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Better Nutrition in Kazakhstan

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Better Nutrition in Kazakhstan Better nutrition in Kazakhstan A Key To Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals © World Health Organization 2019 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The views expressed by authors, editors, or expert groups do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization. Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe UN City, Marmorvej 51 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office website (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). Design: Studio 2M d.o.o., Zagreb, Croatia 2 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Content Summary 4 Nutrition and sustainable development 6 The nutrition transition in Central Asian Countries 8 Three ground-breaking studies 12 Monitoring salt intake in the Kazakh population 15 Studying urban food environments in Kazakhstan 18 Restricting food marketing to children 22 Conclusions: towards multi-sectoral action for nutrition and SDGs 24 References 26 3 BETTER NUTRITION IN KAZAKHSTAN Summary Kazakhstan has made great progress in tackling some of the major nutritional challenges, and is on-track to achieve global goals relating to child wasting and stunting. However, pockets of undernutrition remain and the growing burden of disease associated with unhealthy diets and overweight poses significant challenges. Kazakhstan, like other Central Asian Republics, has experienced a nutrition transition in recent decades and consumption of foods high in saturated fat, trans-fatty acids, free sugars and salt (HFSS foods) is widespread. Non-adherence to dietary recommendations in Kazakhstan, notably extremely high salt intake, contributes to hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes and some types of cancer. The premature death, morbidity and disability from these conditions have a negative impact on socioeconomic development and undermines progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Despite this challenging backdrop, political opportunity to end all forms of malnutrition and tackle NCDs through multi-sectoral, multi-level approaches has never been greater. The SDGs and the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition 2016–2025 provide global and national impetus to address malnutrition, including unhealthy diet and obesity, through cross-government, comprehensive and integrated approaches. The Political Declaration adopted by the UN General Assembly at the 2018 High-Level Meeting on NCDs renewed focus and restated commitment to achieve health for all by combatting NCDs. This factsheet reflects the findings from three ground-breaking studies in Kazakhstan looking at the food environment, dietary intake and nutritional status. The studies were carried out in 2016-2017 and result from collaboration between the WHO Regional Office for Europe, the Kazakh Academy of Nutrition, the National Center of Public Health Policy and WHO Collaborating Centres. 4 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION These studies show that: Almost 20% of 6-9 year old children in Kazakhstan have overweight or obesity, with higher rates observed among urban communities and among children who were never breastfed. School-aged children regularly consume sugar-sweetened soft drinks, with 49.7% consuming sugary soft drinks on a weekly basis. Only about 1 in 3 children consumed fresh fruit (33.3%) and vegetables (30.2%) on a daily basis. Salt intake in Kazakhstan is approximately 17g per day. This is almost four times the WHO recommended limit and is the highest known population salt intake in the world. Economic modelling indicates that a package of salt reduction would be the most cost-effective intervention in Kazakhstan to prevent NCDs. High levels of trans-fatty acids and salt are found in foods in Almaty, Aktau and Kyzlorda. Some products contained, per portion, more than 220% of the recommended maximum daily intake of trans fatty acids. The highest mean salt content per serving was found in homemade lagman (5.6g), plov (5.2g) and doner kebab (4.3g), with one portion corresponding to 112.4%, 104.2% and 85.4% of the recommended maximum daily intake for salt, respectively. 1 in 3 advertisements on TV in Kazakhstan is for food or beverages. The most popular category of foods advertised is sugar-sweetened beverages and 79% of advertised foods are classified as unhealthy according to the WHO European nutrient profile model. Exposure to food marketing influences children’s dietary preferences and eating behaviours. Exposure is likely to be high in Kazakhstan, given that most children (72.5%) spend at least an hour per day watching television or using an electronic device. From these results, it is clear that the promotion of healthy diets needs to be prioritized in Kazakhstan for sustainable development. Some policy solutions are readily available within the health sector, but others must be identified through effective collaboration with other sectors such as agriculture, education, media and culture. The WHO would like to express its gratitude to Shamil Tazhibayev, Feruza Ospanova and Oksana Dolmatova (Kazakh Academy of Nutrition), Zhamilya Battakova, Shynar Abdrakhmanova and Assel Adayeva (National Center of Public Health) and Kathy Trieu (George Institute for Global Health, Australia). Thanks also go to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation for their kind financial contribution to these activities. 5 BETTER NUTRITION IN KAZAKHSTAN Nutrition and sustainable development Better nutrition is central to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda1. Nutrition is most explicitly addressed in SDG2 (“End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture”). This goal promotes action to end all forms of malnutrition and covers two forms of malnutrition: the first, widely referred to as undernutrition”,“ includes stunting, wasting, underweight and micronutrient deficiencies; and the second group of conditions has been labelled “over nutrition” and covers overweight, obesity and diet-related NCDs such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer that result from excess intake of energy, saturated and trans-fatty acids, free sugars and/or salt2 The coexistence of undernutrition with overweight/obesity or nutrition-related NCDs within individuals, households and populations, and across the life-course, is known as the double burden of malnutrition3. 6 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Nutrition is also a decisive enabler of SDG3 (“Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”), which is particularly important for Kazakhstan where rates of premature mortality from NCDs and risk factors among the population, such as excess salt intake, remain high4. At the same time, actions under other SDGs are important enablers of improved nutrition. For example, SDG 17 recognises that progress can only be achieved through effective partnerships and cooperation that share knowledge and foster innovation. Further, nutrition has important linkages to other aspects of sustainable development, such as inclusive economic growth, agriculture and rural development, education and social protection. At least 12 of the other SDGs include targets and indicators relevant for better nutrition. These global targets are intended to set the course for country-specific Figure 1. The Sustainable Development nutrition-focused policies and programmatic actions to address all forms of Goals are important enablers of malnutrition and set a better course for human and economic development for all. improved nutrition. Nutrition as an enabler for Nutrition as an enabler Nutrition as a direct goal health related goals for other goals Women (3.1) and children (3.2) Communicable deseasses (3.3) End all forms of malnutrition (2.2) NCDs (3.4) Emergencies (3.d) SDG Vision: A world free of poverty, hunger, disease and want, where all life can thrive... with equaitbile and universal access to quality education at all levels, to health care and social protection, where physical
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