.2% 59,3% sentence of death: Block 42.1 41.4. 40.7 OtherS 1.4 '.4 0 • all but 1 were convicted of murder­ Ethnicity one admission in Mississippi was Hispanic 6,096 5,4% 6.6% reported for capital rape of a child; Non-Hispanic 94.1'J 94.6 93,4 • 162 were white males, 121 were black Aj;eb males, 2 were white females, 2 were Less than 20 years 1.1% 6.7% 0% black females, 5 were male American 20-24 12.2 22,2 9.9 Indians, 1 was a female American 25-29 26.2 :!Q,j: 27.5 30-34 22,S 16,5 19,8 Indian, and 4 were male Asians; and 35-39 11,8 14.5 19.8 • 16 were Hispanic. 40-54 IB.1 9.1 16.5 55' r.9 0.7 6.6 Twenty-two Slates reported a total Median age :n.9 years 27.4 years 32.6 ycars of 64 persons whose sentences of death Education were vacated 01' commuted during 7th grade or less 10.496 6.9% 7.9')U 1986. Florida (7), California (7), and arh 11.1 7.' ••6 Georgia (6) reported the largest 9th-11th 35.7 41.3 36.2 numbers of such exits. 12Ul 32.7 35.1 42.1 Any eoUege '.1 9.' 6.8 Of the 64 persons whose death Median educl1tion 10,5 years 10,1 years 10.2 years sentencew were vacated or commuted Marital stutus during 1986: Murried 31.0% 26,1% 37.1% Divoreed!separa led 21.J 18,7 18,0 .45 had their sentences vacated but WiuGwed 2,2 J.4 4.5 convictions upheldj Never married 45.5 5lo9 40.4 • 12 had both their convictions and NGte: Pereentlllre £lnd median culeulations are UConsists of t6 Amerioan Indians and 9 Asialls sentences vacated; and based on those cases fGr which duta were re· present al the end of 1986 and 6 Amerleun • 7 had their sentences commuted, in­ por1ed. Education dllta were not rcporled for Indians an{j" Asians admitted during the ycar, 20H prisoners at yeurend 19116, ,]8 pri::loncrs D-rhe youngest person unde!" sentenee of death cluding all 5 prisoners under the death admilted in 19116, and 15 prisoners removed in was a black Inmale in ArktlOS£l5 born in sentence in New Mexico. , 1986. Dotu on marital stu tus were not report­ Och)ber 1969. Thc oldesl was a white inmate 'l cd ror H5 prisoners ut yearend 19B6. 29 in Kenlueky born in October 1911. At yearend, 38 of the 64 were serving prisoners admitted in 1986, and 2 prisoners reduced sentences (37 to life imprison­ removed in 1986. ment), 10 were awaiting new trials, 15 were awaiting resentencing, and 1 was released on an appeal bond~ Table 6. Number Gf women on death row, by SLnte, year'end 1912-86

In addition, nine persons died While Stale l!H2 HI7J 1974 1975 1!l16 1971 I9iH 1979 1980 1981 19B2 1983 19M HI85 HIS6 under sentence of death in 1986. Missouri, Fiorida, and Texas each re­ U.S. tatui , , 3 8 7 6 5 9 11 !4 lJ 17 17 18 ported one dea th by suicide, and six California 1 2 States reported deaths from natural Georgia 1 1 1 2 , 4 , 2 2 causes (Ohio, South Carolina, Florida, North CurollHtl 1 2 , , 1 1 1 1 I Ohio 2 3 4 2 'j 2 l Louisiana, Texas, and Arizona). Oklahoma 2 2 r 1 1 FIGrida 1 1 1 1 2 2 From 1977 J the year nfter the AlablHM 1 2 2 2 Texus 2 2 2 2 2 Supreme Court reinstated the death Kentucky 1 l penalty, through 1986,. total of 2,419 Maryhmd 2 persons entered prison under a sentence tllilssissippi ! 1 , of death; 990 had their capital senten­ Nevada 2 2 New Jersey ces vacated or commuted or died while Arkansas under sentence; and 68 were executcd. Idaho Of those admitted, 1,389 (57.4%) were Indiana white, 997 (41.2%) were black, and 33 Tennessee (1.4%) were classified as other raCes. Of those who had their sentences vacated or commuted or who dIed while under sentence, 564 {57%} were whIte, 418 (42.2%) were black, and 8 (.8%) were classified as other races. Of the 6B executed, 44 (64.7%) were white, and 24 (35.3%) were black.

6 Criminal history of inmates under Tnhle 1. Criminnl hi'l1tnry profile of prisoners under sentence of death, by rlHlc 19B5 sentence of death in 1986 t Number under Pereent of those Among those under sentence of death sentence of death under sentence of deuthfl All );U b at yearend 1986 for whom criminal rdeesb While Bluel. rG.CeS White Hlaek history information was available, 66% ._ ... had a history of felony convictions Prior felony eOl1vielloo history (table 7). Among those for whom infor­ Yes 1,085 5Bl 491 65.8% 61.7% 11.9% mation on prior homicide convictions No 5115 m 192 34.2 311.3 2B.l was available, 9% had a previous con­ Nol reported m 64 67 viction for that crime. Prior homieide e:onvielion history Yes 126 56 69 B.6% 6.'1% j1.2% Among those for whom legal status No 1, 353 7" 549 91.;t 93.3 flB.8 at the time of the capital offense was Not reported 3DO HiG 132 reported, about 40% had an active Legal status at time criminal justice status: half of these of capital offense were on parole, while the rest had Charges pending' 01 33 6.1% 6.7% 5.3% Proba lion 65 "5' 25 5.7 7.0 4.0 charges pending, were on probation, or Paroie 304 140 163 20.5 16.6 26.3 were prison inmates or escapees. Prison eseupee 33 21 12 2.2 2.5 I.' Excluding those with pending charges a Prison inmute 49 2' 20 3.3 3.4 3.2 l e : total of 1 in 3 were already under Other sLutus 20 10 9 1.3 1.2 1.5 None 90J 521 357 GO,8 62.13 57,7 sentence for another crime when the offense for which 1hey were condemned Not reported 296 16·j 1J.l occurred; in a number of States such Median ti me elapsed since status Is considered an aggravating imposition of denlh sentence '\0 mos. 39 mas, 41 mos. factor in capita.l sentencing. 8Pcrccnb5 arc bused on those offenders (or for whom ehllrges were pending from the U.S. t;':hom data were reported. Army, one in a local jail. nnd eight all work

The criminal history patterns were includes whiles, blacksl bnd pel' sons classined release/work furlough fro:n pr-ison. similar for whites and blacks, although as members of other races. C'Jncludes five persons on mandatory release, somewhat higher percentages of blacks two an beH, three on furloulSh from pnson, one than whites had prior felony convic­ tions, prior homicide convictions) or were on parole at the time of 1he capital offense.

7 Persons executed, 1930-86 Table 8. Number or persons executed I by jurisdietion, in rank order, 1930-86 Number 200 Number extx':oled State since 19:1U Since 1971

u.s. total 3,927 6B Georgia m 155. NeW York J29 'I'ctus 317 20 Californin 292 North C/l.rolina 266 3 Florien lB' 16 Ohio 172 South Carolina 164 , MisSissippi l55 1 Pennsylvania 152 Louistllnn 14U 7 Alllbamu 131 2 Arkunslls liS 50 I\Cnlueky lU3 VirgInia 07 5 Tennessee 93 I! Ullnols 90 New Jersey 74 Murylnnd 6' Missouri 62 OklalHJJOu Figuro3 wllshinJton '"47 Colorndo 47 Indiana 4J Ilxecutions For those executed since 197'7, the West Virginia 40 Distriet of Columbin 40 average time between sentence imposi­ Arizuna Since 1930, when data on executions tion and execution was 6 years and 4 Federal Sjstem "33 were first coUected by the Federal months (table 10). For the 1B prisoners Nevada 31 Government. 3,927 executions have executed during 1986, the average time Mnssuehllsetts 21 Connecticut n been oon~ucted under CIvH authority spent under a death sentence was just Oregon 19 (table 8). Since the death penalty was over '7 years, about 15 months longer lown IB reins1;jted by the Supreme Court in than those executed during the Kansas 15 1976, the States have executed 68 preceding year. Black prisoners Utah 14 persons: DelgWllre 12 executed during 1986 had spent an New Me.xleo B average of B 1/2 Jlcars awaiting Wyoming 1 1977: 1 19B3: 5 execution; whites, 6 years and 5 !\lantana 6 1979: 2 1984: 21 months. Vermont 4 1981: I 1985: IB Nebrusku 4 Idaho J 19B2: 2 19B6: 18 Sonlh Dal{otll 1 New Hampshire 1 A total of 12 States have carried out Wisconsin B Rhode lsland 0 executions since 1977. During the North Dakota 0 period, 43 white malesl 24 black males, Minnesota 0 and 1 white female have been executed. Michigan 0 The largest number of executions oc­ Maine HllwnH curred in Texas (20), Florida (16), Alaska Georgia (7), and Louisiana (7).

Since 1977 a total of 2,B39 offenders have been under a death sentence tor Table 9. Pereentuge ot tilOs(! under sentence ot death who were executed Qr received ather dispositiQns. by rnec 19'17-116 ! varying l'eriods of time (table 9). There l were 68 executions (2.4% of those at Prisoners who received risk) and 990 removals (34.9% of those Totul under Prisoners executed other dklOsItionJl at risk) during this period. A slightly sentenee of dealh Percent Percent higher percentage of whites than blacks Ilace 1917-86° Number or totnl Number of total 296). were executed (2.1% versus but All racese 2.839 Ga 2.496 990 34.9% removal rates for the 1wo races were While nearly identical (34.9% versus 35.1 %). 1,614 44 2.7 564 34.9 Bluck 1,192 24 2 •• m 35.1 2AIl nddhlonsllGU exeeutions huve been carded out lithose under sentence of death ot thc begin- vaeated, eammututians, or death o1her than by under mIHtary authorily since 1930. ning of 1971 (420) plus all ne .... admissions execution. or the SUU removals, 41 resulted aFar the period 197'l~86, the FB! reported 264,31}1} under sentenee of death between 1977 /l.nd from death during confinement-I? from n/l.t- CHSes of murder and nonnegllgelll manslaughter and ~9" (2,419). l.I1'tll euuses, 17 by SUicide, 2 during escape

an estimated 197,920: arrests for these crImes. Other dispositions include perSOnS removed attemptsl and 5 murdered by olher inmates. During the same period, 2,419 persons entered pris­ from Ii sentence of death due to statutes crncludcs whites, blncks, and per.'>Olls clsssi- on under sentence of det\lh. and there wcrc 68 exe­ slruck down on appcal, sentenees/convictions fied as members of other ruees. cUllons. ln 1986, therc were 2U.SHI ruported murders and llOnnegllgent munslaughters, 19,190 arrests, 291 persons who entered prison under II death sentence. and 18 executions,

B Table 10. Elapsed lime between imposition of deulli sentence and execuU()fl~ by raee, 191'1-86

Averugc, ~~psed lime ~~~~n Year of :-lumber executed execution All rllces Whlte Black All r •• e, IV""e "lack

Total 24 76 months 7a monlhs 86 monlhs 1971-83 11"" '", , 5" 5. 56 1984 21 lJ , 7' 7a B4 19115 16 II 7 7l fiG BO 1986 18 II 7 9a 71 102

Nole: Three CU5e;i were resenlenced 10 del1th leueing dules. The rungc for cll1psed timo for ufter uppcul. For these executions, uverage the 68 executions wus 3 monlhs to 135 months. time was culcultl ted froill the origirral sen- l ------_...

Appendix I: Women and the death Appendix lIlble 1. Movement of women under senlenee DC death, penalty by Stnte, 19'11-86 A total of 44 women have been under Prisoners C!lUnges from 1917-1986 Prisoners a sentence of death in 17 States at under Received Death under sen tence under sentence senlence on some ti me during the 10-year period, Slate on I11n1 sentence relllo'Ycd El:;ecoted 12/31/8G 1917-86 (7 l'reSenl allhe beginning of 1977 and 37 new commitments, Appen­ U.S. total 7 '7 25 10 dix table 1). Of these, 25 had their Alabama U , , 0 '2 death sentences vacated or commuted Arkunsns U 1 1 0 0 or died while confined, and 1 was California 2 0 ,2 0 0 executed. During the same period a Floriua 2 0 '2 Georgin , 4 0 total of 2,795 males were under a sentence of death at some time, of ldnilo 1 0 0 Indlnna "0 , 0 0 , whom 965 had thelr sentences vacated Kentucky 0 1 I 0 0 or commuted or died, and 67 were Maryland 0 , '2 executed. The proportions of women Mississippi 0 , 1 "0 2 and men under sentence of death who NClfUdll 0 0 were executed were nearly identical- New Jersey 0 0 0 I North Clll'OtinIl , I of of U 1 0 2.3% women and 2.4% men. Ohio 2 3 5 0 Oldil.hollla 0 I 0 Since 1930, 33 women have been Tennessee 0 0 0 executed in the United States: 5 by 1'extls 0 3 '2 New York; 4 by California; 3 each by " Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Ohio; 2 each by Louisiana, Appendi:c tublc 2. Women execuled under civil authority, 1930-86 Pennsylvania, South Caroline., and the li"ederal Government; and 1 each by Yelll' Number executed Slut~s wilh c)(ceations Arizona, Delaware, Illinois, and Georgia 23 (al'l'endlx table 2). The sole woman executed since 1977 was by North North CU1'ulinu Carolln. (1984). Culi rornill 1951 t\ ta:)Umn 1955 1 CutiCoI'nia 1£.51 2 Ohio

H15:! 2 Alahuffill j Federal (:vIiSSOUI'i, t,ew Yon~) lfl51 New YorK

t{q7 2 Californil:l1 South Carolina Hq6 I P

Note: Thirty-lwo of the €xecutions were {Dr federal; one for cspionuge !lnd one for rulll'der, Two of lhe executions in 1953 Were kidnaping/murder.

9 Appendix II: Ifederal laws providing for Methodologjeal note New Hampshire-New Hampshire the death penalty Criminal Code 630:5, IX-XII. Changed The statistics reported in this method of execution from ha.nging to Since the Supreme Court IS decision in bulletin may differ from data collected lethal injection and provided for a 1- Furman v. Georgia in 1972 striking by other organizations for a variety of year automatic delay between imposi­ down the death penalty as then applied, reasons: (1) Inmates nre originally tion of sentence and execution. two death penalty statutes have been added to the National Prisoner Statis­ Effective 1/1/81. enacted by the Conl!1'ess: tics dea th-row counts not at the time the court hands down the sentence but New Je",ey--N.J.S.A 2C: 11-3. • Espionage by a member of the Armed at the time they are admitted to 8 Amendments provided for automatic Forces! communication of information State or Federal correctional facility. appellate review of death sentences. to a foreign government relating to (2) SubsequentJy. admissions to death Effective 1/11/86. nuclear weaponry, military spacecraft row or releases as a result of a court or satellites, early warning systems, order are attributed to the year in South Carolina--Statutes of South war plans, communications intelligence which the sentence or court order Carolina, Section 16-3-20. Rewrote or cryptographic information, or any occurred; prior year counts are, there­ section detailing methods and pro­ other major weapons or defense fore t adjusted to reflect the actual cedures relating to capital sentencing. strategy {10 U.S.C. §!I06 (a)). dates of court decisions (see Note, Effective 6/3/86. table 4). (3) NPS death-row counts are Ii Death resul ting from aircraft always for the last day of the calendar Washington--RCW 10.95.180. hijacking (49 U.S.C. §§1412 and 1473). yenr and thus will differ from counts Changed lethal injection from sodium for more recent periOds. thiopental to unspecified lethal sub­ Currently, one male is awaiting exe­ stance(s). Effective date unspecified. cution under a military death sentence U.s. Supreme Court decisions cited for murder. Thc following capital pun­ ishment provisions, which were enacted Cahc.IlIi v. Bullock, 106 S. Ct. 689 (1986) prior to the Furman decision, remain in Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 182 (! 982) Bureau of Justice Statistics the U.S. Code: Skipper v. South Carolina, 106 S. Ct. bulletins are written principally by 1669 (I996) BJS staff. This bulletin waS • Murder while a member of the Armed Turner v. Murray, 106 S. Ct. 1683 written by Lawrence A. Greenfeld, Forces (10 U.S.C. §!IIB). (1986) correctlons unit chief. Frank D. Poland v. Arizona, 106 S. Ct. 1149 Balog edited the bulletin. Marilyn !It Destruction of aircraft, motor (1986) Marbrook, publicatlons unit chief, vehicles, or related facilities resulting Lockhart v. McCree, 106 S. Ct. 1158 administered production, assisted in death (18 U.S.C. §§32, 33, and 34). (! 986) by Jeanne Harris, Betty Sherman, Witherspoon v. !Uinois, 391 U.S. 510 Joyce A. Hartman, and Arlene F.

., Bank robbery--rela ted murder or kidnaping (18 U.S.C. §'2113).

"Treason (18 U.S.C. §'2381).

10 - Bureau of Justice Statistics reports Corrections Privacy and security (reviSed Sep1ember 1987) El.JS bulJaUns snd spodal roports: Computofcrims; , Call totl· free 8()(j.732·3277 (local Capita! punishmonl1986. NGJ-IOG4B7, 9/87 El.JS spocial fllpartS.' 251-55(0) 10 order BJS reports. to be added PriaGnoraln 19$6, NCJ-104B6<1, 5/67 Electronic I'und transfer fraud, NCJ..96€66,3/85 10 one of Ihe 6JS mailing lists, or to speak Imprisonment In lourcountrieli, NCJ-l03967, Electronic lund IranahH endcrimo, to a reference soeciallst In statistics al the 2/87 NCJ-92650,2/84 Justice Stalistics Clearinghouse, NatIonal Population density Instato prisons, t.ICJ-T03204, Eleclronic fund lranslar systems fraud. Criminal Justice Reference Serv1ce, 12/86 NCJ.100461.4/8£ Box6CXJO, Rockvl!!e, MD20SSO. Single Slate and Foderal pri!KInarn, 19;as..as, Compulor security tochnlquos. Nc.J.10:2494,l1/86 NCJa4049.9/82 copies 01 repon.s are free; use NCJ number Prison adminion end Nth,alle., 1983, ElectronIC fund lransler systems and crima, 10 order. Postage and handling are charged NCJ-l00562,3166 NCJ.83736.9/82 f()( bulk orders of Single reports, For single E.x.nmlnlng rccldlvlsm, NCJ-95501, 2i1l5 Expert wMesll maIWIl!, NC'}77927, 9/81 copies of multiple IiUes, UP to 10 titles afe Returning 10 prison. NCJ-95700, 11!84 Criminal jusl!ce resource manual, NCJ.S1S50, free: 11·40 lilies 51 0; more than 40, 520; Time SCt'lled In prl5Qn. NCJ.9J924,6184 12ng libraries can [or special (ales. Correctlonalj'lQpula1Jons in the U.s. 1005, Privacy and socurity 01 criminal history Public-use lapes of BJS data sets and Nc.J.100957,9/81 in!crmation: Compendium ofStaie 109islation; other criminal justice data are available 1984 census of Sla!\) edult correctional 1964 ovet'lliaw, NCJ-SBD17. 9/85 fecilitios,NCJ.105585. 7/51 from the Criminal Juslice Archive and Criminal justice infOrmation oolicy: Historica! corr&cliGns statistics fnthoU.S., 't aso- Information Network. P.O. Box 1248, Ann 1984, NCJ..102529,41B1 Automa1ed fingerprint identificalion systems: Arbor, MI4S106 (313-753'5010). PrillOnottG In Slale and Federallnslllutions 01'1 Technology and policy isslJes, NCJ-l04342. 4/87 Dec.. 31 , 1984, NCJ-1037r.9, 3/87 National Crime Survey Capital' punlshmont 1984 (lJn;;l!J. NCJ-995Ei2, 5/86 Criminal justice" !wI" files, NCJ-l01850. 12/B5 Crimlnalvidimizatjon in th* U.5.; Data quailly pol!cles and procedures: !919 sUf'IIOyofinmalosorSlaleCOlroclionelfacilillO$ Procoedlngli of a BJS,lSEARCH conlerence, 1985 [hmd taporl!. NCJ.1C4273. 5/87 and 1979 census of Stafu cormctioM! faCilities-' 1984 {tmal reponl, NCJ..10043S, 5{86 NCJ-l01849" 12/00 Crimf, conlrol andCfiminat records (B..:S Sp€Clal 1983 {'maJ report). NCJ-96459. 10/85 BJS spacilll repof\'~' 1983 (linal teporl), NCJ-96459. 10/85 The prevalence of lm~rt9onmo!'lt. NCJ-\l3657, report!, NCJ-99176, 10/85 1 9a2 {final repom. NCJ-92820, t 1/84 7/85 Stale criminal records repositorlos {SJS Careor paltems Inc:tlma, NCJ-88672, 618.3 technical reportl. NC.r99017. 10/e5 BJS special tepof\',li: Catear patterns inctime, NC..!il8672, SfS3 Oala Quality ofcrlminal history u!!colds, Ne'} Robbery vicilms, NCJ-l046J8. 4/87 BJS ou/Jeillu; 98079,10185 Violante:rime by shangors and noolltrang8fs, Intelligenca and invustlgalive rocords, NCJ.103702,1187 Prisof'\l:!rs and drugs, NC.Hi7575, 3/83 Prisona-rs and alcohol, NC..Hl5223-. 1/53 NCJ..95787,4/6S Preventing domestic violene:o against woman. Vlc\lmlwitruisslogisjolion; An overvieov. Nwl02037.B{86 Prisons and ptlSonern, NC.J-SQ;597, 2/82 Veter9nain~rison, t>.CJ-79232, 11/B1 NCJ-94.365.12/84 Crime ptsvanHonmeasuras, NCJ-100438, 3186 Information polICy llnd crime conttolstrategfes The use of weapon5 in committing Climes, Con.$.U,li of jails endsUtVeI' 01/8.1) inmal&s: !SEAFiCHIruS r.onrerencel. NCJ-93926. NG.}99643. ,jsG Jail inmates, 1985, NCJ-l05586,7/87 10/84 Reporting crimes to the ponce, NCj.991132, Jalllnmales, 1984, NCJ.10!Q94, 5186 Research access 10 crimlnilljus{ice data, 12/85 Jail inmatos, 1983 (BJSbUllelir>/. NCJ.99115, NCJ>B4154.2JB3 Locating cll)" suburban, and rural crime, NCJ. 11/85 Pfillacy and juvenile Justice records, 99535.12/85 The 1983 jail census lBJS bu!lelln). NCJ-95536. NCJ-84152,1/83 The fiSk of violonle:fime, NCJ.97119, 5/85 11{84 The 'lconomic cost 0' crime 10 victims, NCJ- Census or jalls, 1978: Oalalor,ndiVldual .tails. Federal justice statlsucs 93450.4/84 vo!s. HV, No.1heasl, North Cenlral, Sou\h, West, Family vlolene:e. NC,J-93449,4/84 Nc.J.72279-72282.12/81 The Fedeflll civil justice ayatem (BJS Profile of jaillnmales. 1978, NCJ-65412, 2181 bulletin), Nc.J.104769,1/87 BJS bu/JeHru. Elj1ployer porception, ofworitplacecrima, Households touched by clime, 1986 Parole and probation NCJ.l01851.7/57 NC'}105289.6l87 rus ouifelirl$: Crimlnalvicllmlzatiol'l, 19&4, NCJ-98904.10/85 Probation and parole 1955, NGJ-1OOG83 Federal offenses and offenders The crime of rape, NC.r96777. 3/85 1/67 rus spl3cialtOports: Hou,lioholdbur9Iary, NCJ-96021 1/85 Setungprison terms, NC.H621!l,B/83 Criminal victimization, 1983, t\'CJ.93859.6,'84 Sonhmc:in9 and time SOt'llad, Violent crime by strangers, l\'C.rsoa29. 4/82 RecidivIsm of young parolees ISJS speo-al NCJ-1011043,5/87 Clime and the elderly, NC'}79514. 1/82 report), NCJ-10491B, 5/87 Plelriallefe-aseand misconducl,- NCJ-96i32, Measunng Crime, NCJ-75710, 2/81 Parolo InthC U,S., 1980 andl981, 1/85 NCJ..87387.3/OO BJS bulletins: SerlIn crimes: Report of a field tost{aJS Charactet'!sUCs of persons entering parole Federal civil jusUco statistics, NCJ.104769, lechn:cal repan), NC.H04615, 4/87 durin91978 and1979, Nw8724J, 518.3 Crime lind older Ame,fcans, iniormaticm Pllci(s9"", 5{87 Characteristics 01 (tie ~arole population, 1978, Bank robbory, Nc.J.94463, f1I8-l NCJ-104569 510domes!;c,5J87 NG...\-66479,4f81 lifetime likelihood of vIctimization, (E!.JS leeh­ Federal drug law 'liolalore, Nc.J.92692, 2/84 -nical report!. NCJ-l04274.3/B7 Children in custOdy. Federal justice statistics, NCJ-80814. 3/82 Teenage vidims, NC ..1-103138. 12/66 Public jUlienile faciUties, 1985 (bulletin), General Response 10 screening questions in tile National NCJ-102457.10/86 Crimo Survey ($JS techmcal repertt NCJ.. 1982:433 cenSlIs of juvenile dstenllon and 8JS bufJalins end special reports: 97624.7/as .correctiOl")a! laclllties. NCJ-1Q1686, 9iOO BJS teleph(m&contuctIl1l7, NCJ.102909, ! 2/88 Vlcliml:zalion and lear of crime: World Track!ng offenders: Whlt(l-colJar crimo, perspectives. NCJ·938n. l/B5 Courts NCJ.102B67. i 1186 The National Crime Survey: Won'ilny papers, BJS bulk1/ins: Police emp!oymenl and nxpondltlJrf!, vol I. Curren: and hls!onCaf perspechlles, Slale felony courts and felony laws, NC}HXJl17.2/86 NCH5374,8/B2 NCJ-l06273,at87 Tfa-e:king oltenders: Tho child victim, Nc.J. 1101 II. MelhOlcglcal sll,dles NCJ.90307, 12/84 The growth 01 appeals: 1 973·83 lrends. 95785. 12184 Issues 1M the measuremant or lIicliml.r:alion, NCJ-96381,2)85 Tho severity 01 crime. NCJ.9232G, 1/84 NCH4682,IDtBl Case filings in Stale cou"s1983, NCJ.95i 11, The Amerlc.an response 10 crima: An ovarvlew The cost ot negligence: Losses Irom preventable 10/84 ot crimins-Ijustke 5yeteme., NCJ-91936, 1 2/83 Tra<:king offendars, NCJ-91572, 1 l/sa houser,old cutglanes. NC,}53527, 12179 El.JS specie! reporm.' Victim and witness ossistance: New Simile Rape ..,lctimlza!fon in2G Amelicand!("s. FelOl1Y case-prOCessing Ume, NCJ-101985, 8186 laws and the s)'stom's rasponse, NCJa793-i" NCJ.55815,8,179 Folony sentanc!ng in 18 loeal 5/83 Crimina! victimization in urban SChoolS, jurisdlcliDM, Nc..KI7681, BI85 The ptellalance of gumy plaas, NCJ-96018, $oUfl!oi.:K:K* Of crirnlnal1us.llco statlsllc5, 1900, NCJ.56396.8rm NG.rl05287,9/87 12/84 An introduction Lo the NalionalCrimeSurvey, BJSannu&1 rfij:lon, fiscaltS66, NCJ-1OO985, 4/81 Sentenctng ptactkes in 13 States. NCJ-95399, NCJ.43732,4.78 1986 4irectoryofautomalad crimlnall1Jstlce 10/64 Uxal vIctim surveys: A HlYleW clUm issues, InforTnslKmllystema, NCJ-102200, 1/57,520 Criminal dnfullse system$! Anallonal NCJ.39973, Brn Publications of 1971-$4: A topical .urvey, NCJ..94630, 81M SJs, blbUography. 10030012,10/88,517.50 Habeas corpus, NCJ.92948. Expenditure and employment 3184 eJS Publk:ations:; Selected library in microfiche.. Slate cout1 C45e10ao litatlatics, 1971 and El.JSbui.'elms: 1911-134, PR)3()Q12, 10/Ba 5203 domEis\ic 1981, NCJ-81587. 2/83 1985, NC.HQ4.!60. 3/81 Crime end iustice 'acts, 1005, Nw I 00757. 5/86 Justice expendIture and employment ~ntClncing OWCOIT'OS In 28 'IJ!ony courts, National survey of Clime severity, NCJ-96011, 1983. NCJ-l01776. 7/86 Nc.J.l05743, S/57 10/85 1982, NC.}9B327 8185 Nationat'crimlnal defanlie &ys!eI'l1S s\udy, Criminal 'licl.lrnlz.alkm of D!:ttrict Of Columbia Justice eJCpenditute and empfoymant inlhe U.S.: NCJ-94702. 10/8S tellldontsaodCapitoIHi1I emp!oy-au__ 19SZ-1l3, 1980and1981 extraCIS NCJ-96001,6185 Tho prosecution /;II fel/;lny attests: NCJ-91982; Summary, NCJ..9a561, 9J85 1971-19. NC.K12596, II{M 1981, NCJ-l013BO. 9/86, SHiCl dOflW"slreIS9,20 OC household victlmlz.lIloo SUntsy data base: CanadinniS12.20 foreign Stuttv implonwlltallol'l, NCJ.9B595, S7 ,60 1980. NCJ-97S/:l4, 10/85 l}o(;umcntatlOn, NCJ.98S96, $6.40 1979, NCM6482 5/84 User manua~ Nc.H1B597. sa 20 See order form State court model statistical dictionary, How to gain access to BJS data (brochure), Supplement. NCJ-9B326, 9/85 8COCOO22.9/84 on last page 1 sl edillon, .... C.Hi2320. 9100 Report to the nallOl1 011 cllma and jUlltlee: Siale tourtorganization 1980, NCJ-16711. 7/82 The data, NCJ..87068. lOjB3 E

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